IELTS Reading: Tác động Của Quá Tải Dân Số đô Thị - Đề Thi Mẫu Có đáp án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Mở bài

Quá tải dân số tại các khu vực đô thị là một trong những vấn đề xã hội nóng bỏng nhất thế kỷ 21, và chủ đề này xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong IELTS Reading Test. Theo thống kê từ Cambridge IELTS và các đề thi chính thức gần đây, các bài đọc liên quan đến urbanization, population growth và urban challenges chiếm khoảng 15-20% tổng số passages. Việc nắm vững chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong phòng thi mà còn mở rộng kiến thức về một hiện tượng toàn cầu đang tác động đến cuộc sống của hàng tỷ người.

Mục lục nội dung

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế công phu theo đúng chuẩn quốc tế. Đề thi bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng bài khác nhau, từ mức độ dễ (Band 5.0-6.5) đến khó (Band 7.0-9.0), kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích từng bước. Bạn cũng sẽ học được hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến urbanization, demographics và social issues – những từ vựng xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Academic. Bài viết này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt là những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-8.0.

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút liên tục, không có thời gian nghỉ giữa các passage. Bạn cần hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi dựa trên 3 đoạn văn với độ dài tổng cộng khoảng 2,750 từ. Điều quan trọng là bạn phải tự quản lý thời gian hiệu quả vì không có thông báo khi chuyển passage.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là passage dễ nhất, giúp bạn khởi động tốt
Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ khó tăng lên, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn
Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage khó nhất, cần đọc kỹ và phân tích sâu

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án lên answer sheet. Đừng quên rằng mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu sai.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với các đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu dựa trên thông tin trong bài
Matching Features – Nối thông tin với các đặc điểm được liệt kê
Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn dựa trên bài đọc

Mỗi dạng yêu cầu kỹ năng khác nhau: scanning, skimming, understanding paraphrase, và logical reasoning.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Growing Cities: Understanding Urban Population Expansion

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Throughout history, cities have served as centers of economic activity, cultural exchange, and social development. However, the rapid growth of urban populations in recent decades has created unprecedented challenges for city planners and governments worldwide. The phenomenon of urban overpopulation occurs when the number of people living in a city exceeds the capacity of its infrastructure, services, and resources to adequately support them.

The primary driver of urban population growth is rural-to-urban migration. People from countryside areas move to cities seeking better employment opportunities, higher wages, and improved access to education and healthcare. In developing countries, this trend has been particularly pronounced. For instance, cities in Asia and Africa have experienced exponential population growth over the past fifty years. Mumbai, India, grew from 3 million inhabitants in 1950 to over 20 million today. Similarly, Lagos, Nigeria, expanded from less than 300,000 residents to more than 14 million in the same period.

Another significant factor contributing to urban population increase is natural population growth – the difference between birth and death rates. In many cities, particularly in less developed regions, birth rates remain high while improved medical facilities and sanitation systems have reduced mortality rates. This combination results in rapid population expansion within urban boundaries.

The consequences of overpopulation manifest in various aspects of urban life. One of the most visible effects is the shortage of adequate housing accommodation. When cities cannot provide sufficient formal housing, informal settlements – commonly known as slums or shanty towns – emerge on the periphery or within urban areas. These settlements typically lack basic amenities such as clean water, proper sanitation, and electricity. According to United Nations estimates, approximately one billion people globally live in such conditions.

Transportation infrastructure also struggles under the pressure of overpopulation. Roads designed for a specific capacity become overwhelmed when population doubles or triples. Traffic congestion becomes a daily reality, increasing commute times and reducing productivity. In Bangkok, Thailand, for example, residents spend an average of 64 hours per year stuck in traffic jams. This congestion also contributes to higher levels of air pollution as vehicles idle in traffic, releasing harmful emissions.

The strain on public services represents another critical challenge. Schools become overcrowded, with student-to-teacher ratios rising to unmanageable levels. Hospitals and clinics face overwhelming demand, leading to long waiting times and compromised quality of care. In some severely overpopulated cities, residents may wait months for non-emergency medical procedures.

Water scarcity has become increasingly problematic in overpopulated urban areas. Cities require enormous quantities of water for drinking, sanitation, and industrial use. When population growth outpaces the development of water supply infrastructure, shortages occur. Chennai, India, experienced a severe water crisis in 2019 when its reservoirs ran dry, forcing the city to import water by train from hundreds of kilometers away.

Environmental degradation accompanies rapid urbanization. The expansion of cities often involves deforestation and the conversion of agricultural land into residential and commercial zones. This reduces green spaces, which are essential for air quality, temperature regulation, and recreational activities. Moreover, overpopulated cities generate vast amounts of waste. When waste management systems cannot cope with the volume, garbage accumulates in streets and waterways, creating health hazards and polluting the environment.

Despite these challenges, overpopulation in urban areas is not solely negative. Cities concentrate human talent, creativity, and resources. They serve as engines of economic innovation and cultural diversity. The key lies in sustainable urban planning – designing cities that can accommodate growing populations while maintaining quality of life. This includes investing in public transportation, creating affordable housing, expanding infrastructure, and implementing environmental protection measures.

