Cách Sử Dụng Liên Từ Phụ Thuộc Because và Although Trong IELTS – Công Thức & Ví Dụ Band 8.0

Subordinating conjunctions (liên từ phụ thuộc) because và although là hai cấu trúc ngữ pháp cực kỳ quan trọng và xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS. Hai liên từ này giúp bạn tạo ra các câu phức (complex sentences) – một yếu tố thiết yếu để đạt Band 7.0 trở lên. Because được sử dụng để giải thích lý do, nguyên nhân, trong khi although thể hiện sự tương phản, nhượng bộ. Cả hai đều đặc biệt hữu ích trong Speaking Part 2, Part 3 và Writing Task 2 khi bạn cần trình bày lập luận logic và thuyết phục.

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19, các liên từ phụ thuộc xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong:

• Speaking: Part 2 (giải thích trải nghiệm, mô tả sự việc) và Part 3 (lập luận, phân tích)
• Writing Task 2: Essential cho tất cả các dạng bài – Opinion, Discussion, Advantage/Disadvantage, Problem/Solution
• Writing Task 1: Giải thích xu hướng và so sánh dữ liệu

Ví dụ vận dụng trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a difficult decision):
“I chose to study abroad because I wanted to experience a different culture and improve my language skills.”
→ Phân tích: Because + clause (giải thích lý do cho quyết định)

Writing Task 2 (Opinion essay):
“Although technology has brought numerous benefits to education, it has also created challenges such as reduced face-to-face interaction.”
→ Phân tích: Although + clause 1, clause 2 (thể hiện sự tương phản giữa lợi ích và thách thức)

Speaking Part 3 (Discussing social issues):
“Young people prefer living in cities because there are more job opportunities and better facilities.”
→ Phân tích: Main clause + because + reason clause

Writing Task 2 (Problem/Solution):
“Although governments have implemented various environmental policies, pollution levels continue to rise in many urban areas.”
→ Phân tích: Although + concession, main point (nhấn mạnh vấn đề vẫn tồn tại bất chấp nỗ lực)

Speaking Part 3 (Explaining opinions):
“I believe remote working will become more common because it offers flexibility and reduces commuting time.”
→ Phân tích: Main statement + because + supporting reasons

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Định nghĩa và chức năng của because và although trong câu phức
✅ Công thức chi tiết với phân tích thành phần câu
✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS với 25+ câu ví dụ thực tế
✅ Sự khác biệt giữa because/although với các liên từ tương tự
✅ Các biến thể nâng cao cho Band 8+ (because of, although/though/even though)
✅ 7 lỗi thường gặp nhất của học viên Việt Nam và cách khắc phục
✅ Bài tập thực hành theo format IELTS với đáp án chi tiết

Subordinating Conjunctions Because và Although Là Gì?

Định Nghĩa

Subordinating conjunctions (liên từ phụ thuộc) là những từ nối được sử dụng để kết nối một mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause) với mệnh đề chính (main clause), tạo thành câu phức. Because và although là hai trong số những subordinating conjunctions phổ biến nhất trong tiếng Anh học thuật và giao tiếp.

BECAUSE (bởi vì, do, vì):

• Là liên từ chỉ nguyên nhân, lý do
• Giới thiệu mệnh đề phụ giải thích “tại sao” cho hành động hoặc tình huống ở mệnh đề chính
• Tạo mối quan hệ nhân-quả (cause-effect) giữa hai mệnh đề

ALTHOUGH (mặc dù, dù cho, dù rằng):

• Là liên từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ, tương phản
• Giới thiệu mệnh đề phụ thể hiện điều kiện trái ngược với kết quả ở mệnh đề chính
• Tạo mối quan hệ tương phản (contrast) giữa hai ý

Chức năng chính:

• Tạo câu phức (complex sentences) – yêu cầu bắt buộc cho Band 7+
• Thể hiện mối quan hệ logic giữa các ý tưởng (nhân quả hoặc tương phản)
• Làm cho lập luận rõ ràng, có cấu trúc và thuyết phục hơn
• Tăng độ chính xác ngữ pháp (Grammatical Range and Accuracy)
• Cải thiện tính mạch lạc (Coherence and Cohesion)

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

Speaking:

• Giải thích lý do cho ý kiến, lựa chọn, hành động
• Trả lời câu hỏi “Why…?” trong Part 1 và Part 3
• Phát triển câu trả lời trong Part 2 với supporting details
• Thể hiện quan điểm cân bằng bằng cách đưa ra contrasting ideas

Writing:

• Xây dựng topic sentences với clear reasoning
• Develop body paragraphs với cause-effect relationships
• Present balanced arguments trong Discussion essays
• Show critical thinking bằng cách acknowledge opposing views

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Tần suất trung bình-cao (40-50% câu trả lời của band 7+)

  • Typical questions: “Why do you like…?”, “Why is it important…?”
  • Example: “I enjoy reading because it helps me relax after a stressful day.”

• Part 2: Tần suất rất cao (xuất hiện trong hầu hết monologue của band 7+)

  • Typical use: Giải thích lý do chọn topic, mô tả feeling, explain decisions
  • Example: “Although I was nervous at first, I decided to take the challenge because I wanted to prove myself.”

• Part 3: Tần suất cao nhất (60-70% câu trả lời phức tạp)

  • Typical questions: Abstract discussions, cause-effect analysis, contrasting viewpoints
  • Example: “Although some people believe technology isolates us, I think it connects us more because we can communicate instantly across distances.”

Writing:

• Task 1: Tần suất trung bình (chủ yếu trong phần overview và explaining trends)

  • When needed: Giải thích nguyên nhân của xu hướng, biến động
  • Example: “The sales dropped in 2020 because of the pandemic.”
  • Note: Although ít dùng hơn trong Task 1 vì ít cần contrast

• Task 2: Tần suất rất cao (essential trong tất cả dạng bài)

  • Opinion: Present và support your view
  • Discussion: Show both sides with clear reasoning
  • Advantage/Disadvantage: Explain benefits và drawbacks
  • Problem/Solution: Analyze causes và propose remedies
  • Example frequency: 3-6 lần/bài viết 250 từ trong band 8+ essays

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong academic contexts, lectures, discussions
• Cần nhận diện để hiểu mối quan hệ nhân quả và tương phản giữa các ý
• Giúp predict answers và follow the flow of information
• Critical cho matching headings, True/False/Not Given questions

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Có thể sử dụng because và although cơ bản nhưng còn lỗi về vị trí, thiếu comma, hoặc dùng không phù hợp context

  • Example error: “Because I like sports, so I play football.” (lỗi dùng cả because và so)

• Band 7: Sử dụng chính xác trong nhiều contexts khác nhau, biết đặt mệnh đề ở các vị trí khác nhau

  • Có thể kết hợp với các cấu trúc khác một cách tự nhiên
  • Occasional errors không ảnh hưởng communication

• Band 8-9: Sử dụng linh hoạt, tự nhiên với các biến thể (because of, due to, though, even though)

  • Tích hợp vào câu phức và câu ghép phức tạp
  • Zero errors và completely natural usage
  • Sophisticated reasoning với multiple subordinate clauses

Liên từ phụ thuộc Because và Although giúp tạo câu phức đạt Band 7 IELTS

Công Thức & Cấu Trúc

Công Thức Cơ Bản Với BECAUSE

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH – CẤU TRÚC 1:

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Main Clause + BECAUSE + Subordinate Clause          │
│ (Mệnh đề chính) + because + (Mệnh đề phụ)          │
│                                                      │
│ Ví dụ: I study hard because I want to pass the exam.│
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH – CẤU TRÚC 2:

┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ BECAUSE + Subordinate Clause, Main Clause            │
│ Because + (Mệnh đề phụ), (Mệnh đề chính)            │
│                                                       │
│ Ví dụ: Because I want to pass the exam, I study hard.│
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu với BECAUSE:

• Main Clause (Mệnh đề chính): Câu hoàn chỉnh có chủ ngữ và động từ, diễn tả kết quả hoặc hành động chính

  • Có thể đứng độc lập thành câu
  • Thường là điều quan trọng hơn, kết quả của nguyên nhân

• BECAUSE: Subordinating conjunction nối hai mệnh đề

  • Luôn đứng trước mệnh đề phụ
  • Không bao giờ viết hoa trừ khi bắt đầu câu

• Subordinate Clause (Mệnh đề phụ): Câu có chủ ngữ và động từ nhưng không thể đứng độc lập

  • Giải thích lý do cho mệnh đề chính
  • Trả lời câu hỏi “Why?”

• Comma (Dấu phẩy):

  • BẮT BUỘC khi because clause đứng đầu câu
  • KHÔNG DÙNG khi because clause đứng sau main clause

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu 1: “She moved to London because she got a job offer there.”

Phân tích:

• Main clause: She moved to London (kết quả – hành động chính)
• Conjunction: because (liên từ chỉ nguyên nhân)
• Subordinate clause: she got a job offer there (lý do)
• Không có comma vì because clause đứng sau
• Meaning: Nguyên nhân (job offer) → Kết quả (moved to London)

Câu 2: “Because the weather was terrible, we cancelled the trip.”

