IELTS Reading: Di Cư Kinh Tế - Tác Động Đến Quốc Gia Tiếp Nhận » IELTS.NET

Giới thiệu

Di cư kinh tế (economic migration) là một hiện tượng toàn cầu có ảnh hưởng sâu rộng đến các quốc gia tiếp nhận, tạo nên những thay đổi về kinh tế, xã hội và văn hóa. Chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong bài thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt ở Passage 2 và Passage 3 với độ khó từ trung bình đến cao.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, giúp bạn:

Làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi thực tế về chủ đề di cư kinh tế
Luyện tập kỹ năng đọc hiểu với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng
Nắm vững từ vựng học thuật liên quan đến migration, economy và social impact
Hiểu rõ cách paraphrase và định vị thông tin trong bài đọc
Tự đánh giá năng lực qua đáp án và giải thích chi tiết

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-7.5 trong phần Reading.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút
Chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet: 2-3 phút

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án như trong Listening Test, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian hiệu quả.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai của thông tin
Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Movement of Workers Across Borders

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

In the modern world, economic migration has become an increasingly common phenomenon, with millions of people moving from their home countries to seek better employment opportunities and improved living standards abroad. Unlike refugees who flee from persecution or conflict, economic migrants make a voluntary choice to relocate in search of financial stability and career advancement. This movement of workers across international borders has profound effects on both the countries they leave and the nations that receive them.

The primary motivation for economic migration is the wage differential between countries. Workers from developing nations often find that they can earn significantly more money performing the same job in a developed country. For example, a construction worker in the Philippines might earn $300 per month at home, but could make $2,500 monthly doing similar work in Singapore or the United Arab Emirates. This income gap creates a powerful incentive for workers to seek opportunities overseas, even when it means leaving behind family and familiar surroundings.

Host countries – the nations that receive migrants – experience both advantages and challenges from this influx of workers. On the positive side, economic migrants often fill labor shortages in sectors where local workers are unavailable or unwilling to work. In many developed countries, there is a notable lack of workers willing to take on physically demanding jobs in agriculture, construction, and food service. Migrant workers step in to fill these gaps, ensuring that essential services continue to operate smoothly and that businesses can meet their workforce requirements.

Furthermore, economic migrants contribute significantly to the tax revenue of host countries. When migrants work legally, they pay income taxes, sales taxes, and social security contributions just like native-born citizens. In the United Kingdom, for instance, research has shown that migrants from European Union countries contributed more in taxes than they received in benefits. This net fiscal contribution helps fund public services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development. Additionally, migrants start businesses at higher rates than native-born populations in many countries, creating jobs and stimulating economic growth.

The demographic impact of economic migration can also be beneficial for host countries, particularly those facing aging populations. Many developed nations, including Japan, Germany, and Italy, have declining birth rates and increasingly elderly populations. This demographic shift creates a smaller working-age population to support a growing number of retirees, putting pressure on pension systems and healthcare services. Young economic migrants help balance this equation by expanding the workforce and contributing to social security systems that support older citizens.

However, economic migration also presents challenges for host countries. One concern is the potential strain on public services and infrastructure. When large numbers of migrants arrive in a relatively short time period, schools, hospitals, and housing markets may struggle to accommodate the increased demand. In some cities, rapid population growth due to migration has led to overcrowded schools, longer waiting times for medical care, and increased competition for affordable housing. These pressures can create social tensions between migrant and native-born communities.

Another challenge relates to wage competition in certain sectors. Some economists argue that an influx of migrant workers willing to accept lower wages can depress pay levels for native-born workers, particularly in low-skilled occupations. This wage suppression effect is debated among researchers, with some studies finding minimal impact on native workers’ wages, while others document more significant effects in specific industries and regions. The reality likely depends on various factors, including the skill level of migrants, the flexibility of the labor market, and the overall state of the economy.

Cultural integration represents another complex aspect of economic migration. When migrants arrive in large numbers, particularly from countries with very different cultural traditions, questions arise about how well they will integrate into the host society. Some host country residents worry about preserving their national identity and cultural values. Successful integration requires efforts from both migrants and the receiving society – migrants need support in learning the local language and understanding cultural norms, while host communities must be welcoming and create inclusive environments.

Despite these challenges, most economic research suggests that the overall impact of economic migration on host countries is positive when managed effectively. The key lies in implementing thoughtful immigration policies that match the number and skills of arriving migrants with the actual needs of the economy. Countries like Canada and Australia have developed points-based systems that prioritize migrants with education, work experience, and language skills that align with labor market demands. These selective approaches help maximize the economic benefits while minimizing potential drawbacks.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

According to the passage, what is the main difference between economic migrants and refugees?
A. Economic migrants earn more money
B. Economic migrants move voluntarily
C. Refugees have better employment opportunities
D. Refugees receive more government support
The example of a construction worker from the Philippines is used to illustrate:
A. the types of jobs available overseas
B. the poor working conditions in developing countries
C. the significant wage differences between countries
D. the challenges of working in foreign countries
According to the passage, migrants in the UK:
A. receive more benefits than they pay in taxes
B. contribute equally to taxes and benefits
C. pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits
D. avoid paying taxes whenever possible
Which demographic problem do young economic migrants help solve?
A. Unemployment among young people
B. Declining birth rates
C. Aging populations and pension pressures
D. Overcrowded schools
What does the passage suggest about wage suppression?
A. It definitely occurs in all industries
B. It never affects native-born workers
C. Research findings about it are mixed
D. It only affects high-skilled workers

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Economic migrants always send money back to their home countries.
Migrant workers are willing to do jobs that local workers often refuse.
Rapid migration can create pressure on public services like schools and hospitals.
Most developed countries have similar immigration policies.