Some cities have successfully managed population growth through innovative approaches. Singapore, despite limited land area, has become one of the world’s most livable cities through careful planning, strict regulations, and significant investment in public services. The city-state prioritizes vertical development – building upward rather than outward – and has created an efficient public transportation system that reduces reliance on private vehicles.

Understanding the causes and effects of urban overpopulation is essential for developing effective solutions. As the United Nations projects that 68% of the global population will live in urban areas by 2050, addressing these challenges becomes increasingly urgent. The future of humanity is increasingly an urban future, making it imperative that we learn to build cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and resilient.

Quá tải dân số đô thị toàn cầu và các thành phố lớn chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nề nhất

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main reason people move from rural areas to cities?
A. To escape political problems
B. To find better job opportunities and services
C. To experience cultural diversity
D. To avoid environmental disasters

2. The example of Mumbai is used to illustrate:
A. The success of urban planning
B. The rate of natural population growth
C. The dramatic expansion of city populations
D. The problems of informal settlements

3. What combination causes rapid population expansion in urban areas?
A. High birth rates and low death rates
B. Migration and emigration
C. Economic growth and industrial development
D. Government policies and subsidies

4. According to the passage, how many people worldwide live in informal settlements?
A. 500 million
B. Approximately one billion
C. 1.5 billion
D. Two billion

5. Singapore is mentioned as an example of:
A. A city with severe overpopulation problems
B. A city that has successfully managed population growth
C. A city with inadequate public transportation
D. A city that prioritizes horizontal expansion

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Lagos, Nigeria, had fewer than 300,000 residents in 1950.

7. Traffic congestion in Bangkok causes residents to waste more than 60 hours annually.

8. Chennai resolved its water crisis by building new reservoirs.

9. All effects of urban overpopulation are negative for city development.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Informal settlements typically lack basic facilities including clean water, sanitation, and __.

11. The reduction of green spaces in cities affects air quality, temperature control, and __.

12. Singapore’s approach to limited land involves __, which means constructing buildings upward.

13. The UN predicts that by 2050, __ percent of people globally will reside in urban areas.

PASSAGE 2 – Infrastructure Under Pressure: Systems Strain in Overpopulated Cities

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between urban population density and infrastructure capacity represents one of the most pressing challenges facing contemporary urban planners. As cities worldwide experience unprecedented demographic shifts, the systems designed to support urban life – from transportation networks to water supply mechanisms – face escalating demands that frequently exceed their operational thresholds. This infrastructural deficit manifests in multiple dimensions, each with distinct implications for urban sustainability and quality of life.

A. Transportation Networks

Metropolitan transportation systems constitute the circulatory system of modern cities, facilitating the movement of millions of commuters daily. However, in overpopulated urban centers, these networks often operate beyond their designed capacity. The phenomenon of peak-hour gridlock has become endemic in many megacities, where roads originally engineered for specific traffic volumes now handle two or three times that amount. Research conducted by the Texas A&M Transportation Institute reveals that traffic congestion in the United States alone costs the economy approximately $166 billion annually in lost productivity and wasted fuel.

The spatial mismatch between residential areas and employment centers exacerbates transportation challenges. As property prices escalate in city centers, lower-income workers are displaced to peripheral zones, necessitating longer commutes. This pattern creates what urban economists term “spatial inequality” – a situation where geographical location determines access to opportunities. In São Paulo, Brazil, residents of peripheral neighborhoods may spend up to four hours daily commuting, effectively reducing their available time for family, education, or leisure activities.

B. Water Supply and Sanitation

Urban water systems face a dual challenge: increasing demand from growing populations and diminishing supply due to environmental degradation and climate change. Cities extract water from rivers, reservoirs, and underground aquifers, but these sources have finite capacity. When extraction rates exceed natural replenishment rates, water stress occurs. The World Resources Institute identifies 17 countries, home to one-quarter of the global population, as facing “extremely high” water stress.

The situation is further complicated by aging infrastructure. Many cities in developed nations operate water distribution systems installed decades ago, with deteriorating pipes that lose significant quantities of water through leakage. In London, approximately 25% of treated water is lost before reaching consumers. This non-revenue water represents both an economic loss and an environmental inefficiency, as energy and chemicals used in treatment are wasted.

Sanitation infrastructure presents equally pressing concerns. Wastewater treatment facilities designed for smaller populations struggle to process the volume generated by current residents. Inadequate treatment capacity leads to the discharge of partially treated or untreated sewage into rivers and oceans, creating environmental pollution and public health risks. In many developing world cities, the absence of comprehensive sewerage systems means that human waste contaminates groundwater supplies, creating vicious cycles of disease transmission.

C. Energy Distribution

The electrical grid represents another critical infrastructure component under strain. Urban areas account for approximately 75% of global energy consumption, despite occupying only 3% of Earth’s land surface. This concentration of energy demand creates peak load challenges – periods when electricity consumption approaches or exceeds generation and distribution capacity. During extreme weather events, when air conditioning or heating use intensifies, blackouts and brownouts become increasingly common.

The transition to renewable energy sources adds complexity to grid management. Solar and wind power generate electricity intermittently, depending on weather conditions. Integrating these variable sources into electrical grids designed for constant supply from fossil fuel plants requires sophisticated load balancing technologies and energy storage systems. Cities must simultaneously maintain reliable service while transitioning to cleaner energy – a challenging dual mandate.