Phân tích:

• Subordinate clause: Because the weather was terrible (nguyên nhân)
• Comma: , (BẮT BUỘC)
• Main clause: we cancelled the trip (kết quả)
• Because viết hoa vì bắt đầu câu
• Emphasis: Nhấn mạnh lý do hơn bằng cách đặt lên đầu

Công Thức Cơ Bản Với ALTHOUGH

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH – CẤU TRÚC 1:

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Main Clause + ALTHOUGH + Subordinate Clause               │
│ (Mệnh đề chính) + although + (Mệnh đề phụ)               │
│                                                            │
│ Ví dụ: I enjoyed the film although it was quite long.    │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH – CẤU TRÚC 2:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ALTHOUGH + Subordinate Clause, Main Clause                 │
│ Although + (Mệnh đề phụ), (Mệnh đề chính)                 │
│                                                             │
│ Ví dụ: Although the film was quite long, I enjoyed it.    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu với ALTHOUGH:

• Main Clause (Mệnh đề chính): Diễn tả kết quả hoặc sự thật chính – điều bất ngờ hoặc trái với expectation

  • Thông tin quan trọng hơn mà tác giả muốn nhấn mạnh
  • Thường là điều surprising given the condition

• ALTHOUGH: Subordinating conjunction thể hiện sự tương phản

  • Có nghĩa “mặc dù, dù cho”
  • Có thể thay thế bằng though (informal hơn) hoặc even though (nhấn mạnh hơn)

• Subordinate Clause (Mệnh đề phụ): Diễn tả điều kiện, tình huống tương phản

  • Là yếu tố concession (nhượng bộ)
  • Thể hiện điều mà thông thường sẽ ngăn cản kết quả ở main clause

• Comma (Dấu phẩy):

  • BẮT BUỘC khi although clause đứng đầu câu
  • KHÔNG BẮT BUỘC nhưng được khuyến khích khi although clause đứng sau (especially trong văn viết formal)

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu 1: “He passed the exam although he didn’t study much.”

Phân tích:

• Main clause: He passed the exam (kết quả bất ngờ)
• Conjunction: although (thể hiện tương phản)
• Subordinate clause: he didn’t study much (điều kiện không thuận lợi)
• Contrast: Thông thường không học nhiều → fail, nhưng anh ấy vẫn pass
• Emphasis: Nhấn mạnh việc pass (đặt ở main clause)

Câu 2: “Although technology is expensive, it is essential for modern education.”

Phân tích:

• Subordinate clause: Although technology is expensive (nhượng bộ – thừa nhận nhược điểm)
• Comma: , (BẮT BUỘC)
• Main clause: it is essential for modern education (argument chính)
• Logic: Acknowledge disadvantage nhưng assert importance
• IELTS usage: Perfect cho balanced argument trong Writing Task 2

Các Biến Thể

CẤU TRÚC VỚI BECAUSE:

1. Dạng khẳng định (Standard):

• Formula: Subject + verb + because + subject + verb
• Example: “Students prefer online learning because it offers flexibility.”

2. Dạng phủ định ở Main Clause:

• Formula: Subject + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + verb + because + subject + verb
• Example: “I didn’t attend the meeting because I was feeling unwell.”

3. Dạng phủ định ở Subordinate Clause:

• Formula: Subject + verb + because + subject + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + verb
• Example: “The project failed because the team didn’t communicate effectively.”

4. Với Modal Verbs:

• Formula: Subject + modal + verb + because + clause
• Example: “You should exercise regularly because it improves your health.”

5. Trong câu hỏi (ít gặp nhưng có thể dùng trong Speaking):

• Formula: Question word + auxiliary + subject + verb + because + clause?
• Example: “Why did you choose this career because you love technology or because it pays well?”

CẤU TRÚC VỚI ALTHOUGH:

1. Dạng khẳng định (Standard):

• Formula: Although + subject + verb, subject + verb
• Example: “Although the task was challenging, we completed it on time.”

2. Dạng phủ định ở Main Clause:

• Formula: Although + subject + verb, subject + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + verb
• Example: “Although many people own smartphones, they don’t use them effectively.”

3. Dạng phủ định ở Subordinate Clause:

• Formula: Although + subject + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + verb, subject + verb
• Example: “Although the government didn’t invest much, the program succeeded.”

4. Với Passive Voice:

• Formula: Although + subject + be + past participle, subject + verb
• Example: “Although English is spoken globally, many people still struggle with it.”

5. Biến thể THOUGH (informal hơn, dùng trong Speaking):

• Formula: Subject + verb + though + subject + verb (có thể không dùng comma)
• Example: “I enjoyed the concert though it was quite crowded.”

6. Biến thể EVEN THOUGH (nhấn mạnh sự tương phản):

• Formula: Even though + subject + verb, subject + verb
• Example: “Even though she studied for months, she still felt nervous during the exam.”

Phrase Alternatives – Cụm Từ Thay Thế

THAY THẾ CHO BECAUSE (khi muốn dùng noun phrase):

1. BECAUSE OF + Noun/Noun Phrase:

• Formula: Subject + verb + because of + noun phrase
• Example: “The flight was delayed because of bad weather.”
• Note: SAI nếu dùng because of + clause

2. DUE TO + Noun Phrase:

• Formula: Subject + be + due to + noun phrase (formal, Writing Task 1)
• Example: “The increase in sales was due to effective marketing strategies.”

3. OWING TO + Noun Phrase:

• Formula: Owing to + noun phrase, subject + verb (very formal)
• Example: “Owing to financial constraints, the project was postponed.”

4. AS/SINCE + Clause:

• Formula: As/Since + clause, main clause (softer than because)
• Example: “As I had some free time, I decided to visit the museum.”

THAY THẾ CHO ALTHOUGH (các mức độ formal khác nhau):

1. THOUGH:

• More informal, commonly used in speaking
• Example: “Though the weather was cold, we went for a walk.”

2. EVEN THOUGH:

• Stronger emphasis on contrast
• Example: “Even though I explained clearly, he still didn’t understand.”

3. DESPITE/IN SPITE OF + Noun/Gerund:

• Formula: Despite/In spite of + noun/-ing, subject + verb
• Example: “Despite having limited resources, the team achieved excellent results.”
• Example: “In spite of the difficulties, she remained optimistic.”

4. WHILE/WHEREAS + Clause:

• Shows contrast but both clauses are equal (not subordinate)
• Example: “While some people prefer cities, others enjoy rural life.”

Công thức chi tiết sử dụng Because và Although trong IELTS Writing Task 2

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS

Speaking

Part 1 – Introduction & Interview

Topics thường gặp: Hometown, work/study, hobbies, daily routine, food, weather, technology

Ví dụ câu hỏi & trả lời với BECAUSE:

Q: “Why do you enjoy your hometown?”
A: “I really enjoy living in my hometown because it has a perfect blend of modern facilities and traditional culture. The people are friendly, and because the cost of living is reasonable, I can save money while enjoying a good quality of life.”
→ Phân tích: Sử dụng because hai lần để give multiple reasons – demonstrates ability to extend answers beyond simple responses.

Q: “Do you prefer studying in the morning or evening?”
A: “I definitely prefer studying in the morning because my mind is fresh and I can concentrate better. Also, because there are fewer distractions early in the day, I tend to be more productive.”
→ Band 7+ feature: Multiple because clauses cho detailed explanation.

Ví dụ câu hỏi & trả lời với ALTHOUGH:

Q: “Do you like cooking?”
A: “Yes, I do enjoy cooking although I don’t have much time for it during weekdays. Although my skills are quite basic, I find the process relaxing and satisfying when I manage to prepare a decent meal.”
→ Phân tích: Although shows honest, balanced response – acknowledging limitations while expressing positive attitude.

Q: “Is public transportation good in your city?”
A: “Well, although the public transport system has improved significantly in recent years, it’s still quite crowded during rush hours. I use it regularly because it’s economical, although I sometimes find the journey uncomfortable.”
→ Band 8+ feature: Combines both conjunctions naturally trong extended response.

Part 2 – Long Turn

Cue Card Example:
Describe a skill you would like to learn. You should say:

• What the skill is
• Why you want to learn it
• How you would learn it
• And explain why it is important to you

Sample Answer (Band 8.0):

“I’d like to talk about coding, which is a skill I’ve been eager to learn for quite some time.

Although I have a basic understanding of how computers work, I’ve never had the opportunity to study programming seriously. I’m particularly interested in Python because it’s versatile and widely used in various fields, from web development to data analysis.

The main reason I want to learn coding is because I believe it’s becoming an essential skill in today’s digital world. Although my current job doesn’t require programming knowledge, I can see that understanding technology will open up many career opportunities in the future. Moreover, because artificial intelligence and automation are transforming industries, having coding skills would make me more competitive in the job market.

I would probably start by taking online courses, because they offer flexibility and allow me to learn at my own pace. Although self-study can be challenging, there are many excellent resources available on platforms like Coursera or Udemy. I might also join a local coding community because learning with others can be more motivating and provides opportunities to ask questions.

This skill is important to me because it represents both personal growth and professional development. Although the learning curve might be steep initially, I’m confident that with consistent practice, I can achieve a good level of proficiency. Additionally, because coding involves logical thinking and problem-solving, I believe it would enhance my cognitive abilities in other areas of life as well.”

