Mở Bài
Chủ đề “Global Impact Of Deforestation” (Tác động toàn cầu của nạn phá rừng) là một trong những chủ đề môi trường xuất hiện thường xuyên nhất trong IELTS Reading. Với tính cấp bách của vấn đề biến đổi khí hậu và suy thoái môi trường, các bài đọc về phá rừng thường xuyên xuất hiện trong cả Cambridge IELTS và các kỳ thi thực tế.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, từ cơ bản đến nâng cao, bao gồm tất cả các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading. Mỗi passage được viết với độ khó tăng dần, phù hợp với cấu trúc bài thi chính thức.
Bạn không chỉ nhận được đề thi chất lượng cao mà còn có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách định vị thông tin, paraphrase và áp dụng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường và phá rừng cũng được tổng hợp đầy đủ.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang hướng tới band 6.5-7.5 và muốn làm quen với chủ đề môi trường trong IELTS.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó: dễ)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó: trung bình)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó: khó)
Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet cẩn thận, tránh mất điểm oan.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ A, B, C, D
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn gọn dựa trên thông tin trong bài
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Amazon Rainforest: Earth’s Green Lungs Under Threat
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth,” is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, covering approximately 5.5 million square kilometres across nine countries in South America. Brazil contains about 60% of the Amazon, followed by Peru with 13% and Colombia with 10%. This vast ecosystem is home to an estimated 10% of all species on Earth, including over 40,000 plant species, 1,300 bird species, and 2.5 million different types of insects.
The Amazon plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate. Its trees absorb billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year, helping to slow down global warming. The forest also produces approximately 20% of the world’s oxygen through photosynthesis, which is why it has earned its nickname. Furthermore, the Amazon generates its own rainfall through a process called evapotranspiration, where trees release water vapour into the atmosphere. This moisture then forms clouds and returns as rain, creating a self-sustaining water cycle that influences weather patterns far beyond the forest itself.
However, this vital ecosystem is facing unprecedented threats from deforestation. Every minute, an area of Amazon rainforest equivalent to three football fields is cleared. The main drivers of this destruction are cattle ranching, which accounts for approximately 80% of Amazon deforestation, and agriculture, particularly soy production. Illegal logging, mining, and infrastructure development also contribute significantly to forest loss. Between 2000 and 2020, the Amazon lost approximately 10% of its total area, equivalent to roughly 500,000 square kilometres – an area larger than Spain.
Hình ảnh rừng Amazon bị phá hủy nhìn từ trên cao cho thấy tác động của nạn phá rừng
The consequences of Amazon deforestation extend far beyond the region. When trees are cut down and burned, they release the carbon they have stored back into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change rather than fighting it. Scientists estimate that Amazon deforestation releases approximately 0.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. This not only accelerates global warming but also disrupts rainfall patterns across South America. Studies have shown that deforestation in the Amazon can reduce rainfall in Brazil’s agricultural heartland by up to 20%, threatening food production.
The loss of biodiversity is another severe consequence. The Amazon is home to numerous endemic species – species that exist nowhere else on Earth. When their habitat is destroyed, many of these species face extinction. Scientists believe that we may be losing dozens of species every day due to Amazon deforestation, many of which have never been studied or even discovered. This represents not only an ecological tragedy but also the loss of potential medical discoveries, as many rainforest plants have medicinal properties that could lead to new treatments for diseases.
Indigenous communities who have lived in the Amazon for thousands of years are also severely affected. An estimated 400 indigenous tribes call the Amazon home, with approximately 50 of these tribes having no contact with the outside world. Deforestation destroys their traditional lands, threatens their way of life, and exposes them to diseases against which they have no immunity. These communities are often the forest’s best protectors, as studies show that indigenous territories experience significantly lower rates of deforestation compared to other areas.
Efforts to combat Amazon deforestation have had mixed results. Brazil implemented strict policies in the mid-2000s that successfully reduced deforestation rates by approximately 70% between 2004 and 2012. However, these gains have been partially reversed in recent years. International initiatives, such as the Amazon Fund, have provided financial support for forest protection, but they require sustained political commitment to be effective. Many environmental groups argue that consumers in developed countries can help by avoiding products linked to deforestation and supporting sustainable alternatives.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what percentage of the Amazon rainforest is located in Brazil?
A. 10%
B. 13%
C. 60%
D. 80%
2. The Amazon rainforest produces approximately what percentage of the world’s oxygen?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 50%
D. 60%
3. What is the primary cause of Amazon deforestation?
A. Illegal logging
B. Mining
C. Cattle ranching
D. Infrastructure development
4. How much of the Amazon’s total area was lost between 2000 and 2020?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 20%
D. 30%
5. How many indigenous tribes live in the Amazon?
A. 50
B. 100
C. 400
D. 1,300
6. Between 2004 and 2012, Brazil’s policies reduced deforestation by approximately:
A. 20%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 80%
Questions 7-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7. The Amazon rainforest covers land in ten different South American countries.