D. Healthcare Systems

Medical infrastructure in overpopulated cities faces overwhelming demand. The ratio of hospital beds to population provides one metric of healthcare capacity. The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 3 beds per 1,000 people, yet many overpopulated cities fall far below this threshold. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, the ratio is approximately 0.8 beds per 1,000 residents, resulting in overcrowded facilities where patients may share beds or receive treatment in corridors.

The shortage of medical professionals compounds infrastructure limitations. Training doctors, nurses, and technicians requires years of education and substantial investment. Many developing countries experience “brain drain” as trained medical personnel emigrate to wealthier nations offering higher salaries and better working conditions. This exodus depletes local healthcare capacity precisely when growing populations require expanded services.

E. Educational Facilities

Schools in overpopulated urban areas frequently operate far beyond intended capacity. Classroom overcrowding diminishes educational quality, as teachers cannot provide individualized attention to students. Research consistently demonstrates that student-to-teacher ratios significantly impact learning outcomes. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics indicates that in sub-Saharan Africa, primary school classes average 44 students, with some urban schools exceeding 60 students per classroom.

Infrastructure constraints extend beyond classroom space to encompass libraries, laboratories, and recreational facilities. Schools lacking adequate science laboratories cannot provide hands-on learning experiences essential for STEM education. Insufficient library resources limit literacy development. The absence of playgrounds and sports facilities restricts physical education and social development opportunities.

F. Solutions and Adaptations

Addressing infrastructure deficits requires comprehensive approaches combining immediate interventions with long-term strategic planning. Smart city technologies offer promising tools for optimizing existing infrastructure. Sensors monitoring water flow can detect leaks rapidly, reducing non-revenue water. Intelligent traffic management systems can adjust signal timing dynamically, improving traffic flow. Digital health platforms can extend medical services to underserved populations through telemedicine.

However, technology alone cannot solve infrastructure challenges rooted in inadequate investment and planning. Cities require sustained financial commitment to infrastructure development. Public-private partnerships have emerged as one mechanism for financing large-scale projects, though these arrangements must be carefully structured to balance public interest with private profit motives. Ultimately, managing infrastructure in overpopulated cities demands integrated planning that anticipates future needs while addressing current deficits.

Hệ thống hạ tầng đô thị quá tải với giao thông kẹt xe và dịch vụ công quá tải

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

The passage has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. Medical facility shortages and workforce challenges
ii. The movement crisis in dense urban environments
iii. Implementing technology for infrastructure optimization
iv. Power supply complications in modern cities
v. The impact of overcrowding on learning environments
vi. Clean water challenges and sanitation concerns
vii. Financial aspects of urban development
viii. Climate change effects on cities

14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E

Questions 19-23: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Urban infrastructure faces mounting pressure as populations grow beyond system capacities. Transportation networks experience (19) __ during rush hours when traffic exceeds road design limits. The problem worsens due to (20) __ between where people live and work, forcing longer commutes. Water systems suffer from both increased demand and (21) __, with aging pipes losing significant amounts through leakage. Electrical grids must handle (22) __ when demand approaches maximum capacity, while also integrating renewable sources. Healthcare facilities operate with inadequate (23) __, falling below WHO recommendations in many overpopulated cities.

Questions 24-26: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

24. According to the passage, what percentage of treated water is lost in London’s system?
A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%

25. The passage suggests that “brain drain” in healthcare refers to:
A. The migration of medical professionals to wealthier countries
B. The decline in medical school enrollment
C. The retirement of experienced doctors
D. The lack of medical training facilities

26. Smart city technologies are presented as:
A. The complete solution to all infrastructure problems
B. Useful tools that must be combined with adequate investment
C. Too expensive for developing countries
D. Ineffective in reducing infrastructure strain

PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Ramifications of Urban Demographic Saturation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The exponential proliferation of urban populations constitutes a defining characteristic of contemporary global development, precipitating multifaceted socioeconomic transformations that extend far beyond the immediate physical constraints of infrastructural capacity. While discourse surrounding urban overpopulation frequently centers on tangible manifestations such as housing deficits and transportation bottlenecks, the more nuanced and potentially more consequential impacts operate within the realms of social stratification, economic opportunity structures, psychological well-being, and political governance. These intangible dimensions, though less immediately visible than crumbling infrastructure or gridlocked thoroughfares, fundamentally reshape the urban experience and determine whether cities function as engines of prosperity or incubators of inequality.

The theoretical framework of urban economics posits that cities generate agglomeration benefits – productivity gains arising from the concentration of workers, firms, and consumers in proximate locations. This spatial density facilitates knowledge spillovers, labor market matching, and specialized service provision, creating positive externalities that enhance economic efficiency. However, this relationship exhibits a curvilinear pattern: beyond optimal density thresholds, negative externalities emerge and eventually outweigh agglomeration benefits. The critical question confronting urban scholars concerns the identification of these inflection points and the mechanisms through which overpopulation transforms cities from productivity enhancers to efficiency inhibitors.