Phân tích:

• Sử dụng because: 7 lần – consistently explaining reasons
• Sử dụng although: 5 lần – showing balanced perspective và acknowledging challenges
• Kết hợp tự nhiên với các structures khác
• Clear organization với logical flow
• Demonstrates sophisticated reasoning skills

Part 3 – Discussion

Typical questions requiring BECAUSE và ALTHOUGH:

Q: “Why do you think some people are more successful than others?”

A (Band 8.5): “That’s an interesting question. I believe success often comes down to a combination of factors. Many successful people achieve their goals because they have clear objectives and work persistently towards them. Although natural talent plays a role, I think determination and hard work are more important because they can compensate for initial disadvantages.

Although some people are born into privileged circumstances, which certainly helps, that alone doesn’t guarantee success. I’ve seen many individuals succeed because they took calculated risks and learned from their failures. Although failure can be discouraging, successful people view it as a learning opportunity rather than a setback.

Additionally, because the modern world is so interconnected, networking and communication skills have become crucial. Although academic qualifications are important, emotional intelligence and the ability to work with others often matter more in real-world situations.”

→ Phân tích: Multiple uses của both conjunctions demonstrating complex reasoning, balanced argument, và sophisticated thought development.

Q: “How has technology changed the way people communicate?”

A (Band 9.0): “Technology has revolutionized communication in profound ways. Because smartphones and social media are now ubiquitous, people can stay connected regardless of distance. This is particularly beneficial because families separated by work or migration can maintain close relationships.

However, although we communicate more frequently than ever before, some argue the quality of communication has declined. Because digital messages lack non-verbal cues like tone and body language, misunderstandings occur more easily. Although video calling partially addresses this issue, it’s still not quite the same as face-to-face interaction.

Interestingly, although technology enables instant communication, many people feel lonelier than previous generations. This paradox exists because online interactions can be superficial and don’t fully satisfy our need for deep, meaningful connections. Although we might have hundreds of online friends, we may lack genuine intimacy with them.

That said, I believe the benefits outweigh the drawbacks because technology democratizes communication. Although there are challenges to address, the ability to connect globally is unprecedented and valuable.”

→ Features: Complex argumentation, multiple perspectives, sophisticated vocabulary, và seamless integration của subordinating conjunctions.

Writing Task 1

Khi Nào Dùng Trong Task 1

BECAUSE – Usage in Task 1:

Task 1 thường mô tả dữ liệu, graphs, charts, processes – việc sử dụng because tương đối hạn chế và cần cẩn thận vì:

• Task 1 report data, không explain causes (trừ khi đề bài yêu cầu rõ ràng)
• Chỉ nên dùng khi making obvious connections hoặc explaining clear patterns
• Safer alternative: “with” hoặc descriptive language

Khi nào CÓ THỂ dùng:

1. Explaining obvious seasonal patterns
2. Describing cause shown in the data itself
3. Process diagrams where causation is clear

Ví dụ phù hợp:

Line graph showing energy consumption:
“Energy consumption peaks in winter because heating demands are higher during cold months.”
→ Acceptable because the causation is obvious và widely known.

Process diagram:
“The mixture is heated to 100°C because this temperature is necessary for the chemical reaction to occur.”
→ Appropriate in process descriptions when cause-effect is part of the process.

Bar chart showing employment:
“The employment rate in the technology sector increased significantly between 2010 and 2020, possibly because of the digital revolution.”
→ Use “possibly” or “likely” để avoid over-speculating.

ALTHOUGH – Usage in Task 1:

Although phù hợp hơn trong Task 1 because nó helps contrast data points without speculating about causes:

Comparing trends:
“Although spending on education increased steadily, healthcare expenditure rose at a much faster rate.”
→ Shows contrast between two trends – appropriate for Task 1.

Highlighting exceptions:
“Although most age groups showed increased internet usage, the 65+ category remained relatively stable.”
→ Useful for pointing out anomalies or exceptions in data.

Contrasting periods:
“Although the first half of the year saw declining sales, the trend reversed dramatically in the second half.”
→ Appropriate for describing changing patterns.

Sample Task 1 paragraph using ALTHOUGH:

“The graph illustrates changes in transportation methods used by commuters between 2000 and 2020. Although private car usage remained the most popular choice throughout the period, its proportion decreased from 65% to 52%. Public transport showed a steady increase, although the growth was modest, rising from 20% to 28%. Although cycling was the least common method in 2000 at just 5%, it experienced the most dramatic growth, tripling to 15% by 2020. Walking patterns remained relatively stable, although there was a slight decline from 10% to 5%.”

→ Phân tích: Although used effectively để contrast trends and highlight unexpected patterns WITHOUT speculating về reasons.

Writing Task 2

BECAUSE và ALTHOUGH là ESSENTIAL cho Task 2 – xuất hiện trong virtually tất cả high-band essays. Đây là hai structures quan trọng nhất để develop arguments và show critical thinking.

Opinion Essay

Topic: Some people believe that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Sample Body Paragraph (Band 8.5):

“There are compelling arguments for universities focusing on practical skills. Proponents of this view argue that higher education should prepare students for employment because the primary goal of most students is to secure well-paid jobs after graduation. Because the job market has become increasingly competitive, graduates need specific, industry-relevant skills to succeed. Companies often complain that new employees lack practical abilities, although they may have strong theoretical knowledge. This is particularly true in fields like engineering and information technology, where because technology evolves rapidly, academic institutions must constantly update their curricula to remain relevant.

Although I acknowledge these practical concerns, I believe universities have a broader responsibility. Although employment is important, education should not be reduced merely to vocational training. Universities should foster critical thinking and intellectual growth because these qualities benefit society in ways that extend beyond immediate economic gains. Because knowledge for its own sake encourages innovation and creative problem-solving, it ultimately contributes to societal progress. Furthermore, although some academic subjects may not have obvious practical applications, they develop analytical skills that prove valuable in various contexts.”

Phân tích:

• Because: Used 5 times to explain reasons supporting both viewpoints
• Although: Used 4 times to introduce contrasting ideas và show balanced thinking
• Demonstrates sophisticated argumentation
• Clear logical connections between ideas
• Natural và varied usage

Discussion Essay

Topic: Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others believe individuals can make a difference. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Sample Introduction + Body Paragraph (Band 9.0):

“Environmental degradation has reached unprecedented levels, prompting debate about whether individuals can contribute meaningfully to solutions. Although some argue that environmental issues require large-scale governmental and corporate action because they are too complex for personal intervention, others maintain that individual efforts are crucial because collective small actions create significant impact.

Those who believe individuals cannot solve environmental problems have valid concerns. Major issues like climate change and ocean pollution occur because of industrial activities and systemic economic structures that individuals cannot control. Although a person might recycle diligently or reduce their carbon footprint, these actions seem insignificant because they represent a tiny fraction of global emissions. Furthermore, because environmental policies require coordinated international efforts, individual actions appear inadequate although well-intentioned.

However, I believe this perspective underestimates individual power. Personal choices matter because they collectively shape markets and influence corporate behavior. Companies modify their practices because consumer demand shifts. Although one person’s decision to avoid plastic seems trivial, when millions make similar choices, it creates substantial pressure for change. Moreover, because individuals can influence others through their actions and advocacy, personal commitment inspires broader social movements. Although governments must lead major initiatives, they often act only because public pressure demands it.”

Features:

• Both conjunctions woven naturally throughout
• Complex sentences với multiple subordinate clauses
• Demonstrates critical thinking và nuanced understanding
• Balanced argument acknowledging both perspectives

Problem/Solution Essay

Topic: In many cities, an increasing number of people do not know their neighbors. What are the causes of this problem? What can be done to solve it?

Sample Body Paragraph – Causes (Band 8.0):

“Several factors contribute to this growing disconnection between neighbors. The primary cause is the fast-paced modern lifestyle, where people are busy because work demands consume most of their time and energy. Because long commuting hours and extended work schedules have become normalized, individuals have little time for social interaction. Although people may live in the same building for years, they rarely meet because their schedules simply don’t align.

Additionally, technology paradoxically isolates people although it was designed to connect them. Because social media provides virtual interactions, people feel less need for face-to-face relationships with neighbors. Although online communities can be valuable, they cannot replace the practical benefits and emotional support that come from knowing people in your immediate vicinity. Young people particularly prefer digital communication because it feels more comfortable and controllable than direct interaction.

Urban design also plays a role. Modern apartment complexes are built because they maximize space efficiency, but although they house many people, they lack communal areas that encourage interaction. Because shared spaces like gardens or lounges are often absent, neighbors have few natural opportunities to meet and socialize.”

Sample Body Paragraph – Solutions (Band 8.5):

“Several measures could address this problem effectively. Community-building initiatives should be implemented because they create structured opportunities for interaction. Local authorities could organize neighborhood events because such gatherings provide non-threatening contexts for people to meet. Although some might initially feel reluctant to participate, regular events help build familiarity and comfort over time.

Because physical environment influences social behavior, urban planning must prioritize communal spaces. New developments should include shared gardens, playgrounds, and lounges because these areas naturally encourage encounters. Although this may slightly reduce profitable space, the social benefits justify the trade-off. Existing communities could retrofit buildings because adding communal facilities is often feasible and valuable.

