IELTS Reading: Năng Lượng Tái Tạo Và Địa Chính Trị – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và tác động địa chính trị của nó là một trong những đề tài xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt từ năm 2018 đến nay. Với sự chuyển đổi năng lượng toàn cầu đang diễn ra mạnh mẽ, chủ đề “How Does Renewable Energy Adoption Impact The Geopolitical Landscape?” không chỉ có tính thời sự cao mà còn yêu cầu người học hiểu biết về nhiều khía cạnh: kinh tế, chính trị quốc tế, công nghệ và môi trường.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Mỗi passage được thiết kế dựa trên cấu trúc của các đề thi Cambridge IELTS thực tế, bao gồm đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất. Bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích tỉ mỉ, giúp hiểu rõ cách paraphrase và xác định thông tin trong bài đọc. Ngoài ra, bộ từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang hướng tới band 6.5-7.5. Hãy dành đủ 60 phút để hoàn thành bài test trong điều kiện tương tự kỳ thi thật nhé!

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading test là một trong bốn phần thi quan trọng, kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai. Điểm số thô (raw score) sau đó được quy đổi thành band score từ 0-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là passage dễ nhất, hãy tận dụng để “ghi điểm” càng nhiều càng tốt
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ khó tăng lên, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage khó nhất, yêu cầu phân tích sâu và từ vựng học thuật cao

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thời gian riêng cho việc chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet. Do đó, nên chuyển đáp án ngay sau khi hoàn thành mỗi passage để tránh thiếu thời gian ở cuối bài thi.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: skimming, scanning, đọc hiểu chi tiết, hoặc suy luận logic. Việc làm quen với tất cả các dạng này là chìa khóa để đạt band điểm cao.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Solar Energy in Developing Nations

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Over the past decade, solar energy has emerged as a transformative force in developing nations across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Unlike traditional energy sources such as coal or natural gas, which require extensive infrastructure and significant capital investment, solar technology offers a more accessible and scalable solution for communities lacking reliable electricity. According to the International Energy Agency, approximately 770 million people worldwide still live without access to electricity, with the majority residing in sub-Saharan Africa and rural parts of South Asia.

The appeal of solar energy in these regions stems from several factors. First, the cost of photovoltaic panels has declined dramatically over the past fifteen years, falling by more than 80% since 2010. This price reduction has made solar installations economically viable even for low-income households. Second, many developing countries are located in sun-rich geographical zones near the equator, where solar radiation is abundant throughout the year. Countries like Kenya, Bangladesh, and Peru receive an average of 5-7 hours of peak sunlight daily, making them ideal candidates for solar energy adoption.

Off-grid solar systems, particularly solar home systems (SHS), have become increasingly popular. These compact units typically include a solar panel, a battery for energy storage, LED lights, and outlets for charging mobile phones. Companies like M-KOPA in Kenya and d.light in India have pioneered pay-as-you-go financing models, allowing families to purchase solar systems through affordable daily or weekly payments via mobile money platforms. This innovation has removed the barrier of upfront costs that previously prevented many households from accessing clean energy.

The impact of solar energy adoption extends beyond mere illumination. Studies conducted in rural Kenya found that households with solar lighting experienced a 20% increase in children’s study time compared to those relying on kerosene lamps. Furthermore, the elimination of kerosene lamps has significant health benefits, as indoor air pollution from burning kerosene is linked to respiratory diseases, particularly among women and children who spend more time indoors. The World Health Organization estimates that exposure to kerosene smoke causes approximately 3.8 million premature deaths annually worldwide.

Economic opportunities have also expanded with solar energy access. Small businesses can extend their operating hours into the evening, increasing productivity and revenue. In Bangladesh, the Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) has facilitated the installation of over 6 million solar home systems since 2003, creating a new sector of employment for installation technicians, maintenance workers, and sales agents. This job creation has been particularly beneficial in rural areas where employment opportunities are limited.