Empirical evidence from metropolitan economics research reveals that extreme population density correlates with diminished social mobility – the capacity of individuals to improve their economic standing across their lifetime or relative to their parents. A comprehensive longitudinal study conducted by Chetty and colleagues, analyzing millions of anonymized tax records across American metropolitan areas, demonstrated that cities characterized by greater spatial segregation and longer average commute times exhibited significantly reduced rates of upward mobility. The mechanism underlying this relationship involves the geographic concentration of poverty, which creates neighborhoods where residents lack access to high-quality schools, professional networks, and role models of economic success. Children raised in such environments face substantially diminished prospects regardless of their innate abilities or efforts.

The phenomenon of residential segregation in overpopulated cities frequently reflects and reinforces existing inequalities along economic, racial, and ethnic dimensions. As urban land values appreciate in response to demand pressures, market mechanisms allocate desirable locations – those with superior amenities, shorter commutes, and better services – to higher-income households capable of outbidding competitors. Lower-income families undergo progressive displacement to peripheral zones characterized by inferior infrastructure, environmental hazards, and social disadvantage. Urban geographers describe this process as gentrification when it occurs in formerly affordable central neighborhoods, though the underlying dynamic of wealth-based spatial sorting operates regardless of specific location.

This sociospatial polarization generates what sociologist Robert Sampson terms “neighborhood effects” – the independent influence of residential environment on individual outcomes after controlling for family characteristics. Research employing quasi-experimental designs, such as the Moving to Opportunity program, confirms that neighborhood context significantly impacts children’s long-term earnings, college attendance rates, and single parenthood probabilities. The concentration of disadvantage in certain urban zones thus perpetuates intergenerational poverty transmission, as spatial location becomes a mechanism of social reproduction.

The psychological dimensions of urban overpopulation merit particular attention, as population density demonstrably affects mental health and social behavior. The foundational work of sociologist Georg Simmel on the “metropolitan mentality” identified how urban environments characterized by sensory overload – excessive stimuli from crowds, noise, visual complexity, and social interactions – induce psychological adaptations. Urban residents develop what Simmel termed a “blasé attitude” – a protective psychological mechanism involving emotional detachment and reduced responsiveness to stimuli. While this adaptation enables functioning in high-stimulus environments, it potentially diminishes empathy, community attachment, and prosocial behavior.

Contemporary research in environmental psychology has substantiated and extended these insights. Studies employing experience sampling methods – techniques that prompt participants to report their immediate emotional states and activities throughout daily life – reveal that individuals in densely populated urban areas report higher levels of stress, anxiety, and negative affect compared to suburban or rural counterparts. The mechanisms underlying these effects include chronic noise exposure, perceived crowding, limited access to restorative natural environments, and the cognitive demands of navigating complex social environments with numerous strangers.

The relationship between population density and crime presents a complex pattern requiring careful interpretation. Aggregate statistics indicate that major cities exhibit higher crime rates than less populated areas, suggesting a population-crime correlation. However, sophisticated analyses reveal that this relationship is largely spurious – an artifact of confounding variables rather than a direct causal effect. The apparent association between urbanization and crime largely disappears when researchers control for economic inequality, unemployment rates, and demographic composition. Indeed, certain types of crime, particularly property offenses, may actually decrease in well-managed high-density environments due to enhanced natural surveillance – the presence of numerous observers that deters criminal activity.

Urban governance structures face qualitative transformations in overpopulated contexts. Traditional municipal administration models, premised on relatively stable populations and predictable service demands, prove inadequate when confronting rapid demographic change and resource constraints. The concept of urban resilience has emerged as a framework for understanding cities’ capacity to withstand and adapt to various stresses and shocks, including population pressures. Resilient cities exhibit several characteristics: redundancy in critical systems, modularity that prevents localized failures from cascading, and adaptive governance mechanisms capable of responding flexibly to changing circumstances.

The political economy of overpopulated cities frequently exhibits what economists term collective action problems – situations where rational individual behavior produces collectively suboptimal outcomes. Consider housing markets: individual landlords maximizing rental income by subdividing apartments and exceeding occupancy limits make economically rational decisions, yet the aggregate effect degrades housing quality and neighborhood conditions for all residents. Similarly, individual drivers choosing personal vehicle use over public transportation contribute to congestion that reduces everyone’s mobility. Addressing such problems requires governance mechanisms – regulations, taxes, subsidies, or social norms – that align individual incentives with collective welfare.

The trajectory of urban development in overpopulated cities fundamentally hinges on governance capacity – the institutional ability to formulate, implement, and enforce policies addressing collective challenges. Cities with strong governance institutions, characterized by professional civil services, transparent decision-making processes, and mechanisms for citizen participation, demonstrate greater capacity to manage population pressures while maintaining livability. Conversely, cities plagued by corruption, clientelism, and weak institutional capacity tend to experience the most severe negative consequences of overpopulation, as resources are misallocated and long-term planning is sacrificed for short-term political expedience.

Looking forward, the challenge of urban overpopulation requires recognizing cities not merely as physical spaces but as complex adaptive systems wherein demographic, economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions interact in nonlinear and often counterintuitive ways. Interventions must therefore adopt systems perspectives that anticipate feedback loops, unintended consequences, and threshold effects. The discourse must evolve beyond simplistic narratives of overpopulation as inherently problematic toward more nuanced understanding of how governance, planning, and social policy can shape whether demographic density becomes a liability or an asset in the pursuit of sustainable and equitable urban futures.

