Chủ đề về công nghệ xanh và tác động của nó đến các quy trình công nghiệp (Impact Of Green Technology On Industrial Processes) đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Điều này phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về phát triển bền vững và trách nhiệm môi trường của các doanh nghiệp. Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, từ mức Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0).
Bạn sẽ học được: một đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi như thi thật, các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác, đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase, từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm và ví dụ thực tế. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc bài thi thực tế và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi passage có độ khó tăng dần, từ dễ đến khó. Bạn cần quản lý thời gian hiệu quả để hoàn thành tất cả các câu hỏi.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút
Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong 60 phút.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice (Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn)
- True/False/Not Given (Đúng/Sai/Không có thông tin)
- Yes/No/Not Given (Có/Không/Không có thông tin)
- Matching Headings (Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn)
- Summary Completion (Hoàn thành tóm tắt)
- Matching Features (Nối thông tin)
- Short-answer Questions (Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn)
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Green Revolution in Manufacturing
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The world of manufacturing is experiencing a profound transformation as companies increasingly adopt green technologies to reduce their environmental footprint. This shift represents not just a response to regulatory pressures, but a fundamental rethinking of how industrial processes can operate more sustainably and efficiently. The integration of environmentally friendly practices into manufacturing has become a competitive advantage rather than merely a compliance requirement.
Traditional manufacturing methods have long been associated with high energy consumption, significant waste production, and substantial carbon emissions. Factories operating on conventional systems typically rely on fossil fuels for power generation and use processes that generate considerable amounts of pollutants. However, the emergence of green technology has provided manufacturers with viable alternatives that can maintain productivity while dramatically reducing environmental impact.
One of the most significant developments in green manufacturing is the adoption of renewable energy sources. Solar panels installed on factory roofs can generate substantial portions of a facility’s electricity needs, particularly in regions with abundant sunlight. Wind turbines, both large-scale installations and smaller on-site units, offer another clean energy option. Some progressive manufacturers have achieved near-complete energy independence by combining multiple renewable sources with advanced battery storage systems. This not only reduces their carbon footprint but also provides protection against fluctuating energy prices.
Energy efficiency improvements represent another crucial aspect of green manufacturing. Modern facilities incorporate smart sensors and artificial intelligence systems that continuously monitor and optimize energy use throughout production processes. These technologies can identify wasteful practices and automatically adjust operations to minimize consumption. For example, intelligent lighting systems adjust brightness based on natural light availability and occupancy, while advanced heating and cooling systems maintain optimal temperatures using minimal energy. The cumulative effect of these improvements can reduce overall energy consumption by 30 to 50 percent compared to traditional facilities.
Water conservation has also become a priority in green manufacturing. Many industrial processes require significant water resources, and traditional approaches often result in substantial wastage. Innovative water recycling systems now enable manufacturers to treat and reuse water multiple times within their operations. Some facilities have implemented closed-loop water systems that recycle up to 95 percent of water used in production. Additionally, rainwater harvesting systems collect precipitation for use in non-critical applications, further reducing demand on municipal water supplies.
The materials revolution in manufacturing has introduced biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics and sustainable sourcing of raw materials. Companies are increasingly using recycled materials in their production processes, with some manufacturers designing products specifically for easy disassembly and recycling at the end of their life cycle. This circular economy approach minimizes waste by ensuring materials remain in productive use for as long as possible. Bio-based materials derived from renewable resources like corn starch or sugarcane are replacing petroleum-based inputs in numerous applications.
Waste reduction strategies have evolved significantly with green technology adoption. Advanced manufacturing techniques like 3D printing minimize material waste by building products layer by layer, using only the material needed for the final product. Predictive maintenance systems powered by artificial intelligence help prevent equipment failures that could result in defective products and wasted materials. When waste is generated, modern sorting and processing technologies ensure maximum recovery and recycling of valuable materials.
The economic benefits of green manufacturing extend beyond reduced utility costs. Companies implementing sustainable practices often experience improved brand reputation and increased customer loyalty, particularly among environmentally conscious consumers. Some manufacturers have reported that their green initiatives have opened doors to new markets and clients who specifically seek environmentally responsible suppliers. Additionally, many governments offer tax incentives, grants, or subsidized financing for companies investing in green technologies, improving the return on investment.
Employee engagement and satisfaction frequently improve when companies adopt green manufacturing practices. Workers often feel proud to be associated with environmentally responsible employers, leading to higher retention rates and improved productivity. The cleaner, healthier work environments created by green technologies also contribute to reduced sick days and enhanced worker wellbeing.