Finally, although it may seem simple, encouraging basic courtesy makes a difference. Because many people simply don’t know how to initiate neighborly relationships, awareness campaigns could promote simple practices like greeting neighbors or offering small help. Although these seem minor, such behaviors create openness and trust, which are essential because they form the foundation for stronger community bonds.”

Analysis:

• Problem section: Because explains causes logically
• Solution section: Both conjunctions justify proposed solutions
• Clear paragraph structure
• Sophisticated reasoning

Ví dụ áp dụng Because và Although trong IELTS Speaking và Writing

Nâng Cao – Cách Dùng Để Đạt Band 8+

Kết Hợp Với Các Cấu Trúc Khác

BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH + Relative Clause

Example 1 – BECAUSE + Relative Clause:
“Students prefer online resources because they provide information that is both current and easily accessible.”
→ Band 8+ features: Because clause chứa relative clause (that…), creating complex sentence structure.

Example 2 – ALTHOUGH + Relative Clause:
“Although smartphones, which have become ubiquitous in modern society, offer convenience, they also create dependency problems.”
→ Sophistication: Non-defining relative clause (which…) embedded trong although clause.

Example 3 – Complex Integration:
“Although the policy that the government implemented was well-intentioned, it failed because the execution that authorities planned was poorly coordinated.”
→ Band 9 feature: Multiple relative clauses trong both although và because clauses, demonstrating advanced syntactic complexity.

BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH + Modal Verbs

Example 1 – BECAUSE + Modal:
“Environmental education should be mandatory because it can shape attitudes that will influence future behavior.”
→ Shows possibility và future orientation with sophisticated reasoning.

Example 2 – ALTHOUGH + Modal:
“Although technology may solve some problems, it might also create new challenges that we cannot yet foresee.”
→ Expresses uncertainty appropriately while maintaining complex structure.

Example 3 – Multiple Modals:
“Although governments could implement stricter regulations, they should proceed cautiously because such measures might negatively affect small businesses that cannot easily absorb additional costs.”
→ Band 9: Multiple modals showing nuanced thinking về possibilities và recommendations.

BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH + Passive Voice

Example 1 – BECAUSE + Passive:
“The project was delayed because essential resources were not allocated as had been originally planned.”
→ Formal register appropriate for Writing Task 2, with passive emphasizing the action rather than the agent.

Example 2 – ALTHOUGH + Passive:
“Although the issue has been extensively studied by numerous researchers, effective solutions have not yet been implemented in most developing countries.”
→ Academic tone với multiple passive constructions showing research context.

Example 3 – Complex Passive Integration:
“Although significant funds have been invested in renewable energy projects, the transition is slow because existing infrastructure was built to accommodate fossil fuels and cannot be easily modified.”
→ Band 9: Multiple passive structures trong both clauses, demonstrating sophisticated grasp of voice.

BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH + Perfect Tenses

Example 1 – Present Perfect:
“Because urbanization has accelerated dramatically over the past decades, many cities have experienced severe infrastructure strain.”
→ Shows time period leading to present result – sophisticated temporal reasoning.

Example 2 – Past Perfect:
“Although the team had prepared thoroughly for months before the presentation, unexpected technical problems disrupted the event.”
→ Shows sequence of events với appropriate tense usage.

Example 3 – Perfect Continuous:
“The company has been struggling financially because it has been investing heavily in research although returns have been minimal.”
→ Band 9: Multiple perfect continuous forms showing ongoing situations và their relationships.

Cụm Từ Nâng Cao

Academic collocations with BECAUSE/ALTHOUGH for Band 8+:

Collocation	Ví dụ	Band Level	Context
because of the fact that	“This approach is effective because of the fact that it addresses root causes rather than symptoms.”	7+	Formal written (though slightly wordy)
precisely/largely/partly because	“The policy succeeded largely because stakeholders were consulted throughout the process.”	8+	Shows nuanced causation
although admittedly	“Although admittedly imperfect, the system has shown considerable improvement.”	8+	Concession with acknowledgment
even though evidence suggests	“Even though evidence suggests benefits, public skepticism remains high.”	8+	Academic, referencing evidence
because it stands to reason that	“We should act now because it stands to reason that delays will worsen the situation.”	8+	Logical argumentation
although one might argue that	“Although one might argue that costs are prohibitive, long-term benefits justify the investment.”	9	Shows consideration of counter-arguments
primarily/chiefly because	“The initiative failed primarily because funding was insufficient and inconsistent.”	8+	Identifies main cause among several
although paradoxically	“Although paradoxically the technology simplifies tasks, it has increased work expectations.”	9	Sophisticated observation of contradiction
because empirical evidence demonstrates	“This approach is recommended because empirical evidence demonstrates its effectiveness.”	9	Academic, research-based reasoning
although it could be argued	“Although it could be argued that individual effort suffices, systemic change is essential.”	8+	Acknowledging alternative viewpoints

Advanced sentence patterns:

Pattern 1 – Embedded Clauses:
“The reason that experts emphasize prevention is because treating established problems is more difficult, although modern medicine has made significant advances.”
→ Complex structure với reason + that clause + because explanation + although contrast.

Pattern 2 – Inversion with Although:
“Although rarely acknowledged in mainstream discourse, the issue affects millions because structural inequalities persist despite superficial progress.”
→ Advanced positioning với complex phrasing.

Pattern 3 – Multiple Subordination:
“Because research has shown that early intervention yields better outcomes, although it requires substantial initial investment, governments should prioritize prevention programs.”
→ Band 9: Because clause containing that clause, followed by although insertion, then main clause.

Câu Phức & Ghép

Tích hợp vào câu cực kỳ phức tạp (Band 9):

Example 1 – Triple Clause:
“Although critics argue that the approach is too idealistic, it has proven effective in practice because communities, when properly supported and empowered, can implement sustainable solutions that address their specific needs.”

Phân tích cấu trúc:

• Although clause (concession)
  • Contains that clause (indirect speech of critics)
• Main clause with passive (it has proven)
• Because clause (explanation)
  • Contains when clause (condition)
  • Contains that clause (relative clause)

Example 2 – Compound-Complex:
“Because traditional methods have limitations, modern approaches have emerged; however, although these innovations show promise, they require careful evaluation because premature adoption, which has occurred repeatedly in educational reform, often leads to disillusionment.”

Phân tích:

• Because clause (reason for emergence)
• Main clause + semicolon
• However (contrast)
• Although clause (concession about innovations)
• Main clause
• Because clause (reason for caution)
  • Contains which clause (providing historical context)

Example 3 – Multiple Contrasts and Reasons:
“Although some experts believe that technology will solve environmental problems because innovation has historically addressed challenges, others argue that this optimism is misplaced because ecological damage has reached irreversible levels, although they acknowledge that certain technologies can mitigate harm.”

Phân tích:

• Although clause containing belief (that clause) with because explanation
• Contrasting main clause (others argue) with that clause
• Because clause explaining the counter-argument
• Although clause acknowledging compromise
  • Contains that clause (what they acknowledge)

Band 9 Integration Strategy:

1. Start với although/because clause để establish context
2. Add relative clauses để provide specific details
3. Include modal verbs để show possibility/necessity
4. Use perfect tenses để show time relationships
5. Combine multiple subordinate clauses naturally
6. Maintain clarity despite complexity

Example demonstrating all strategies:
“Although governments may have implemented policies that were intended to address inequality, significant disparities persist because systemic barriers, which have existed for generations, cannot be dismantled quickly, even though recent initiatives have shown that progress is possible when resources are allocated effectively.”

This sentence demonstrates:

• Although + modal (may have implemented)
• Relative clause (that were intended…)
• Because explanation
• Relative clause (which have existed…)
• Even though concession
• Perfect tense (have shown)
• That clause (indirect object)
• When clause (condition)

Kết hợp Because Although với các cấu trúc nâng cao đạt Band 9 IELTS

So Sánh Với Cấu Trúc Tương Tự

BECAUSE vs SO

Tiêu chí	BECAUSE	SO
Loại từ	Subordinating conjunction (liên từ phụ thuộc)	Coordinating conjunction (liên từ đẳng lập)
Vị trí	Nối subordinate clause vào main clause, có thể đặt đầu hoặc cuối câu	Nối hai independent clauses, chỉ đứng giữa câu
Công thức	Because + clause, main clause HOẶC Main clause + because + clause	Main clause, so + clause
Ý nghĩa	Nhấn mạnh nguyên nhân (reason/cause)	Nhấn mạnh kết quả (result/effect)
Dấu phẩy	Có comma khi because clause đứng đầu	Luôn có comma trước so
Formal level	Formal – phù hợp cả Speaking và Writing	Less formal – tránh overuse trong Writing Task 2
Ví dụ	“Because it was raining, we stayed home.” / “We stayed home because it was raining.”	“It was raining, so we stayed home.”

Khi nào dùng cấu trúc nào:

Dùng BECAUSE khi:

• Muốn emphasize the reason (câu hỏi Why?)
• Viết Writing Task 2 (more academic)
• Cần câu phức (complex sentence) cho Band 7+
• Because clause là thông tin quan trọng cần highlight (đặt đầu câu)

Example: “Because education is essential for development, governments should invest heavily in schools.”
→ Emphasizes importance of education as the driving reason for policy.