Tác động xã hội kinh tế của quá tải dân số đô thị và sự phân tầng không gian

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer? Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

27. The most significant impacts of urban overpopulation are physical infrastructure problems rather than social issues.

28. Cities only generate economic benefits when population density remains below certain optimal levels.

29. The Moving to Opportunity program proved that neighborhood environment has no effect on children’s future outcomes.

30. Georg Simmel’s theory suggests that urban residents develop emotional detachment as a coping mechanism.

31. All types of crime increase proportionally with urban population density.

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each researcher or concept (32-36) with the correct finding or description (A-H).

Researchers/Concepts:
32. Chetty and colleagues
33. Robert Sampson
34. Georg Simmel
35. Experience sampling methods
36. Urban resilience

Findings/Descriptions:
A. A technique for measuring immediate emotional states throughout daily activities
B. The independent influence of residential location on individual life outcomes
C. Research showing correlation between city segregation and reduced economic mobility
D. The concept describing cities’ capacity to adapt to various pressures
E. A theory about the psychological impact of excessive urban stimuli
F. Studies on transportation infrastructure in developing nations
G. Research on agricultural productivity in rural areas
H. Analysis of international migration patterns

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the productivity advantages that arise from having workers and businesses located close together in cities?

38. According to the passage, what type of problems occur when individual rational choices lead to poor collective results?

39. What two institutional weaknesses are mentioned as preventing cities from managing overpopulation effectively?

40. What type of perspective must interventions adopt to understand the complex interactions in urban systems?

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
C
A
B
B
TRUE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
FALSE
electricity
recreational activities
vertical development
68

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

ii
vi
iv
i
v
peak-hour gridlock
spatial mismatch
environmental degradation
peak load challenges
hospital beds
C
A
B

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
C
B
E
A
D
agglomeration benefits
collective action problems
corruption, clientelism
systems perspectives

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: main reason, move from rural areas, cities
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “People from countryside areas move to cities seeking better employment opportunities, higher wages, and improved access to education and healthcare.” Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “better job opportunities and services”. Các đáp án khác không được nhắc đến trong đoạn văn này.

Câu 2: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Mumbai, example, illustrate
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Mumbai được sử dụng để minh họa “exponential population growth” với số liệu cụ thể từ 3 triệu năm 1950 lên hơn 20 triệu hiện tại. Đây là ví dụ về “dramatic expansion of city populations” (đáp án C).

Câu 3: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: combination, rapid population expansion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, toàn bộ
Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ ra “birth rates remain high while improved medical facilities and sanitation systems have reduced mortality rates. This combination results in rapid population expansion.” High birth rates + low death rates = đáp án A.

Câu 4: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: how many people, informal settlements
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài đọc ghi rõ “According to United Nations estimates, approximately one billion people globally live in such conditions” (informal settlements). Đáp án chính xác là B.

Câu 5: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Singapore, example
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
Giải thích: Singapore được đề cập như một thành phố “successfully managed population growth through innovative approaches” với quy hoạch cẩn thận và đầu tư vào dịch vụ công. Đây chính là đáp án B.

Câu 6: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Lagos, Nigeria, fewer than 300,000, 1950
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-8
Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Lagos, Nigeria, expanded from less than 300,000 residents” vào năm 1950, hoàn toàn khớp với thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Bangkok, 60 hours, traffic
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “residents spend an average of 64 hours per year stuck in traffic jams” – nhiều hơn 60 giờ, do đó câu này đúng (TRUE).

Câu 8: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Chennai, resolved, water crisis, new reservoirs
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập Chennai nhập khẩu nước bằng tàu hỏa trong cuộc khủng hoảng 2019, nhưng không nói về việc xây hồ chứa mới để giải quyết vấn đề.

Câu 9: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: all effects, negative
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
Giải thích: Đoạn 9 bắt đầu bằng “Despite these challenges, overpopulation in urban areas is not solely negative” và liệt kê các lợi ích như tập trung tài năng, sáng tạo. Do đó câu “all effects are negative” là SAI.

Câu 10: electricity

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: informal settlements, lack, clean water, sanitation
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: “These settlements typically lack basic amenities such as clean water, proper sanitation, and electricity.” Từ cần điền là “electricity”.

Câu 11: recreational activities

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: green spaces, air quality, temperature
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, giữa đoạn
Giải thích: Passage nêu “green spaces, which are essential for air quality, temperature regulation, and recreational activities.” Đáp án là “recreational activities”.

Câu 12: vertical development

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Singapore, limited land, building upward
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, cuối đoạn
Giải thích: “The city-state prioritizes vertical development – building upward rather than outward”. Đáp án chính xác là “vertical development”.

Câu 13: 68

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: UN, 2050, percent, urban areas
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11
Giải thích: “the United Nations projects that 68% of the global population will live in urban areas by 2050”. Số cần điền là 68.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: ii (Section A)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section A tập trung vào “Transportation Networks” và các vấn đề về di chuyển trong thành phố đông dân cư như traffic congestion, gridlock. Heading ii “The movement crisis in dense urban environments” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 15: vi (Section B)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section B bàn về “Water Supply and Sanitation”, đề cập đến water stress, deteriorating pipes, wastewater treatment. Heading vi “Clean water challenges and sanitation concerns” chính xác mô tả nội dung này.