Despite these advantages, the transition to green manufacturing presents challenges. The initial capital investment required for new equipment and systems can be substantial, though costs are decreasing as technologies mature. Some manufacturers face difficulties integrating new green technologies with existing production systems, requiring careful planning and phased implementation. Additionally, companies may need to invest in employee training to ensure workers can effectively operate and maintain new systems.
Looking forward, the trajectory of green manufacturing appears clear. As climate concerns intensify and consumers become more environmentally aware, the adoption of green technologies in industrial processes will likely accelerate. Emerging innovations in areas like carbon capture, hydrogen fuel cells, and nanotechnology promise to make manufacturing even cleaner and more efficient. The companies that embrace these changes today are positioning themselves for long-term success in an increasingly sustainability-focused global economy.
Nhà máy sản xuất hiện đại ứng dụng công nghệ xanh với pin mặt trời và turbine gió
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. According to the passage, the adoption of green technologies in manufacturing is primarily motivated by:
A. Government regulations only
B. A complete change in thinking about industrial operations
C. Customer demands for cheaper products
D. Competition with foreign manufacturers
2. What does the passage say about traditional manufacturing methods?
A. They are more efficient than modern methods
B. They produce minimal waste
C. They consume large amounts of energy
D. They use only renewable resources
3. Advanced battery storage systems in green manufacturing help companies to:
A. Increase production speed
B. Achieve energy independence
C. Reduce workforce requirements
D. Export electricity to other facilities
4. According to the passage, intelligent lighting systems:
A. Work only during daytime hours
B. Require constant manual adjustment
C. Adapt based on natural light and room occupancy
D. Consume more energy than traditional lighting
5. The circular economy approach mentioned in the passage focuses on:
A. Keeping materials in productive use as long as possible
B. Importing raw materials from other countries
C. Creating disposable products
D. Reducing product quality
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Some manufacturers have achieved complete energy independence using renewable sources.
7. Water recycling systems can reuse up to 95 percent of water in some facilities.
8. Green manufacturing technologies are more expensive than traditional methods in all cases.
9. 3D printing technology reduces material waste in manufacturing processes.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Companies implementing sustainable practices often experience improved __ among customers.
11. Many governments provide __ or grants to encourage investment in green technologies.
12. The adoption of green practices frequently leads to higher __ among employees.
13. Future innovations in areas like carbon capture and __ will make manufacturing cleaner.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Technical Dimensions of Green Industrial Transformation
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The transition toward sustainable industrial processes represents one of the most significant economic and technological shifts of the twenty-first century. While the environmental imperatives driving this change are well-documented, the complex interplay between green technology adoption and industrial competitiveness deserves closer examination. Research indicates that the integration of environmentally conscious technologies into manufacturing systems involves far more than simple equipment replacement; it requires a fundamental restructuring of production paradigms, supply chains, and corporate culture.
A. The financial calculus surrounding green technology implementation has evolved considerably over the past decade. Initial analyses often portrayed sustainable manufacturing as a cost burden that companies undertook primarily to satisfy regulatory requirements or enhance public relations. However, contemporary research reveals a more nuanced picture. A comprehensive study of 1,200 manufacturing facilities across 15 countries found that companies investing in comprehensive green technology upgrades achieved an average operational cost reduction of 23 percent within three years. These savings derived from multiple sources: reduced energy expenditure, lower waste disposal costs, decreased water consumption, and improved process efficiency. Furthermore, 68 percent of surveyed companies reported that their green investments had generated additional revenue streams through new product offerings or access to premium markets.
B. The technological architecture of green manufacturing systems demonstrates remarkable sophistication. Modern factories increasingly rely on integrated sensor networks that collect real-time data from thousands of points throughout the production process. This information feeds into machine learning algorithms capable of identifying optimization opportunities invisible to human operators. For instance, a European automotive manufacturer implemented an AI-driven system that analyzes energy consumption patterns across its production line. The system identified that certain manufacturing sequences could be reordered to take advantage of off-peak electricity rates and natural temperature variations throughout the day, resulting in a 17 percent energy cost reduction without any decrease in output quality or speed.
C. Material science innovations have proven particularly transformative in enabling green industrial processes. Traditional manufacturing heavily depends on materials that require energy-intensive production and generate significant environmental harm. The development of high-performance bio-composites has provided alternatives that match or exceed the mechanical properties of conventional materials while offering superior environmental profiles. Automotive and aerospace industries have begun incorporating these materials into structural components, achieving weight reductions that translate into improved fuel efficiency during the product’s operational life. A recent analysis calculated that replacing 20 percent of traditional materials in aircraft manufacturing with advanced bio-composites could reduce an aircraft’s lifetime carbon emissions by approximately 15 percent.
