IELTS Reading: Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến mô hình tiêu thụ năng lượng – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tạo ra những thay đổi sâu sắc trong cách con người sản xuất và tiêu thụ năng lượng trên toàn cầu. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Energy Consumption Patterns” là một trong những chủ đề môi trường – năng lượng xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong 5 năm gần đây khi vấn đề biến đổi khí hậu trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu của cộng đồng quốc tế.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng format thi thật, từ mức độ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi thuộc nhiều dạng khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách định vị thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase – hai kỹ năng then chốt để đạt band điểm cao.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, với độ khó tăng dần giúp bạn làm quen với áp lực thời gian và yêu cầu của bài thi thực tế. Hãy chuẩn bị đồng hồ bấm giờ và làm bài trong điều kiện như thi thật để đánh giá chính xác năng lực hiện tại của mình.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đây là bài thi yêu cầu khả năng quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ và kỹ năng đọc hiểu đa dạng. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi tương đối dễ tìm)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần kỹ năng paraphrase tốt)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, yêu cầu phân tích sâu)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian chuyển đáp án riêng như IELTS Listening, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp vào phiếu trả lời trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu chiến lược làm bài khác nhau, vì vậy hãy đọc kỹ instructions trước khi bắt đầu.

Minh họa tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến mô hình tiêu thụ năng lượng toàn cầu cho đề thi IELTS Reading

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Changing Face of Home Energy Use

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change is fundamentally altering the way we consume energy in our homes. As global temperatures continue to rise, households around the world are experiencing dramatic shifts in their energy consumption patterns, with some changes occurring faster than scientists initially predicted. Understanding these transformations is crucial for developing sustainable energy policies and helping families adapt to a warmer world.

One of the most noticeable changes is the increased demand for cooling systems. In many regions that previously required minimal air conditioning, extreme heat waves have made cooling a necessity rather than a luxury. For instance, countries in Northern Europe, traditionally known for their cold climates, have seen a substantial increase in air conditioner sales over the past decade. In the United Kingdom alone, the market for cooling equipment grew by 70% between 2015 and 2020. This trend is particularly concerning because air conditioning units consume significantly more electricity than traditional fans, placing additional strain on power grids during peak summer months.

Conversely, some regions are experiencing reduced heating requirements during winter months. Canada and Scandinavia have reported that average heating seasons have shortened by approximately two weeks over the last twenty years. While this might seem like a positive development from an energy consumption perspective, the reality is more complex. The energy saved during milder winters is often offset by increased summer cooling demands, and in many cases, the net result is higher overall energy consumption. This phenomenon illustrates how climate change creates uneven impacts across different seasons and geographical locations.

The timing of peak energy demand has also shifted dramatically. Historically, most residential areas experienced their highest energy consumption during cold winter evenings when families returned home and turned on heating systems. Now, many regions are seeing dual peaks – one in winter and an increasingly prominent one during hot summer afternoons. This shift presents significant challenges for energy providers, who must ensure their infrastructure can handle these new demand patterns. In Texas, USA, the electric grid has faced multiple crises during extreme heat events, partly because it was designed for a different climate reality.

Another important factor is the change in household energy behavior. Warmer temperatures are extending the hours that families spend outdoors during evenings, potentially reducing indoor electricity use for lighting and entertainment. However, this is counterbalanced by increased use of outdoor lighting systems and pool pumps in areas where swimming pools are becoming more common. Research from Australia shows that households in regions experiencing longer warm seasons have increased their outdoor energy consumption by an average of 25%, primarily for garden lighting, outdoor heating for cooler evenings, and water features.

The impact on appliance efficiency cannot be overlooked. Refrigerators and freezers, which account for a significant portion of household energy use, must work harder to maintain proper temperatures in hotter conditions. Studies indicate that for every degree Celsius increase in ambient temperature, refrigerators consume approximately 3% more energy. In tropical and subtropical regions experiencing rising temperatures, this cumulative effect is substantial. Manufacturers are responding by developing more climate-resilient appliances, but the transition takes time and requires significant consumer investment.

Renewable energy adoption is being driven partly by these changing consumption patterns. Homeowners in increasingly hot regions are installing solar panels not just for environmental reasons, but because they recognize the economic benefit of generating their own electricity during peak cooling demand periods. In California, residential solar installations increased by 40% between 2018 and 2022, with many homeowners citing rising summer electricity bills as a primary motivation. This trend represents a positive feedback loop where climate change drives energy demand, which in turn accelerates the adoption of clean energy solutions.