Dùng SO khi:

• Speaking (more natural, conversational)
• Kể chuyện theo trình tự tự nhiên trong Speaking Part 2
• Main clause và result clause equally important
• Muốn câu nghe flowing và natural

Example: “I was tired, so I went to bed early.”
→ Natural chronological narrative.

LỖI THƯỜNG GẶP – KHÔNG BAO GIỜ DÙNG BECAUSE và SO trong cùng một câu:

❌ SAI: “Because I was tired, so I went to bed.”
✅ ĐÚNG: “Because I was tired, I went to bed.” HOẶC “I was tired, so I went to bed.”

ALTHOUGH vs BUT/HOWEVER

Tiêu chí	ALTHOUGH	BUT	HOWEVER
Loại từ	Subordinating conjunction	Coordinating conjunction	Conjunctive adverb (linking word)
Vị trí	Đầu hoặc giữa câu, nối subordinate clause	Giữa hai independent clauses	Đầu câu mới hoặc giữa câu với semicolon
Công thức	Although + clause, main clause	Clause, but + clause	Clause. However, clause. HOẶC Clause; however, clause.
Dấu câu	Comma sau although clause nếu đứng đầu	Comma trước but	Period/semicolon trước, comma sau
Formal level	Formal – excellent cho Writing	Neutral – OK cho cả Speaking/Writing	Very formal – tốt nhất cho Writing
Câu structure	Complex sentence (một main, một subordinate)	Compound sentence (hai independent clauses)	Two separate sentences hoặc với semicolon
Ví dụ	“Although the exam was difficult, I passed.”	“The exam was difficult, but I passed.”	“The exam was difficult. However, I passed.”

Khi nào dùng cấu trúc nào:

Dùng ALTHOUGH khi:

• Viết Writing Task 2 – shows complex sentence ability
• Muốn subordinate một ý (make it less important) để emphasize ý kia
• Cần demonstrate grammatical range cho Band 7+
• Tạo sophisticated, academic tone

Example: “Although some argue that technology isolates people, I believe it actually enhances connectivity.”
→ Subordinates opposing view để emphasize your opinion in main clause.

Dùng BUT khi:

• Speaking – more natural và conversational
• Cả hai clauses đều quan trọng ngang nhau
• Muốn câu nghe natural và direct
• Contrasting two equal ideas

Example: “I wanted to go, but the weather was terrible.”
→ Both pieces of information equally important.

Dùng HOWEVER khi:

• Writing Task 2 – đặc biệt khi start new paragraph hoặc major point
• Cần formal, academic tone
• Muốn separate two contrasting ideas clearly
• Creating cohesion between sentences

Example: “Remote work offers flexibility and reduces commuting time. However, it can lead to social isolation and work-life boundary issues.”
→ Strong, clear contrast giữa hai separate complete ideas.

LỖI THƯỜNG GẶP – KHÔNG DÙNG ALTHOUGH và BUT trong cùng câu:

❌ SAI: “Although I studied hard, but I failed.”
✅ ĐÚNG: “Although I studied hard, I failed.” HOẶC “I studied hard, but I failed.”

COMPARISON MATRIX:

Feature	BECAUSE	SO	ALTHOUGH	BUT	HOWEVER
IELTS Writing Task 2 suitability	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
IELTS Speaking suitability	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐
Creates complex sentence	✅ Yes	❌ No	✅ Yes	❌ No	❌ No
Academic formality	High	Medium	High	Medium	Very High
Band score impact	Essential 7+	Useful all bands	Essential 7+	Useful all bands	Strong 8+

BECAUSE vs BECAUSE OF vs DUE TO

Tiêu chí	BECAUSE	BECAUSE OF	DUE TO
Theo sau	Subject + Verb (clause)	Noun / Noun Phrase / Gerund (-ing)	Noun / Noun Phrase
Công thức	Because + S + V	Because of + noun/noun phrase/-ing	Due to + noun/noun phrase
Vị trí	Flexible (đầu hoặc giữa câu)	Flexible (đầu hoặc giữa câu)	Thường sau be/linking verb
Formal level	Neutral	Neutral	Very formal (especially Writing Task 1)
Ví dụ 1	“Because it rained, the match was cancelled.”	“Because of the rain, the match was cancelled.”	“The cancellation was due to the rain.”
Ví dụ 2	“I couldn’t sleep because my neighbors were noisy.”	“I couldn’t sleep because of my neighbors’ noise.”	“My sleeplessness was due to my neighbors’ noise.”
Ví dụ 3	“Because he studied hard, he passed.”	“Because of his hard work, he passed.”	“His success was due to his hard work.”

Common Errors – LỖI CỰC KỲ THƯỜNG GẶP:

❌ SAI: “Because of I was tired, I slept early.”
✅ ĐÚNG: “Because I was tired, I slept early.” HOẶC “Because of my tiredness, I slept early.”

❌ SAI: “The delay was because the traffic.”
✅ ĐÚNG: “The delay was because of the traffic.” HOẶC “The delay was due to the traffic.”

Khi nào dùng:

BECAUSE: Khi theo sau là complete clause (có subject và verb)

• “Sales increased because the company launched an effective marketing campaign.”

BECAUSE OF: Khi theo sau là noun phrase hoặc gerund

• “Sales increased because of the effective marketing campaign.”
• “Sales increased because of launching an effective marketing campaign.”

DUE TO: Formal writing, đặc biệt Task 1, thường với passive

• “The increase in sales was due to the effective marketing campaign.”
• Very common trong describing graphs: “The decline was due to economic factors.”

ALTHOUGH vs DESPITE/IN SPITE OF

Tiêu chí	ALTHOUGH	DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
Theo sau	Subject + Verb (clause)	Noun / Noun Phrase / Gerund / the fact that
Công thức	Although + S + V, main clause	Despite/In spite of + noun/-ing, main clause
Meaning	Giống nhau – both show contrast/concession	Giống nhau – interchangeable
Formal level	Formal	Very formal (especially despite)
Ví dụ 1	“Although he was tired, he continued working.”	“Despite his tiredness, he continued working.”
Ví dụ 2	“Although it rained, we went out.”	“Despite the rain, we went out.” / “In spite of the rain, we went out.”
Ví dụ 3	“Although she studied hard, she failed.”	“Despite studying hard, she failed.”

Special case – Despite/In spite of + the fact that:

Khi muốn dùng despite/in spite of nhưng theo sau là clause, dùng “the fact that”:

✅ “Despite the fact that he was tired, he continued working.”
✅ “In spite of the fact that it was expensive, we bought it.”

→ Tuy nhiên, cấu trúc này wordy. Although is more concise và preferred:
✅ Better: “Although he was tired, he continued working.”

Common Error:
❌ SAI: “Despite it was raining, we went out.”
✅ ĐÚNG: “Despite the rain, we went out.” HOẶC “Although it was raining, we went out.”

So sánh Because Although với các liên từ tương tự trong IELTS

Lỗi Thường Gặp & Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Dùng Cả Because và So Trong Cùng Một Câu

❌ SAI:
“Because I was sick, so I didn’t go to school.”
“Because the weather was bad, so the flight was cancelled.”
“Because she studied hard, so she passed the exam.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Because I was sick, I didn’t go to school.”
HOẶC “I was sick, so I didn’t go to school.”

“Because the weather was bad, the flight was cancelled.”
HOẶC “The weather was bad, so the flight was cancelled.”

“Because she studied hard, she passed the exam.”
HOẶC “She studied hard, so she passed the exam.”

Giải thích:
Đây là lỗi CỰC KỲ PHỔ BIẾN của học viên Việt Nam do ảnh hưởng từ tiếng Việt. Trong tiếng Việt, chúng ta nói “Vì… nên…” là tự nhiên, nhưng trong tiếng Anh, KHÔNG BAO GIỜ dùng “because…so…” cùng nhau. Chỉ chọn MỘT trong hai:

• Because (subordinating conjunction) – tạo complex sentence
• So (coordinating conjunction) – tạo compound sentence

Lưu ý:

• BECAUSE emphasizes the reason (cause)
• SO emphasizes the result (effect)
• Trong Writing Task 2, ưu tiên BECAUSE vì nó tạo complex sentence (Band 7+ requirement)
• Trong Speaking, cả hai đều OK, nhưng SO natural hơn trong conversation

Practice sentences:
❌ “Because technology is expensive, so many schools cannot afford it.”
✅ “Because technology is expensive, many schools cannot afford it.”
✅ “Technology is expensive, so many schools cannot afford it.”

Lỗi 2: Dùng Cả Although và But Trong Cùng Một Câu

❌ SAI:
“Although I studied hard, but I failed the test.”
“Although the job pays well, but the working hours are long.”
“Although he is young, but he is very mature.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Although I studied hard, I failed the test.”
HOẶC “I studied hard, but I failed the test.”

“Although the job pays well, the working hours are long.”
HOẶC “The job pays well, but the working hours are long.”

“Although he is young, he is very mature.”
HOẶC “He is young, but he is very mature.”

Giải thích:
Tương tự lỗi 1, đây là interference từ tiếng Việt “Mặc dù… nhưng…”. Trong tiếng Anh, chỉ dùng MỘT trong hai:

• Although (subordinating conjunction) – creates complex sentence với one main clause và one subordinate clause
• But (coordinating conjunction) – connects two independent clauses

Khi dùng ALTHOUGH, clause sau comma là main clause và KHÔNG CẦN “but”.

Lưu ý:

• ALTHOUGH subordinates one idea (makes it less important) để emphasize the other
• BUT treats both ideas as equally important
• Trong Writing Task 2, ALTHOUGH preferred vì sophisticated hơn và tạo complex sentences
• Có thể dùng “Although…., however….” (grammar technically OK nhưng redundant – tránh trong IELTS)

Correct advanced usage với however:
✅ “Although the policy was well-designed, implementation was problematic. However, recent adjustments have shown promise.”
→ However starts NEW sentence, không phải trong cùng although sentence.

Lỗi 3: Dùng Because Of + Clause hoặc Because + Noun Phrase

❌ SAI:
“Because of I was tired, I went to bed early.”
“He succeeded because of he worked hard.”
“Because the bad weather, the event was cancelled.”
“They were late because the traffic.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Because I was tired, I went to bed early.”
HOẶC “Because of my tiredness, I went to bed early.”

“He succeeded because he worked hard.”
HOẶC “He succeeded because of his hard work.”

“Because the weather was bad, the event was cancelled.”
HOẶC “Because of the bad weather, the event was cancelled.”

“They were late because the traffic was heavy.”
HOẶC “They were late because of the heavy traffic.”

Giải thích:
BECAUSE và BECAUSE OF có cấu trúc ngữ pháp HOÀN TOÀN KHÁC NHAU:

BECAUSE + CLAUSE (Subject + Verb):

• “because I was tired” ✅
• “because he worked hard” ✅
• “because the weather was bad” ✅

BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE (không có Subject + Verb):

• “because of my tiredness” ✅
• “because of his hard work” ✅
• “because of the bad weather” ✅
• “because of being tired” ✅ (gerund)

Lưu ý:

• Nếu muốn giải thích với full sentence → dùng BECAUSE
• Nếu chỉ có noun phrase ngắn gọn → dùng BECAUSE OF
• Trong Writing Task 1 (describing data), BECAUSE OF hoặc DUE TO thường formal hơn

Common patterns:
✅ “Sales decreased because the economy was in recession.”
✅ “Sales decreased because of the economic recession.”
✅ “Sales decreased due to the economic recession.” (formal, Task 1)

Lỗi 4: Thiếu Comma hoặc Thừa Comma

❌ SAI:
“Because I was busy I couldn’t attend.” (thiếu comma)
“I couldn’t attend, because I was busy.” (thừa comma)
“Although, the task was difficult we completed it.” (comma sai vị trí)
“The task was difficult although, we completed it.” (comma sai vị trí)

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Because I was busy, I couldn’t attend.” (comma SAU because clause khi ở đầu)
“I couldn’t attend because I was busy.” (KHÔNG comma khi because clause ở cuối)
“Although the task was difficult, we completed it.” (comma SAU although clause)
“The task was difficult although we completed it.” (tùy chọn comma, nhưng không bắt buộc)

Giải thích:

QUY TẮC COMMA VỚI BECAUSE:

1. Because clause ở ĐẦU câu: Comma BẮT BUỘC sau because clause

   • ✅ “Because it was raining, we stayed inside.”

2. Because clause ở CUỐI câu: KHÔNG comma trước because

   • ✅ “We stayed inside because it was raining.”
   • ❌ “We stayed inside, because it was raining.” (wrong)

QUY TẮC COMMA VỚI ALTHOUGH:

1. Although clause ở ĐẦU câu: Comma BẮT BUỘC sau although clause

   • ✅ “Although I was tired, I continued working.”

2. Although clause ở CUỐI câu: Comma optional nhưng recommended trong formal writing

   • ✅ “I continued working although I was tired.” (OK)
   • ✅ “I continued working, although I was tired.” (better for formal writing)

Lưu ý:

• Comma NEVER đứng ngay sau because hoặc although
• ❌ “Because, I was tired…” (WRONG)
• ❌ “Although, the task was difficult…” (WRONG)
• Trong IELTS Writing, consistent comma usage shows good grammar control

Lỗi 5: Sử Dụng Despite/In Spite Of + Clause

❌ SAI:
“Despite it was raining, we went out.”
“In spite of he was tired, he continued.”
“Despite the fact was difficult, we tried.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Despite the rain, we went out.”
HOẶC “Although it was raining, we went out.”
HOẶC “Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.”

“In spite of his tiredness, he continued.”
HOẶC “Although he was tired, he continued.”
HOẶC “In spite of the fact that he was tired, he continued.”

“Despite the difficulty, we tried.”
HOẶC “Although the fact was difficult, we tried.” (câu này cần restructure)
HOẶC “Despite the fact that it was difficult, we tried.”

Giải thích:
DESPITE và IN SPITE OF theo sau bởi NOUN/NOUN PHRASE/GERUND, KHÔNG PHẢI CLAUSE.

Cấu trúc đúng:

Option 1 – Despite/In spite of + NOUN:

• ✅ “Despite the rain…” (noun)
• ✅ “In spite of his tiredness…” (noun)
• ✅ “Despite the difficulty…” (noun)

Option 2 – Despite/In spite of + GERUND (-ing):

• ✅ “Despite being tired…” (gerund)
• ✅ “In spite of studying hard…” (gerund)
• ✅ “Despite having limited resources…” (gerund)

Option 3 – Despite/In spite of + THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE:

• ✅ “Despite the fact that it was raining…”
• ✅ “In spite of the fact that he was tired…”
• Lưu ý: Cấu trúc này wordy, ALTHOUGH concise hơn và preferred

Lưu ý:

• Nếu muốn dùng full clause → dùng ALTHOUGH, không phải despite/in spite of
• Despite formal hơn in spite of một chút
• Trong IELTS Writing, both despite và although excellent cho Band 7+
• “Despite the fact that” grammatically correct nhưng wordy – examiners prefer conciseness

Comparison:
❌ “Despite I studied hard, I failed.”
✅ “Despite studying hard, I failed.” (gerund)
✅ “Although I studied hard, I failed.” (clause – simpler)
✅ “Despite my hard study, I failed.” (noun phrase)

Lỗi 6: Không Nhất Quán Về Thì Động Từ

❌ SAI:
“Because I am tired yesterday, I go to bed early.”
“Although she studies hard last week, she fails the exam.”
“I cannot come because I will be busy tomorrow.” (context: explaining past action)

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Because I was tired yesterday, I went to bed early.”
“Although she studied hard last week, she failed the exam.”
“I couldn’t come because I was busy.” (past context)
HOẶC “I cannot come because I will be busy tomorrow.” (future context – nếu explaining future plan)

Giải thích:
Khi sử dụng because/although, động từ trong BOTH clauses phải consistent về thời gian logic. Lỗi này phổ biến khi học viên không chú ý đến time markers (yesterday, last week, tomorrow, etc.).

QUY TẮC THỜI ĐIỂM:

1. Past context – both clauses in past:

• ✅ “Because the weather was bad, we stayed home.”
• ✅ “Although she prepared well, she felt nervous.”

2. Present context – both clauses in present:

• ✅ “Because I am busy, I cannot help you.”
• ✅ “Although he works hard, he doesn’t earn much.”

3. Future context – appropriate future forms:

• ✅ “Because I will be traveling, I won’t attend the meeting.”
• ✅ “Although it might rain, we will go ahead with the plan.”

4. Mixed times (với present perfect):

• ✅ “Because technology has advanced, communication is easier now.”
• ✅ “Although prices have increased, demand remains strong.”

Lưu ý:

• Xác định time reference TRƯỚC khi viết câu
• Time markers (yesterday, now, tomorrow, recently, etc.) là clues quan trọng
• Trong Speaking, tense consistency shows grammatical control
• Trong Writing, đặc biệt Task 2, maintain consistent time reference throughout paragraph

Common patterns in IELTS:

Writing Task 2 (general truths – present tense):

• ✅ “Because education is important, governments should invest in schools.”

Speaking Part 2 (past experience – past tense):

• ✅ “Although I was nervous, I decided to take the challenge.”

Writing Task 1 (describing past data – past tense):

• ✅ “Because demand increased, prices rose significantly.”

Lỗi 7: Đặt Although/Because Ở Vị Trí Sai Trong Câu

❌ SAI:
“I, because was tired, went to bed early.”
“The project, although was difficult, succeeded.”
“Because, the weather was bad we cancelled.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Because I was tired, I went to bed early.”
HOẶC “I went to bed early because I was tired.”

“Although the project was difficult, it succeeded.”
HOẶC “The project succeeded although it was difficult.”

“Because the weather was bad, we cancelled the trip.”

Giải thích:
Because và although là subordinating conjunctions – chúng phải đứng ở ĐẦU subordinate clause, không thể đứng giữa subject và verb của clause đó.

INCORRECT PLACEMENTS:
❌ “I, because tired, left early.” (because đứng giữa subject và verb)
❌ “The task, although difficult, was completed.” (although đứng giữa – đây là reduced form, cần bỏ verb)

CORRECT PLACEMENTS:

1. Because/Although clause ở đầu câu:

• ✅ “Because the exam was difficult, many students failed.”
• ✅ “Although the exam was difficult, most students passed.”

2. Because/Although clause ở cuối câu:

• ✅ “Many students failed because the exam was difficult.”
• ✅ “Most students passed although the exam was difficult.”

3. Mid-sentence với complete clause (advanced):

• ✅ “The project, although it faced many challenges, was successful.”
• ✅ “Students, because they lack resources, struggle with assignments.”
  → Note: Clause sau although/because phải COMPLETE (có subject + verb)

REDUCED FORMS (advanced – Band 8+):
Có thể reduce although clause bằng cách bỏ subject + be, nhưng NOT with because:

✅ “Although it is expensive, the service is worth it.”
✅ “Although expensive, the service is worth it.” (reduced – bỏ “it is”)

✅ “Although he was tired, he continued.”
✅ “Although tired, he continued.” (reduced)

❌ “Because tired, he stopped.” (WRONG – cannot reduce because clause like this)
✅ “Because he was tired, he stopped.” (must keep complete clause)

Lưu ý:

• Subordinate clause có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối, nhưng phải COMPLETE
• Mid-sentence placement cần commas cả hai bên
• Reduced forms chỉ safe với although, không phải because
• Trong IELTS Writing, full clauses safer và clearer cho most students

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền BECAUSE hoặc BECAUSE OF

Hoàn thành câu với because hoặc because of:

1. The flight was delayed __ bad weather conditions.
2. She succeeded __ she worked extremely hard.
3. Many students struggle __ they don’t manage their time effectively.
4. The company closed down __ financial difficulties.
5. __ the pandemic, many businesses had to operate remotely.
6. I enjoy reading __ it expands my knowledge and vocabulary.
7. The project failed __ poor planning and insufficient funding.
8. __ technology has advanced rapidly, communication is now instantaneous.
9. He couldn’t attend the meeting __ his tight schedule.
10. __ people are becoming more health-conscious, organic food sales have increased.

Bài Tập 2: Điền ALTHOUGH, DESPITE hoặc IN SPITE OF

Chọn từ đúng để hoàn thành câu:

1. __ the high cost, many people still buy luxury goods.
2. __ she studied for months, she felt nervous during the exam.
3. The team won __ having several injured players.
4. __ technology makes life easier, it also creates new problems.
5. __ his young age, he demonstrated remarkable maturity.
6. __ the government invested heavily, the problem persisted.
7. We enjoyed the trip __ the occasional bad weather.
8. __ being tired, she completed all her assignments.
9. __ many challenges, the project was completed on time.
10. __ he practiced daily, his performance didn’t improve significantly.

Bài Tập 3: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi

Mỗi câu có MỘT lỗi sai. Tìm và sửa:

1. Because of I was sick, I missed the class. [❌]
2. Although the weather was nice, but we stayed inside. [❌]
3. The event was cancelled because the rain. [❌]
4. Despite it was expensive, we bought it. [❌]
5. Because she studies hard, so she always gets good grades. [❌]
6. Although, the task was challenging we completed it successfully. [❌]
7. He succeeded because of he never gave up. [❌]
8. In spite of the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time. [❌]
9. The project failed, because poor management. [❌]
10. Although I studied yesterday, but I fail the exam today. [❌]

Bài Tập 4: Kết Hợp Câu

Kết hợp hai câu thành một câu sử dụng từ trong ngoặc:

1. The climate is changing. Human activities produce greenhouse gases. (because)
   → ___

2. Electric cars are expensive. They are becoming more popular. (although)
   → ___

3. She was tired. She continued working on her project. (despite)
   → ___

4. Many people exercise regularly. They want to stay healthy. (because)
   → ___

5. The technology is impressive. It has some significant limitations. (although)
   → ___

6. The company expanded rapidly. It had strong leadership. (because of)
   → ___

7. He has limited experience. He was hired for the position. (in spite of)
   → ___

8. Online learning offers flexibility. Many students still prefer traditional classrooms. (although)
   → ___

Bài Tập 5: Viết Câu Hoàn Chỉnh (IELTS-Style)

Viết câu hoàn chỉnh cho IELTS Writing Task 2 với topics sau:

1. Topic: Environmental Protection
   Use BECAUSE: (government investment / environmental programs / important)
   → Your answer: ___

2. Topic: Technology in Education
   Use ALTHOUGH: (online learning / convenient / lack personal interaction)
   → Your answer: ___

3. Topic: Urban Living
   Use BECAUSE OF: (high living costs / many people / move to cities / career opportunities)
   → Your answer: ___

4. Topic: Work-Life Balance
   Use DESPITE: (long working hours / people / value their jobs / career advancement)
   → Your answer: ___

5. Topic: Social Media
   Use both ALTHOUGH and BECAUSE in one complex sentence: (social media / connect people globally / create addiction problems / excessive use / mental health issues)
   → Your answer: ___

Đáp Án & Giải Thích

Bài Tập 1: BECAUSE vs BECAUSE OF

1. because of – theo sau là “bad weather conditions” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: “conditions” là noun, không phải clause

2. because – theo sau là “she worked” (clause có subject + verb)

   • Giải thích: “she worked” là complete clause

3. because – theo sau là “they don’t manage” (clause)

   • Giải thích: Có subject “they” và verb “don’t manage”

4. because of – theo sau là “financial difficulties” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: “difficulties” là noun phrase, không có verb

5. Because of – theo sau là “the pandemic” (noun)

   • Giải thích: “the pandemic” là noun đơn giản
   • Note: Viết hoa vì đầu câu

6. because – theo sau là “it expands” (clause)

   • Giải thích: “it” (subject) + “expands” (verb)

7. because of – theo sau là “poor planning and insufficient funding” (noun phrases)

   • Giải thích: Hai noun phrases nối bởi “and”

8. Because – theo sau là “technology has advanced” (clause)

   • Giải thích: Present perfect clause với subject + verb
   • Note: Viết hoa vì đầu câu

9. because of – theo sau là “his tight schedule” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: “schedule” là noun với possessive “his”

10. Because – theo sau là “people are becoming” (clause)

    • Giải thích: Present continuous clause
    • Note: Viết hoa vì đầu câu

Bài Tập 2: ALTHOUGH vs DESPITE/IN SPITE OF

1. Despite hoặc In spite of – theo sau là “the high cost” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: “cost” là noun, không có verb
   • Both answers correct

2. Although – theo sau là “she studied” (clause)

   • Giải thích: Complete clause với subject + verb

3. despite hoặc in spite of – theo sau là “having” (gerund)

   • Giải thích: “having” là gerund phrase

4. Although – theo sau là “technology makes” (clause)

   • Giải thích: Subject “technology” + verb “makes”

5. Despite hoặc In spite of – theo sau là “his young age” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: Noun phrase với possessive

6. Although – theo sau là “the government invested” (clause)

   • Giải thích: Past tense clause

7. despite hoặc in spite of – theo sau là “the occasional bad weather” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: Noun phrase, không có verb

8. Despite hoặc In spite of – theo sau là “being tired” (gerund)

   • Giải thích: “being” là gerund

9. Despite hoặc In spite of – theo sau là “many challenges” (noun phrase)

   • Giải thích: Noun phrase

10. Although – theo sau là “he practiced daily” (clause)

    • Giải thích: Complete clause với subject + verb

Bài Tập 3: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi

1. LỖI: “Because of I was sick”

   • SỬA: “Because I was sick” HOẶC “Because of my illness”
   • Giải thích: Because of + noun phrase, không phải clause. Nếu dùng clause thì dùng “because”

2. LỖI: “although…but”

   • SỬA: “Although the weather was nice, we stayed inside.” (bỏ “but”)
   • Giải thích: Không dùng although và but cùng nhau

3. LỖI: “because the rain”

   • SỬA: “because of the rain” HOẶC “because it rained”
   • Giải thích: Because + clause hoặc because of + noun

4. LỖI: “Despite it was expensive”

   • SỬA: “Despite being expensive” / “Although it was expensive” / “Despite its high price”
   • Giải thích: Despite + noun/gerund, không phải clause

5. LỖI: “because…so”

   • SỬA: “Because she studies hard, she always gets good grades.” (bỏ “so”)
   • Giải thích: Không dùng because và so cùng nhau

6. LỖI: Comma sau although và thiếu comma sau clause

   • SỬA: “Although the task was challenging, we completed it successfully.”
   • Giải thích: Although không có comma ngay sau nó, nhưng cần comma sau although clause

7. LỖI: “because of he never gave up”

   • SỬA: “because he never gave up”
   • Giải thích: “He never gave up” là clause, dùng “because” không phải “because of”

8. LỖI: “In spite of the traffic was heavy”

   • SỬA: “In spite of the heavy traffic” / “Although the traffic was heavy”
   • Giải thích: In spite of + noun phrase, không phải clause

9. LỖI: Comma không đúng và thiếu “of”

   • SỬA: “The project failed because of poor management.”
   • Giải thích: “Poor management” là noun phrase nên dùng “because of”

10. LỖI: Nhiều lỗi – although…but, và tense không consistent

    • SỬA: “Although I studied yesterday, I failed the exam today.”
    • Giải thích: Bỏ “but”, và sửa “fail” thành “failed” (past tense)

Bài Tập 4: Kết Hợp Câu

1. Đáp án:

   • “The climate is changing because human activities produce greenhouse gases.”
   • HOẶC “Because human activities produce greenhouse gases, the climate is changing.”