Questions 10-13: Matching Information

Match each statement with the correct paragraph (A-I). You may use any letter more than once.

A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4
E. Paragraph 5
F. Paragraph 6
G. Paragraph 7
H. Paragraph 8
I. Paragraph 9

Discusses the business creation rates among migrants
Explains the primary reason why people become economic migrants
Describes concerns about maintaining cultural traditions
Mentions specific immigration selection systems used by certain countries

Lao động di cư kinh tế đang làm việc tại quốc gia tiếp nhận góp phần phát triển kinh tế

PASSAGE 2 – Labour Market Dynamics and Migration Flows

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between economic migration and labour market dynamics in host countries is considerably more nuanced than simple supply-and-demand models might suggest. Contemporary research reveals that the impact of migration flows on employment, wages, and economic productivity depends on a complex interplay of factors, including the skill composition of migrant populations, the absorptive capacity of receiving economies, and the temporal dimension of adjustment processes.

A. Traditional economic theory posits that an increase in labour supply – such as that caused by migration – should lead to downward pressure on wages and potentially higher unemployment among native workers who compete for similar jobs. However, empirical evidence from various developed economies presents a more complicated picture. A comprehensive study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences in the United States found that the impact of immigration on the wages of native-born workers is generally small, with most studies showing minimal effects. The research identified that any negative wage effects are concentrated among previous immigrants and native-born workers without a high school diploma – groups that compete most directly with new low-skilled migrants.

B. This limited impact occurs partly because labour markets are dynamic rather than static. When migrants enter an economy, they not only increase the supply of workers but also expand demand for goods and services, thereby creating additional jobs. Moreover, migrants often possess complementary skills to native workers rather than directly substitutable ones. For instance, in the construction industry, an influx of migrant labourers may actually increase demand for native-born supervisors, architects, and project managers. This complementarity effect can lead to wage increases for certain groups of native workers, offsetting any negative impacts on others.

C. The skill level of migrants plays a crucial role in determining their economic impact. High-skilled migration – involving professionals such as doctors, engineers, and technology specialists – typically generates substantial benefits for host countries with minimal adverse effects on native workers. These migrants often fill critical skill gaps in sectors experiencing shortages, driving innovation and productivity growth. Silicon Valley’s technology sector, for example, has been significantly shaped by immigrant entrepreneurs and engineers; more than half of billion-dollar startup companies in the United States were founded by immigrants. This entrepreneurial activity creates employment opportunities for both immigrant and native-born workers.

D. Conversely, the effects of low-skilled migration are more contested and context-dependent. In economies with flexible labour markets and robust economic growth, low-skilled migrants typically integrate smoothly, taking positions in sectors like agriculture, food service, and personal care that face persistent labour shortages. However, in countries with rigid labour regulations, high minimum wages, and stagnant economic conditions, the absorption of low-skilled migrants may prove more challenging, potentially leading to greater competition with native workers for limited opportunities.

E. The temporal aspect of migration’s economic impact is also significant. Short-term effects may differ substantially from long-term outcomes. Initial arrival of migrants might create temporary displacement effects as labour markets adjust, but over time, the economy typically adapts through various mechanisms. Businesses may expand production, new enterprises may form, and economic activity may shift toward sectors where migrants have comparative advantages. A study of the Mariel boatlift – when 125,000 Cuban migrants arrived in Miami in 1980 – found no lasting negative impact on wages or employment of native workers, suggesting remarkable labour market resilience.

F. Sectoral variations in migration impact are substantial and merit careful consideration. In healthcare, for instance, migrant workers provide crucial services, particularly in elderly care and nursing. Many developed countries face severe shortages of healthcare workers due to aging populations and insufficient domestic training capacity. Migrant healthcare professionals alleviate these shortages, improving service availability for all residents. However, this reliance on migrant workers raises ethical questions about “brain drain” from developing countries, which lose valuable human capital when their trained professionals emigrate.

G. The fiscal impact of economic migration extends beyond simple tax contributions. Migrants’ age profile is typically younger than that of native populations, meaning they require fewer age-related public services like pensions and healthcare while contributing through taxes. However, they do utilize education services for their children and may require language training and integration support. Cost-benefit analyses vary significantly across countries depending on welfare state generosity, migrants’ employment rates, and the effectiveness of integration policies. Scandinavian countries, with their extensive welfare systems, face greater fiscal challenges from low-skilled migration compared to countries with more limited public benefits.