Finally, there is growing awareness of energy poverty related to climate change. As extreme weather becomes more frequent, low-income families face difficult choices between paying for heating or cooling and other essential needs. In many developing countries, the lack of access to cooling systems during deadly heat waves has become a public health crisis. Governments and international organizations are recognizing that climate adaptation must include ensuring vulnerable populations can access affordable energy solutions for both heating and cooling.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Northern European countries traditionally required extensive air conditioning systems.
2. The UK experienced a 70% growth in cooling equipment sales between 2015 and 2020.
3. Winter heating seasons in Canada have become approximately two weeks shorter over two decades.
4. Energy saved in winter is always greater than energy consumed for summer cooling.
5. Texas has experienced electrical grid problems during periods of extreme heat.
6. All Australian households have increased outdoor energy consumption by exactly 25%.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Climate change is causing __ in household energy consumption patterns globally.
8. Many regions now experience __ in energy demand rather than a single winter peak.
9. Refrigerators consume approximately 3% more energy for each degree increase in __.
10. Low-income families may face __ when unable to afford heating or cooling systems.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what is the main reason for increased solar panel installation in California?

    • A) Environmental concerns
    • B) Government regulations
    • C) Rising summer electricity costs
    • D) Technological improvements

12. What does the passage suggest about energy consumption changes?

    • A) They are uniform across all regions
    • B) They only affect summer months
    • C) They vary by location and season
    • D) They are temporary phenomena

13. The passage indicates that climate-resilient appliances:

    • A) Are immediately available to all consumers
    • B) Require time and investment to become widespread
    • C) Use more energy than traditional appliances
    • D) Are only needed in tropical regions

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PASSAGE 2 – Industrial and Commercial Responses to Climate-Driven Energy Shifts

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The ramifications of climate change extend far beyond residential energy consumption, profoundly affecting how industries and commercial enterprises manage their energy needs. As temperature patterns become increasingly volatile and extreme weather events more frequent, businesses are being compelled to recalibrate their energy strategies, often investing substantial resources in infrastructure upgrades and operational modifications. This transformation is not merely a response to environmental pressures but also a pragmatic adaptation to the economic realities of a changing climate.

Manufacturing sectors, particularly those requiring temperature-sensitive processes, are experiencing some of the most significant challenges. The pharmaceutical industry provides a compelling case study. Drug manufacturing demands stringent temperature controls throughout production and storage, with many compounds requiring environments maintained within narrow temperature ranges. As ambient temperatures rise and become less predictable, pharmaceutical companies have reported a 15-30% increase in cooling-related energy costs over the past decade. Some facilities in traditionally temperate regions have had to install supplementary cooling systems that were never part of their original design specifications. The financial burden is substantial: a medium-sized pharmaceutical plant in Germany recently spent €3.2 million upgrading its climate control infrastructure to cope with increasingly frequent heat waves.

The agricultural sector presents a different set of complexities. Greenhouse operations, which provide year-round crop production, are particularly vulnerable to climate-induced energy fluctuations. In the Netherlands, the world’s second-largest agricultural exporter despite its small size, greenhouse farming is a cornerstone of the economy. These facilities traditionally relied on natural gas for heating during cold months, but changing climate patterns have altered this calculus. While heating demands have decreased slightly, the need for cooling during unexpectedly hot periods has increased dramatically. Dutch agricultural researchers have found that net energy consumption in greenhouses has actually increased by 8% since 2010, contrary to initial predictions that warmer temperatures would reduce energy needs. This counterintuitive result stems from the crops’ sensitivity to heat stress, which requires active cooling to prevent damage.

The data center industry, already a prodigious consumer of energy, faces mounting pressures as climate change intensifies. These facilities, which house the servers powering our digital world, generate enormous amounts of heat and require constant cooling to prevent equipment failure. A typical large data center consumes as much electricity as a small city, with cooling systems accounting for approximately 40% of total energy use. Rising ambient temperatures directly translate to increased cooling demands. In Singapore, where many major tech companies have established data centers due to favorable business conditions, operators report that cooling efficiency has declined by 12% since 2015 as average temperatures have risen. This has spurred innovation in cooling technologies, including the use of seawater cooling systems and artificial intelligence algorithms that optimize cooling patterns based on real-time temperature data and weather predictions.