D. The supply chain implications of green manufacturing extend well beyond the factory walls. Companies committed to sustainable production increasingly require their suppliers to meet stringent environmental standards, creating a cascade effect throughout industrial networks. This phenomenon has given rise to “green supply chain management”, a discipline focused on minimizing environmental impact across the entire value chain. Leading manufacturers now conduct detailed environmental audits of their suppliers, measuring everything from energy sources and waste management practices to transportation methods and packaging materials. Suppliers demonstrating superior environmental performance often receive preferential treatment in contract negotiations and long-term agreements, creating powerful market incentives for sustainability adoption across industrial sectors.
E. The workforce dimension of green industrial transformation presents both challenges and opportunities. The operation and maintenance of advanced green technologies require specialized skills that many existing workers lack. This skills gap has prompted manufacturers to invest heavily in training programs and to collaborate with educational institutions in developing relevant curricula. Interestingly, research suggests that companies prioritizing comprehensive employee training in green technologies experience smoother transitions and higher returns on their sustainability investments. Workers who understand the environmental rationale behind process changes and possess the skills to optimize new systems become valuable assets in continuous improvement efforts.
F. Regional variations in green technology adoption reveal the importance of contextual factors. Countries with high energy costs or stringent environmental regulations have seen more rapid implementation of sustainable industrial processes. Scandinavian nations, facing both conditions, have emerged as global leaders in green manufacturing, with over 70 percent of their industrial facilities incorporating significant green technology elements. Conversely, regions with inexpensive fossil fuel energy and lax environmental oversight have shown slower adoption rates, though this pattern is gradually changing as the economic advantages of green manufacturing become more apparent and international trade partners increasingly demand environmental accountability.
G. The innovation ecosystem surrounding green industrial technology has expanded dramatically. Universities, government research institutions, and private companies are collaborating on developing next-generation solutions. Public-private partnerships have accelerated the development and commercialization of technologies that might otherwise require decades to reach market viability. For example, a consortium involving three universities and five manufacturing companies recently developed a revolutionary water treatment system that removes 99.9 percent of industrial contaminants while consuming 60 percent less energy than conventional methods. The system has been licensed to manufacturers worldwide, demonstrating how collaborative innovation can produce globally significant sustainability solutions.
H. Performance measurement frameworks for green manufacturing have grown increasingly sophisticated. Early approaches focused narrowly on easily quantifiable metrics like energy consumption or waste generation. Contemporary frameworks adopt a more holistic perspective, incorporating lifecycle assessments that track environmental impacts from raw material extraction through product disposal. These comprehensive analyses sometimes reveal counterintuitive findings. A product manufactured using green processes might generate more environmental impact during production than its conventional equivalent, but substantially less impact during its operational lifetime and end-of-life disposal. Such insights enable manufacturers to make genuinely informed decisions about where to focus their sustainability efforts for maximum effect.
The trajectory of green industrial transformation suggests an irreversible shift toward sustainable manufacturing practices. As technologies mature and costs decline, the economic case for green manufacturing strengthens continuously. Meanwhile, growing consumer awareness and investor pressure create additional incentives for companies to embrace environmental responsibility. The manufacturers that recognize this fundamental transformation and position themselves at the forefront of green technology adoption will likely emerge as the dominant competitors in their respective industries during the coming decades.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. Early analyses accurately predicted the economic benefits of green technology in manufacturing.
15. Machine learning algorithms can identify optimization opportunities that human operators cannot see.
16. Bio-composites are always cheaper to produce than traditional materials.
17. Companies with superior environmental performance receive advantages in contract negotiations.
18. All regions of the world are adopting green technology at the same rate.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
The passage has eight paragraphs labeled A-H.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A, C, E, F, and G from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The role of education in green technology adoption
ii. Geographic differences in sustainability implementation
iii. Financial benefits exceeding expectations
iv. Revolutionary materials enabling sustainability
v. Measuring environmental impact comprehensively
vi. Government policies driving change
vii. Collaborative research advancing green solutions
viii. Supply chain environmental requirements
ix. Consumer preferences for green products
19. Paragraph A
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph E
22. Paragraph F
23. Paragraph G
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Modern green manufacturing relies on 24. __ that gather information from throughout the production process. This data is analyzed using 25. __ to find ways to improve efficiency. Contemporary assessment methods use 26. __ that examine environmental impacts throughout a product’s entire existence.