2. Đáp án:

   • “Although electric cars are expensive, they are becoming more popular.”
   • HOẶC “Electric cars are becoming more popular although they are expensive.”

3. Đáp án:

   • “Despite being tired, she continued working on her project.”
   • HOẶC “Despite her tiredness, she continued working on her project.”
   • HOẶC “She continued working on her project despite being tired.”

4. Đáp án:

   • “Many people exercise regularly because they want to stay healthy.”
   • HOẶC “Because many people want to stay healthy, they exercise regularly.”

5. Đáp án:

   • “Although the technology is impressive, it has some significant limitations.”
   • HOẶC “The technology has some significant limitations although it is impressive.”

6. Đáp án:

   • “The company expanded rapidly because of its strong leadership.”
   • HOẶC “Because of strong leadership, the company expanded rapidly.”

7. Đáp án:

   • “In spite of his limited experience, he was hired for the position.”
   • HOẶC “He was hired for the position in spite of his limited experience.”
   • Note: “Despite” cũng correct

8. Đáp án:

   • “Although online learning offers flexibility, many students still prefer traditional classrooms.”
   • HOẶC “Many students still prefer traditional classrooms although online learning offers flexibility.”

Bài Tập 5: Viết Câu IELTS-Style

1. Sample Answer (Band 8):
   “Governments should invest heavily in environmental protection programs because preserving natural ecosystems is crucial for future generations and because the long-term costs of environmental degradation far exceed the costs of prevention.”

   Phân tích: Complex sentence với multiple because clauses, academic vocabulary (preserving, ecosystems, degradation), clear reasoning

2. Sample Answer (Band 8):
   “Although online learning offers unprecedented convenience and flexibility, it lacks the personal interaction and immediate feedback that are essential for effective learning, particularly for younger students who require structured guidance.”

   Phân tích: Although clause followed by complex main clause với relative clause (that are…), sophisticated vocabulary, balanced argument

3. Sample Answer (Band 8+):
   “Despite the high living costs in urban areas, many people continue to move to cities because of the abundant career opportunities and superior facilities that metropolitan areas provide.”

   Phân tích: Combines despite và because of, shows cause-effect relationship, uses academic collocations (abundant opportunities, metropolitan areas)

4. Sample Answer (Band 8):
   “Despite working long hours and experiencing significant stress, many professionals value their jobs highly because career advancement and financial security remain important priorities in modern society.”

   Phân tích: Despite + gerund phrase, followed by because clause explaining reasoning, demonstrates complex thought

5. Sample Answer (Band 9):
   “Although social media platforms have revolutionized how people connect globally, enabling instant communication across vast distances, they have simultaneously created serious addiction problems because excessive use has been linked to mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and reduced self-esteem, particularly among younger users.”

   Phân tích:

   • Highly complex sentence structure
   • Although clause với embedded participial phrase (enabling…)
   • Because clause với passive construction (has been linked)
   • Advanced vocabulary (revolutionized, simultaneously, excessive)
   • Multiple subordination levels
   • Specific examples (anxiety, depression)
   • Clear logical flow from contrast to causation
   • Band 9 features: Sophisticated grammar, natural academic style, nuanced reasoning

Kết Bài

Because và although là hai trong số những subordinating conjunctions quan trọng và frequently used nhất trong IELTS. Mastering these structures là essential không chỉ để đạt Band 7+ mà còn để express ideas một cách logical, coherent và sophisticated trong cả four skills.

Những điểm quan trọng cần nhớ:

✅ BECAUSE giải thích nguyên nhân, lý do (answers “Why?”)

• Formula: Because + clause hoặc Because of + noun phrase
• Emphasizes reasoning và causation
• Essential cho argumentation trong Writing Task 2

✅ ALTHOUGH thể hiện sự tương phản, nhượng bộ

• Formula: Although + clause hoặc Despite/In spite of + noun phrase
• Shows balanced thinking và critical analysis
• Demonstrates sophistication trong presenting contrasting ideas

✅ Common Errors to Avoid:

• NEVER: Because…so / Although…but
• NEVER: Because of + clause / Despite + clause (without “the fact that”)
• ALWAYS: Check comma placement
• ALWAYS: Maintain tense consistency

✅ For Band 8-9:

• Combine with relative clauses, passive voice, perfect tenses
• Use varied positions (clause-initial vs clause-final)
• Integrate naturally into complex and compound-complex sentences
• Employ academic collocations và sophisticated vocabulary

Phương pháp luyện tập hiệu quả:

1. Phân tích Sample Answers:

• Đọc Cambridge IELTS samples
• Highlight tất cả because/although structures
• Analyze tại sao chúng được dùng ở những positions đó
• Notice how they contribute to coherence và argumentation

2. Controlled Practice:

• Start với simple sentence combination exercises
• Progress to paragraph writing với specific topics
• Focus on accuracy trước, fluency sau

3. IELTS-Specific Practice:

• Speaking: Record yourself answering Part 3 questions, deliberately using because/although
• Writing: Write body paragraphs cho different essay types, ensuring 3-5 uses của these conjunctions
• Self-correct using error checklist

4. Feedback và Correction:

• Have teacher/tutor check your usage
• Identify patterns trong your errors
• Create personal error log và review regularly

Đề Luyện Tập

Speaking Topics:

Part 2 – Describe Topics (Aim: Use 4-5 times mỗi conjunction):

1. Describe a difficult choice you had to make

   • Why was it difficult? (because…)
   • What were the conflicting factors? (although…)
   • How did you make the decision? (because…)
   • Would you make the same choice again? (although…because…)

2. Describe a change in your city

   • What changed?
   • Why did it change? (because…)
   • What were the effects? (although…positive/negative)
   • How do people feel about it? (some…because, others…although)

3. Describe a skill you want to develop

   • Why is it important? (because…)
   • What challenges exist? (although…)
   • How will you learn it? (despite challenges, because benefits)

Part 3 – Discussion Questions (Practice complex responses):

1. “Why do some people resist technological change?”
   → Answer should include: because (reasons for resistance), although (acknowledging benefits)

2. “Is work-life balance more important than career success?”
   → Answer should include: balanced argument using both although và because

3. “How has social media changed relationships?”
   → Answer should include: positive/negative aspects với because (explaining causes) và although (showing contrasts)

Writing Task 2 Topics:

Opinion Essays:

1. “Some people believe that in order to reduce crime, criminals should be given longer prison sentences, while others believe that there are better alternative ways to reduce crime. Discuss both views and give your opinion.”

   Requirements:

   • Use because để explain logic của mỗi viewpoint
   • Use although để acknowledge opposing views
   • Minimum 4 instances của mỗi conjunction
   • Include complex sentences combining both

2. “The government should spend money on supporting artists (painters, musicians, poets) or on more important things like healthcare and education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?”

   Requirements:

   • Because clauses explaining importance của mỗi area
   • Although clauses acknowledging competing priorities
   • Demonstrate sophisticated reasoning với multiple subordinate clauses

Discussion Essays:

3. “Some people think environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others believe individuals can make a difference. Discuss both views and give your opinion.”

   Requirements:

   • Each viewpoint explained với clear because clauses
   • Contrasting ideas presented với although
   • Complex argumentation showing both causes và concessions

Problem/Solution Essays:

4. “In many cities, people do not know their neighbors. What are the causes? What solutions can you suggest?”

   Requirements:

   • Causes section: Multiple because clauses explaining reasons
   • Solutions section: Although clauses acknowledging challenges + because clauses justifying proposed solutions

Advantage/Disadvantage Essays:

5. “More and more people work from home. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this trend?”

   Requirements:

   • Advantages explained với because (why they are beneficial)
   • Disadvantages presented, potentially với although (even though advantages exist, disadvantages include…)
   • Balanced analysis showing critical thinking

Self-Assessment Criteria:

Sau khi complete practice exercises, đánh giá theo criteria này:

Accuracy (40%):

• ☐ Correct grammar structure (because + clause, although + clause)
• ☐ No mixing with so/but
• ☐ Correct use of because of / despite
• ☐ Proper comma placement

Range (30%):

• ☐ Multiple uses throughout response (not just once)
• ☐ Varied positions (clause-initial và clause-final)
• ☐ Use of alternatives (though, even though, due to, etc.)
• ☐ Integration with other structures (relatives, passives, etc.)

Appropriacy (20%):

• ☐ Used naturally, không forced
• ☐ Genuinely contributes to meaning/logic
• ☐ Appropriate cho formal/informal context
• ☐ Supports coherence and cohesion

Sophistication (10%):

• ☐ Complex sentences với multiple subordination
• ☐ Academic collocations
• ☐ Demonstrates critical thinking
• ☐ Natural, fluent usage

Target Scores:

• Band 6: 70-79% (accurate basic usage, some range)
• Band 7: 80-89% (consistent accuracy, good range, appropriate use)
• Band 8: 90-95% (sophisticated usage, excellent range, natural integration)
• Band 9: 96-100% (flawless, highly sophisticated, effortless)

Với systematic practice và attention to các principles trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ master được because và although structures, significantly improving your grammatical range và accuracy – two key criteria trong IELTS assessment. Consistency là key: practice daily, self-correct diligently, và gradually increase complexity của your sentences. Good luck với IELTS preparation!