IELTS Reading: Toàn Cầu Hóa và Di Sản Văn Hóa – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề toàn cầu hóa và tác động của nó đến di sản văn hóa là một trong những đề tài xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt là ở Passage 2 và Passage 3. Với sự phát triển không ngừng của công nghệ và sự kết nối toàn cầu ngày càng mở rộng, việc hiểu rõ những tác động tích cực lẫn tiêu cực của toàn cầu hóa đối với các giá trị văn hóa truyền thống đang trở thành một chủ đề quan trọng trong học thuật và đời sống thực tế.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được thực hành với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Bộ đề bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng các dạng bài thường gặp trong kỳ thi thật như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật, nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật, và tích lũy vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành về văn hóa và xã hội. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành toàn bộ bài thi trong điều kiện như thi thật để đánh giá chính xác năng lực hiện tại của bạn.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm số được tính dựa trên số câu trả lời đúng, không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Mỗi passage có độ dài khoảng 700-1000 từ và độ khó tăng dần.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi – độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi – độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi – độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet, đảm bảo viết đúng chính tả và format.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi này bao gồm các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng trong số các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề phù hợp với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
7. Matching Features – Ghép đặc điểm với đối tượng tương ứng
8. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

---

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Cultural Heritage in the Age of Globalization

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Cultural Heritage and Global Connections

The term “globalization” refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, technology, and cultural exchange. Over the past few decades, globalization has transformed how people interact, work, and understand each other across borders. While this process has brought numerous economic and social benefits, it has also raised important questions about the preservation of cultural heritage – the customs, traditions, languages, monuments, and practices that define different communities around the world.

Cultural heritage exists in two main forms: tangible heritage, which includes physical objects like buildings, monuments, artifacts, and works of art, and intangible heritage, which encompasses traditions, languages, performing arts, social practices, and knowledge systems passed down through generations. Both types of heritage are essential for maintaining cultural identity and diversity in an increasingly homogeneous world.

One of the most visible effects of globalization on cultural heritage has been the spread of Western consumer culture. International brands, entertainment products, and lifestyle trends originating primarily from North America and Europe have become ubiquitous in cities and towns across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Shopping malls featuring the same international chains, fast-food restaurants serving standardized menus, and cinemas showing Hollywood blockbusters have become common features of urban landscapes worldwide. This cultural homogenization has led some observers to worry that local traditions and practices are being displaced or forgotten, particularly among younger generations who are more exposed to global media and technology.

However, globalization has also created new opportunities for cultural preservation and exchange. The internet and social media platforms have enabled communities to document and share their cultural practices with global audiences. Museums and cultural institutions can now reach people far beyond their physical locations through virtual exhibitions and online collections. International organizations like UNESCO work to identify and protect World Heritage Sites and promote the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage through various conventions and programs.

Tourism, driven largely by improved global transportation networks, has become a significant factor in cultural heritage preservation. Many communities have discovered that their traditional crafts, festivals, and historical sites can attract visitors and generate income, providing economic incentives for maintaining these cultural elements. In countries like Peru, Thailand, and Morocco, cultural tourism has helped revitalize traditional arts and crafts that were at risk of disappearing. Local artisans have found new markets for their work, and young people have gained renewed interest in learning traditional skills that were once considered outdated.

The challenge lies in finding a balance between opening up to global influences and maintaining authentic cultural practices. Some communities have successfully integrated modern elements while preserving their core cultural values. In Japan, for example, traditional tea ceremonies, martial arts, and festivals coexist with cutting-edge technology and pop culture. The Japanese have managed to maintain strong connections to their cultural roots while embracing innovation and international exchange.

Education plays a crucial role in cultural heritage preservation. Schools that teach local languages, history, and traditional arts help ensure that younger generations understand and value their cultural inheritance. Many countries have incorporated cultural education into their national curricula, recognizing that knowledge of one’s heritage is essential for maintaining cultural continuity in a globalized world.

Digital technology has emerged as a powerful tool for documenting and preserving cultural heritage. High-resolution photography, 3D scanning, and virtual reality can create detailed records of historical sites and artifacts, which is particularly important for heritage at risk from climate change, conflict, or natural disasters. When the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris caught fire in 2019, digital records created years earlier proved invaluable for planning its restoration.

Despite these positive developments, significant challenges remain. Economic pressures often force communities to prioritize development over preservation. Rapid urbanization can lead to the destruction of historic neighborhoods and traditional architecture. Language loss continues to accelerate, with linguists estimating that half of the world’s 7,000 languages may disappear by the end of this century. Each lost language represents not just a communication system but an entire worldview and body of traditional knowledge.