H. Regional disparities within host countries complicate the migration picture further. Migration tends to be geographically concentrated, with most migrants settling in major urban centers and particular regions. This spatial clustering means that any pressures on public services, housing markets, or wages are felt unevenly across the country. While London, Sydney, or New York may experience significant migration-related pressures, rural areas might see minimal impact or even demographic decline that migration could potentially address. This geographic unevenness of migration’s effects creates political challenges, as perceptions of migration’s impact vary dramatically between different communities.

I. Looking forward, technological change and automation will likely reshape the migration landscape significantly. As routine tasks become automated, demand for low-skilled labour may diminish, potentially reducing the economic rationale for certain types of migration while increasing the premium on high-skilled workers who can work alongside advanced technologies. Policy frameworks must evolve to address these shifting dynamics, balancing economic needs, humanitarian considerations, and social cohesion objectives. Evidence-based approaches that carefully assess labour market needs and design targeted immigration pathways offer the best prospect for maximizing migration’s benefits while minimizing its challenges.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Simple economic models accurately predict the effects of migration on host countries.
Migrants with complementary skills to native workers can actually increase wages for some native workers.
High-skilled migration creates more problems than benefits for host countries.
The Mariel boatlift study demonstrated that labour markets can adapt to sudden migration inflows.
All developed countries experience the same fiscal impact from migration.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E and G-H from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. Geographic concentration of migration effects
ii. The role of migrant skill levels in economic outcomes
iii. Healthcare sector dependence on migrant workers
iv. Long-term versus short-term migration effects
v. Challenges of traditional economic theory
vi. The influence of labour market flexibility
vii. Age-related fiscal considerations
viii. Future trends in migration patterns

Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph G

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

The impact of low-skilled migration varies depending on economic conditions. In countries with (24) __ labour markets and growing economies, migrants fill positions in sectors experiencing labour (25) __. However, in economies with rigid labour (26) __ and weak growth, integrating low-skilled migrants may create more challenges for native workers.

PASSAGE 3 – The Socio-Economic Transformation of Host Societies Through Migration

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The phenomenon of large-scale economic migration represents one of the most profound transformative forces shaping contemporary societies, generating multifaceted consequences that extend far beyond immediate labour market effects into the realms of social capital formation, institutional adaptation, and cultural evolution. While economic analyses have traditionally focused on quantifiable metrics such as wage effects and fiscal contributions, a comprehensive understanding of migration’s impact on host countries necessitates engagement with more complex, often intangible dimensions of social change that resist straightforward measurement yet exert considerable influence on societal development trajectories.

The concept of “migration surplus” – the aggregate net benefit accruing to native-born residents of host countries from immigration – provides a useful analytical framework, though its calculation involves considerable methodological complexity and normative assumptions. Standard economic models suggest that when migrants accept wages below their marginal productivity, the difference accrues to capital owners and consumers in the host economy, generating a net gain. However, estimates of this surplus vary widely, from minimal fractions of GDP to more substantial figures, depending on assumptions about labour market substitutability, capital mobility, and the time horizon considered. More fundamentally, such calculations typically exclude externalities – both positive spillovers such as innovation and knowledge transfer, and negative effects such as congestion and social tensions – that may dwarf the direct economic gains measured through conventional frameworks.

Agglomeration effects represent one crucial channel through which migration generates positive externalities that transcend individual transactions. Economic geography research has established that concentrations of diverse, skilled individuals in urban centers create synergistic interactions that enhance creativity, innovation, and productivity. Migrant communities contribute to this agglomeration dividend by adding linguistic diversity, cultural perspectives, and international networks that facilitate cross-border commerce and knowledge flows. Cities such as Toronto, Singapore, and Dubai have strategically leveraged their migrant populations to position themselves as global hubs, attracting multinational corporations and establishing themselves as nodes in transnational production networks. The cosmopolitan character of these cities – itself a product of migration – becomes an economic asset, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of attraction for talent and investment.

The impact of migration on innovation and technological progress has received increasing scholarly attention, with mounting evidence suggesting that diversity in research teams and migrant participation in scientific communities correlates with enhanced innovative output. Analysis of patent data reveals that migrants in OECD countries contribute disproportionately to innovation relative to their population share. This innovative premium likely stems from multiple mechanisms: migrants’ cross-cultural competencies enable novel combinations of ideas; international networks facilitate access to global knowledge pools; and the self-selection of migrants may skew toward individuals with higher risk tolerance and entrepreneurial propensities. However, realizing this innovative potential requires supportive institutional frameworks that facilitate credential recognition, enable labour market mobility, and foster inclusive research environments.

Social cohesion and trust – dimensions of social capital crucial for economic efficiency and societal wellbeing – represent areas where migration’s effects are complex and potentially contradictory. Contact theory suggests that interaction between diverse groups can reduce prejudice and build social solidarity, while conflict theory emphasizes competition for resources and the challenges of maintaining collective goods in heterogeneous societies. Empirical research yields mixed findings that likely reflect contextual variation: the conditions under which contact occurs, the economic circumstances of interaction, and the narratives propagated by political leaders and media institutions all influence whether diversity strengthens or undermines social cohesion. Notably, several studies have documented a negative correlation between ethnic diversity and generalized trust or support for welfare spending, suggesting that diversity can challenge solidaristic institutions unless offset by strong integrative mechanisms.