However, challenges remain in scaling up solar energy adoption. The quality of solar products varies significantly, with some low-cost systems failing within a few years of installation. This has led to consumer distrust and reluctance to invest in solar technology. To address this issue, organizations like the Global Off-Grid Lighting Association have developed quality assurance standards and certification programs. The Lighting Global program, supported by the World Bank, tests and certifies solar products to ensure they meet minimum performance standards.

Another obstacle is the lack of after-sales service and technical support. When solar systems malfunction, users in remote areas often have no access to repair services, rendering their investment useless. Some companies have responded by training local technicians and establishing regional service centers. In Tanzania, the social enterprise JUMEME employs village-based agents who provide ongoing maintenance and customer support, ensuring the longevity of solar installations.

Government policies play a crucial role in accelerating solar energy adoption. Several countries have introduced tax exemptions on solar equipment imports and provided subsidies for rural electrification programs. Rwanda’s government, for instance, has set an ambitious target to achieve universal electricity access by 2024, with solar energy playing a central role in this strategy. The government has partnered with private sector companies to deploy solar mini-grids in remote villages, combining public resources with private sector efficiency.

Despite these advances, the transition to solar energy in developing nations faces competition from grid extension projects. Some experts argue that connecting rural communities to the national electricity grid may be more sustainable in the long term, as it provides access to unlimited power rather than the limited capacity of solar home systems. However, grid extension is expensive and time-consuming, often taking decades to reach remote areas. Solar energy offers an immediate solution that can be deployed rapidly and incrementally expanded as communities’ energy needs grow.

Looking ahead, the continued decline in battery storage costs and improvements in solar panel efficiency promise to make renewable energy even more attractive for developing nations. Innovations such as solar-powered irrigation systems and solar water pumps are already helping farmers increase crop yields and improve food security. As solar technology becomes more sophisticated and affordable, its role in reducing energy poverty and fostering economic development in the world’s poorest regions will only continue to expand.

Gia đình sử dụng hệ thống năng lượng mặt trời tại vùng nông thôn châu Phi

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main advantage of solar energy over traditional energy sources for developing nations?
A. It produces more electricity
B. It requires less infrastructure investment
C. It is completely free to install
D. It works better in cold climates

2. The cost of photovoltaic panels has:
A. remained stable since 2010
B. increased by 80% since 2010
C. decreased by more than 80% since 2010
D. become too expensive for most households

3. What innovation has made solar systems more accessible to low-income families?
A. Free government distribution
B. Pay-as-you-go financing models
C. International aid programs
D. Mandatory installation laws

4. According to the passage, solar lighting in Kenyan households led to:
A. a 20% increase in children’s study time
B. a 20% decrease in electricity bills
C. a 20% improvement in children’s health
D. a 20% rise in household income

5. The passage suggests that grid extension projects are:
A. always superior to solar energy
B. cheaper than solar installations
C. expensive and time-consuming
D. preferred by all rural communities

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Most people without electricity access live in sub-Saharan Africa and rural South Asia.

7. Solar home systems can only provide lighting and cannot charge electronic devices.

8. The World Health Organization links kerosene smoke to respiratory diseases.

9. All solar products sold in developing countries meet international quality standards.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. In Bangladesh, the IDCOL program has created new jobs for installation technicians, maintenance workers, and __.

11. The Lighting Global program is supported by __ and certifies solar products.

12. In Tanzania, JUMEME employs __ who provide maintenance and support.

13. Rwanda’s government aims to achieve __ by 2024.

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PASSAGE 2 – Energy Independence and Shifting Power Dynamics

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The global transition toward renewable energy is fundamentally reshaping geopolitical relationships that have been dominated by fossil fuel dependencies for over a century. Historically, nations rich in oil and natural gas reserves, particularly those in the Middle East, Russia, and Venezuela, have wielded considerable political leverage over energy-importing countries. This dynamic has influenced international diplomacy, military interventions, and economic policies. However, as wind, solar, and other renewable technologies mature and become economically competitive, the traditional energy paradigm is undergoing a profound transformation.