The relationship between globalization and cultural heritage is complex and multifaceted. While globalization poses real threats to cultural diversity through homogenization and the dominance of certain cultural forms, it also provides tools and opportunities for documentation, preservation, and sharing of cultural heritage on an unprecedented scale. The key is to approach globalization not as an unstoppable force that erases local cultures, but as a process that can be shaped and directed to support rather than undermine cultural diversity.

---

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Globalization only refers to economic connections between countries.
2. Intangible cultural heritage includes languages and traditional practices.
3. Western consumer culture has become common in many parts of the world.
4. All young people prefer global media over traditional culture.
5. UNESCO works to protect important cultural sites around the world.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. The two main categories of cultural heritage are tangible heritage and __ heritage.
7. Some people worry that __ is causing local traditions to disappear.
8. Many communities have used tourism to revitalize their traditional __ and festivals.
9. __ can create detailed records of historical sites using modern technology.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, cultural tourism has been particularly successful in:

• A) Only European countries
• B) Countries like Peru, Thailand, and Morocco
• C) Western nations
• D) Only island nations

11. The example of Japan demonstrates that:

• A) Traditional culture must be abandoned for modernization
• B) Technology and tradition cannot coexist
• C) Countries can preserve culture while embracing innovation
• D) Only ancient practices have value

12. What role does education play in cultural preservation?

• A) It is not important for heritage
• B) It helps younger generations understand their cultural inheritance
• C) It only focuses on global knowledge
• D) It replaces traditional learning

13. The passage suggests that the relationship between globalization and cultural heritage is:

• A) Entirely negative
• B) Only positive
• C) Simple and straightforward
• D) Complex with both threats and opportunities

---

PASSAGE 2 – The Dynamics of Cultural Exchange in a Globalized World

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A. The Paradox of Global Cultural Flows

The relationship between globalization and cultural heritage presents what scholars term a “paradoxical dynamic” – a simultaneous process of cultural convergence and cultural divergence. While superficial observations might suggest that globalization inevitably leads to a homogeneous global culture dominated by Western, particularly American, commercial entertainment and consumer products, deeper analysis reveals a more nuanced picture. Cultural flows in the contemporary world are multidirectional rather than unidirectional, and local cultures demonstrate remarkable resilience and adaptability in the face of global influences. The concept of “glocalization” – the adaptation of global products and practices to local contexts – has emerged as a key framework for understanding these complex dynamics.

B. Economic Imperatives and Cultural Commodification

The commodification of culture represents one of globalization’s most significant impacts on heritage. As cultural products and practices enter the global marketplace, they undergo transformation. Traditional festivals become tourist spectacles, sacred rituals are performed for cameras, and artisan crafts are mass-produced for souvenir shops. This process raises fundamental questions about authenticity and the intrinsic value of cultural practices. The Balinese tourism industry exemplifies this tension: while tourism revenues have funded temple restoration and supported traditional arts, critics argue that the commercialization of religious ceremonies and dances has altered their spiritual significance and social function within Balinese communities.

C. Digital Revolution and Heritage Documentation

The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed the landscape of cultural heritage preservation. Advanced technologies such as photogrammetry, laser scanning, and artificial intelligence enable unprecedented documentation and analysis of heritage sites and artifacts. The Zamani Project in Africa has used laser scanning to create detailed 3D models of heritage sites across the continent, preserving digital records even as physical sites face threats from climate change, conflict, and urban development. Virtual museums and augmented reality applications democratize access to cultural heritage, allowing people worldwide to experience sites and collections they might never visit physically. However, this digital turn also raises questions about the nature of cultural experience – whether virtual encounters can provide the same depth of understanding and emotional connection as physical presence.

D. Language Endangerment and Revitalization Efforts

Language represents perhaps the most critical dimension of intangible cultural heritage, as it carries worldviews, traditional ecological knowledge, and complex cultural concepts that often cannot be fully translated. The Ethnologue database documents approximately 7,000 living languages, but linguists estimate that 40% of these are endangered, with many having fewer than 1,000 speakers. Globalization accelerates language loss through several mechanisms: economic pressures favor dominant languages in employment and education; mass media in major languages saturates communication landscapes; and migration disrupts intergenerational transmission of minority languages.

E. Responses to Language Loss

Nevertheless, the same technologies that contribute to language endangerment also enable revitalization efforts. The Endangered Languages Project, a collaborative online platform, allows communities to document and share their languages through audio recordings, videos, and teaching materials. Mobile applications like Duolingo have begun offering courses in endangered languages, including Hawaiian and Navajo. In New Zealand, the establishment of kōhanga reo (Māori language preschools) and the designation of Māori as an official language demonstrate how policy interventions can reverse language decline. The number of Māori speakers has increased significantly since these programs began in the 1980s.