The commercial real estate sector is undergoing a fundamental reassessment of building design and energy systems. Office buildings constructed even fifteen years ago were designed for climate conditions that no longer exist. Building managers are discovering that HVAC systems (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) sized for historical temperature ranges are inadequate for current conditions. A comprehensive study of commercial buildings in Sydney, Australia, found that 68% of structures built before 2010 now experience at least ten days per year when their cooling systems cannot maintain comfortable internal temperatures during heat waves. This has created a new category of “climate obsolescence” in real estate, where buildings lose value not because they are physically deteriorating but because their energy systems cannot cope with current climate realities.

Predictive modeling is becoming essential for businesses planning long-term energy investments. Companies are no longer relying solely on historical climate data but are incorporating climate projections into their decision-making processes. The insurance industry, always sensitive to risk assessment, has been a leader in this area. Actuarial models now routinely include climate change scenarios when evaluating commercial properties and calculating premiums. Buildings with inadequate climate adaptation measures face higher insurance costs, creating a financial incentive for building owners to invest in upgraded energy systems. This represents a significant shift from viewing climate adaptation as an environmental issue to recognizing it as a core business consideration affecting asset valuation and operational costs.

The hospitality industry illustrates how changing energy patterns affect consumer-facing businesses. Hotels in traditionally popular tourist destinations are experiencing unprecedented energy costs as they struggle to maintain guest comfort during extreme weather. The Mediterranean region, which attracts millions of tourists annually, has seen summer temperatures that regularly exceed 40°C in recent years. Hotels that once operated without air conditioning, relying on architectural features like thick walls and strategic ventilation, are now installing expensive cooling systems to meet guest expectations. This adds substantial operating costs precisely when many businesses are still recovering from other economic challenges. Some forward-thinking operators are turning this challenge into an opportunity by investing in renewable energy systems and marketing themselves as sustainable destinations, thereby offsetting some energy costs while appealing to environmentally conscious travelers.

Retail businesses face unique challenges related to merchandise preservation. Grocery stores, in particular, must maintain cold chain integrity for perishable goods, and rising ambient temperatures increase the energy required for refrigeration. A longitudinal study of supermarkets across Spain revealed that energy consumption for refrigeration increased by an average of 18% between 2012 and 2022, with the most significant increases occurring in coastal regions experiencing rising temperatures and humidity. This has prompted many retailers to invest in more efficient refrigeration technologies and to redesign store layouts to minimize the thermal load on cooling systems. Some innovative retailers are installing waste heat recovery systems that capture excess heat from refrigeration units and use it for space heating or hot water, thereby improving overall energy efficiency.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the passage, pharmaceutical manufacturers have experienced:

    • A) A decrease in cooling costs due to better technology
    • B) A 15-30% increase in cooling expenses in ten years
    • C) No significant changes in temperature control requirements
    • D) A complete redesign of all production facilities

15. The passage indicates that Dutch greenhouse energy consumption:

    • A) Decreased as predicted due to warmer temperatures
    • B) Remained stable over the past decade
    • C) Increased by 8% contrary to expectations
    • D) Fluctuates seasonally without clear trends

16. What proportion of a data center’s energy typically goes to cooling?

    • A) About 12%
    • B) Approximately 25%
    • C) Around 40%
    • D) More than 50%

17. The term “climate obsolescence” refers to:

    • A) Buildings physically deteriorating due to weather
    • B) Outdated environmental regulations
    • C) Energy systems inadequate for current climate
    • D) Old construction techniques

18. Mediterranean hotels are installing air conditioning primarily because:

    • A) Government regulations require it
    • B) Traditional architectural features have failed
    • C) Guest expectations demand comfortable temperatures
    • D) It reduces overall operating costs

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate change is forcing businesses to modify their energy strategies significantly. In Sydney, Australia, research found that 68% of commercial buildings constructed before 2010 cannot maintain comfortable temperatures for at least 19. __ annually during extreme heat. The insurance industry now uses 20. __ that incorporate climate change when assessing properties, which has made climate adaptation a core 21. __. Spanish supermarkets have seen refrigeration energy use increase by 18% over a decade, leading some retailers to implement 22. __ systems that reuse excess heat from cooling units. Companies are now using 23. __ rather than only historical data when planning energy investments.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. The pharmaceutical industry’s temperature control challenges are among the most severe impacts of climate change on manufacturing.
25. All data centers should be relocated to cooler climates to reduce energy consumption.
26. The hospitality industry’s energy challenges could be transformed into marketing opportunities through sustainable practices.