Hệ thống cảm biến thông minh và AI giám sát quy trình sản xuất xanh trong nhà máy hiện đại
PASSAGE 3 – The Paradigmatic Transformation of Industrial Ecology Through Green Technology
Độ khí: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The epistemological shift underlying the integration of green technologies into industrial processes represents a profound reconceptualization of the relationship between economic productivity and environmental stewardship. This transformation transcends the simplistic dichotomy that previously characterized discourse surrounding industrial sustainability, wherein environmental protection was invariably framed as antithetical to economic growth. Contemporary scholarship in industrial ecology demonstrates that this oppositional framework constitutes a fundamental misapprehension of the synergistic potential inherent in the confluence of technological innovation and ecological consciousness. The emergent paradigm positions green technology not as a constraining factor on industrial capability, but rather as a catalyst for enhanced operational sophistication and market differentiation.
Theoretical frameworks examining the diffusion of green technologies within industrial sectors have evolved from linear adoption models to more nuanced understandings that acknowledge the complex adaptive systems nature of industrial transformation. Early theories, rooted in neoclassical economic assumptions, posited that green technology adoption would occur primarily through price mechanisms and regulatory compliance incentives. However, empirical evidence accumulated over the past two decades reveals a far more intricate process involving institutional factors, social networks, organizational culture, and technological path dependencies. The heterogeneous adoption patterns observed across industries and geographic regions cannot be adequately explained by economic variables alone, necessitating multidimensional analytical approaches that incorporate insights from organizational theory, innovation studies, and institutional economics.
The material-energetic metabolism of industrial systems has undergone substantial reconfiguration through green technology implementation. Traditional industrial processes operated according to linear throughput models, wherein raw materials entered production systems, underwent transformative processes, and emerged as finished products accompanied by considerable waste streams and energy dissipation. This thermodynamically inefficient approach reflected both the technological limitations of earlier eras and the absence of economic incentives to minimize resource consumption in contexts where materials and energy appeared effectively unlimited. Contemporary green industrial processes, by contrast, increasingly approximate closed-loop systems characterized by minimal external inputs and waste outputs. The application of advanced process engineering, materials science innovations, and systems optimization techniques enables the recovery and reintegration of materials previously consigned to waste streams, while sophisticated energy management systems capture and repurpose thermal energy that conventional processes simply dissipated into the environment.
The technological architecture supporting green industrial transformation demonstrates remarkable complexity and interdependence. Rather than consisting of discrete innovations implemented independently, effective green manufacturing systems comprise integrated networks of complementary technologies whose collective functionality exceeds the sum of individual components. For instance, the optimal operation of renewable energy systems in industrial facilities requires coordination with advanced battery storage, smart grid technologies, and demand-responsive production scheduling algorithms. Similarly, closed-loop water systems depend on sophisticated filtration technologies, real-time monitoring sensors, automated control systems, and predictive maintenance algorithms that preemptively identify potential system failures. This technological interdependence creates both opportunities and challenges. The synergistic effects achieved through integrated systems can produce performance improvements exceeding those attainable through isolated interventions. However, the complexity of these integrated systems demands substantial expertise for design, implementation, and ongoing optimization, potentially creating barriers to adoption for organizations lacking adequate technical capacity.
The economic dynamics surrounding green technology adoption in industrial contexts exhibit considerable temporal variation. Initial capital expenditures for comprehensive green technology implementations typically substantially exceed those required for conventional alternatives, creating financial hurdles particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises with limited access to capital. However, the total cost of ownership calculations reveal more favorable economics when operational savings over extended timeframes are incorporated. A longitudinal study tracking 450 manufacturing facilities over fifteen years found that those implementing comprehensive green technology upgrades achieved positive return on investment within an average of 4.7 years, with cumulative savings over the study period averaging 34 percent of initial capital outlay. Notably, facilities that pursued incremental adoption strategies, implementing green technologies progressively rather than through comprehensive overhauls, demonstrated superior financial performance, suggesting that evolutionary approaches may offer practical advantages over revolutionary transformations for many organizations.
The institutional landscape within which green industrial transformation occurs exerts profound influence on adoption trajectories. Regulatory frameworks establish baseline expectations for environmental performance, while market mechanisms such as carbon pricing or emissions trading schemes create economic incentives for sustainability improvements. Industry associations and standard-setting organizations develop best practice guidelines and certification schemes that both codify sustainable practices and signal environmental commitment to stakeholders. Financial institutions increasingly incorporate environmental performance metrics into lending decisions and investment strategies, effectively making access to capital contingent upon demonstrated sustainability credentials. The configuration of these institutional elements varies substantially across jurisdictions, contributing to the heterogeneous adoption patterns observed internationally. Regions where regulatory, market, and financial institutions create mutually reinforcing incentives for green technology adoption, such as certain European nations, demonstrate significantly higher implementation rates than those where institutional frameworks remain fragmented or contradictory.