F. Intellectual Property and Cultural Rights

The globalization of markets has created complex legal and ethical issues regarding cultural intellectual property. Traditional designs, medicinal knowledge, and cultural expressions developed over generations by indigenous and local communities have frequently been appropriated by commercial entities without permission or compensation. The Hoodia case in South Africa, where pharmaceutical companies sought to profit from the San people’s traditional knowledge of the appetite-suppressant properties of the Hoodia plant, exemplifies these tensions. International legal frameworks like the Nagoya Protocol attempt to ensure equitable benefit-sharing from the utilization of traditional knowledge, but enforcement remains challenging across jurisdictions.

G. Migration and Diasporic Cultural Production

Global migration patterns have created transnational communities that maintain connections to their heritage while adapting to new environments. Diaspora populations often become important agents of cultural preservation and innovation, creating hybrid cultural forms that blend elements from multiple traditions. The bhangra music genre, which originated among Punjabi communities in the United Kingdom, combines traditional Punjabi folk music with Western pop and electronic elements, demonstrating how cultural hybridity can generate new creative expressions rather than simply diluting traditional forms. Remittances from diaspora communities also frequently fund cultural preservation projects in their countries of origin, including temple restoration, festival sponsorship, and cultural education programs.

H. International Frameworks and Cultural Governance

The governance of cultural heritage in a globalized context requires international cooperation and shared frameworks. UNESCO’s various conventions – including the World Heritage Convention, the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions – establish principles and mechanisms for heritage protection. However, these international instruments must navigate complex tensions between universal human heritage and national sovereignty, between preservation and development, and between expert-driven and community-based approaches to heritage management. The designation of World Heritage Sites, while providing international recognition and support, can also lead to increased tourism pressure and gentrification that displaces local communities from heritage areas.

---

Questions 14-19

The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H.

NB: You may use any letter more than once.

14. Examples of how modern technology can help preserve endangered languages
15. The concept that cultural influences flow in multiple directions
16. Legal issues related to traditional knowledge being used commercially
17. How tourism can change the meaning of cultural practices
18. The role of migrant communities in maintaining cultural traditions
19. International agreements that help protect cultural heritage

Questions 20-23

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

20. Globalization always leads to the complete loss of local cultural identities.
21. Digital documentation of heritage sites can be valuable when physical sites are threatened.
22. Virtual experiences of cultural heritage are exactly the same as visiting sites in person.
23. The Māori language revitalization programs have been successful.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The process of cultural commodification occurs when cultural practices become products for the global market. This raises important issues about the (24) __ of these practices. In Bali, while tourism has provided money for preserving temples and traditional arts, the (25) __ of religious ceremonies has changed their original meaning. The tension between economic benefits and cultural integrity represents one of globalization’s major impacts on (26) __.

---

PASSAGE 3 – Theoretical Perspectives on Cultural Heritage in the Era of Globalization

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The Evolution of Cultural Heritage Discourse

Contemporary scholarship on cultural heritage and globalization has moved far beyond simplistic “cultural imperialism” models that dominated academic discourse in the late twentieth century. These earlier frameworks, which posited that globalization represented a unidirectional flow of Western cultural products and values that would inevitably supplant local traditions, have been critiqued for their deterministic assumptions and failure to account for the agency of individuals and communities in interpreting, adapting, and resisting global cultural flows. Current theoretical approaches emphasize the dialectical relationship between the global and the local, recognizing that cultural transformation is neither a simple process of replacement nor preservation, but rather involves complex negotiations, hybridizations, and creative adaptations that produce novel cultural forms while maintaining connections to traditional practices.

The anthropologist Arjun Appadurai’s influential framework of “scapes” – including ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes – provides a sophisticated analytical tool for understanding how different dimensions of globalization interact to shape cultural landscapes. Appadurai argues that these various flows are disjunctive rather than synchronized, creating friction and unpredictability in how global processes manifest in specific locales. This perspective helps explain why globalization produces such heterogeneous outcomes across different contexts, rather than the uniform global culture predicted by earlier theories. The concept of “cultural citizenship” that has emerged from this scholarship recognizes that individuals increasingly maintain multiple cultural affiliations and navigate between different cultural frameworks in their daily lives, rather than possessing a single, fixed cultural identity rooted in a specific place.

Heritage Regimes and the Politics of Representation

The designation and management of cultural heritage is fundamentally a political process that involves power relations, competing narratives, and the legitimation of particular versions of the past. The Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD), a concept developed by heritage scholar Laurajane Smith, refers to the dominant Western paradigm that privileges monumental, exceptional, and aesthetic values in heritage identification, often marginalizing vernacular, intangible, and community-based heritage. This discourse, institutionalized through international organizations like UNESCO and national heritage bureaucracies, reflects particular epistemological assumptions about what constitutes heritage and who has the authority to define and manage it.