Câu 16: iv (Section C)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section C thảo luận về “Energy Distribution”, electrical grid, peak load challenges, blackouts và renewable energy integration. Heading iv “Power supply complications in modern cities” là phù hợp.

Câu 17: i (Section D)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section D tập trung vào “Healthcare Systems”, hospital bed shortages, và brain drain của medical professionals. Heading i “Medical facility shortages and workforce challenges” mô tả đúng nội dung.

Câu 18: v (Section E)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Giải thích: Section E bàn về “Educational Facilities”, classroom overcrowding, student-to-teacher ratios. Heading v “The impact of overcrowding on learning environments” khớp hoàn toàn.

Câu 19: peak-hour gridlock

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn đầu
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “The phenomenon of peak-hour gridlock has become endemic in many megacities” khi miêu tả tình trạng giao thông giờ cao điểm.

Câu 20: spatial mismatch

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn 2
Giải thích: “The spatial mismatch between residential areas and employment centers exacerbates transportation challenges” – đây là từ chính xác trong bài.

Câu 21: environmental degradation

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn đầu
Giải thích: “diminishing supply due to environmental degradation and climate change” – đáp án là “environmental degradation”.

Câu 22: peak load challenges

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn đầu
Giải thích: Bài viết sử dụng cụm “peak load challenges – periods when electricity consumption approaches or exceeds generation and distribution capacity”.

Câu 23: hospital beds

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn đầu
Giải thích: “The ratio of hospital beds to population provides one metric of healthcare capacity” và nhiều thành phố thiếu hospital beds.

Câu 24: C (25%)

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 2
Giải thích: “In London, approximately 25% of treated water is lost before reaching consumers” – đáp án chính xác là C.

Câu 25: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn 2
Giải thích: Brain drain được giải thích là “trained medical personnel emigrate to wealthier nations offering higher salaries” – đúng với đáp án A.

Câu 26: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Vị trí trong bài: Section F, cuối passage
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “technology alone cannot solve infrastructure challenges” và cần “sustained financial commitment” – cho thấy công nghệ chỉ là công cụ hữu ích cần kết hợp với đầu tư (đáp án B).

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1
Giải thích: Tác giả phản bác quan điểm này khi viết “the more nuanced and potentially more consequential impacts operate within the realms of social stratification, economic opportunity structures, psychological well-being” – ám chỉ tác động xã hội quan trọng hơn vấn đề hạ tầng vật chất.

Câu 28: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
Giải thích: Passage giải thích “this relationship exhibits a curvilinear pattern: beyond optimal density thresholds, negative externalities emerge and eventually outweigh agglomeration benefits” – đồng ý với quan điểm có ngưỡng tối ưu.

Câu 29: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Moving to Opportunity program, confirms that neighborhood context significantly impacts children’s long-term earnings” – trái ngược với câu hỏi khẳng định không có ảnh hưởng.

Câu 30: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
Giải thích: Passage giải thích Simmel’s theory: “Urban residents develop what Simmel termed a ‘blasé attitude’ – a protective psychological mechanism involving emotional detachment” – khớp với câu hỏi.

Câu 31: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
Giải thích: Bài viết phản bác: “this relationship is largely spurious” và “apparent association between urbanization and crime largely disappears when researchers control for” các yếu tố khác – không phải tất cả tội phạm tăng tỷ lệ thuận.

Câu 32: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
Giải thích: “A comprehensive longitudinal study conducted by Chetty and colleagues” cho thấy “cities characterized by greater spatial segregation…exhibited significantly reduced rates of upward mobility” – khớp với mô tả C.

Câu 33: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
Giải thích: Robert Sampson đề xuất “neighborhood effects – the independent influence of residential environment on individual outcomes” – đúng với mô tả B.

Câu 34: E

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
Giải thích: Georg Simmel nghiên cứu về “metropolitan mentality” và “sensory overload – excessive stimuli” – là lý thuyết về tác động tâm lý của kích thích quá mức (mô tả E).

Câu 35: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
Giải thích: “Experience sampling methods – techniques that prompt participants to report their immediate emotional states and activities throughout daily life” – chính xác là mô tả A.

Câu 36: D

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
Giải thích: “Urban resilience” được định nghĩa là “framework for understanding cities’ capacity to withstand and adapt to various stresses and shocks” – khớp với mô tả D.

Câu 37: agglomeration benefits

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng đầu
Giải thích: “cities generate agglomeration benefits – productivity gains arising from the concentration of workers, firms, and consumers” – đáp án chính xác.

Câu 38: collective action problems

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
Giải thích: Passage định nghĩa rõ “collective action problems – situations where rational individual behavior produces collectively suboptimal outcomes”.

Câu 39: corruption, clientelism

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11
Giải thích: “cities plagued by corruption, clientelism, and weak institutional capacity tend to experience the most severe negative consequences” – hai điểm yếu chính là corruption và clientelism.

Câu 40: systems perspectives

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối
Giải thích: “Interventions must therefore adopt systems perspectives that anticipate feedback loops, unintended consequences” – đáp án là “systems perspectives”.