Energy security, long defined as ensuring stable access to fossil fuel supplies, is being reconceptualized in the context of renewable energy. Unlike oil or gas, which must be extracted from specific geographical locations and transported across borders, renewable energy sources are geographically distributed and can be harnessed locally. This decentralization of energy production diminishes the strategic importance of controlling fossil fuel reserves and reduces the vulnerability of nations to supply disruptions caused by geopolitical tensions or conflicts. Countries that were once entirely dependent on energy imports can now pursue energy self-sufficiency through domestic renewable energy development.

The European Union’s experience illustrates this shift particularly well. For decades, EU member states relied heavily on Russian natural gas imports, creating a situation of asymmetric interdependence where Russia could exert political pressure by threatening to reduce supplies. The annexation of Crimea in 2014 and subsequent tensions highlighted the strategic vulnerability inherent in this dependency. In response, the EU has accelerated its renewable energy transition, setting ambitious targets to generate 32% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) policy exemplifies this approach, with renewable energy now accounting for over 40% of the country’s electricity generation. This transformation is gradually reducing European dependence on Russian gas and diminishing Moscow’s geopolitical leverage.

However, the renewable energy transition creates new forms of dependency and potential geopolitical friction. The manufacturing of solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries requires rare earth elements and other critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and neodymium. Currently, China dominates the global supply chain for these materials, controlling approximately 70% of rare earth production and refining capacity. Furthermore, China has established a commanding position in renewable energy manufacturing, producing over 70% of the world’s solar panels. This concentration of production capacity grants China significant strategic influence in the emerging renewable energy economy, potentially replacing the Middle East’s oil dominance with a new form of resource dependency.

The geopolitical implications extend to developing nations as well. Countries that historically possessed limited geopolitical influence due to lack of fossil fuel resources may find new opportunities in the renewable energy landscape. Morocco, for instance, has leveraged its abundant solar resources to position itself as a potential clean energy exporter to Europe. The country’s Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex, one of the world’s largest concentrated solar power plants, represents an ambitious vision of becoming a renewable energy hub connecting Africa and Europe. Similarly, Iceland has utilized its geothermal resources to attract energy-intensive industries such as aluminum smelting and data centers, transforming renewable energy abundance into economic advantage.

The transition also affects petrostates—nations whose economies are heavily dependent on oil and gas revenues. Countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Norway face the prospect of stranded assets as global demand for fossil fuels potentially declines. Some have begun to diversify their economies and invest in renewable energy technologies. The UAE, for example, has invested heavily in solar energy projects, including the world’s largest single-site solar power plant. Saudi Arabia has announced plans to develop renewable energy capacity as part of its Vision 2030 economic diversification strategy. However, these transitions are complicated by the fact that fossil fuel revenues fund government budgets, social programs, and political stability in these nations.

International institutions and agreements are adapting to this new energy landscape. The Paris Agreement on climate change has created a framework that encourages nations to transition toward cleaner energy sources, effectively establishing a global consensus that may constrain the political power of fossil fuel producers. Carbon pricing mechanisms and potential carbon border adjustments could further disadvantage nations whose economies remain dependent on fossil fuel exports. This represents a form of normative pressure that reshapes national interests and international bargaining dynamics.

Yet the renewable energy transition is not proceeding uniformly across all nations. Developing countries often face a trilemma of ensuring energy access, maintaining affordable energy prices, and pursuing environmental sustainability. Many nations, particularly in South Asia and Africa, continue to rely on coal for electricity generation due to its low cost and abundant availability. India, despite significant investments in solar energy, has also expanded coal-fired power generation to meet the energy demands of its growing population. This divergent transition pathway creates potential friction between developed nations pursuing aggressive decarbonization and developing countries prioritizing economic development and poverty reduction.

The geopolitical landscape is further complicated by the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Solar and wind power generation fluctuates based on weather conditions, requiring either backup power sources or advanced energy storage systems. The development of efficient, large-scale battery storage technology has become a strategic priority, with implications for national competitiveness and energy security. Countries that lead in battery technology innovation and manufacturing will likely gain economic and strategic advantages in the renewable energy era.