8. Deforestation in the Amazon can affect rainfall patterns in Brazil’s farming regions.
9. All indigenous tribes in the Amazon have regular contact with modern society.
10. International funding alone is sufficient to stop Amazon deforestation.
Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11. The Amazon creates its own rain through a process known as __.
12. Many rainforest plants have __ that could help develop new disease treatments.
13. Studies indicate that __ have lower deforestation rates than other parts of the Amazon.
PASSAGE 2 – Global Climate Implications of Tropical Forest Loss
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The relationship between tropical deforestation and climate change represents one of the most critical environmental challenges of the 21st century. While the Amazon rainforest often dominates headlines, tropical forests across Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America are experiencing similarly alarming rates of destruction. These forests collectively function as massive carbon sinks, sequestering approximately 1.5 trillion tonnes of carbon – more than is currently present in the entire atmosphere. The disruption of these ecosystems through deforestation has far-reaching implications for global climate stability, biodiversity conservation, and human well-being.
Tropical forests operate as both carbon reservoirs and active processors of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Through photosynthetic processes, mature tropical trees continuously extract CO₂ from the atmosphere, converting it into biomass in the form of wood, leaves, and roots. A single large tree in a tropical forest can absorb approximately 22 kilograms of carbon dioxide annually, while storing hundreds of kilograms of carbon throughout its lifetime. However, when these trees are felled and burned – the predominant method of forest clearance – this stored carbon is rapidly released back into the atmosphere. Current estimates suggest that tropical deforestation accounts for approximately 10-15% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it a comparable contributor to climate change as the entire global transportation sector.
The feedback loops created by tropical deforestation are particularly concerning to climate scientists. As forest cover diminishes, the remaining forest becomes drier and more susceptible to fire. This increased fire risk leads to further forest loss, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of destruction. In the Amazon, researchers have identified a potential “tipping point” at which approximately 20-25% deforestation could trigger a catastrophic transformation of the forest into savanna grassland. Such a transition would be essentially irreversible on human timescales and would release enormous quantities of stored carbon, accelerating climate change dramatically. Current deforestation levels suggest that some regions of the Amazon may be approaching this critical threshold.
Beyond carbon storage, tropical forests exert profound influences on regional and global weather systems. The Amazon alone transfers approximately 20 billion tonnes of water into the atmosphere daily through evapotranspiration. This moisture transport creates “flying rivers” – atmospheric streams of water vapour that travel thousands of kilometres, delivering rainfall to distant regions. Recent studies have demonstrated that Amazon deforestation correlates with reduced precipitation in areas as far away as the western United States and even Europe. In Southeast Asia, the loss of forest cover has been linked to altered monsoon patterns, affecting agricultural productivity across the region and threatening food security for hundreds of millions of people.
The biodiversity consequences of tropical deforestation represent what scientists term an “extinction crisis.” Tropical forests, despite occupying only 6-7% of Earth’s land surface, contain more than half of all terrestrial species. The intricate relationships between species in these ecosystems mean that the loss of one species can trigger cascading extinctions throughout the food web. Research in fragmented forest areas has revealed that even small-scale deforestation can have disproportionate impacts on biodiversity. Edge effects – where forest interfaces with cleared land – can extend hundreds of metres into remaining forest, altering microclimates and disrupting species that require deep forest conditions. These edge zones experience increased desiccation, higher temperatures, and greater vulnerability to invasive species.
So sánh rừng nhiệt đới nguyên sinh và khu vực bị phá hủy thể hiện sự mất mát đa dạng sinh học
The economic dimensions of tropical deforestation present a complex paradox. In the short term, forest conversion to agriculture or pasture generates immediate financial returns for landowners and local economies. However, the long-term economic costs of deforestation – including lost ecosystem services, climate change impacts, and reduced agricultural productivity – far exceed these immediate gains. A recent comprehensive economic analysis estimated that the total value of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests amounts to approximately $2.5 trillion annually. These services include water purification, flood control, pollination of crops, and the provision of non-timber forest products that support local livelihoods. When forests are destroyed, these services must be replaced through costly human-engineered alternatives, or they are lost entirely.
Indigenous and local communities who inhabit tropical forests have developed sustainable management practices over millennia. Territories under indigenous control generally experience deforestation rates that are significantly lower than those in other areas, even when accounting for differences in accessibility and economic pressures. Traditional knowledge systems incorporate sophisticated understanding of forest ecology, including sustainable harvesting techniques and fire management practices. However, these communities often lack secure land tenure rights, making them vulnerable to displacement by commercial interests. Empowering indigenous peoples through legal recognition of their territorial rights has proven to be one of the most cost-effective strategies for forest conservation.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Matching Headings
The passage has seven paragraphs (A-G).