The intergenerational dimension of migration’s impact introduces further complexity. While first-generation migrants often face significant challenges – including credential discounting, linguistic barriers, and discrimination that result in occupational downgrading relative to their qualifications – second-generation outcomes vary considerably across host countries. Nations with robust educational systems, active anti-discrimination enforcement, and fluid labour markets tend to see substantial upward mobility among migrants’ children, who achieve educational and economic outcomes comparable to or exceeding those of natives. Conversely, where structural barriers to mobility persist, second-generation migrants may experience frustrated aspirations and marginalization, potentially undermining social cohesion and generating long-term social costs that offset first-generation economic contributions.

Institutional adaptation to migration represents an under-examined dimension of host country transformation. Large-scale migration necessitates evolution in multiple institutional domains: educational systems must accommodate linguistic diversity; healthcare systems require cultural competency; labour market institutions must address transnational credentials and varied work arrangements; and civic institutions must navigate questions of political incorporation and representation. The quality and flexibility of these institutional responses significantly mediate migration’s overall impact. Countries that proactively adapt institutions to serve diverse populations tend to achieve better integration outcomes, whereas those clinging to assimilationist paradigms or failing to update anachronistic structures experience greater friction and suboptimal outcomes.

The political economy of migration policy presents a final critical consideration. Public attitudes toward migration often diverge sharply from economic evidence regarding its effects, with perceptions shaped by cultural concerns, identity politics, and distributional anxieties as much as by objective economic impacts. Even when migration generates net economic gains, these benefits are distributed unevenly, with some groups gaining substantially while others face losses or perceive threats to their status. This creates a political economy paradox: economically beneficial migration levels may prove politically unsustainable unless complemented by compensatory mechanisms addressing the concerns of those who bear concentrated costs or harbor cultural apprehensions. Designing policy frameworks that maintain public support while capturing economic gains requires sophisticated approaches combining selective admission criteria, integration investments, and distributional safeguards that ensure migration’s benefits are broadly shared.

Contemporary debates regarding migration’s impact on host countries frequently suffer from false dichotomization – portraying migration as either unambiguously beneficial or inherently problematic. The evidence supports neither extreme position; rather, migration’s consequences depend fundamentally on the policy architecture surrounding it, the economic context into which migrants enter, and the social and institutional mechanisms available for integration. Optimal outcomes require moving beyond simplistic advocacy or opposition toward evidence-informed policies that maximize genuine benefits, address legitimate concerns, and invest adequately in the integration processes that transform migration from a potential source of tension into a catalyst for dynamic, prosperous societies.

Tác động kinh tế và xã hội của di cư đến quốc gia tiếp nhận trong nghiên cứu học thuật

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

According to the passage, traditional calculations of “migration surplus”:
A. provide a complete picture of migration’s economic impact
B. often exclude important positive and negative externalities
C. consistently show large economic benefits
D. are the most reliable way to measure migration effects
Agglomeration effects refer to:
A. the concentration of migrants in specific neighborhoods
B. the problems caused by overcrowding in cities
C. the benefits created when diverse skilled people cluster in urban areas
D. the tendency of migrants to work in similar industries
What does the passage suggest about migrant contributions to innovation?
A. Migrants innovate at roughly the same rate as native-born populations
B. Migrants contribute to innovation disproportionately to their numbers
C. Only high-skilled migrants contribute to innovation
D. Migrant innovation depends entirely on educational qualifications
The passage indicates that the relationship between diversity and social cohesion:
A. is always positive according to contact theory
B. is always negative according to conflict theory
C. depends on various contextual factors
D. has been definitively resolved by research
According to the passage, what influences second-generation migrant outcomes?
A. Only the education level of their parents
B. The quality of educational systems and labor market fluidity
C. Exclusively their linguistic abilities
D. Primarily their ethnic background

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each research finding or concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Research Findings/Concepts:
32. Patent data analysis
33. Contact theory
34. Credential discounting
35. Assimilationist paradigms
36. Political economy paradox

Descriptions:
A. When first-generation migrants’ qualifications are undervalued
B. The idea that interaction between groups reduces prejudice
C. Shows migrants contribute more to innovation than their population share suggests
D. Outdated approaches to integrating diverse populations
E. When economically beneficial migration faces political opposition
F. The tendency of migrants to cluster geographically
G. The theory that diversity always undermines trust
H. Government policies that restrict immigration

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What type of institutions does the passage say migration policies can challenge unless counterbalanced by strong integration?
What two things, besides cultural concerns, shape public attitudes toward migration?
What must accompany selective admission criteria to maintain public support for migration?
According to the conclusion, what can migration become when properly managed through integration?