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PASSAGE 3 – Systemic Transformations: Energy Grids and Policy Frameworks in a Warming World

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The multifaceted relationship between climate change and energy consumption patterns extends beyond individual households and businesses to encompass entire energy systems and the regulatory frameworks governing them. As anthropogenic climate change intensifies, energy grids worldwide face unprecedented challenges that threaten their stability and reliability. The synchronous occurrence of extreme weather events and peak demand periods creates conditions that strain infrastructure designed for climate patterns that no longer exist. Understanding these systemic vulnerabilities and developing appropriate policy responses represents one of the most critical imperatives facing governments and energy sector stakeholders in the twenty-first century.

The phenomenon of compound climate events – situations where multiple weather extremes occur simultaneously or in rapid succession – poses particularly acute risks to energy infrastructure. Consider the circumstances that unfolded in Texas during February 2021, when an unusual polar vortex brought frigid temperatures to a state whose energy infrastructure was primarily designed to handle cooling rather than heating demands. Natural gas production facilities froze, wind turbines iced over, and the electricity grid came within minutes of a catastrophic collapse that could have taken months to repair. An estimated 4.5 million households lost power, some for several days, resulting in over 200 deaths and economic losses exceeding $130 billion. This event was not an isolated anomaly but rather an example of how climate change is increasing the frequency of tail-risk events – statistically improbable situations with devastating consequences. Probabilistic models suggest that weather events previously expected once per century may now occur every 10-15 years, fundamentally altering the risk calculus for energy infrastructure planning.

The concept of “thermal efficiency degradation” in power generation facilities represents another underappreciated dimension of climate change impacts on energy systems. Thermal power plants, whether powered by fossil fuels or nuclear energy, rely on temperature differentials to operate efficiently. These facilities require substantial amounts of water for cooling, and as ambient air and water temperatures rise, their efficiency declines. Research conducted across European power stations has demonstrated that for every 1°C increase in cooling water temperature, thermal power plant efficiency decreases by approximately 0.5%. During the exceptional heat wave that struck Europe in summer 2022, when temperatures exceeded 40°C in regions unaccustomed to such extremes, several nuclear power plants in France were forced to curtail operations because river water used for cooling had become too warm, both threatening operational efficiency and risking ecological damage to aquatic ecosystems. This operational paradox – where the hottest weather simultaneously increases electricity demand for cooling while reducing power generation capacity – creates potentially catastrophic mismatches between supply and demand.

Hydroelectric power generation, often promoted as a clean energy alternative, faces its own climate-related challenges. Changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation rates are altering water availability in reservoir systems. California’s hydroelectric output, which typically provides approximately 15% of the state’s electricity, declined by 48% during the 2012-2016 drought period. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that regions dependent on glacial meltwater for hydroelectric generation will experience initial increases in water availability as glaciers melt, followed by dramatic decreases as these ice reserves are depleted – a phenomenon termed the “glacier melt-recharge paradox.” Countries like Nepal, Peru, and Switzerland, which derive substantial portions of their electricity from hydropower fed by glacial meltwater, face potentially severe energy security implications within coming decades.

The integration of renewable energy sources, while essential for climate mitigation, introduces additional complexities to grid management in a changing climate. Solar and wind power are inherently intermittent, producing electricity only when weather conditions are favorable. Climate change is affecting the reliability and predictability of these resources. Wind patterns are shifting, with some traditionally windy regions experiencing decreased wind speeds while others see increases. A comprehensive analysis of wind resources across the continental United States projects that climate change will alter wind power potential by -15% to +22% across different regions by 2050, creating geographic disparities in renewable energy viability. Solar power faces challenges from increased cloud cover in some regions and more frequent dust storms in others, both reducing photovoltaic efficiency. Perhaps most concerning are the effects of extreme heat on solar panels themselves: photovoltaic cells lose approximately 0.5% efficiency for each degree Celsius above 25°C, meaning that the hottest, sunniest days – when solar generation should theoretically be optimal – may actually see reduced output.

Energy storage technologies represent a critical enabler for grid stability in this volatile context, yet they too are not immune to climate impacts. Lithium-ion batteries, the dominant technology for grid-scale energy storage, experience accelerated degradation at elevated temperatures. Performance studies indicate that battery lifespan decreases by approximately 20% when operating temperatures increase from 25°C to 35°C. As climate change pushes temperatures higher in regions deploying these technologies, the economic viability and operational reliability of battery storage systems may be compromised. This creates a troubling feedback loop: climate change increases the need for energy storage to balance renewable supply fluctuations and demand peaks, but simultaneously reduces the effectiveness of the primary storage technology.