Critical heritage studies scholars have drawn attention to how heritage designation can serve nation-building projects, tourism development agendas, and class-based gentrification processes that may conflict with the interests of local communities. The transformation of historic neighborhoods in cities like Beijing, Istanbul, and Havana into heritage zones has frequently involved the displacement of long-term residents and the sanitization of urban areas to appeal to tourist expectations of authenticity. These processes reveal a profound paradox: the very mechanisms intended to protect cultural heritage may fundamentally alter or destroy the living cultural practices and social relationships that give heritage its meaning and significance.

The emergence of participatory and community-based approaches to heritage management represents an important epistemological shift from expert-driven models. The Faro Convention (Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society) explicitly recognizes the right of communities to participate in defining and managing their heritage. However, implementation of participatory approaches faces numerous challenges, including the romanticization of community, the difficulty of defining community boundaries in mobile and diverse societies, and the power imbalances that persist even within ostensibly participatory processes. Moreover, the increasing influence of neoliberal governance models, which emphasize market mechanisms and public-private partnerships in heritage management, creates tensions with community-centered approaches that prioritize social values over economic returns.

Digital Technologies and the Ontology of Heritage

The digital revolution has prompted fundamental questions about the ontological status of cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. When a historical site is destroyed but exists in detailed digital replication, what is lost? The debate over whether to digitally reconstruct destroyed heritage sites like the Buddhas of Bamiyan (demolished by the Taliban in 2001) or the Temple of Bel in Palmyra (destroyed by ISIS in 2015) raises profound questions about authenticity, memory, and the materiality of heritage. Some scholars argue that digital technologies enable new forms of engagement with heritage that democratize access and allow for innovative pedagogical and artistic interventions. Others contend that the emphasis on digital documentation reflects a salvage paradigm that accepts the inevitability of physical destruction and fails to address the underlying political and economic factors that threaten heritage.

The development of blockchain technologies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for cultural heritage presents both opportunities and concerns. These technologies could potentially create secure provenance records for cultural artifacts, combat illicit trafficking, and enable new forms of community ownership and benefit-sharing from heritage resources. However, they also risk further commodifying cultural heritage and creating new forms of inequality in heritage governance, as access to and control over these technologies is unevenly distributed globally.

Climate Change and Heritage Vulnerability

The Anthropocene epoch – the current geological age in which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment – poses existential threats to cultural heritage sites worldwide. Rising sea levels threaten coastal archaeological sites and historic cities; increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events damage monuments and structures; changing temperature and precipitation patterns accelerate the biodeterioration of materials; and environmental stress contributes to conflict and forced migration that endanger both tangible and intangible heritage. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre estimates that over 30 World Heritage Sites are threatened by climate-induced coastal erosion and flooding alone.

The concept of “climate heritage” has emerged to describe both the heritage threatened by climate change and the traditional knowledge and practices that offer insights for climate adaptation and mitigation. Indigenous communities’ ecological knowledge systems, developed over generations of observation and adaptation to local environments, represent invaluable cultural resources that are increasingly recognized in climate science and sustainability planning. However, the integration of traditional knowledge into formal climate governance frameworks raises questions about knowledge ownership, cultural appropriation, and the incommensurability of different epistemological systems.

Future Trajectories and Theoretical Imperatives

The study of cultural heritage in the context of globalization requires theoretical frameworks that can accommodate complexity, uncertainty, and multiplicity. Assemblage theory, drawn from the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, offers a productive approach by conceptualizing heritage not as stable objects or bounded traditions but as dynamic configurations of heterogeneous elements – materials, practices, meanings, institutions, and affects – that are constantly being assembled and reassembled through various processes. This perspective shifts attention from what heritage is to how heritage becomes and what heritage does in specific contexts.

The concept of “heritage futures” encourages prospective thinking about how we want heritage to function in future societies, rather than focusing exclusively on preserving the past. This future-oriented approach recognizes that all heritage is ultimately about the present and future – we select, interpret, and preserve aspects of the past because of their perceived relevance to current identities and future aspirations. As globalization continues to transform social, economic, and environmental conditions, the challenge is not simply to resist change in favor of preservation, but to develop forms of cultural continuity that are generative rather than static, that embrace innovation while maintaining meaningful connections to tradition, and that serve social justice and environmental sustainability rather than narrow economic or political interests.

---

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, earlier theories of cultural imperialism have been criticized because they:

• A) Were too complex for practical application
• B) Ignored Western influence completely
• C) Assumed globalization would automatically destroy local cultures
• D) Focused only on economic factors

28. Arjun Appadurai’s concept of “scapes” suggests that:

• A) All aspects of globalization work together smoothly
• B) Different dimensions of globalization interact in unpredictable ways
• C) Globalization only affects certain countries
• D) Cultural change is impossible

29. The Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) tends to prioritize:

• A) Community-based heritage
• B) Intangible cultural practices
• C) Monumental and aesthetic values
• D) Indigenous knowledge systems

30. The passage indicates that participatory heritage management approaches face challenges including:

• A) Too much community involvement
• B) Excessive government support
• C) Power imbalances and difficulty defining communities
• D) Lack of academic interest

31. According to the passage, blockchain and NFT technologies for heritage:

• A) Solve all heritage problems
• B) Have both potential benefits and risks
• C) Are universally rejected by scholars
• D) Only work in developed countries

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.