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
C
C
C
C
NOT GIVEN
TRUE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
D
B
H
I

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
v
(Not required – paragraph matching continues)
ii
vi
vii
flexible
shortages
regulations

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
B
C
B
C
B
A
D
E
solidaristic institutions
identity politics, distributional anxieties (any two correct)
integration investments, distributional safeguards (any correct answer)
catalyst (for dynamic, prosperous societies)

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: main difference, economic migrants, refugees
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Unlike refugees who flee from persecution or conflict, economic migrants make a voluntary choice to relocate”. Từ khóa “voluntary choice” được paraphrase thành “move voluntarily” trong đáp án B. Đáp án A không đúng vì thu nhập không phải điểm khác biệt chính; C và D không được đề cập.

Câu 2: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: construction worker from Philippines, illustrate
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-5
Giải thích: Ví dụ này minh họa “wage differential” (chênh lệch tiền lương) với số liệu cụ thể: $300/tháng ở Philippines so với $2,500 ở Singapore. Đây chính xác là “significant wage differences between countries” (đáp án C).

Câu 3: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: migrants in the UK
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-5
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “migrants from European Union countries contributed more in taxes than they received in benefits” – điều này tương ứng với đáp án C. Cụm “contributed more…than they received” là paraphrase của “pay more…than they receive”.

Câu 5: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: wage suppression
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-7
Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ ra “This wage suppression effect is debated among researchers, with some studies finding minimal impact…while others document more significant effects”. Điều này cho thấy kết quả nghiên cứu trái ngược nhau (mixed findings) – đáp án C.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: migrant workers, jobs, local workers refuse
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “migrants often fill labor shortages in sectors where local workers are unavailable or unwilling to work”. Cụm “unwilling to work” nghĩa tương đương “refuse” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 8: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: rapid migration, pressure, public services, schools, hospitals
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-5
Giải thích: Thông tin khớp hoàn toàn: “schools, hospitals, and housing markets may struggle to accommodate the increased demand…led to overcrowded schools, longer waiting times for medical care”.

Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading với đề thi về di cư kinh tế và chiến lược làm bài

Câu 10: D

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: business creation rates, migrants
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4 (Paragraph D), dòng cuối
Giải thích: “Additionally, migrants start businesses at higher rates than native-born populations” – thông tin về tỷ lệ khởi nghiệp xuất hiện ở đoạn 4.

Câu 11: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: primary reason, economic migrants
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2 (Paragraph B), câu đầu
Giải thích: Đoạn 2 bắt đầu bằng “The primary motivation for economic migration is the wage differential” – giải thích lý do chính.

Câu 12: H

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Từ khóa: concerns, maintaining cultural traditions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8 (Paragraph H), dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “Some host country residents worry about preserving their national identity and cultural values” – nói về mối lo ngại văn hóa.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: simple economic models, accurately predict
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu đầu
Giải thích: Tác giả nêu “considerably more nuanced than simple supply-and-demand models might suggest” – cho thấy mô hình đơn giản KHÔNG dự đoán chính xác. Đây là quan điểm trái ngược với câu hỏi.

Câu 15: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: complementary skills, increase wages
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5-8
Giải thích: “This complementarity effect can lead to wage increases for certain groups of native workers” – tác giả đồng ý rằng kỹ năng bổ sung có thể tăng lương cho một số người lao động bản địa.

Câu 16: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: high-skilled migration, problems, benefits
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: “High-skilled migration…typically generates substantial benefits for host countries with minimal adverse effects” – quan điểm tác giả trái ngược hoàn toàn với câu hỏi.

Câu 17: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: Mariel boatlift, labour markets adapt
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 5-7
Giải thích: Tác giả sử dụng nghiên cứu Mariel boatlift để minh họa “remarkable labour market resilience” (khả năng phục hồi), cho thấy thị trường lao động có thể thích nghi.

Câu 19: v (Challenges of traditional economic theory)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Paragraph A: Đoạn này thảo luận về cách lý thuyết kinh tế truyền thống dự đoán tác động tiêu cực, nhưng “empirical evidence…presents a more complicated picture” – thách thức lý thuyết truyền thống.

Câu 21: ii (The role of migrant skill levels in economic outcomes)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Paragraph C: Câu đầu tiên nêu “The skill level of migrants plays a crucial role in determining their economic impact” – chính xác là tiêu đề ii.

Câu 22: vi (The influence of labour market flexibility)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Paragraph D: Đoạn văn so sánh nền kinh tế có “flexible labour markets” với những nền kinh tế có “rigid labour regulations”, nhấn mạnh ảnh hưởng của tính linh hoạt thị trường lao động.

Câu 24: flexible

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2
Giải thích: “In economies with flexible labour markets and robust economic growth” – từ “flexible” điền vào chỗ trống một cách chính xác.

Câu 25: shortages

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “taking positions in sectors like agriculture, food service, and personal care that face persistent labour shortages” – từ “shortages” phù hợp với ngữ cảnh.

Câu 26: regulations

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: “in countries with rigid labour regulations” – từ “regulations” hoàn thành câu tóm tắt chính xác.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: migration surplus, traditional calculations
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-8
Giải thích: “such calculations typically exclude externalities – both positive spillovers…and negative effects” – cho thấy các phép tính truyền thống loại trừ các yếu tố bên ngoài quan trọng.