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
overpopulation	n	/ˌəʊvəˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/	sự quá tải dân số	The phenomenon of urban overpopulation occurs when…	urban overpopulation, severe overpopulation
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng	capacity of its infrastructure, services, and resources	transportation infrastructure, aging infrastructure
rural-to-urban migration	n phrase	/ˈrʊərəl tu ˈɜːbən maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	di cư từ nông thôn ra thành thị	The primary driver is rural-to-urban migration	massive rural-to-urban migration
exponential growth	n phrase	/ˌekspəˈnenʃl ɡrəʊθ/	tăng trưởng theo cấp số nhân	cities have experienced exponential population growth	exponential growth rate
informal settlements	n phrase	/ɪnˈfɔːml ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư tự phát, khu ổ chuột	informal settlements emerge on the periphery	sprawling informal settlements
traffic congestion	n phrase	/ˈtræfɪk kənˈdʒestʃən/	tắc nghẽn giao thông	Traffic congestion becomes a daily reality	severe traffic congestion, reduce congestion
air pollution	n phrase	/eə(r) pəˈluːʃn/	ô nhiễm không khí	contributes to higher levels of air pollution	combat air pollution, air pollution levels
public services	n phrase	/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	dịch vụ công	The strain on public services represents…	essential public services, quality of public services
water scarcity	n phrase	/ˈwɔːtə(r) ˈskeəsəti/	khan hiếm nước	Water scarcity has become increasingly problematic	acute water scarcity, address water scarcity
deforestation	n	/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃn/	nạn phá rừng	expansion often involves deforestation	rapid deforestation, prevent deforestation
waste management	n phrase	/weɪst ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý chất thải	When waste management systems cannot cope…	effective waste management, waste management infrastructure
sustainable urban planning	n phrase	/səˈsteɪnəbl ˈɜːbən ˈplænɪŋ/	quy hoạch đô thị bền vững	The key lies in sustainable urban planning	promote sustainable urban planning

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
infrastructural deficit	n phrase	/ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl ˈdefɪsɪt/	thiếu hụt cơ sở hạ tầng	This infrastructural deficit manifests in multiple dimensions	significant infrastructural deficit
peak-hour gridlock	n phrase	/piːk aʊə(r) ˈɡrɪdlɒk/	tắc nghẽn giờ cao điểm	The phenomenon of peak-hour gridlock has become endemic	experience peak-hour gridlock
spatial mismatch	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃl ˈmɪsmætʃ/	sự chênh lệch không gian	The spatial mismatch between residential areas and employment centers	address spatial mismatch
spatial inequality	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃl ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/	bất bình đẳng không gian	creates what urban economists term “spatial inequality”	growing spatial inequality
water stress	n phrase	/ˈwɔːtə(r) stres/	căng thẳng về nước	When extraction rates exceed replenishment rates, water stress occurs	severe water stress, water stress levels
deteriorating pipes	n phrase	/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪtɪŋ paɪps/	đường ống xuống cấp	water distribution systems with deteriorating pipes	aging and deteriorating pipes
non-revenue water	n phrase	/nɒn ˈrevənjuː ˈwɔːtə(r)/	nước thất thoát không thu phí	This non-revenue water represents both an economic loss	reduce non-revenue water
wastewater treatment	n phrase	/ˈweɪstwɔːtə(r) ˈtriːtmənt/	xử lý nước thải	Wastewater treatment facilities designed for smaller populations	wastewater treatment capacity
peak load challenges	n phrase	/piːk ləʊd ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	thách thức tải đỉnh	This concentration creates peak load challenges	managing peak load challenges
blackouts	n	/ˈblækaʊts/	mất điện toàn bộ	blackouts and brownouts become increasingly common	widespread blackouts, prevent blackouts
renewable energy sources	n phrase	/rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi ˈsɔːsɪz/	nguồn năng lượng tái tạo	The transition to renewable energy sources	invest in renewable energy sources
brain drain	n phrase	/breɪn dreɪn/	chảy máu chất xám	Many developing countries experience “brain drain”	significant brain drain, reverse brain drain
classroom overcrowding	n phrase	/ˈklɑːsruːm ˌəʊvəˈkraʊdɪŋ/	quá tải lớp học	Classroom overcrowding diminishes educational quality	address classroom overcrowding
smart city technologies	n phrase	/smɑːt ˈsɪti tekˈnɒlədʒiz/	công nghệ thành phố thông minh	Smart city technologies offer promising tools	implement smart city technologies
public-private partnerships	n phrase	/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpraɪvət ˈpɑːtnəʃɪps/	đối tác công tư	Public-private partnerships have emerged	establish public-private partnerships