The destruction of heritage sites raises important questions about digital reconstruction. Some scholars believe digital technologies provide new ways to (32) __ with heritage and make it more accessible. Others argue that focusing on digital records represents acceptance of physical (33) __ without addressing the real causes. Climate change presents (34) __ to heritage worldwide through rising seas, extreme weather, and environmental stress. The concept of climate heritage includes both threatened sites and (35) __ that can help with climate adaptation. Assemblage theory views heritage as (36) __ that are constantly changing rather than stable objects.

A) engage B) destruction C) preservation D) traditional knowledge
E) static forms F) economic growth G) dynamic configurations H) political systems
I) existential threats J) minor concerns K) technological advances L) cultural imperialism

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. The transformation of historic neighborhoods into heritage zones always benefits local residents.
38. Indigenous ecological knowledge systems can contribute valuable insights for addressing climate change.
39. All scholars agree that digital reconstruction of destroyed monuments is beneficial.
40. Heritage should be understood as dynamic rather than static, with focus on both past and future.

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. intangible
7. cultural homogenization
8. crafts
9. Digital technology
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. D

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. E
15. A
16. F
17. B
18. G
19. H
20. NO
21. YES
22. NO
23. YES
24. authenticity
25. commercialization
26. cultural heritage

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. A
33. B
34. I
35. D
36. G
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: globalization, only refers to, economic connections
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Câu hỏi nói globalization chỉ đề cập đến kết nối kinh tế. Trong bài viết rõ ràng nói globalization đề cập đến “trade, communication, technology, and cultural exchange” – bao gồm nhiều khía cạnh không chỉ kinh tế. Do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: intangible cultural heritage, languages, traditional practices
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “intangible heritage, which encompasses traditions, languages, performing arts, social practices” – khớp hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Western consumer culture, common, many parts of the world
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 mô tả Western brands và lifestyle trends “have become ubiquitous in cities and towns across Asia, Africa, and Latin America” – đồng nghĩa với “common in many parts of the world”.

Câu 4: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all young people, prefer, global media, traditional culture
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói young people “more exposed to” global media, không nói ALL young people prefer nó hơn traditional culture. Không có thông tin về sở thích của tất cả giới trẻ.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: UNESCO, protect, important cultural sites
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nói rõ “International organizations like UNESCO work to identify and protect World Heritage Sites” – khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.

Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading với chủ đề toàn cầu hóa và văn hóa tại thư viện hiện đại

Câu 6: intangible

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: two main categories, tangible heritage and
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “tangible heritage” và “intangible heritage” là hai loại chính của cultural heritage.

Câu 7: cultural homogenization

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: worry, causing local traditions to disappear
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Câu “This cultural homogenization has led some observers to worry that local traditions and practices are being displaced or forgotten” chứa đáp án. “Cultural homogenization” là nguyên nhân khiến người ta lo lắng.

Câu 8: crafts

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: communities, tourism, revitalize, traditional
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 đề cập “their traditional crafts, festivals, and historical sites can attract visitors” và “cultural tourism has helped revitalize traditional arts and crafts”.

Câu 9: Digital technology

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: create detailed records, historical sites, modern technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 bắt đầu với “Digital technology has emerged as a powerful tool” và mô tả việc tạo detailed records của heritage sites.

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: cultural tourism, particularly successful
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Câu “In countries like Peru, Thailand, and Morocco, cultural tourism has helped revitalize traditional arts and crafts” cho thấy đáp án B chính xác. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập.

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Japan, demonstrates
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 nói “The Japanese have managed to maintain strong connections to their cultural roots while embracing innovation” – tương ứng với đáp án C: countries can preserve culture while embracing innovation.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: education, cultural preservation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 bắt đầu “Education plays a crucial role” và giải thích schools “help ensure that younger generations understand and value their cultural inheritance” – chính xác là đáp án B.

Câu 13: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: relationship, globalization, cultural heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối (10)
• Giải thích: Câu cuối cùng của passage nói “The relationship between globalization and cultural heritage is complex and multifaceted” với “both threats and opportunities” – đáp án D chính xác.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: E (Paragraph E)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: modern technology, help preserve, endangered languages
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Paragraph E mô tả các công nghệ như Endangered Languages Project, Duolingo apps, và các công cụ digital giúp document và revitalize languages.

Câu 15: A (Paragraph A)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: cultural influences, multiple directions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A
• Giải thích: Đoạn A đề cập “Cultural flows in the contemporary world are multidirectional rather than unidirectional” – nói về các luồng văn hóa đa chiều.