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: agglomeration effects
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: “concentrations of diverse, skilled individuals in urban centers create synergistic interactions that enhance creativity, innovation, and productivity” – định nghĩa chính xác của agglomeration effects.

Câu 29: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: migrant contributions to innovation
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “migrants in OECD countries contribute disproportionately to innovation relative to their population share” – từ “disproportionately” nghĩa là không cân xứng, nhiều hơn tỷ lệ dân số.

Câu 30: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: diversity and social cohesion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: “Empirical research yields mixed findings that likely reflect contextual variation” – cho thấy mối quan hệ phụ thuộc vào các yếu tố bối cảnh.

Câu 31: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: second-generation migrant outcomes
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-5
Giải thích: “Nations with robust educational systems, active anti-discrimination enforcement, and fluid labour markets tend to see substantial upward mobility” – các yếu tố này ảnh hưởng đến kết quả thế hệ thứ hai.

Câu 32: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Analysis of patent data reveals that migrants…contribute disproportionately to innovation” – khớp với mô tả C.

Câu 33: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Contact theory suggests that interaction between diverse groups can reduce prejudice” – chính xác là mô tả B.

Câu 34: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: “credential discounting” được giải thích qua “occupational downgrading relative to their qualifications” – trình độ bị đánh giá thấp.

Câu 37: solidaristic institutions

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 3 từ)
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “diversity can challenge solidaristic institutions unless offset by strong integrative mechanisms” – chính xác 2 từ từ bài đọc.

Câu 38: identity politics / distributional anxieties

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 3 từ, chọn 2 trong số các yếu tố)
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
Giải thích: “perceptions shaped by cultural concerns, identity politics, and distributional anxieties” – ba yếu tố được liệt kê, chọn hai bất kỳ ngoài cultural concerns.

Câu 40: catalyst

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (không quá 3 từ)
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng cuối cùng
Giải thích: “catalyst for dynamic, prosperous societies” – từ “catalyst” là đáp án chính xác (1 từ).

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
economic migration	n	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk maɪˈɡreɪʃən/	di cư kinh tế	economic migration has become an increasingly common phenomenon	mass economic migration
employment opportunities	n	/ɪmˈplɔɪmənt ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtiz/	cơ hội việc làm	seek better employment opportunities abroad	create employment opportunities
wage differential	n	/weɪdʒ ˌdɪfəˈrenʃəl/	chênh lệch tiền lương	primary motivation is the wage differential	significant wage differential
host countries	n	/həʊst ˈkʌntriz/	quốc gia tiếp nhận	host countries experience both advantages	major host countries
labor shortages	n	/ˈleɪbə ˈʃɔːtɪdʒɪz/	thiếu hụt lao động	fill labor shortages in sectors	address labor shortages
migrant workers	n	/ˈmaɪɡrənt ˈwɜːkəz/	công nhân di cư	migrant workers step in to fill these gaps	skilled migrant workers
tax revenue	n	/tæks ˈrevənjuː/	doanh thu thuế	contribute significantly to tax revenue	generate tax revenue
net fiscal contribution	n	/net ˈfɪskəl ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃən/	đóng góp tài khóa ròng	this net fiscal contribution helps fund public services	positive net fiscal contribution
demographic impact	n	/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk ˈɪmpækt/	tác động nhân khẩu học	demographic impact can be beneficial	assess demographic impact
working-age population	n	/ˈwɜːkɪŋ eɪdʒ ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən/	dân số trong độ tuổi lao động	smaller working-age population	expand working-age population
public services	n	/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	dịch vụ công	strain on public services	fund public services
wage competition	n	/weɪdʒ ˌkɒmpɪˈtɪʃən/	cạnh tranh về lương	challenge relates to wage competition	intense wage competition
cultural integration	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/	hội nhập văn hóa	cultural integration represents a complex aspect	successful cultural integration
immigration policies	n	/ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən ˈpɒlɪsiz/	chính sách nhập cư	implementing thoughtful immigration policies	reform immigration policies