The sociocultural dimensions of green industrial transformation merit particular attention, as technical and economic factors alone cannot fully account for the varied trajectories observed across organizations. Organizational culture significantly influences both the decision to pursue green technology adoption and the effectiveness of implementation efforts. Organizations with established cultures emphasizing innovation, continuous improvement, and long-term strategic thinking demonstrate greater receptivity to sustainability initiatives than those characterized by risk aversion, short-term profit maximization, or resistance to change. Leadership commitment emerges as a critical variable in numerous case studies: organizations where senior executives actively champion green initiatives and allocate resources accordingly achieve substantially better outcomes than those where sustainability remains a peripheral concern or responsibility of lower-level personnel. Furthermore, the engagement of frontline workers in sustainability efforts proves consequential; employees who understand the rationale behind green initiatives and participate in their design and implementation contribute valuable insights that enhance system performance while simultaneously experiencing increased job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
The knowledge infrastructure supporting green industrial transformation has expanded exponentially, yet significant information asymmetries persist. Universities, research institutions, and technology vendors possess substantial expertise regarding available technologies, implementation methodologies, and performance optimization strategies. However, this knowledge often fails to diffuse effectively to potential adopters, particularly smaller organizations lacking dedicated sustainability personnel or extensive external networks. The emergence of intermediary organizations serving as knowledge brokers—including specialized consultancies, industry associations, and government extension services—has partially addressed this gap, facilitating knowledge transfer and reducing transaction costs associated with green technology adoption. Nevertheless, information barriers remain substantial for many organizations, suggesting that enhanced knowledge diffusion mechanisms could significantly accelerate the pace of green industrial transformation.
Prospective analyses of green industrial technology trajectories identify several emergent innovations with transformative potential. Carbon capture and utilization technologies that convert industrial emissions into valuable products could fundamentally alter the economics of carbon-intensive industries. Advanced materials exhibiting unprecedented combinations of performance characteristics and environmental sustainability promise to revolutionize product design across numerous sectors. Artificial intelligence applications continue to identify optimization opportunities and efficiency improvements beyond human analytical capacity. Distributed manufacturing enabled by advanced robotics and additive manufacturing could restructure supply chains, reducing transportation requirements and enabling localized production responsive to regional needs. The realization of this technological potential, however, depends not merely on continued innovation but on the development of supportive institutional frameworks, appropriate skill bases, and organizational capabilities necessary for effective implementation and optimization of these advanced systems.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27. According to the passage, the traditional view of environmental protection and economic growth was:
A. That they could easily work together
B. That they were opposing forces
C. That environmental protection was more important
D. That economic growth depended on environmental protection
28. Early theories about green technology adoption focused primarily on:
A. Social networks and organizational culture
B. Price mechanisms and regulatory compliance
C. Technological innovation alone
D. International cooperation
29. Traditional industrial processes are described as:
A. Closed-loop systems
B. Linear throughput models
C. Thermodynamically efficient
D. Resource-conserving approaches
30. The passage states that integrated green manufacturing systems:
A. Function best when technologies work independently
B. Are simple to design and implement
C. Produce synergistic effects exceeding individual components
D. Require minimal technical expertise
31. According to the longitudinal study mentioned, facilities using incremental adoption strategies:
A. Failed to achieve positive returns
B. Performed worse than those using comprehensive overhauls
C. Showed superior financial performance
D. Required more initial capital
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct factor (A-F) from the list below.
Write the correct letter, A-F.
List of Factors:
A. Regulatory frameworks
B. Organizational culture
C. Financial institutions
D. Industry associations
E. Leadership commitment
F. Frontline workers
32. Develops best practice guidelines and certification schemes
33. Makes access to capital dependent on sustainability credentials
34. Influences receptivity to sustainability initiatives
35. Proves consequential when engaged in sustainability efforts
36. Emerges as critical in achieving better sustainability outcomes
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of organizations serve as knowledge brokers in green technology adoption?
38. What could carbon capture technologies convert into valuable products?
39. What type of manufacturing could restructure supply chains according to the passage?
40. What must be developed alongside continued innovation for technological potential to be realized?
Hệ thống công nghệ thu giữ carbon tiên tiến tại nhà máy công nghiệp thông minh
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- B
- C
- A
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- brand reputation / customer loyalty
- tax incentives
- retention rates
- hydrogen fuel cells / nanotechnology
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- NO
- iii
- iv
- i
- ii
- vii
- sensor networks / integrated sensors
- machine learning algorithms
- lifecycle assessments
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- B
- C
- C
- D
- C
- B
- F
- E
- intermediary organizations
- industrial emissions
- distributed manufacturing
- institutional frameworks / supportive institutional
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: adoption of green technologies, primarily motivated
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “This shift represents not just a response to regulatory pressures, but a fundamental rethinking of how industrial processes can operate”. Từ “fundamental rethinking” được paraphrase thành “complete change in thinking” trong đáp án B. Đáp án A sai vì văn bản nói “not just a response to regulatory pressures”, tức không phải chỉ do quy định.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional manufacturing methods
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ rõ “Traditional manufacturing methods have long been associated with high energy consumption”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án C “consume large amounts of energy”.
Câu 6: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: complete energy independence
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “near-complete energy independence” (gần như độc lập hoàn toàn về năng lượng), không phải “complete energy independence” (độc lập hoàn toàn). Đây là sự khác biệt quan trọng, nên đáp án là NOT GIVEN.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: water recycling systems, 95 percent
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Văn bản nêu rõ “Some facilities have implemented closed-loop water systems that recycle up to 95 percent of water used in production”, khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.
Câu 9: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 3D printing, reduces material waste
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “3D printing minimize material waste by building products layer by layer, using only the material needed”. Điều này xác nhận câu hỏi là đúng.
Câu 10: brand reputation
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: sustainable practices, improved
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Companies implementing sustainable practices often experience improved brand reputation and increased customer loyalty”. Từ cần điền là “brand reputation” (hoặc có thể chấp nhận “customer loyalty”).
Câu 11: tax incentives
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: governments, grants
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Văn bản: “many governments offer tax incentives, grants, or subsidized financing”. Từ cần điền là “tax incentives”.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: early analyses, accurately predicted, economic benefits
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “Initial analyses often portrayed sustainable manufacturing as a cost burden”, sau đó “However, contemporary research reveals a more nuanced picture”. Điều này chứng tỏ các phân tích ban đầu KHÔNG dự đoán chính xác lợi ích kinh tế.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: machine learning algorithms, optimization opportunities, human operators cannot
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Văn bản: “machine learning algorithms capable of identifying optimization opportunities invisible to human operators”. Từ “invisible to human operators” nghĩa là con người không thể nhìn thấy.
Câu 17: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: superior environmental performance, advantages, contract negotiations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: Bài viết: “Suppliers demonstrating superior environmental performance often receive preferential treatment in contract negotiations”. Đây chính là paraphrase của “advantages in contract negotiations”.
Câu 18: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all regions, same rate
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, toàn đoạn
- Giải thích: Đoạn F nói về “Regional variations” và giải thích sự khác biệt rõ ràng giữa các khu vực, ví dụ Scandinavia có tỷ lệ áp dụng cao hơn các khu vực khác. Do đó câu này là SAI.
Câu 19: iii (Financial benefits exceeding expectations)
- Vị trí: Đoạn A
- Giải thích: Đoạn A tập trung vào việc các lợi ích tài chính của công nghệ xanh vượt quá mong đợi ban đầu, với dữ liệu cụ thể về giảm chi phí 23% và 68% công ty tạo nguồn thu mới.
Câu 20: iv (Revolutionary materials enabling sustainability)
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn C thảo luận về “Material science innovations” và “high-performance bio-composites” – các vật liệu mới mang tính cách mạng cho phép sản xuất bền vững.
Câu 24: sensor networks
- Từ khóa: gather information, production process
- Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Modern factories increasingly rely on integrated sensor networks that collect real-time data from thousands of points throughout the production process.”
Câu 25: machine learning algorithms
- Từ khóa: analyzed, improve efficiency
- Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “This information feeds into machine learning algorithms capable of identifying optimization opportunities.”
Câu 26: lifecycle assessments
- Từ khóa: examine environmental impacts, entire existence
- Vị trí: Đoạn H, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Contemporary frameworks adopt a more holistic perspective, incorporating lifecycle assessments that track environmental impacts from raw material extraction through product disposal.”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional view, environmental protection, economic growth
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “simplistic dichotomy that previously characterized discourse” và “environmental protection was invariably framed as antithetical to economic growth”. Từ “antithetical” có nghĩa là đối lập, tương ứng với đáp án B “opposing forces”.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: early theories, focused primarily
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Early theories, rooted in neoclassical economic assumptions, posited that green technology adoption would occur primarily through price mechanisms and regulatory compliance incentives.”
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional industrial processes
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Văn bản: “Traditional industrial processes operated according to linear throughput models”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án B.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: integrated green manufacturing systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “The synergistic effects achieved through integrated systems can produce performance improvements exceeding those attainable through isolated interventions” – tức là tạo ra hiệu quả cộng hưởng vượt quá các thành phần riêng lẻ.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: longitudinal study, incremental adoption strategies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “facilities that pursued incremental adoption strategies…demonstrated superior financial performance” – thể hiện hiệu quả tài chính vượt trội.
Câu 32: D (Industry associations)
- Từ khóa: best practice guidelines, certification schemes
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Industry associations and standard-setting organizations develop best practice guidelines and certification schemes.”
Câu 33: C (Financial institutions)
- Từ khóa: access to capital, sustainability credentials
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “Financial institutions increasingly incorporate environmental performance metrics…making access to capital contingent upon demonstrated sustainability credentials.”
Câu 34: B (Organizational culture)
- Từ khóa: receptivity to sustainability initiatives
- Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Organizational culture significantly influences…Organizations with established cultures…demonstrate greater receptivity to sustainability initiatives.”
Câu 37: intermediary organizations
- Từ khóa: knowledge brokers
- Vị trí: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “The emergence of intermediary organizations serving as knowledge brokers.”
Câu 38: industrial emissions
- Từ khóa: carbon capture technologies, convert, valuable products
- Vị trí: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Carbon capture and utilization technologies that convert industrial emissions into valuable products.”
Câu 40: institutional frameworks
- Từ khóa: developed alongside, continued innovation, technological potential
- Vị trí: Đoạn 9, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: “The realization of this technological potential…depends…on the development of supportive institutional frameworks.”
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| profound transformation | noun phrase | /prəˈfaʊnd trænsfəˈmeɪʃən/ | sự chuyển đổi sâu sắc | experiencing a profound transformation | undergo a profound transformation |
| environmental footprint | noun phrase | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu chân môi trường | reduce their environmental footprint | reduce/minimize environmental footprint |
| sustainably | adverb | /səˈsteɪnəbli/ | một cách bền vững | operate more sustainably | operate/function sustainably |
| integration | noun | /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/ | sự tích hợp | integration of environmentally friendly practices | integration of/into |
| competitive advantage | noun phrase | /kəmˈpetɪtɪv ədˈvæntɪdʒ/ | lợi thế cạnh tranh | become a competitive advantage | gain/achieve competitive advantage |
| substantial | adjective | /səbˈstænʃəl/ | đáng kể, lớn | substantial carbon emissions | substantial amount/impact |
| viable alternatives | noun phrase | /ˈvaɪəbl ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvz/ | các lựa chọn khả thi | provided manufacturers with viable alternatives | offer/provide viable alternatives |
| dramatically | adverb | /drəˈmætɪkli/ | một cách đáng kể | dramatically reducing environmental impact | dramatically increase/reduce |
| abundant | adjective | /əˈbʌndənt/ | dồi dào, phong phú | regions with abundant sunlight | abundant resources/supply |
| progressive | adjective | /prəˈɡresɪv/ | tiến bộ | progressive manufacturers | progressive approach/policy |
| cumulative effect | noun phrase | /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv ɪˈfekt/ | tác động tích lũy | cumulative effect of these improvements | cumulative effect of/on |
| closed-loop system | noun phrase | /kləʊzd luːp ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống khép kín | closed-loop water systems | implement closed-loop system |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transition | noun | /trænˈzɪʃən/ | sự chuyển đổi | transition toward sustainable processes | smooth/gradual transition |
| imperatives | noun | /ɪmˈperətɪvz/ | mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu bắt buộc | environmental imperatives | moral/strategic imperatives |
| complex interplay | noun phrase | /ˈkɒmpleks ˈɪntəpleɪ/ | sự tương tác phức tạp | complex interplay between adoption and competitiveness | complex interplay of/between |
| competitiveness | noun | /kəmˈpetətɪvnəs/ | tính cạnh tranh | industrial competitiveness | enhance/improve competitiveness |
| fundamental restructuring | noun phrase | /ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˌriːˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/ | tái cấu trúc cơ bản | fundamental restructuring of production | undergo fundamental restructuring |
| paradigms | noun | /ˈpærədaɪmz/ | mô hình, khuôn mẫu | production paradigms | shift paradigms |
| financial calculus | noun phrase | /faɪˈnænʃəl ˈkælkjələs/ | tính toán tài chính | financial calculus surrounding implementation | complex financial calculus |
| nuanced picture | noun phrase | /ˈnjuːɑːnst ˈpɪktʃər/ | bức tranh chi tiết | reveals a more nuanced picture | present/reveal nuanced picture |
| comprehensive | adjective | /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ | toàn diện | comprehensive green technology upgrades | comprehensive study/approach |
| operational cost reduction | noun phrase | /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl kɒst rɪˈdʌkʃən/ | giảm chi phí vận hành | achieved operational cost reduction | achieve/realize operational cost reduction |