Câu 16: F (Paragraph F)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: legal issues, traditional knowledge, used commercially
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F
• Giải thích: Paragraph F có tiêu đề về Intellectual Property và nói về việc traditional knowledge bị appropriated bởi commercial entities, ví dụ Hoodia case.

Câu 17: B (Paragraph B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: tourism, change meaning, cultural practices
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Đoạn B mô tả how commercialization of Balinese ceremonies “has altered their spiritual significance and social function” khi chúng trở thành tourist spectacles.

Câu 18: G (Paragraph G)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: migrant communities, maintaining cultural traditions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: Paragraph G nói về migration patterns và “diaspora populations often become important agents of cultural preservation and innovation”.

Câu 19: H (Paragraph H)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: international agreements, protect cultural heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H
• Giải thích: Đoạn H mô tả UNESCO conventions và international frameworks for heritage protection.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: globalization always leads, complete loss, local cultural identities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A
• Giải thích: Paragraph A rõ ràng refute quan điểm này bằng cách nói deeper analysis shows “a more nuanced picture” và local cultures show “resilience and adaptability”. Writer không đồng ý với statement này.

Câu 21: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: digital documentation, valuable, physical sites threatened
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C mô tả Zamani Project tạo digital records “even as physical sites face threats” – clearly indicating writer’s view là digital documentation có giá trị.

Câu 22: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: virtual experiences, exactly the same, visiting sites in person
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói “this digital turn also raises questions about… whether virtual encounters can provide the same depth of understanding and emotional connection as physical presence” – ngụ ý writer không nghĩ chúng giống nhau.

Câu 23: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Māori language revitalization programs, successful
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Đoạn E nói “The number of Māori speakers has increased significantly since these programs began” – rõ ràng writer view programs as successful.

Câu 24: authenticity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: raises important issues
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Đoạn B nói “This process raises fundamental questions about authenticity” khi cultural practices enter marketplace.

Câu 25: commercialization

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: religious ceremonies, changed original meaning
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Câu “the commercialization of religious ceremonies and dances has altered their spiritual significance” chứa đáp án.

Câu 26: cultural heritage

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: globalization’s major impacts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, câu đầu
• Giải thích: Đoạn B mở đầu với “The commodification of culture represents one of globalization’s most significant impacts on heritage” – heritage có thể thay bằng cultural heritage.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: earlier theories, cultural imperialism, criticized
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1
• Giải thích: Đoạn 1 nói earlier frameworks “have been critiqued for their deterministic assumptions” – chúng assumed globalization would inevitably supplant local traditions (đồng nghĩa với “automatically destroy”).

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Arjun Appadurai, scapes, suggests
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 giải thích these flows “are disjunctive rather than synchronized, creating friction and unpredictability” – tương ứng với đáp án B về unpredictable interaction.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Authorized Heritage Discourse, prioritize
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3 (Heritage Regimes section)
• Giải thích: Text nói AHD “privileges monumental, exceptional, and aesthetic values” – chính xác là đáp án C.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: participatory heritage management, challenges
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn về Faro Convention
• Giải thích: Passage mentions “challenges, including… the difficulty of defining community boundaries… and the power imbalances” – đáp án C.

Câu 31: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: blockchain, NFT, technologies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn về Digital Technologies
• Giải thích: Text nói “These technologies could potentially create… However, they also risk” – showing both opportunities and concerns (đáp án B).

Câu 32: A (engage)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: digital technologies, new ways
• Vị trí trong bài: Digital Technologies section
• Giải thích: Passage nói “enable new forms of engagement with heritage” – đáp án A.

Câu 33: B (destruction)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: acceptance of physical
• Vị trí trong bài: Digital Technologies section
• Giải thích: Text mentions “salvage paradigm that accepts the inevitability of physical destruction” – đáp án B.

Câu 34: I (existential threats)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: climate change presents
• Vị trí trong bài: Climate Change section
• Giải thích: Đầu section nói “poses existential threats to cultural heritage sites” – đáp án I chính xác.

Câu 35: D (traditional knowledge)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: climate heritage includes, can help with adaptation
• Vị trí trong bài: Climate Change section
• Giải thích: Text mentions “traditional knowledge and practices that offer insights for climate adaptation” – đáp án D.

Câu 36: G (dynamic configurations)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: assemblage theory, views heritage
• Vị trí trong bài: Future Trajectories section
• Giải thích: Passage states assemblage theory conceptualizes heritage as “dynamic configurations of heterogeneous elements” – đáp án G.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: transformation, heritage zones, always benefits, local residents
• Vị trí trong bài: Heritage Regimes section
• Giải thích: Text clearly states transformation “has frequently involved the displacement of long-term residents” – contradicts “always benefits”, đáp án NO.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: indigenous ecological knowledge, contribute, climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Climate Change section
• Giải thích: Passage says indigenous knowledge systems “represent invaluable cultural resources that are increasingly recognized in climate science” – writer clearly agrees, đáp án YES.