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
labour market dynamics	n	/ˈleɪbə ˈmɑːkɪt daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực thị trường lao động	labour market dynamics in host countries	complex labour market dynamics
migration flows	n	/maɪˈɡreɪʃən fləʊz/	dòng di cư	impact of migration flows on employment	regulate migration flows
skill composition	n	/skɪl ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/	cơ cấu kỹ năng	skill composition of migrant populations	diverse skill composition
absorptive capacity	n	/əbˈzɔːptɪv kəˈpæsɪti/	năng lực hấp thụ	absorptive capacity of receiving economies	limited absorptive capacity
empirical evidence	n	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl ˈevɪdəns/	bằng chứng thực nghiệm	empirical evidence presents a complicated picture	strong empirical evidence
complementary skills	n	/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentəri skɪlz/	kỹ năng bổ sung	migrants possess complementary skills	develop complementary skills
complementarity effect	n	/ˌkɒmplɪmenˈtærɪti ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng bổ sung	this complementarity effect can lead to wage increases	positive complementarity effect
skill gaps	n	/skɪl ɡæps/	khoảng trống kỹ năng	fill critical skill gaps	address skill gaps
entrepreneurial activity	n	/ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːriəl ækˈtɪvɪti/	hoạt động khởi nghiệp	this entrepreneurial activity creates employment	foster entrepreneurial activity
rigid labour regulations	n	/ˈrɪdʒɪd ˈleɪbə ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃənz/	quy định lao động cứng nhắc	countries with rigid labour regulations	relax rigid labour regulations
displacement effects	n	/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng thay thế	create temporary displacement effects	minimize displacement effects
comparative advantages	n	/kəmˈpærətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒɪz/	lợi thế so sánh	sectors where migrants have comparative advantages	exploit comparative advantages
labour market resilience	n	/ˈleɪbə ˈmɑːkɪt rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi thị trường lao động	remarkable labour market resilience	demonstrate labour market resilience
brain drain	n	/breɪn dreɪn/	chảy máu chất xám	raises questions about brain drain	prevent brain drain
fiscal impact	n	/ˈfɪskəl ˈɪmpækt/	tác động tài khóa	fiscal impact extends beyond tax contributions	assess fiscal impact
cost-benefit analyses	n	/kɒst ˈbenɪfɪt əˈnæləsɪz/	phân tích chi phí-lợi ích	cost-benefit analyses vary significantly	conduct cost-benefit analyses
spatial clustering	n	/ˈspeɪʃəl ˈklʌstərɪŋ/	tập trung không gian	this spatial clustering means pressures are felt unevenly	reduce spatial clustering

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformative forces	n	/trænsˈfɔːmətɪv ˈfɔːsɪz/	lực lượng biến đổi	most profound transformative forces	powerful transformative forces
social capital formation	n	/ˈsəʊʃəl ˈkæpɪtəl fɔːˈmeɪʃən/	hình thành vốn xã hội	consequences extend into social capital formation	promote social capital formation
institutional adaptation	n	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/	thích nghi thể chế	institutional adaptation to migration	require institutional adaptation
intangible dimensions	n	/ɪnˈtændʒəbəl dɪˈmenʃənz/	chiều hướng vô hình	intangible dimensions of social change	measure intangible dimensions
migration surplus	n	/maɪˈɡreɪʃən ˈsɜːpləs/	thặng dư di cư	concept of migration surplus	calculate migration surplus
marginal productivity	n	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəl ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪti/	năng suất biên	wages below their marginal productivity	increase marginal productivity
labour market substitutability	n	/ˈleɪbə ˈmɑːkɪt səbˌstɪtjuːtəˈbɪlɪti/	tính thay thế thị trường lao động	assumptions about labour market substitutability	assess labour market substitutability
externalities	n	/ˌekstɜːˈnælɪtiz/	yếu tố bên ngoài	calculations exclude externalities	positive/negative externalities
knowledge transfer	n	/ˈnɒlɪdʒ ˈtrænsfɜː/	chuyển giao kiến thức	positive spillovers such as knowledge transfer	facilitate knowledge transfer
agglomeration effects	n	/əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng tập trung	agglomeration effects represent one crucial channel	leverage agglomeration effects
synergistic interactions	n	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk ˌɪntərˈækʃənz/	tương tác hiệp đồng	create synergistic interactions	foster synergistic interactions
agglomeration dividend	n	/əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən ˈdɪvɪdend/	lợi tức tập trung	contribute to this agglomeration dividend	maximize agglomeration dividend
cross-border commerce	n	/krɒs ˈbɔːdə ˈkɒmɜːs/	thương mại xuyên biên giới	facilitate cross-border commerce	expand cross-border commerce
production networks	n	/prəˈdʌkʃən ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng lưới sản xuất	nodes in transnational production networks	integrate production networks
self-reinforcing cycle	n	/self ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsɪŋ ˈsaɪkəl/	chu kỳ tự củng cố	creates a self-reinforcing cycle	break self-reinforcing cycle
innovative output	n	/ˈɪnəveɪtɪv ˈaʊtpʊt/	sản lượng đổi mới	correlates with enhanced innovative output	increase innovative output
cross-cultural competencies	n	/krɒs ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈkɒmpɪtənsiz/	năng lực xuyên văn hóa	migrants’ cross-cultural competencies	develop cross-cultural competencies
self-selection	n	/self sɪˈlekʃən/	tự chọn lọc	self-selection of migrants	positive self-selection
risk tolerance	n	/rɪsk ˈtɒlərəns/	khả năng chấp nhận rủi ro	individuals with higher risk tolerance	assess risk tolerance
social cohesion	n	/ˈsəʊʃəl kəʊˈhiːʒən/	sự gắn kết xã hội	social cohesion and trust	strengthen social cohesion
contact theory	n	/ˈkɒntækt ˈθɪəri/	lý thuyết tiếp xúc	contact theory suggests interaction reduces prejudice	apply contact theory
conflict theory	n	/ˈkɒnflɪkt ˈθɪəri/	lý thuyết xung đột	conflict theory emphasizes competition	support conflict theory
generalized trust	n	/ˈdʒenrəlaɪzd trʌst/	lòng tin tổng quát	negative correlation with generalized trust	build generalized trust
solidaristic institutions	n	/ˌsɒlɪdəˈrɪstɪk ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənz/	các thể chế đoàn kết	diversity can challenge solidaristic institutions	protect solidaristic institutions
integrative mechanisms	n	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪv ˈmekənɪzəmz/	cơ chế hội nhập	unless offset by strong integrative mechanisms	establish integrative mechanisms
intergenerational dimension	n	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənəl dɪˈmenʃən/	chiều hướng liên thế hệ	intergenerational dimension introduces complexity	examine intergenerational dimension
credential discounting	n	/krɪˈdenʃəl ˈdɪskaʊntɪŋ/	đánh giá thấp bằng cấp	challenges including credential discounting	address credential discounting
occupational downgrading	n	/ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃənəl ˈdaʊnɡreɪdɪŋ/	hạ thấp nghề nghiệp	result in occupational downgrading	prevent occupational downgrading
upward mobility	n	/ˈʌpwəd məʊˈbɪlɪti/	di động xã hội lên	see substantial upward mobility	achieve upward mobility
structural barriers	n	/ˈstrʌktʃərəl ˈbæriəz/	rào cản cấu trúc	where structural barriers persist	remove structural barriers
frustrated aspirations	n	/frʌˈstreɪtɪd ˌæspɪˈreɪʃənz/	khát vọng bị thất vọng	experience frustrated aspirations	address frustrated aspirations
cultural competency	n	/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈkɒmpɪtənsi/	năng lực văn hóa	healthcare systems require cultural competency	enhance cultural competency
transnational credentials	n	/trænzˈnæʃənəl krɪˈdenʃəlz/	bằng cấp xuyên quốc gia	must address transnational credentials	recognize transnational credentials
civic institutions	n	/ˈsɪvɪk ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənz/	các thể chế dân sự	civic institutions must navigate questions	strengthen civic institutions
assimilationist paradigms	n	/əˌsɪmɪˈleɪʃənɪst ˈpærədaɪmz/	mô hình đồng hóa	clinging to assimilationist paradigms	reject assimilationist paradigms
political economy	n	/pəˈlɪtɪkəl ɪˈkɒnəmi/	kinh tế chính trị	political economy of migration policy	analyze political economy
distributional anxieties	n	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl æŋˈzaɪətiz/	lo lắng về phân phối	shaped by distributional anxieties	address distributional anxieties
political economy paradox	n	/pəˈlɪtɪkəl ɪˈkɒnəmi ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý kinh tế chính trị	creates a political economy paradox	resolve political economy paradox
compensatory mechanisms	n	/kəmˈpensətəri ˈmekənɪzəmz/	cơ chế bù đắp	unless complemented by compensatory mechanisms	develop compensatory mechanisms
false dichotomization	n	/fɔːls daɪˌkɒtəmaɪˈzeɪʃən/	nhị phân giả tạo	debates suffer from false dichotomization	avoid false dichotomization
policy architecture	n	/ˈpɒlɪsi ˈɑːkɪtektʃə/	kiến trúc chính sách	consequences depend on policy architecture	design policy architecture
evidence-informed policies	n	/ˈevɪdəns ɪnˈfɔːmd ˈpɒlɪsiz/	chính sách dựa trên bằng chứng	moving toward evidence-informed policies	implement evidence-informed policies