Policy frameworks struggle to keep pace with these rapidly evolving challenges. Traditional energy regulation developed during periods of relatively stable climate conditions and operated on planning horizons of 30-50 years for major infrastructure investments. These timeframes are increasingly untenable when climate projections suggest substantial changes within decades. Regulatory structures in most jurisdictions incentivize reliability and cost minimization but lack mechanisms to adequately account for climate adaptation and resilience building. The concept of “adaptive management” – regulatory frameworks that are explicitly designed to evolve in response to changing conditions – is gaining traction among energy policy scholars. Denmark and Germany have pioneered iterative policy approaches that regularly reassess energy infrastructure requirements based on updated climate projections and technological capabilities. These models involve stakeholder collaboration across government, industry, and civil society to develop flexible pathways rather than rigid long-term plans.

Economic instruments such as carbon pricing and renewable energy subsidies are being recognized as insufficient without complementary measures addressing climate adaptation in energy systems. A paradigm shift is occurring toward “climate-resilient energy transitions” that simultaneously pursue decarbonization and adaptation objectives. This approach recognizes that renewable energy systems must be designed not just to reduce emissions but to function reliably under future climate conditions. The International Energy Agency has proposed a framework of “climate-responsive grid architecture” incorporating redundancy, distributed generation, demand-side flexibility, and advanced forecasting capabilities. Implementation costs are substantial – estimates suggest that adapting global energy infrastructure to climate change will require investments exceeding $2 trillion by 2040 – yet these expenditures must be weighed against the astronomical costs of energy system failures during extreme weather events.

The geopolitical dimensions of climate-altered energy consumption patterns deserve mention. As different regions experience divergent climate impacts, international energy markets and trade flows will shift accordingly. Nations traditionally exporting energy may find their domestic consumption rising, reducing surplus capacity for export. Conversely, regions developing strong renewable energy sectors may transition from importers to exporters. The Arctic region, paradoxically, may experience reduced heating demands while becoming more accessible for resource extraction as ice coverage diminishes, creating new energy supply routes. These shifts will reconfigure traditional energy security relationships and potentially create new sources of international tension or cooperation.

Questions 27-31

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

27. The Texas winter storm of 2021 is an example of how climate change increases the frequency of __ with devastating impacts.
28. Thermal power plants lose approximately 0.5% efficiency for every 1°C increase in __.
29. California’s hydroelectric output fell by 48% during the __ from 2012 to 2016.
30. The “glacier melt-recharge paradox” describes initial water increases followed by decreases as __ are exhausted.
31. Denmark and Germany have developed __ that regularly update energy infrastructure requirements.

Questions 32-36

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 3?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

32. The Texas power crisis of February 2021 resulted in over 200 deaths and more than $130 billion in economic losses.
33. All European countries have reduced their reliance on nuclear power due to cooling water temperature issues.
34. Solar panels typically lose 0.5% efficiency for each degree Celsius above 25°C.
35. Lithium-ion battery lifespan decreases by approximately 20% when operating temperature rises from 25°C to 35°C.
36. All nations have successfully implemented adaptive management frameworks for energy regulation.

Questions 37-40

Choose FOUR letters, A-H.

Which FOUR of the following are mentioned in the passage as challenges facing renewable energy systems under climate change?

A) Changes in wind patterns affecting power generation potential
B) Increased government subsidies for renewable technology
C) Reduced efficiency of solar panels during extreme heat
D) Public opposition to renewable energy projects
E) Effects of increased cloud cover and dust storms on solar power
F) Competition from fossil fuel industries
G) Accelerated degradation of battery storage at high temperatures
H) Lack of trained workers in the renewable sector

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. dramatic shifts
8. dual peaks
9. ambient temperature
10. energy poverty
11. C
12. C
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. C
17. C
18. C
19. ten days
20. actuarial models
21. business consideration
22. waste heat recovery
23. climate projections
24. YES
25. NOT GIVEN
26. YES

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. tail-risk events
28. cooling water temperature
29. drought period
30. ice reserves
31. iterative policy approaches
32. TRUE
33. NOT GIVEN
34. TRUE
35. TRUE
36. FALSE
    37-40. A, C, E, G (in any order)

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Northern European countries, traditionally, extensive air conditioning
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “countries in Northern Europe, traditionally known for their cold climates” và các quốc gia này trước đây “required minimal air conditioning” chứ không phải “extensive air conditioning systems”. Câu hỏi mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với thông tin trong bài nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: UK, 70% growth, cooling equipment, 2015-2020
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “In the United Kingdom alone, the market for cooling equipment grew by 70% between 2015 and 2020”, khớp chính xác với thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Canada, heating seasons, two weeks shorter, two decades
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Thông tin “Canada and Scandinavia have reported that average heating seasons have shortened by approximately two weeks over the last twenty years” khớp với câu hỏi. “Two decades” là paraphrase của “twenty years”.

Câu 4: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: energy saved, winter, always greater, summer cooling
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “the energy saved during milder winters is often offset by increased summer cooling demands”, nghĩa là năng lượng tiết kiệm được KHÔNG phải lúc nào cũng nhiều hơn. Từ “always” trong câu hỏi làm cho câu trở thành sai.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Texas, electrical grid problems, extreme heat
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “In Texas, USA, the electric grid has faced multiple crises during extreme heat events” xác nhận thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 10: energy poverty

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: low-income families, unable to afford heating or cooling
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “low-income families face difficult choices between paying for heating or cooling and other essential needs” liên quan trực tiếp đến khái niệm “energy poverty” được nhắc đến ngay đầu đoạn văn.

Hệ thống điện lưới thông minh ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu trong bài thi IELTS Reading về năng lượng

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: pharmaceutical manufacturers, cooling costs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “pharmaceutical companies have reported a 15-30% increase in cooling-related energy costs over the past decade”. Đây là thông tin trực tiếp và chính xác nhất.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Dutch greenhouse, energy consumption
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: “Dutch agricultural researchers have found that net energy consumption in greenhouses has actually increased by 8% since 2010, contrary to initial predictions”. Từ “contrary to initial predictions” cho thấy đây là kết quả bất ngờ, khớp với lựa chọn C.

Câu 19: ten days

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Sydney, 68%, buildings before 2010, cannot maintain comfortable temperatures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “68% of structures built before 2010 now experience at least ten days per year when their cooling systems cannot maintain comfortable internal temperatures during heat waves.”

Câu 20: actuarial models

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: insurance industry, incorporate climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Actuarial models now routinely include climate change scenarios when evaluating commercial properties and calculating premiums.”

Câu 26: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: hospitality industry, challenges, marketing opportunities, sustainable practices
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Tác giả viết “Some forward-thinking operators are turning this challenge into an opportunity by investing in renewable energy systems and marketing themselves as sustainable destinations”, cho thấy tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: tail-risk events

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (3 words)
• Từ khóa: Texas winter storm 2021, climate change increases frequency, devastating impacts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 8-9
• Giải thích: “This event was not an isolated anomaly but rather an example of how climate change is increasing the frequency of tail-risk events – statistically improbable situations with devastating consequences.”

Câu 28: cooling water temperature

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion (3 words)
• Từ khóa: thermal power plants, lose 0.5% efficiency, 1°C increase
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “for every 1°C increase in cooling water temperature, thermal power plant efficiency decreases by approximately 0.5%”

Câu 32: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Texas power crisis, February 2021, 200 deaths, $130 billion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “resulting in over 200 deaths and economic losses exceeding $130 billion” – thông tin khớp chính xác.

Câu 36: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all nations, successfully implemented, adaptive management frameworks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “Denmark and Germany have pioneered iterative policy approaches” chứ không nói TẤT CẢ các quốc gia đều thực hiện thành công. Từ “all nations” làm cho câu sai.

Câu 37-40: A, C, E, G

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple selection
• Giải thích:
  • A (TRUE): Đoạn 5 đề cập “Wind patterns are shifting, with some traditionally windy regions experiencing decreased wind speeds”
  • C (TRUE): Đoạn 5 nói “photovoltaic cells lose approximately 0.5% efficiency for each degree Celsius above 25°C”
  • E (TRUE): Đoạn 5 đề cập “increased cloud cover in some regions and more frequent dust storms in others, both reducing photovoltaic efficiency”
  • G (TRUE): Đoạn 6 nêu “Lithium-ion batteries…experience accelerated degradation at elevated temperatures”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
dramatic shifts	noun phrase	/drəˈmætɪk ʃɪfts/	những thay đổi đáng kể	households…experiencing dramatic shifts in their energy consumption	dramatic change/increase/decrease
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững	developing sustainable energy policies	sustainable development/growth/energy
substantial	adj	/səbˈstænʃəl/	đáng kể, lớn	a substantial increase in air conditioner sales	substantial evidence/amount/difference
offset	verb	/ˈɒfset/	bù đắp, cân bằng	energy saved…is often offset by increased demand	offset costs/losses/emissions
peak demand	noun phrase	/piːk dɪˈmɑːnd/	nhu cầu đỉnh điểm	timing of peak energy demand has shifted	peak time/hours/season
cumulative effect	noun phrase	/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv ɪˈfekt/	tác động tích lũy	this cumulative effect is substantial	cumulative impact/result/total
climate-resilient	adj	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliənt/	có khả năng chống chịu khí hậu	developing more climate-resilient appliances	resilient infrastructure/system/community
renewable energy	noun phrase	/rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/	năng lượng tái tạo	adoption of renewable energy	renewable sources/resources/power
solar panels	noun phrase	/ˈsəʊlə ˈpænlz/	tấm pin mặt trời	homeowners are installing solar panels	install/mount solar panels
energy poverty	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˈpɒvəti/	nghèo năng lượng	growing awareness of energy poverty	address/tackle/combat energy poverty
public health crisis	noun phrase	/ˈpʌblɪk helθ ˈkraɪsɪs/	khủng hoảng sức khỏe cộng đồng	has become a public health crisis	face/trigger/cause a crisis
clean energy solutions	noun phrase	/kliːn ˈenədʒi səˈluːʃənz/	giải pháp năng lượng sạch	access to clean energy solutions	develop/implement/adopt solutions

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ramifications	noun	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz/	hậu quả, tác động	ramifications of climate change extend far beyond	serious/significant ramifications
volatile	adj	/ˈvɒlətaɪl/	bất ổn, biến động	temperature patterns become increasingly volatile	volatile market/situation/conditions
recalibrate	verb	/ˌriːˈkælɪbreɪt/	hiệu chỉnh lại, điều chỉnh lại	businesses are compelled to recalibrate strategies	recalibrate expectations/approach/strategy
pragmatic adaptation	noun phrase	/præɡˈmætɪk ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/	sự thích ứng thực tế	pragmatic adaptation to economic realities	pragmatic approach/solution/response
stringent	adj	/ˈstrɪndʒənt/	nghiêm ngặt	drug manufacturing demands stringent controls	stringent requirements/regulations/standards
counterintuitive	adj	/ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/	trái với trực giác	this counterintuitive result stems from	counterintuitive finding/result/conclusion
prodigious consumer	noun phrase	/prəˈdɪdʒəs kənˈsjuːmə/	người/vật tiêu thụ khổng lồ	data center industry, already a prodigious consumer	prodigious amount/quantity/appetite
mounting pressures	noun phrase	/ˈmaʊntɪŋ ˈpreʃəz/	áp lực ngày càng tăng	faces mounting pressures as climate change intensifies	mounting concerns/tension/evidence
HVAC systems	noun phrase	/eɪtʃ viː eɪ siː ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống sưởi, thông gió và điều hòa	HVAC systems sized for historical temperatures	install/upgrade/maintain HVAC systems
actuarial models	noun phrase	/ˌæktʃuˈeəriəl ˈmɒdlz/	mô hình bảo hiểm thống kê	actuarial models now include climate scenarios	develop/use/apply actuarial models
asset valuation	noun phrase	/ˈæset ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/	định giá tài sản	core business consideration affecting asset valuation	property/asset/business valuation
cold chain integrity	noun phrase	/kəʊld tʃeɪn ɪnˈteɡrəti/	tính toàn vẹn chuỗi lạnh	must maintain cold chain integrity	preserve/ensure/maintain integrity
thermal load	noun phrase	/ˈθɜːməl ləʊd/	tải nhiệt	minimize the thermal load on cooling systems	reduce/manage/calculate thermal load
longitudinal study	noun phrase	/ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪnəl ˈstʌdi/	nghiên cứu dọc	a longitudinal study of supermarkets across Spain	conduct/perform a longitudinal study
waste heat recovery	noun phrase	/weɪst hiːt rɪˈkʌvəri/	thu hồi nhiệt thải	installing waste heat recovery systems	implement/use waste heat recovery