Câu 39: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all scholars agree, digital reconstruction, beneficial
• Vị trí trong bài: Digital Technologies section
• Giải thích: Passage presents different views (“Some scholars argue… Others contend”) but không nói whether ALL scholars agree. Không có thông tin về consensus, đáp án NOT GIVEN.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: heritage, dynamic rather than static, past and future
• Vị trí trong bài: Future Trajectories section
• Giải thích: Final section strongly advocates “heritage futures” approach and assemblage theory viewing heritage as dynamic – clearly writer’s viewpoint, đáp án YES.

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
globalization	n	/ˌɡləʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	toàn cầu hóa	Globalization has transformed how people interact	economic globalization, cultural globalization
interconnectedness	n	/ˌɪn.tə.kəˈnek.tɪd.nəs/	sự kết nối lẫn nhau	The increasing interconnectedness of the world	global interconnectedness
preservation	n	/ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/	sự bảo tồn	Questions about the preservation of cultural heritage	heritage preservation, cultural preservation
tangible	adj	/ˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/	hữu hình, có thể sờ thấy	Tangible heritage includes physical objects	tangible assets, tangible evidence
intangible	adj	/ɪnˈtæn.dʒə.bəl/	vô hình, phi vật thể	Intangible heritage encompasses traditions	intangible cultural heritage
ubiquitous	adj	/juːˈbɪk.wɪ.təs/	có mặt khắp nơi	International brands have become ubiquitous	ubiquitous technology, ubiquitous presence
homogenization	n	/həˌmɒdʒ.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	sự đồng nhất hóa	Cultural homogenization has led to concerns	cultural homogenization
authentic	adj	/ɔːˈθen.tɪk/	chính thống, xác thực	Maintaining authentic cultural practices	authentic experience, authentic culture
revitalize	v	/riːˈvaɪ.təl.aɪz/	làm hồi sinh, phục hưng	Tourism helped revitalize traditional arts	revitalize the economy, revitalize traditions
displacement	n	/dɪsˈpleɪs.mənt/	sự thay thế, sự di dời	Displacement of local traditions	cultural displacement, population displacement
urbanization	n	/ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	sự đô thị hóa	Rapid urbanization can destroy heritage	rapid urbanization, urban development
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌl.tiˈfæs.ɪ.tɪd/	nhiều khía cạnh	The relationship is complex and multifaceted	multifaceted issue, multifaceted approach

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradoxical	adj	/ˌpær.əˈdɒk.sɪ.kəl/	nghịch lý	A paradoxical dynamic of convergence	paradoxical situation, paradoxical effect
convergence	n	/kənˈvɜː.dʒəns/	sự hội tụ	Cultural convergence and divergence	technological convergence, cultural convergence
divergence	n	/daɪˈvɜː.dʒəns/	sự phân kỳ	Process of cultural divergence	divergence of opinion, divergence in approach
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪl.i.əns/	sự kiên cường, phục hồi	Local cultures demonstrate resilience	cultural resilience, economic resilience
commodification	n	/kəˌmɒd.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/	sự hàng hóa hóa	The commodification of culture	commodification of education
authenticity	n	/ˌɔː.θenˈtɪs.ə.ti/	tính xác thực	Questions about authenticity arise	cultural authenticity, authenticity of experience
commercialization	n	/kəˌmɜː.ʃəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	sự thương mại hóa	Commercialization of religious ceremonies	excessive commercialization
photogrammetry	n	/ˌfəʊ.təˈɡræm.ə.tri/	phép đo ảnh	Using photogrammetry to document sites	digital photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry
endangered	adj	/ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/	bị đe dọa	Endangered languages and species	endangered species, endangered heritage
revitalization	n	/riːˌvaɪ.təl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	sự hồi sinh	Language revitalization efforts	urban revitalization, cultural revitalization
appropriation	n	/əˌprəʊ.priˈeɪ.ʃən/	sự chiếm đoạt	Cultural appropriation by companies	cultural appropriation, illegal appropriation
diaspora	n	/daɪˈæs.pər.ə/	cộng đồng người xa quê	Diaspora populations preserve culture	Jewish diaspora, African diaspora
hybridity	n	/haɪˈbrɪd.ə.ti/	tính lai tạp	Cultural hybridity generates new forms	cultural hybridity, hybrid identity
gentrification	n	/ˌdʒen.trɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/	sự quý tộc hóa khu vực	Gentrification displaces local communities	urban gentrification, cultural gentrification
equitable	adj	/ˈek.wɪ.tə.bəl/	công bằng	Equitable benefit-sharing	equitable distribution, equitable solution

Bộ đề thi IELTS Reading ba passage về chủ đề toàn cầu hóa và di sản văn hóa với câu hỏi đa dạng

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unidirectional	adj	/ˌjuː.nɪ.daɪˈrek.ʃən.əl/	một chiều	Unidirectional flow of culture	unidirectional flow, unidirectional process
supplant	v	/səˈplɑːnt/	thay thế hoàn toàn	Western values would supplant local traditions	supplant traditional methods
deterministic	adj	/dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈnɪs.tɪk/	theo định mệnh	Deterministic assumptions about change	deterministic view, deterministic model
agency	n	/ˈeɪ.dʒən.si/	khả năng tự quyết	The agency of individuals in cultural change	human agency, personal agency
dialectical	adj	/ˌdaɪ.əˈlek.tɪ.kəl/	biện chứng	Dialectical relationship between global and local	dialectical process, dialectical thinking
negotiation	n	/nɪˌɡəʊ.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/	sự thương lượng	Cultural negotiations and adaptations	negotiation process, negotiation skills
disjunctive	adj	/dɪsˈdʒʌŋk.tɪv/	không liên kết	Disjunctive rather than synchronized	disjunctive elements
heterogeneous	adj	/ˌhet.ər.əˈdʒiː.ni.əs/	không đồng nhất	Heterogeneous outcomes across contexts	heterogeneous group, heterogeneous society
legitimation	n	/lɪˌdʒɪt.ɪˈmeɪ.ʃən/	sự hợp pháp hóa	The legitimation of particular versions	legitimation process
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪs.tə.məˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/	thuộc nhận thức luận	Epistemological assumptions about heritage	epistemological framework, epistemological question
vernacular	adj	/vəˈnæk.jə.lər/	địa phương, dân gian	Vernacular and community-based heritage	vernacular architecture, vernacular language
sanitization	n	/ˌsæn.ɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	sự tẩy sạch (khử bớt)	Sanitization of urban areas for tourists	sanitization of history
participatory	adj	/pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pə.tər.i/	mang tính tham gia	Participatory approaches to management	participatory democracy, participatory research
neoliberal	adj	/ˌniː.əʊˈlɪb.ər.əl/	tân tự do	Neoliberal governance models	neoliberal policies, neoliberal economics
ontological	adj	/ˌɒn.təˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/	thuộc bản thể luận	Ontological status of heritage	ontological question, ontological debate
provenance	n	/ˈprɒv.ən.əns/	nguồn gốc	Secure provenance records for artifacts	provenance research, provenance documentation
biodeterioration	n	/ˌbaɪ.əʊ.dɪˌtɪə.ri.əˈreɪ.ʃən/	sự phân hủy sinh học	Biodeterioration of materials	biodeterioration process
incommensurability	n	/ɪnˌkɒm.en.sjʊə.rəˈbɪl.ə.ti/	tính không thể so sánh	Incommensurability of epistemological systems	incommensurability of values
assemblage	n	/əˈsem.blɑːʒ/	sự tập hợp	Heritage as dynamic assemblage	assemblage theory, cultural assemblage
prospective	adj	/prəˈspek.tɪv/	hướng về tương lai	Prospective thinking about heritage	prospective study, prospective approach
generative	adj	/ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/	có khả năng tạo sinh	Generative rather than static forms	generative process, generative grammar

---

Kết bài

Bộ đề thi IELTS Reading về chủ đề The Effects Of Globalization On Cultural Heritage mà bạn vừa hoàn thành đại diện cho một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS thật. Chủ đề này không chỉ có ý nghĩa học thuật mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề thực tế đang diễn ra trên toàn cầu – sự căng thẳng giữa hiện đại hóa và bảo tồn, giữa hội nhập quốc tế và giữ gìn bản sắc văn hóa.

Ba passages trong đề thi này được thiết kế với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading. Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản và ví dụ dễ hiểu về tác động của toàn cầu hóa. Passage 2 đi sâu vào phân tích các khía cạnh cụ thể như kinh tế, công nghệ số, và vấn đề ngôn ngữ với độ phức tạp cao hơn. Passage 3 trình bày các lý thuyết học thuật và quan điểm chuyên sâu, đòi hỏi khả năng phân tích và suy luận ở mức độ cao.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cho từng câu hỏi sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách xác định thông tin trong passage, nhận biết paraphrase, và áp dụng các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Đặc biệt, phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật cần thiết không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho cả Writing và Speaking.

Để tối đa hóa hiệu quả học tập, hãy xem lại những câu trả lời sai, phân tích lý do tại sao bạn chọn nhầm, và rút ra bài học cho những dạng câu hỏi tương tự. Thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề sẽ giúp bạn nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu, tăng tốc độ làm bài, và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công!