Moreover, the physical infrastructure required for renewable energy systems differs significantly from fossil fuel infrastructure. Transmission networks must be expanded and modernized to accommodate distributed renewable energy generation. Smart grid technologies that can balance variable renewable energy supply with demand become critical. Nations that successfully deploy these technologies will be better positioned to maximize the benefits of renewable energy while maintaining grid stability. The transition thus requires not only technological innovation but also substantial infrastructure investment and regulatory frameworks that facilitate integration of renewable energy into existing energy systems.

As the renewable energy transformation accelerates, new alliances and partnerships are forming based on complementary renewable resources, technological capabilities, and shared interests in clean energy development. These relationships may gradually supersede traditional geopolitical alignments based on fossil fuel trade. The speed and trajectory of this transformation will depend on technological advances, policy decisions, economic factors, and the willingness of nations to cooperate in addressing climate change while navigating the complex geopolitical implications of the energy transition.

Biểu đồ so sánh sự thay đổi quan hệ địa chính trị năng lượng giữa quá khứ và hiện tại

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. The decentralization of energy production through renewables reduces nations’ vulnerability to supply disruptions.

15. All European Union countries have completely eliminated their dependence on Russian natural gas.

16. China’s dominance in rare earth elements and solar panel manufacturing gives it strategic influence similar to the Middle East’s oil dominance.

17. Petrostates will easily transition their economies away from fossil fuel dependence.

18. The Paris Agreement has successfully eliminated all international disagreements about energy policy.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has nine paragraphs (paragraphs 1-9 have been marked). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 4-8 from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The challenge of variable renewable energy generation
ii. New dependencies on critical minerals and manufacturing
iii. Historical dominance of fossil fuel-rich nations
iv. Opportunities for previously marginalized nations
v. International frameworks adapting to energy changes
vi. The dilemma facing developing economies
vii. Economic diversification efforts by oil-dependent states
viii. Technological requirements for modern energy systems

19. Paragraph 4
20. Paragraph 5
21. Paragraph 6
22. Paragraph 7
23. Paragraph 8

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The renewable energy transition is creating a new geopolitical landscape. While renewable energy offers countries the possibility of achieving 24. __, it also creates new dependencies, particularly on China’s dominance in rare earth elements. Some nations like Morocco are positioning themselves as potential 25. __ to Europe. Meanwhile, developing countries face difficult choices between economic development and environmental goals, creating 26. __ with developed nations pursuing rapid decarbonization.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Geopolitical Ramifications of Energy Transition: A Multidimensional Analysis

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The paradigmatic shift from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable energy infrastructure represents not merely a technological or environmental transformation but a fundamental reconfiguration of global power structures. This transition challenges the existing geopolitical architecture that has underpinned international relations since the industrial revolution, when access to coal, and later petroleum, became synonymous with economic prosperity and military capability. Contemporary scholarship in international relations and energy economics increasingly recognizes that the distributional consequences of renewable energy adoption extend far beyond environmental benefits, encompassing complex implications for state power, regional stability, international cooperation, and the very nature of energy as a geopolitical commodity.

Traditional realist perspectives in international relations theory have long emphasized the role of material capabilities, particularly energy resources, in determining state power and behavior. The concept of “petropolitics”—the intersection of petroleum economics and political power—has dominated geopolitical analysis for decades. Scholars such as Michael Ross have documented how oil wealth affects regime type, conflict propensity, and economic development, generally concluding that resource abundance often correlates with authoritarianism, economic mismanagement, and heightened conflict risk, a phenomenon termed the “resource curse.” The renewable energy transition potentially disrupts these established patterns, though whether it will ameliorate or simply transform existing pathologies remains an open question among scholars and policymakers.

The temporal dimension of the energy transition introduces significant analytical complexity. Unlike previous energy transitions—from wood to coal, coal to oil—which unfolded over many decades or even centuries, the current transition to renewables is proceeding at an unprecedented pace, driven by climate urgency, technological innovation, and policy intervention. This accelerated timeframe compresses the adjustment period for states and societies, potentially generating more disruptive geopolitical consequences. Countries dependent on fossil fuel revenues face the prospect of rapid economic dislocation without adequate time to develop alternative economic foundations. Venezuela’s ongoing economic collapse, though exacerbated by governance failures, exemplifies the vulnerability of petrostates to energy market disruptions—a vulnerability that may intensify as global decarbonization efforts advance.

The geographical distribution of renewable energy potential differs markedly from fossil fuel reserves, creating winners and losers in the emerging energy order. Solar energy is most abundant in equatorial and sub-tropical regions, while wind resources are concentrated in coastal areas and specific wind corridors. Hydroelectric potential depends on topography and precipitation patterns, while geothermal energy is location-specific to tectonically active regions. This distribution suggests that renewable energy abundance will not necessarily correlate with current energy power structures. Indeed, some of the world’s most fossil fuel-dependent regions, particularly the Middle East, possess exceptional solar resources that could theoretically sustain energy-intensive economies indefinitely. However, the transition pathway from fossil fuel exporters to renewable energy producers is fraught with challenges, including the need for massive infrastructure investment, technological capacity development, and fundamental economic restructuring.

A critical, yet often underexamined, dimension of renewable energy geopolitics concerns the supply chain for critical materials. While renewable energy sources themselves are abundant and freely available, the technologies required to harness them depend on specific minerals and rare earth elements with highly concentrated geographical distributions. Lithium, essential for battery storage, is primarily located in Australia, Chile, Argentina, and China. Cobalt, another crucial battery component, is overwhelmingly sourced from the Democratic Republic of Congo, where extraction occurs under problematic labor conditions and amid ongoing regional instability. Rare earth elements, vital for wind turbine magnets and various electronic components, are predominantly controlled by China, which has demonstrated willingness to leverage this dominance for geopolitical purposes, notably restricting exports to Japan during a diplomatic dispute in 2010.

This materiality of renewable technology suggests that energy transition may not eliminate resource-based geopolitical tensions but rather relocate and transform them. The phenomenon has been termed “green resource geopolitics” by scholars like Overland and others, who argue that dependencies on critical minerals could replicate or even intensify the geopolitical dynamics associated with fossil fuel dependencies. The supply elasticity of these materials differs from fossil fuels: while petroleum reserves can be increased through exploration and enhanced recovery technologies, mineral deposits are geologically fixed, and production increases face significant environmental and social constraints. Furthermore, refining and processing these materials requires specialized capabilities that few nations possess, creating bottlenecks independent of raw material availability.

China’s strategic positioning in renewable energy supply chains exemplifies this new geopolitical reality. Through deliberate industrial policy spanning two decades, China has established near-monopolistic control over multiple stages of the renewable energy value chain: rare earth refining (over 85% global capacity), solar panel manufacturing (over 70%), wind turbine production (substantial share), and battery manufacturing (approximately 75% of lithium-ion battery production capacity). This dominance was achieved through substantial government subsidies, economies of scale, strategic resource acquisitions in Africa and Latin America, and development of specialized technical expertise. Western nations, having largely abandoned these manufacturing sectors in favor of financialization and service economies, now confront a situation where accelerated renewable energy deployment may increase economic dependence on China, potentially creating strategic vulnerabilities analogous to, or exceeding, previous dependencies on Middle Eastern oil.

The security implications of renewable energy systems differ fundamentally from fossil fuel infrastructure. Oil and gas infrastructure—pipelines, refineries, tankers—represents concentrated, vulnerable targets that can be disrupted through military action, terrorism, or geopolitical coercion. In contrast, renewable energy systems are characterized by distributed generation, making them more resilient to targeted attacks but potentially more vulnerable to supply chain disruptions affecting component availability. Cyber vulnerabilities present another concern: smart grids and interconnected renewable energy systems create new attack surfaces for hostile actors seeking to destabilize energy supplies. The 2015 cyberattack on Ukraine’s power grid demonstrated the feasibility of such disruptions, raising concerns about grid security in an increasingly digitalized energy landscape.

International cooperation mechanisms face both opportunities and challenges in the renewable energy era. On one hand, the non-rival nature of renewable energy knowledge and technology creates opportunities for genuine cooperation—one nation’s deployment of solar panels does not diminish another’s ability to do likewise, unlike oil fields where one party’s extraction reduces availability to others. This characteristic theoretically enables positive-sum outcomes where mutual benefit exceeds zero-sum competition. International initiatives such as the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the Mission Innovation coalition reflect aspirations toward collaborative approaches to energy transition.

However, political economy constraints and national interest calculations complicate this optimistic scenario. Intellectual property protections create barriers to technology transfer, perpetuating technological disparities between developed and developing nations. Competition for critical materials, export markets for renewable technology, and industrial supremacy in clean energy sectors generates mercantilist behavior even among nations ostensibly committed to climate cooperation. The United States’ tariffs on Chinese solar panels, imposed citing unfair trade practices, exemplify how renewable energy transition intersects with traditional trade conflicts. Furthermore, the differential distribution of transition costs and benefits across nations creates equity concerns that impede collective action: developing nations argue that they should not bear equivalent mitigation burdens as developed countries that historically benefited from fossil fuel-driven industrialization, invoking principles of “common but differentiated responsibilities” enshrined in climate agreements.

The renewable energy transition also generates normative shifts in international politics. Climate change has been securitized—framed as a security threat—by numerous nations and international institutions, elevating it in policy hierarchies and justifying extraordinary measures. This securitization extends to energy policy, where renewable energy adoption becomes not merely an environmental or economic issue but a matter of national security and international stability. Such framing can facilitate political mobilization and resource allocation for energy transition but also risks militarizing climate policy or justifying coercive measures against nations deemed insufficiently committed to decarbonization. The European Union’s proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would impose tariffs on imports from countries with less stringent climate policies, represents a potential escalation of climate policy into international trade disputes, with uncertain geopolitical ramifications.

Looking forward, the trajectory of renewable energy geopolitics will be shaped by several critical uncertainties. Technological breakthroughs in energy storage, alternative battery chemistries that reduce dependence on scarce materials, or fusion energy development could fundamentally alter the strategic landscape. Policy choices regarding industrial policy, international cooperation, and investment priorities will determine whether renewable energy transition exacerbates or mitigates international tensions. The institutional architecture governing the renewable energy economy—whether characterized by open technology sharing, protectionist competition, or something intermediate—remains contested and will significantly influence geopolitical outcomes. What remains clear is that energy transition is not merely a technical challenge but a geopolitical transformation whose ramifications will reverberate through international relations for decades to come.

Sơ đồ phức tạp về các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến địa chính trị năng lượng tái tạo

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the “resource curse” refers to:
A. The environmental damage caused by resource extraction
B. The correlation between resource abundance and negative political and economic outcomes
C. The difficulty of finding new fossil fuel reserves
D. The curse of climate change caused by burning fossil fuels

28. The current energy transition differs from previous energy transitions in that:
A. It is happening more slowly
B. It involves cleaner energy sources
C. It is proceeding at an unprecedented pace
D. It is entirely voluntary

29. What does the passage suggest about the Middle East’s potential in renewable energy?
A. The region has no renewable energy resources
B. The region has exceptional solar resources but faces challenges in transitioning
C. The region has already completed its energy transition
D. The region refuses to consider renewable energy

30. The term “green resource geopolitics” refers to:
A. Environmental movements influencing politics
B. Geopolitical tensions relocating to critical minerals for renewable technology
C. Green political parties gaining power
D. International cooperation on environmental issues

31. According to the passage, China’s dominance in renewable energy supply chains was achieved through:
A. Natural geological advantages alone
B. Accidental market developments
C. Deliberate industrial policy over two decades
D. Military conquest of resource-rich territories

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match the following statements (32-36) with the correct characteristic (A-F).

Characteristics:
A. Fossil fuel infrastructure
B. Renewable energy systems
C. Both fossil fuel and renewable energy systems
D. Neither fossil fuel nor renewable energy systems

32. Characterized by distributed generation
33. Represents concentrated, vulnerable targets
34. Creates new cyber vulnerabilities through smart grids
35. Completely eliminates all security concerns
36. Can be disrupted through supply chain problems

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the intersection of petroleum economics and political power?

38. Which country demonstrated willingness to restrict rare earth exports during a diplomatic dispute in 2010?

39. What type of outcomes does the passage suggest renewable energy could theoretically enable, where mutual benefit exceeds competition?