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
socioeconomic ramifications	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/	hệ quả kinh tế xã hội	socioeconomic ramifications of urban demographic saturation	far-reaching socioeconomic ramifications
social stratification	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	phân tầng xã hội	impacts operate within the realms of social stratification	increasing social stratification
political governance	n phrase	/pəˈlɪtɪkl ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị chính trị	psychological well-being, and political governance	effective political governance
agglomeration benefits	n phrase	/əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃn ˈbenɪfɪts/	lợi ích tập tụ	cities generate agglomeration benefits	maximize agglomeration benefits
positive externalities	n phrase	/ˈpɒzətɪv ˌekstɜːˈnælətiːz/	ngoại ứng tích cực	creating positive externalities that enhance economic efficiency	generate positive externalities
curvilinear pattern	n phrase	/ˌkɜːvɪˈlɪniə(r) ˈpætən/	mô hình phi tuyến	this relationship exhibits a curvilinear pattern	follows a curvilinear pattern
social mobility	n phrase	/ˈsəʊʃl məʊˈbɪləti/	di động xã hội	extreme density correlates with diminished social mobility	upward social mobility, intergenerational social mobility
spatial segregation	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃl ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	phân tách không gian	cities characterized by greater spatial segregation	racial and spatial segregation
residential segregation	n phrase	/ˌrezɪˈdenʃl ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	phân tách khu dân cư	The phenomenon of residential segregation	economic residential segregation
gentrification	n	/ˌdʒentrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự quý tộc hóa đô thị	Urban geographers describe this process as gentrification	rapid gentrification, urban gentrification
sociospatial polarization	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˈspeɪʃl ˌpəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃn/	phân cực không gian xã hội	This sociospatial polarization generates…	increasing sociospatial polarization
neighborhood effects	n phrase	/ˈneɪbəhʊd ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng láng giềng	Robert Sampson terms “neighborhood effects”	significant neighborhood effects
intergenerational poverty	n phrase	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl ˈpɒvəti/	nghèo đói liên thế hệ	perpetuates intergenerational poverty transmission	break intergenerational poverty cycle
metropolitan mentality	n phrase	/ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən menˈtæləti/	tâm lý đô thị	Georg Simmel on the “metropolitan mentality”	develop metropolitan mentality
sensory overload	n phrase	/ˈsensəri ˈəʊvələʊd/	quá tải cảm giác	urban environments characterized by sensory overload	experience sensory overload
blasé attitude	n phrase	/ˈblɑːzeɪ ˈætɪtjuːd/	thái độ thờ ơ	Urban residents develop a “blasé attitude”	adopt a blasé attitude
environmental psychology	n phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənmentl saɪˈkɒlədʒi/	tâm lý học môi trường	research in environmental psychology	field of environmental psychology
experience sampling methods	n phrase	/ɪkˈspɪəriəns ˈsɑːmplɪŋ ˈmeθədz/	phương pháp lấy mẫu trải nghiệm	Studies employing experience sampling methods	use experience sampling methods
natural surveillance	n phrase	/ˈnætʃrəl səˈveɪləns/	giám sát tự nhiên	enhanced natural surveillance – the presence of numerous observers	increase natural surveillance
urban resilience	n phrase	/ˈɜːbən rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi đô thị	The concept of urban resilience has emerged	build urban resilience, enhance urban resilience
collective action problems	n phrase	/kəˈlektɪv ˈækʃn ˈprɒbləmz/	vấn đề hành động tập thể	frequently exhibits collective action problems	solve collective action problems
governance capacity	n phrase	/ˈɡʌvənəns kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực quản trị	trajectory fundamentally hinges on governance capacity	strengthen governance capacity
complex adaptive systems	n phrase	/ˈkɒmpleks əˈdæptɪv ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống thích ứng phức tạp	cities not merely as physical spaces but as complex adaptive systems	understand complex adaptive systems
systems perspectives	n phrase	/ˈsɪstəmz pəˈspektɪvz/	góc nhìn hệ thống	must therefore adopt systems perspectives	apply systems perspectives

Kết bài

Chủ đề “Effects Of Overpopulation On Urban Areas” không chỉ là một topic phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một trong những thách thức lớn nhất của thế kỷ 21. Qua bài thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một đề thi hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế tỉ mỉ theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, từ mức độ dễ đến khó, giúp bạn làm quen với cách thức đề thi thực tế được xây dựng.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về hiện tượng quá tải dân số đô thị: từ những tác động cơ bản và dễ nhận thấy như thiếu nhà ở, tắc nghẽn giao thông (Passage 1), đến những vấn đề hệ thống hạ tầng phức tạp hơn như năng lượng, y tế, giáo dục (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là những hệ quả sâu xa về mặt kinh tế xã hội, tâm lý học và chính trị (Passage 3). Sự chuyển tiếp này phản ánh chính xác cách IELTS Reading Test đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu của bạn ở các mức độ khác nhau.

Phần đáp án chi tiết đã giúp bạn không chỉ kiểm tra kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ logic đằng sau mỗi câu trả lời đúng. Việc xác định từ khóa, vị trí thông tin trong bài, và cách paraphrase là những kỹ năng cốt lõi mà bạn cần thành thạo để đạt band điểm cao. Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp kèm phiên âm, nghĩa, và collocation sẽ trở thành tài sản quý giá cho không chỉ phần Reading mà còn Writing và Speaking của bạn.

Hãy nhớ rằng, việc luyện tập với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng cao như thế này là chìa khóa để cải thiện band điểm. Đừng chỉ làm bài một lần – hãy quay lại, phân tích những câu sai, học từ vựng, và rèn luyện kỹ thuật quản lý thời gian. Với sự kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được mục tiêu IELTS của mình. Chúc bạn ôn thi hiệu quả và thành công rực rỡ trong kỳ thi sắp tới!

IELTS Reading: Tác động của quá tải dân số đô thị – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết