IELTS Reading: Biên Giới Mở – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Chủ đề biên giới mở (open borders) là một trong những đề tài xã hội – chính trị phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với sự gia tăng của toàn cầu hóa và di cư quốc tế, chủ đề này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt trong phần Academic Reading. Đây là một chủ đề đa chiều, yêu cầu người học hiểu được cả khía cạnh lợi ích lẫn rủi ro của chính sách biên giới mở.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được thực hành với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ làm quen với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, bao gồm tất cả các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều được thiết kế dựa trên format chuẩn IELTS để giúp bạn có trải nghiệm gần giống nhất với kỳ thi thật.

Sau phần luyện tập, bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, giúp bạn hiểu rõ tại sao đáp án đó đúng và cách xác định thông tin trong bài đọc. Ngoài ra, bài viết còn cung cấp danh sách từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage, giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật một cách có hệ thống. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang hướng tới band điểm 6.5-7.5.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm đặc biệt là bạn không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet, vì vậy việc quản lý thời gian là vô cùng quan trọng.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý rằng độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3, do đó bạn nên dành nhiều thời gian hơn cho passage cuối. Trong quá trình làm bài, hãy chép đáp án trực tiếp vào Answer Sheet để tránh mất thời gian.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

• Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
• True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
• Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
• Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
• Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
• Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
• Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt
• Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc và chiến lược riêng, vì vậy việc làm quen với tất cả các dạng là vô cùng quan trọng để đạt band điểm cao.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Economic Benefits of Open Borders

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The concept of open borders has been a subject of intense debate among economists, politicians, and social scientists for decades. At its core, an open border policy allows people to move freely between countries with minimal restrictions, similar to how citizens can move between states or provinces within a single nation. While this idea may seem radical to some, proponents argue that it could bring substantial economic benefits to both sending and receiving countries.

One of the primary economic advantages of open borders is the efficient allocation of labour. When workers can move freely to where their skills are most needed, the global economy becomes more productive. For example, a skilled software engineer from a developing country could contribute more to the global economy by working in a technology hub like Silicon Valley, where their expertise is in high demand. This mobility of talent not only benefits the individual worker through higher wages but also enhances the productivity of companies and entire industries. According to research by economist Michael Clemens, eliminating all barriers to migration could potentially double global GDP, a gain far exceeding any other proposed economic reform.

Remittances represent another significant economic benefit of open borders. When migrants move to more prosperous countries and earn higher wages, they often send money back to their families in their home countries. These financial transfers have become a crucial source of income for many developing nations. The World Bank reports that in 2019, migrants sent approximately $554 billion to low and middle-income countries, a sum that exceeded foreign direct investment in many regions. This money helps lift families out of poverty, funds education for children, and provides capital for small businesses.

Open borders can also address demographic challenges faced by many developed nations. Countries like Japan, Germany, and Italy are experiencing aging populations and declining birth rates, which creates a shortage of working-age individuals to support pensioners and maintain economic growth. By allowing younger workers from countries with growing populations to migrate, these nations can balance their demographic profiles and ensure the sustainability of their pension systems and healthcare services. This demographic dividend helps maintain economic dynamism without requiring dramatic policy changes or increased taxation.

Furthermore, increased migration under open borders stimulates innovation and entrepreneurship. Immigrants have historically been responsible for a disproportionate share of new businesses and patents. In the United States, immigrants are twice as likely to start businesses compared to native-born citizens, and immigrant-founded companies have created millions of jobs. The diversity of perspectives that immigrants bring fosters creativity and problem-solving in workplaces, leading to breakthrough innovations. Silicon Valley’s success story is partly attributed to the contributions of immigrants, who founded or co-founded over half of the region’s startup companies valued at $1 billion or more.

The reduction of irregular migration costs is another economic advantage. Countries currently spend billions of dollars on border enforcement, detention facilities, and deportation processes. An open border policy would dramatically reduce these expenditures, allowing governments to reallocate resources to more productive purposes such as infrastructure, education, or healthcare. Additionally, when migration is legal and regulated, governments can better monitor who enters the country, collect taxes from all workers, and ensure that labour standards are maintained, preventing the exploitation of undocumented workers.

Open borders can also lead to increased trade and investment between countries. When people can move freely, they maintain connections with both their origin and destination countries, facilitating business relationships and cross-border commerce. Migrants often become bridges for trade, importing goods from their home countries and exporting products back, creating economic opportunities on both ends. This network effect enhances economic integration and can lead to more robust international partnerships.

However, it is important to note that realizing these economic benefits requires careful implementation and supportive policies. Countries need adequate infrastructure, housing, and public services to accommodate new arrivals. Education and training programs may be necessary to help migrants integrate into the labour market effectively. Without proper planning, the potential economic gains of open borders might not be fully realized, and temporary disruptions could occur in local labour markets.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Open borders allow people to move between countries as easily as moving within a single country.
2. Michael Clemens believes that removing migration barriers could potentially triple global GDP.
3. In 2019, remittances to developing countries were higher than foreign direct investment in some areas.
4. Japan is the only developed country facing demographic challenges.
5. Immigrants in the United States are more likely to establish businesses than native-born citizens.
6. All countries have sufficient infrastructure to accommodate new migrants under open borders.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. The movement of skilled workers to areas where they are needed most improves the __ of the global economy.
8. Money sent by migrants to their families is called __.
9. Open borders can help developed countries maintain their __ systems by attracting younger workers.
10. The varied viewpoints that immigrants contribute to workplaces encourage __ and innovation.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

11. According to the passage, what is one way migrants contribute to economic connections between countries?

    • A) They establish diplomatic relationships
    • B) They create bridges for trade and commerce
    • C) They invest in government bonds
    • D) They develop new languages

12. What does the passage suggest about border enforcement costs?

    • A) They are minimal and necessary
    • B) They could be reduced under open borders
    • C) They should be increased for security
    • D) They are more important than education spending

13. What condition does the passage mention as necessary for realizing the economic benefits of open borders?

    • A) Eliminating all government regulations
    • B) Reducing international trade agreements
    • C) Careful implementation and supportive policies
    • D) Closing borders temporarily

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PASSAGE 2 – Social and Cultural Implications of Open Borders

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The debate surrounding open borders extends far beyond economics, touching upon fundamental questions about national identity, social cohesion, and cultural preservation. While economists often focus on measurable financial impacts, sociologists and cultural theorists examine the more nuanced effects that unrestricted migration might have on communities, traditions, and social structures. Understanding these implications requires examining both the potential benefits of cultural diversity and the challenges that rapid demographic change can present.

One of the most frequently cited benefits of open borders from a social perspective is the enrichment of cultural life. When people from different backgrounds live together, they bring with them distinct traditions, languages, cuisines, artistic expressions, and worldviews. This cultural pluralism can lead to more vibrant, dynamic societies where citizens have access to a wider array of experiences and perspectives. Cities like London, Toronto, and Singapore, which have embraced significant immigration, are often celebrated for their cosmopolitan atmosphere and cultural richness. The presence of diverse communities creates opportunities for cross-cultural learning, challenging stereotypes and fostering greater understanding between peoples who might otherwise never interact.

Educational institutions particularly benefit from cultural diversity brought by migration. Schools and universities with students from various countries create intellectually stimulating environments where different viewpoints are expressed and debated. Research has shown that students exposed to diverse peer groups develop better critical thinking skills, greater cultural competence, and improved ability to work in multicultural teams—all valuable assets in an increasingly globalized economy. Furthermore, children growing up in diverse environments tend to be more open-minded and less prone to prejudice, potentially creating a more tolerant next generation.

However, critics of open borders raise legitimate concerns about the pace and scale of cultural change. When large numbers of migrants arrive in a relatively short period, receiving communities may experience cultural dissonance—a feeling that their familiar social environment is changing too rapidly. This can lead to anxiety among long-term residents who feel that their traditions, values, and way of life are being eroded. Such concerns, while sometimes dismissed as xenophobic, often reflect genuine worries about community cohesion and the preservation of local customs. The challenge lies in acknowledging these concerns while avoiding nativist reactions that could lead to discrimination or conflict.

The concept of social capital—the networks of relationships and trust that hold communities together—is central to this debate. Some researchers argue that high levels of diversity can temporarily reduce social capital, as people may initially retreat into familiar groups rather than engaging across cultural lines. Robert Putnam’s controversial research suggested that in the short term, ethnic diversity might lead to decreased trust and reduced civic engagement. However, other scholars contend that this “hunkering down” effect is temporary and that, over time, diverse communities develop new forms of social capital that incorporate multiple cultural groups. The key factor appears to be the presence of inclusive institutions and policies that facilitate integration rather than isolation.

Language presents both opportunities and challenges in the context of open borders. While linguistic diversity can be an asset, allowing for richer cultural expression and better international communication, it can also create practical difficulties. Public services, education systems, and workplaces must adapt to serve populations speaking multiple languages, which requires resources and planning. Countries like Switzerland and Canada have successfully managed multilingual societies through official recognition of multiple languages and investment in translation services and language education. However, the absence of a common language can sometimes hinder social interaction and create parallel communities that have limited contact with one another.

The impact of open borders on gender equality and social progress is another important consideration. Many migrants come from conservative societies where gender roles are more rigidly defined than in liberal democracies. This can create tensions when traditional practices clash with the gender-egalitarian norms of receiving countries. Issues such as arranged marriages, dress codes, and women’s participation in public life have sparked heated debates in various nations. Proponents of open borders argue that exposure to more egalitarian societies can be transformative, gradually shifting attitudes and practices. Critics worry that without clear integration policies, regressive attitudes might persist and even gain footholds in receiving societies.

Intergenerational dynamics within migrant communities also shape social outcomes. Research consistently shows that second-generation immigrants—those born in the receiving country to immigrant parents—typically integrate more successfully than their parents, adopting the language and cultural norms of their birthplace while maintaining connections to their heritage. This bicultural identity can be a source of strength, providing individuals with broader perspectives and the ability to navigate multiple cultural contexts. However, when economic opportunities are limited or discrimination is pervasive, second-generation immigrants may experience identity conflicts and social marginalization, potentially leading to social problems.

Religious diversity, intensified by migration, presents another dimension of the open borders debate. The arrival of people practicing different faiths can enrich the spiritual landscape of receiving countries, but it can also generate friction, particularly when religious practices are highly visible or perceived as challenging secular norms. The construction of mosques, temples, and other religious buildings has sometimes provoked community opposition, while debates over religious dress, dietary requirements, and holiday observances continue in many countries. Successfully managing religious diversity requires a delicate balance between respecting freedom of belief and maintaining shared civic values.

Ultimately, the social and cultural implications of open borders depend significantly on the policies and attitudes that frame migration. Countries that invest in integration programs, language training, anti-discrimination measures, and inclusive civic institutions tend to experience better social outcomes. When migrants are welcomed as future citizens rather than temporary workers or perpetual outsiders, social cohesion is more easily maintained. The challenge is creating societies that can embrace change while preserving the positive aspects of existing cultures—a balance that requires ongoing dialogue, flexibility, and goodwill from all parties involved.

Lớp học đa văn hóa với sinh viên quốc tế trong bài thi IELTS Reading về biên giới mở

Questions 14-19

Passage 2 has ten paragraphs, labelled A-J.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J.

NB: You may use any letter more than once.

14. Examples of cities known for their multicultural character
15. Discussion of how religious differences can create community tensions
16. The relationship between diversity and trust in communities
17. How children benefit from growing up in diverse environments
18. Concerns about the speed of cultural transformation
19. The integration patterns of second-generation immigrants

Questions 20-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Cultural diversity in educational settings provides students with valuable skills for the modern world. Research indicates that students in diverse schools develop better 20) __, enhanced cultural competence, and improved capabilities for working in multicultural teams. Children raised in diverse communities also tend to be more 21) ____ and less likely to hold prejudiced views. However, managing 22) __ can be challenging, as different languages may create practical difficulties for public services. Countries like Switzerland have successfully handled this through official recognition and investment in 23) __ services.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Robert Putnam’s research definitively proves that diversity always reduces social trust permanently.
25. Second-generation immigrants generally integrate better than their parents.
26. All receiving countries should adopt identical integration policies.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Security and Political Dimensions of Open Borders

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The proposition of implementing open borders confronts a fundamental tension in contemporary political philosophy: the competing imperatives of cosmopolitan ideals and state sovereignty. While humanitarian principles might suggest that freedom of movement is a basic human right, the Westphalian system of nation-states presumes that governments possess both the authority and responsibility to control their territories and populations. This philosophical dichotomy becomes particularly acute when security considerations enter the equation, as the potential risks associated with unrestricted migration touch upon the core functions of the state—protecting citizens and maintaining order.

From a security perspective, opponents of open borders articulate several concerns, the most prominent being the potential for malevolent actors to exploit unrestricted entry. The contemporary threat landscape encompasses transnational terrorism, organized crime networks, human trafficking operations, and drug smuggling cartels—all of which could theoretically benefit from reduced border controls. Critics argue that border checkpoints serve as crucial chokepoints where security services can intercept dangerous individuals and contraband. The 9/11 terrorist attacks, committed by individuals who had entered the United States legally, reinforced for many the necessity of rigorous border management and comprehensive vetting procedures. Subsequently, nations have invested heavily in biometric identification systems, database integration, and intelligence sharing to enhance border security.

However, proponents of more liberal migration policies contend that this security paradigm is built on flawed premises. They argue that determined terrorists or criminals can circumvent border controls regardless of their stringency, often using fraudulent documents, corruption, or clandestine entry methods. Moreover, the vast majority of terrorist attacks in Western democracies have been perpetrated not by recent immigrants but by radicalized citizens or long-term residents—a phenomenon that border controls cannot prevent. Research by organizations such as the Cato Institute suggests that the likelihood of being killed in a terrorist attack committed by a foreign-born individual in the United States is extraordinarily low—approximately one in 3.6 billion per year. This data implies that the perceived security risk of open borders may be disproportionate to the actual threat, representing what behavioral psychologists call availability bias—the tendency to overestimate the probability of events that are emotionally salient or frequently reported in media.

The relationship between migration and crime rates presents another contentious issue. Populist politicians frequently claim that immigration, particularly irregular migration, correlates with increased criminality. However, empirical research consistently contradicts this assertion. Numerous studies across different countries have found that areas with higher immigrant populations do not experience elevated crime rates; in many cases, immigrants commit crimes at lower rates than native-born citizens. A comprehensive meta-analysis published in the Annual Review of Criminology examined decades of research and concluded that immigration either has no effect on crime or reduces it. Scholars attribute this to several factors: migrants are often self-selected individuals with strong motivation and future orientation; they face severe consequences for criminal behavior, including deportation; and many come from tight-knit communities that exert informal social control.

Nevertheless, the perception that open borders would lead to crime surges persists, driven partly by anecdotal incidents that receive disproportionate media coverage. When crimes are committed by migrants, particularly violent offenses, they tend to generate extensive publicity and political instrumentalization, whereas the overall statistical pattern receives less attention. This dynamic creates a feedback loop wherein public anxiety about immigration and crime intensifies, regardless of empirical evidence to the contrary. Political scientists describe this as the politics of fear, where emotional responses override rational policy analysis.

The challenge of national security intelligence in an open border scenario raises complex questions. Border crossings provide opportunities for intelligence agencies to gather information about individuals entering the country, checking them against watchlists and identifying potential threats. Critics argue that eliminating these checkpoints would blind security services to movements of concern. However, proponents note that the vast majority of migration occurs legally through official channels, and truly dangerous actors are unlikely to present themselves for inspection. Moreover, modern surveillance technologies, data analytics, and international intelligence cooperation have created security capabilities that are less dependent on physical border controls than in previous eras. The European Union’s Schengen Area, which allows unrestricted movement among 26 countries, demonstrates that nations can maintain security while eliminating internal borders, though this system relies on strengthened external borders and robust intelligence sharing.

The political ramifications of open borders extend beyond security concerns to questions of democratic legitimacy and social contracts. Political theorists note that modern welfare states are predicated on a bounded community of citizens who contribute to and benefit from collective resources. When membership in this community becomes unrestricted, questions arise about the sustainability of redistributive programs. If anyone can enter a country and immediately access healthcare, education, and social benefits, might this create fiscal pressures that undermine these systems? Economist Paul Collier has argued that there is a trade-off between migration levels and the generosity of welfare provisions—countries can have open borders or extensive welfare states, but not both simultaneously. However, other economists dispute this claim, noting that migrants are typically net contributors to public finances, particularly when they are young and working-age.

The issue of political integration and civic participation presents another dimension. Democratic systems function through the participation of informed citizens who share some common understanding of collective interests and public goods. When migration is extensive and rapid, questions arise about whether newcomers will assimilate politically—adopting the democratic norms, values, and practices of their adopted countries. Some political scientists worry that migrants from authoritarian regimes might bring political attitudes that are incompatible with liberal democracy, potentially eroding democratic institutions over time. Empirical research on this question is mixed: while first-generation migrants sometimes retain political attitudes from their origin countries, subsequent generations typically adopt the political culture of their birthplace. Moreover, the direction of causality is debated—do migrants bring undemocratic attitudes, or do undemocratic attitudes persist when migrants are excluded from full political participation?

The concept of sovereignty itself is challenged by open borders advocacy. Traditional international relations theory holds that states are the fundamental units of the global system, with sovereign authority over their territories. The right to control borders is often viewed as intrinsic to sovereignty—without it, the state cannot fully govern its territory or protect its citizens. However, cosmopolitan philosophers argue that national sovereignty is not absolute and should be limited by universal human rights, including freedom of movement. They contend that the accident of birthplace should not determine life opportunities and that moral consideration should extend equally to all humans, regardless of nationality. This philosophical position raises profound questions: Do states have obligations to non-citizens? Can immigration restrictions be morally justified when they consign millions to poverty? These questions have no easy answers and reflect deep disagreements about the nature of political community and moral responsibility.

Recent political developments, including the rise of nationalist movements in Europe and North America, the Brexit referendum, and anti-immigration populism worldwide, suggest that open borders remain politically unfeasible in the near term, regardless of their theoretical merits. Public opinion in most developed countries favors controlled immigration over open borders, often by substantial margins. This political reality reflects various factors: economic anxieties, cultural concerns, security fears, and what social psychologists call in-group bias—the tendency to favor members of one’s own group over outsiders. Overcoming these deep-seated psychological and political obstacles would require not just policy changes but a fundamental shift in how people conceive of national identity and global responsibility. Whether such a transformation is possible—or desirable—remains one of the most contentious questions in contemporary political discourse.

Kiểm soát biên giới quốc tế và an ninh trong đề IELTS Reading về lợi ích rủi ro biên giới mở

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the Westphalian system is based on the principle that:

    • A) All humans should have freedom of movement
    • B) Governments have authority to control their territories
    • C) Borders should be eliminated globally
    • D) Cosmopolitan ideals should guide policy

28. What does the passage say about the likelihood of being killed by a foreign-born terrorist in the United States?

    • A) It is increasing rapidly each year
    • B) It is approximately one in 3.6 billion annually
    • C) It is higher than other forms of violence
    • D) It cannot be measured accurately

29. The relationship between immigration and crime rates, according to research cited in the passage:

    • A) Shows that immigrants commit more crimes
    • B) Is difficult to determine conclusively
    • C) Indicates immigrants commit crimes at lower or equal rates
    • D) Varies significantly by country of origin

30. The Schengen Area is mentioned as an example of:

    • A) The failure of open borders in Europe
    • B) How security can be maintained without internal borders
    • C) Why external borders should be eliminated
    • D) The impossibility of intelligence sharing

31. Paul Collier’s argument suggests that:

    • A) Welfare states are incompatible with open borders
    • B) All countries should eliminate welfare programs
    • C) Migration always improves public finances
    • D) Young migrants never contribute to welfare systems

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases, A-L, below.

The security debate around open borders involves several 32) __. Opponents worry about terrorists and criminals exploiting unrestricted entry, though proponents argue that most terrorist attacks are committed by 33) __ rather than recent arrivals. Research shows that the actual security risk may be affected by 34) __, which causes people to overestimate emotionally significant events. Despite empirical evidence showing immigrants commit crimes at 35) __ compared to native-born citizens, public anxiety persists due to 36) __ that receive extensive media coverage.

A) higher rates
B) availability bias
C) complex issues
D) anecdotal incidents
E) foreign terrorists
F) lower rates
G) radicalized citizens
H) political benefits
I) economic factors
J) social media
K) government policies
L) international laws

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Border checkpoints are completely ineffective at preventing determined criminals from entering countries.
38. Second-generation immigrants typically adopt the political culture of their country of birth.
39. Cosmopolitan philosophers believe that national sovereignty should be unlimited.
40. Current public opinion in most developed countries favors open borders policies.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. productivity
8. remittances
9. pension
10. creativity
11. B
12. B
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B (Paragraph B)
15. I (Paragraph I)
16. E (Paragraph E)
17. C (Paragraph C)
18. D (Paragraph D)
19. H (Paragraph H)
20. critical thinking skills
21. open-minded
22. linguistic diversity
23. translation
24. NO
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. A
32. C
33. G
34. B
35. F
36. D
37. NOT GIVEN
38. YES
39. NO
40. NO

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: open borders, move between countries, easily, single country
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “an open border policy allows people to move freely between countries with minimal restrictions, similar to how citizens can move between states or provinces within a single nation”. Câu hỏi paraphrase “as easily as” thành “similar to”, và “within a single country” thành “within a single nation”. Thông tin khớp hoàn toàn.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Michael Clemens, triple global GDP
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “eliminating all barriers to migration could potentially double global GDP“, không phải triple (gấp ba). Đây là thông tin mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi, do đó đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 2019, remittances, higher than foreign direct investment
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Passage nói “migrants sent approximately $554 billion to low and middle-income countries, a sum that exceeded foreign direct investment in many regions”. Từ “exceeded” = “higher than”, và “in many regions” = “in some areas” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 4: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Japan, only developed country, demographic challenges
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Countries like Japan, Germany, and Italy” – nghĩa là có nhiều nước, không chỉ Japan. Tuy nhiên, câu hỏi nói Japan là “the only” nước – điều này không được khẳng định hay phủ nhận trong bài, vì bài chỉ nói Japan là một trong số đó.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: immigrants, United States, more likely, establish businesses
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Passage viết “immigrants are twice as likely to start businesses compared to native-born citizens”. “Twice as likely” = “more likely”, “start businesses” = “establish businesses”.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all countries, sufficient infrastructure, accommodate migrants
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn cuối nói “Countries need adequate infrastructure, housing, and public services to accommodate new arrivals” – điều này ngụ ý không phải tất cả các nước đều có đủ cơ sở hạ tầng. Câu hỏi nói “all countries have sufficient” là sai.

Câu 7: productivity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: skilled workers, areas, needed most, improves
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “When workers can move freely to where their skills are most needed, the global economy becomes more productive“. Cần danh từ nên đáp án là “productivity”.

Câu 8: remittances

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: money, sent by migrants, families
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Remittances represent another significant economic benefit” – đoạn này giải thích remittances là tiền gửi về.

Câu 9: pension

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: open borders, developed countries, maintain, younger workers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “ensure the sustainability of their pension systems and healthcare services”. Chỉ lấy một từ nên đáp án là “pension”.

Câu 10: creativity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: varied viewpoints, immigrants, workplaces, encourage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “The diversity of perspectives that immigrants bring fosters creativity and problem-solving”.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: migrants contribute, economic connections
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Migrants often become bridges for trade, importing goods from their home countries and exporting products back”. Đáp án B “They create bridges for trade and commerce” là paraphrase chính xác.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: border enforcement costs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “Countries currently spend billions of dollars on border enforcement… An open border policy would dramatically reduce these expenditures”. Đáp án B đúng.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: condition, necessary, realizing economic benefits
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “realizing these economic benefits requires careful implementation and supportive policies” – đúng với đáp án C.

Học sinh đang làm bài thi IELTS Reading về chủ đề biên giới mở với chiến lược

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B (Paragraph B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: cities, multicultural character
• Giải thích: Đoạn B (đoạn 2) đề cập “Cities like London, Toronto, and Singapore, which have embraced significant immigration, are often celebrated for their cosmopolitan atmosphere”.

Câu 15: I (Paragraph I)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: religious differences, community tensions
• Giải thích: Đoạn I nói về “Religious diversity” và “The construction of mosques, temples, and other religious buildings has sometimes provoked community opposition”.

Câu 16: E (Paragraph E)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: diversity, trust, communities
• Giải thích: Đoạn E thảo luận về “social capital” và “ethnic diversity might lead to decreased trust”.

Câu 17: C (Paragraph C)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: children benefit, diverse environments
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói “children growing up in diverse environments tend to be more open-minded and less prone to prejudice”.

Câu 18: D (Paragraph D)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: concerns, speed, cultural transformation
• Giải thích: Đoạn D đề cập “receiving communities may experience cultural dissonance—a feeling that their familiar social environment is changing too rapidly”.

Câu 19: H (Paragraph H)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: second-generation immigrants, integration patterns
• Giải thích: Đoạn H nói “Research consistently shows that second-generation immigrants—those born in the receiving country to immigrant parents—typically integrate more successfully”.

Câu 20: critical thinking skills

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: students, diverse schools, develop better
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “students exposed to diverse peer groups develop better critical thinking skills“.

Câu 21: open-minded

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: children, diverse communities, tend to be more
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “children growing up in diverse environments tend to be more open-minded“.

Câu 22: linguistic diversity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: managing, challenging, different languages
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Language presents both opportunities and challenges” và “linguistic diversity can be an asset… it can also create practical difficulties”.

Câu 23: translation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Switzerland, investment in
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “investment in translation services and language education”.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Robert Putnam, diversity, reduces social trust, permanently
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói Putnam’s research “suggested that in the short term” và “other scholars contend that this effect is temporary“. Câu hỏi nói “permanently” – mâu thuẫn với claims của tác giả.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: second-generation immigrants, integrate better, parents
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Research consistently shows that second-generation immigrants… typically integrate more successfully than their parents” – khớp với claim.

Câu 26: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all receiving countries, identical integration policies
• Giải thích: Bài viết không bàn về việc tất cả các nước có nên áp dụng chính sách giống hệt nhau hay không.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Westphalian system, based on principle
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “the Westphalian system of nation-states presumes that governments possess both the authority and responsibility to control their territories and populations” – đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: likelihood, killed, foreign-born terrorist, United States
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “the likelihood of being killed in a terrorist attack committed by a foreign-born individual in the United States is extraordinarily low—approximately one in 3.6 billion per year“.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: immigration, crime rates, research
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “immigrants commit crimes at lower rates than native-born citizens” và “immigration either has no effect on crime or reduces it” – đáp án C đúng.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Schengen Area, mentioned as example
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “The European Union’s Schengen Area… demonstrates that nations can maintain security while eliminating internal borders” – đáp án B.

Câu 31: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Paul Collier, argument
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Economist Paul Collier has argued that there is a trade-off between migration levels and the generosity of welfare provisions—countries can have open borders or extensive welfare states, but not both simultaneously” – đáp án A phản ánh đúng.

Câu 32: C (complex issues)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Giải thích: Security debate “involves several” – cần danh từ số nhiều để mô tả các vấn đề trong cuộc tranh luận, “complex issues” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 33: G (radicalized citizens)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “the vast majority of terrorist attacks in Western democracies have been perpetrated not by recent immigrants but by radicalized citizens or long-term residents”.

Câu 34: B (availability bias)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “representing what behavioral psychologists call availability bias—the tendency to overestimate the probability of events that are emotionally salient”.

Câu 35: F (lower rates)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “immigrants commit crimes at lower rates than native-born citizens”.

Câu 36: D (anecdotal incidents)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “the perception… persists, driven partly by anecdotal incidents that receive disproportionate media coverage”.

Câu 37: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: border checkpoints, completely ineffective, determined criminals
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “determined terrorists or criminals can circumvent border controls” nhưng không nói checkpoints là “completely ineffective”. Tác giả không đưa ra claim mạnh mẽ đến vậy.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: second-generation immigrants, adopt political culture, country of birth
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “subsequent generations typically adopt the political culture of their birthplace” – khớp với claim trong câu hỏi.

Câu 39: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: cosmopolitan philosophers, national sovereignty, unlimited
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “cosmopolitan philosophers argue that national sovereignty is not absolute and should be limited by universal human rights” – mâu thuẫn với “unlimited” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 40: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: current public opinion, most developed countries, favors open borders
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Public opinion in most developed countries favors controlled immigration over open borders” – mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
open borders	n	/ˈəʊpən ˈbɔːdəz/	biên giới mở	The concept of open borders has been a subject of debate	open borders policy, open borders debate
substantial	adj	/səbˈstænʃəl/	đáng kể, lớn	substantial economic benefits	substantial evidence, substantial amount
allocation	n	/ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/	sự phân bổ	efficient allocation of labour	resource allocation, capital allocation
mobility	n	/məʊˈbɪləti/	tính di động, khả năng di chuyển	mobility of talent	social mobility, labour mobility
remittances	n	/rɪˈmɪtənsɪz/	tiền kiều hối	remittances represent another benefit	send remittances, remittance flows
demographic	adj	/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk/	thuộc về nhân khẩu học	demographic challenges	demographic trends, demographic changes
aging population	n	/ˈeɪdʒɪŋ ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃən/	dân số già hóa	experiencing aging populations	aging population crisis
entrepreneurship	n	/ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/	tinh thần kinh doanh	stimulates innovation and entrepreneurship	promote entrepreneurship
diversity	n	/daɪˈvɜːsəti/	sự đa dạng	diversity of perspectives	cultural diversity, ethnic diversity
irregular migration	n	/ɪˈreɡjələ maɪˈɡreɪʃən/	di cư bất hợp pháp	reduction of irregular migration costs	combat irregular migration
reallocate	v	/ˌriːˈæləkeɪt/	phân bổ lại	reallocate resources	reallocate funds, reallocate budget
cross-border	adj	/krɒs ˈbɔːdə/	xuyên biên giới	cross-border commerce	cross-border trade, cross-border cooperation

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
national identity	n	/ˈnæʃənəl aɪˈdentəti/	bản sắc quốc gia	questions about national identity	preserve national identity
social cohesion	n	/ˈsəʊʃəl kəʊˈhiːʒən/	sự gắn kết xã hội	social cohesion and cultural preservation	maintain social cohesion
cultural pluralism	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈplʊərəlɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa đa nguyên văn hóa	this cultural pluralism can lead	embrace cultural pluralism
cosmopolitan	adj	/ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/	mang tính quốc tế	cosmopolitan atmosphere	cosmopolitan city, cosmopolitan culture
cross-cultural	adj	/krɒs ˈkʌltʃərəl/	liên văn hóa	opportunities for cross-cultural learning	cross-cultural communication
intellectually stimulating	adj phrase	/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəli ˈstɪmjuleɪtɪŋ/	kích thích trí tuệ	intellectually stimulating environments	intellectually stimulating discussion
critical thinking	n	/ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/	tư duy phản biện	develop better critical thinking skills	enhance critical thinking
cultural competence	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈkɒmpɪtəns/	năng lực văn hóa	greater cultural competence	develop cultural competence
multicultural	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl/	đa văn hóa	work in multicultural teams	multicultural society
cultural dissonance	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈdɪsənəns/	sự bất hòa văn hóa	may experience cultural dissonance	create cultural dissonance
xenophobic	adj	/ˌzenəˈfəʊbɪk/	bài ngoại, kỳ thị người nước ngoài	sometimes dismissed as xenophobic	xenophobic attitudes
nativist	adj	/ˈneɪtɪvɪst/	theo chủ nghĩa người bản địa	avoiding nativist reactions	nativist policies, nativist movement
social capital	n	/ˈsəʊʃəl ˈkæpɪtəl/	vốn xã hội	the concept of social capital	build social capital
civic engagement	n	/ˈsɪvɪk ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/	sự tham gia công dân	reduced civic engagement	promote civic engagement
linguistic diversity	n	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk daɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng ngôn ngữ	linguistic diversity can be an asset	preserve linguistic diversity
multilingual	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈlɪŋɡwəl/	đa ngôn ngữ	multilingual societies	multilingual education
parallel communities	n	/ˈpærəlel kəˈmjuːnətiz/	các cộng đồng song song	create parallel communities	avoid parallel communities
gender equality	n	/ˈdʒendər iˈkwɒləti/	bình đẳng giới	impact on gender equality	promote gender equality
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənəl/	liên thế hệ	intergenerational dynamics	intergenerational conflict
bicultural identity	n	/baɪˈkʌltʃərəl aɪˈdentəti/	bản sắc song văn hóa	this bicultural identity	develop bicultural identity

Sinh viên quốc tế trao đổi văn hóa trong bài IELTS Reading lợi ích và rủi ro biên giới mở

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
competing imperatives	n phrase	/kəmˈpiːtɪŋ ɪmˈperətɪvz/	các mệnh lệnh cạnh tranh	competing imperatives of cosmopolitan ideals	balance competing imperatives
state sovereignty	n	/steɪt ˈsɒvrənti/	chủ quyền quốc gia	state sovereignty and cosmopolitan ideals	respect state sovereignty
Westphalian system	n	/westˈfeɪliən ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống Westphalia	the Westphalian system of nation-states	Westphalian sovereignty
philosophical dichotomy	n	/ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkəl daɪˈkɒtəmi/	sự đối lập triết học	this philosophical dichotomy	create philosophical dichotomy
malevolent actors	n phrase	/məˈlevələnt ˈæktəz/	kẻ xấu, những tác nhân độc hại	potential for malevolent actors to exploit	identify malevolent actors
transnational terrorism	n	/trænzˈnæʃənəl ˈterərɪzəm/	khủng bố xuyên quốc gia	transnational terrorism, organized crime	combat transnational terrorism
chokepoints	n	/ˈtʃəʊkpɔɪnts/	các điểm kiểm soát then chốt	border checkpoints serve as crucial chokepoints	strategic chokepoints
intercept	v	/ˌɪntəˈsept/	chặn lại, ngăn chặn	intercept dangerous individuals	intercept communications
contraband	n	/ˈkɒntrəbænd/	hàng lậu, hàng cấm	intercept contraband	smuggle contraband
rigorous	adj	/ˈrɪɡərəs/	nghiêm ngặt	rigorous border management	rigorous standards, rigorous testing
vetting procedures	n phrase	/ˈvetɪŋ prəˈsiːdʒəz/	thủ tục thẩm tra	comprehensive vetting procedures	improve vetting procedures
biometric	adj	/ˌbaɪəʊˈmetrɪk/	sinh trắc học	biometric identification systems	biometric data, biometric security
security paradigm	n	/sɪˈkjʊərəti ˈpærədaɪm/	mô hình an ninh	this security paradigm	shift security paradigm
flawed premises	n phrase	/flɔːd ˈpremɪsɪz/	những tiền đề sai lầm	built on flawed premises	based on flawed premises
fraudulent documents	n phrase	/ˈfrɔːdʒələnt ˈdɒkjumənts/	tài liệu giả mạo	using fraudulent documents	detect fraudulent documents
clandestine	adj	/klænˈdestɪn/	bí mật, ngầm	clandestine entry methods	clandestine operations
radicalized citizens	n phrase	/ˈrædɪkəlaɪzd ˈsɪtɪzənz/	công dân cực đoan hóa	radicalized citizens or long-term residents	prevent radicalized citizens
extraordinarily low	adj phrase	/ɪkˌstrɔːdɪnərəli ləʊ/	cực kỳ thấp	extraordinarily low likelihood	extraordinarily low rates
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân đối, quá mức	disproportionate to the actual threat	disproportionate response
availability bias	n	/əˌveɪləˈbɪləti ˈbaɪəs/	thiên lệch sẵn có	what psychologists call availability bias	suffer from availability bias
empirical research	n	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl rɪˈsɜːtʃ/	nghiên cứu thực nghiệm	empirical research consistently contradicts	conduct empirical research
self-selected	adj	/self sɪˈlektɪd/	tự lựa chọn	migrants are self-selected individuals	self-selected sample
anecdotal incidents	n phrase	/ˌænɪkˈdəʊtəl ˈɪnsɪdənts/	các sự việc mang tính giai thoại	driven by anecdotal incidents	rely on anecdotal incidents
feedback loop	n	/ˈfiːdbæk luːp/	vòng lặp phản hồi	creates a feedback loop	positive feedback loop
politics of fear	n phrase	/ˈpɒlətɪks əv fɪə/	chính trị của nỗi sợ	the politics of fear	exploit politics of fear
watchlists	n	/ˈwɒtʃlɪsts/	danh sách theo dõi	checking them against watchlists	security watchlists
Schengen Area	n	/ˈʃeŋən ˈeəriə/	Khu vực Schengen	The European Union’s Schengen Area	Schengen agreement
democratic legitimacy	n	/ˌdeməˈkrætɪk lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/	tính hợp pháp dân chủ	questions of democratic legitimacy	maintain democratic legitimacy
social contract	n	/ˈsəʊʃəl ˈkɒntrækt/	kh計ước xã hội	modern welfare states are predicated on a social contract	social contract theory
bounded community	n phrase	/ˈbaʊndɪd kəˈmjuːnəti/	cộng đồng có ranh giới	predicated on a bounded community	create bounded community
redistributive programs	n phrase	/ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjətɪv ˈprəʊɡræmz/	các chương trình phân phối lại	sustainability of redistributive programs	implement redistributive programs
fiscal pressures	n phrase	/ˈfɪskəl ˈpreʃəz/	áp lực tài chính	might this create fiscal pressures	face fiscal pressures
net contributors	n phrase	/net kənˈtrɪbjətəz/	người đóng góp ròng	migrants are typically net contributors	become net contributors
political integration	n	/pəˈlɪtɪkəl ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/	hội nhập chính trị	the issue of political integration	promote political integration
assimilate	v	/əˈsɪməleɪt/	đồng hóa, hội nhập	whether newcomers will assimilate politically	assimilate into society
authoritarian regimes	n phrase	/ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən reɪˈʒiːmz/	chế độ độc tài	migrants from authoritarian regimes	escape authoritarian regimes
eroding	v	/ɪˈrəʊdɪŋ/	xói mòn	potentially eroding democratic institutions	eroding trust, eroding values
direction of causality	n phrase	/dəˈrekʃən əv kɔːˈzæləti/	hướng quan hệ nhân quả	the direction of causality is debated	establish direction of causality
intrinsic	adj	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/	vốn có, nội tại	often viewed as intrinsic to sovereignty	intrinsic value, intrinsic motivation
cosmopolitan philosophers	n phrase	/ˌkɒzməˈpɒlɪtən fɪˈlɒsəfəz/	các triết gia theo chủ nghĩa thế giới	cosmopolitan philosophers argue	cosmopolitan philosophy
accident of birthplace	n phrase	/ˈæksɪdənt əv ˈbɜːθpleɪs/	sự tình cờ về nơi sinh	the accident of birthplace	determined by accident of birthplace
nationalist movements	n phrase	/ˈnæʃənəlɪst ˈmuːvmənts/	các phong trào dân族主义	the rise of nationalist movements	support nationalist movements
anti-immigration populism	n phrase	/ˌænti ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən ˈpɒpjulɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa dân túy chống nhập cư	anti-immigration populism worldwide	rise of anti-immigration populism
in-group bias	n	/ɪn ɡruːp ˈbaɪəs/	thiên vị nhóm của mình	what psychologists call in-group bias	demonstrate in-group bias
contentious questions	n phrase	/kənˈtenʃəs ˈkwestʃənz/	các câu hỏi gây tranh cãi	one of the most contentious questions	raise contentious questions

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Kết Bài

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