Kết bài

Chủ đề tác động của di cư kinh tế đến các quốc gia tiếp nhận là một trong những topic phổ biến và quan trọng trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt xuất hiện thường xuyên ở Passage 2 và Passage 3. Hiểu rõ về chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn làm tốt bài thi mà còn mở rộng kiến thức về một vấn đề toàn cầu đang diễn ra.

Bộ đề thi này đã cung cấp cho bạn:

Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ band 5.0 đến 9.0, giúp bạn làm quen với mọi mức độ câu hỏi
40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng khác nhau: Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Information, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và Short-answer Questions
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích với vị trí cụ thể trong bài, phân tích cách paraphrase và chiến lược định vị thông tin
Hơn 60 từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo passage, kèm phiên âm, nghĩa và collocations để bạn áp dụng ngay

Để tối đa hóa hiệu quả luyện tập:

Làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển)
Tự chấm điểm và phân tích những câu sai
Đọc lại passages để hiểu rõ cách thông tin được paraphrase
Học từ vựng theo nhóm với collocations và ngữ cảnh sử dụng
Luyện lại các dạng câu hỏi mà bạn còn yếu

Hãy nhớ rằng IELTS Reading không chỉ kiểm tra vốn từ vựng mà còn đánh giá khả năng skimming (đọc lướt), scanning (quét thông tin), paraphrasing (diễn đạt lại) và time management (quản lý thời gian). Thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi chất lượng cao như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin đạt band điểm mục tiêu.

Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!

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IELTS Reading: Di Cư Kinh Tế – Tác Động Đến Quốc Gia Tiếp Nhận

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