| sophisticated | adjective | /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ | tinh vi, phức tạp | demonstrates remarkable sophistication | highly sophisticated |
| real-time data | noun phrase | /ˈrɪəl taɪm ˈdeɪtə/ | dữ liệu thời gian thực | collect real-time data | analyze/process real-time data |
| transformative | adjective | /trænsˈfɔːmətɪv/ | có tính chuyển đổi | proven particularly transformative | transformative impact/effect |
| cascade effect | noun phrase | /kæˈskeɪd ɪˈfekt/ | hiệu ứng dây chuyền | creating a cascade effect | trigger/create cascade effect |
| stringent standards | noun phrase | /ˈstrɪndʒənt ˈstændədz/ | tiêu chuẩn nghiêm ngặt | meet stringent environmental standards | impose/meet stringent standards |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| epistemological shift | noun phrase | /ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪkəl ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển dịch nhận thức luận | epistemological shift underlying integration | profound epistemological shift |
| reconceptualization | noun | /ˌriːkənˌseptʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | sự tái khái niệm hóa | profound reconceptualization of relationship | fundamental reconceptualization |
| stewardship | noun | /ˈstjuːədʃɪp/ | sự quản lý có trách nhiệm | environmental stewardship | environmental/corporate stewardship |
| antithetical | adjective | /ˌæntɪˈθetɪkəl/ | đối lập, trái ngược | antithetical to economic growth | antithetical to/with |
| synergistic potential | noun phrase | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk pəˈtenʃəl/ | tiềm năng cộng hưởng | synergistic potential inherent | realize synergistic potential |
| confluence | noun | /ˈkɒnfluəns/ | sự hội tụ | confluence of innovation and consciousness | confluence of factors/ideas |
| catalyst | noun | /ˈkætəlɪst/ | chất xúc tác | catalyst for enhanced sophistication | act as catalyst |
| diffusion | noun | /dɪˈfjuːʒən/ | sự lan toa, phổ biến | diffusion of green technologies | rapid diffusion of |
| nuanced understandings | noun phrase | /ˈnjuːɑːnst ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋz/ | hiểu biết chi tiết | more nuanced understandings | develop nuanced understandings |
| heterogeneous | adjective | /ˌhetərəˈdʒiːniəs/ | không đồng nhất | heterogeneous adoption patterns | heterogeneous nature/group |
| metabolism | noun | /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ | sự chuyển hóa | material-energetic metabolism | industrial metabolism |
| thermodynamically | adverb | /ˌθɜːməʊdaɪˈnæmɪkli/ | về mặt nhiệt động lực học | thermodynamically inefficient | thermodynamically efficient/stable |
| interdependence | noun | /ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns/ | sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau | technological interdependence | mutual interdependence |
| preemptively | adverb | /priˈemptɪvli/ | một cách phòng ngừa | preemptively identify failures | act preemptively |
| longitudinal study | noun phrase | /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnəl ˈstʌdi/ | nghiên cứu dọc | longitudinal study tracking facilities | conduct longitudinal study |
| institutional landscape | noun phrase | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl ˈlændskeɪp/ | bối cảnh thể chế | institutional landscape within which | complex institutional landscape |
| codify | verb | /ˈkəʊdɪfaɪ/ | hệ thống hóa, mã hóa | codify sustainable practices | codify rules/practices |
| receptivity | noun | /ˌriːsepˈtɪvəti/ | tính tiếp thu | greater receptivity to initiatives | demonstrate receptivity |
| intermediary organizations | noun phrase | /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəri ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃənz/ | tổ chức trung gian | emergence of intermediary organizations | intermediary organizations serving as |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về tác động của công nghệ xanh đối với các quy trình công nghiệp đã và đang trở thành một phần không thể thiếu trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading hiện đại. Qua bài thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một đề thi sát với thực tế, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng bài khác nhau.
Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với các khái niệm cơ bản về công nghệ xanh trong sản xuất, phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đưa bạn vào các phân tích sâu hơn về khía cạnh kinh tế và kỹ thuật, phù hợp cho band 6.0-7.5. Cuối cùng, Passage 3 thách thức khả năng đọc hiểu ở mức độ học thuật cao với các lý thuyết phức tạp, dành cho band 7.0-9.0.
Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không đúng. Bảng từ vựng phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa và collocation sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật vững chắc.
Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, chú ý đến thời gian và phân tích kỹ những câu bạn làm sai. Việc hiểu rõ cách thức paraphrase và xác định vị trí thông tin trong đoạn văn là chìa khóa để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả như mong đợi trong kỳ thi sắp tới!