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted relationship	noun phrase	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/	mối quan hệ nhiều mặt	multifaceted relationship between climate and energy	complex/multifaceted/intricate relationship
synchronous occurrence	noun phrase	/ˈsɪŋkrənəs əˈkʌrəns/	sự xảy ra đồng thời	synchronous occurrence of extreme weather events	simultaneous/concurrent occurrence
systemic vulnerabilities	noun phrase	/sɪˈstemɪk ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪlətiz/	các điểm yếu hệ thống	understanding these systemic vulnerabilities	identify/address systemic vulnerabilities
compound climate events	noun phrase	/ˈkɒmpaʊnd ˈklaɪmət ɪˈvents/	các hiện tượng khí hậu kép	compound events pose acute risks	multiple/compound/cascading events
catastrophic collapse	noun phrase	/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk kəˈlæps/	sự sụp đổ thảm khốc	within minutes of catastrophic collapse	total/complete/catastrophic collapse
tail-risk events	noun phrase	/teɪl rɪsk ɪˈvents/	các sự kiện rủi ro cực đoan	increasing frequency of tail-risk events	rare/extreme tail-risk events
probabilistic models	noun phrase	/ˌprɒbəbɪˈlɪstɪk ˈmɒdlz/	mô hình xác suất	probabilistic models suggest that events	develop/use probabilistic models
thermal efficiency degradation	noun phrase	/ˈθɜːməl ɪˈfɪʃənsi ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/	sự suy giảm hiệu suất nhiệt	thermal efficiency degradation in power plants	prevent/reduce/minimize degradation
curtail operations	verb phrase	/kɜːˈteɪl ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənz/	cắt giảm hoạt động	were forced to curtail operations	curtail activities/production/services
operational paradox	noun phrase	/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənəl ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý vận hành	this operational paradox creates mismatches	inherent/fundamental paradox
glacial meltwater	noun phrase	/ˈɡleɪʃəl ˈmeltwɔːtə/	nước tan băng	regions dependent on glacial meltwater	glacial retreat/melting/runoff
intermittent	adj	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/	gián đoạn	solar and wind power are inherently intermittent	intermittent supply/power/connection
photovoltaic efficiency	noun phrase	/ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/	hiệu suất quang điện	reducing photovoltaic efficiency	improve/maximize/enhance efficiency
accelerated degradation	noun phrase	/əkˌseləreɪtɪd ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/	sự thoái hóa nhanh chóng	batteries experience accelerated degradation	rapid/accelerated/premature degradation
adaptive management	noun phrase	/əˈdæptɪv ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý thích ứng	concept of adaptive management is gaining traction	implement/adopt adaptive management
iterative policy approaches	noun phrase	/ˈɪtərətɪv ˈpɒləsi əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	các cách tiếp cận chính sách lặp lại	have pioneered iterative policy approaches	develop/implement iterative approaches
decarbonization	noun	/diːˌkɑːbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/	phi carbon hóa	simultaneously pursue decarbonization objectives	achieve/accelerate decarbonization
demand-side flexibility	noun phrase	/dɪˈmɑːnd saɪd ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/	tính linh hoạt phía cầu	incorporating demand-side flexibility	enhance/provide/increase flexibility

Hệ thống năng lượng tái tạo tương lai thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu trong IELTS Reading Test

Kết bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on energy consumption patterns” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một vấn đề cấp thiết của thế giới đương đại. Qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được tiếp cận với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ những thay đổi cơ bản trong tiêu thụ năng lượng hộ gia đình đến các phản ứng phức tạp của công nghiệp và thương mại, cho đến những chuyển đổi mang tính hệ thống trong lưới điện và khung chính sách.

Ba passages tổng cộng hơn 2,500 từ đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm học tập toàn diện với 40 câu hỏi thuộc 7 dạng khác nhau – chính xác như những gì bạn sẽ gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế. Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo không chỉ cho bạn biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng tại sao đó là đáp án, vị trí thông tin trong bài, và cách paraphrase được sử dụng giữa câu hỏi và passage.

Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với hơn 40 từ và cụm từ quan trọng sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt trong lĩnh vực năng lượng và môi trường – một chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên không chỉ trong Reading mà còn trong Writing Task 2 và Speaking Part 3.

Hãy lưu lại bài viết này để ôn tập thường xuyên. Mỗi lần làm lại, bạn sẽ phát hiện thêm những chi tiết mới và củng cố kỹ năng đọc hiểu của mình. Đừng quên áp dụng các kỹ thuật làm bài như scanning, skimming, và keyword identification mà chúng tôi đã nhấn mạnh xuyên suốt bài giải thích. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!