40. What mechanism has the European Union proposed that could turn climate policy into trade disputes?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. sales agents
11. the World Bank
12. village-based agents
13. universal electricity access

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. YES
17. NOT GIVEN
18. NO
19. ii
20. iv
21. vii
22. v
23. vi
24. energy self-sufficiency
25. clean energy exporter(s)
26. divergent transition pathway(s) / potential friction

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. A
34. B
35. D
36. C
37. petropolitics
38. China
39. positive-sum outcomes
40. carbon border adjustment

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main advantage, solar energy, traditional energy sources
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Unlike traditional energy sources such as coal or natural gas, which require extensive infrastructure and significant capital investment, solar technology offers a more accessible and scalable solution.” Điều này được paraphrase trong đáp án B “It requires less infrastructure investment.” Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: cost, photovoltaic panels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the cost of photovoltaic panels has declined dramatically over the past fifteen years, falling by more than 80% since 2010.” Đây là thông tin trực tiếp, chỉ cần xác định chính xác “declined/falling” = “decreased”.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: innovation, accessible, low-income families
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Companies like M-KOPA in Kenya and d.light in India have pioneered pay-as-you-go financing models, allowing families to purchase solar systems through affordable daily or weekly payments.” Đây chính là innovation giúp các gia đình thu nhập thấp tiếp cận năng lượng mặt trời.

Câu 4: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: solar lighting, Kenyan households
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Thông tin cụ thể: “Studies conducted in rural Kenya found that households with solar lighting experienced a 20% increase in children’s study time.” Đây là dữ liệu số cụ thể, dễ xác định.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: grid extension projects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “However, grid extension is expensive and time-consuming, often taking decades to reach remote areas.” Điều này tương ứng trực tiếp với đáp án C.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “approximately 770 million people worldwide still live without access to electricity, with the majority residing in sub-Saharan Africa and rural parts of South Asia.” Câu hỏi paraphrase “most people” = “the majority”.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói solar home systems “typically include a solar panel, a battery for energy storage, LED lights, and outlets for charging mobile phones.” Vậy nó CÓ THỂ sạc thiết bị điện tử, mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi nói “cannot charge electronic devices”.

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “The World Health Organization estimates that exposure to kerosene smoke causes approximately 3.8 million premature deaths annually worldwide”, xác nhận mối liên hệ với bệnh hô hấp.

Câu 9: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “The quality of solar products varies significantly, with some low-cost systems failing within a few years”, cho thấy KHÔNG PHẢI tất cả sản phẩm đều đạt tiêu chuẩn chất lượng quốc tế.

Câu 10: sales agents

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói IDCOL “creating a new sector of employment for installation technicians, maintenance workers, and sales agents.”

Câu 11: the World Bank

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Thông tin rõ ràng: “The Lighting Global program, supported by the World Bank, tests and certifies solar products.”

Câu 12: village-based agents

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “the social enterprise JUMEME employs village-based agents who provide ongoing maintenance and customer support.”

Câu 13: universal electricity access

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Rwanda’s government, for instance, has set an ambitious target to achieve universal electricity access by 2024.”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This decentralization of energy production diminishes the strategic importance of controlling fossil fuel reserves and reduces the vulnerability of nations to supply disruptions.” Đây chính là quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói EU đang “gradually reducing European dependence on Russian gas”, không nói là đã hoàn toàn loại bỏ (completely eliminated). Câu hỏi sử dụng từ tuyệt đối “completely eliminated” và “all” nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 16: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This concentration of production capacity grants China significant strategic influence in the emerging renewable energy economy, potentially replacing the Middle East’s oil dominance with a new form of resource dependency.” Đây là quan điểm tác giả thể hiện rõ ràng.

Câu 17: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói các petrostates “have begun to diversify their economies” và đề cập đến sự phức tạp của quá trình này, nhưng không có ý kiến rõ ràng về việc họ sẽ dễ dàng (easily) hay khó khăn trong việc chuyển đổi.

Câu 18: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập đến “divergent transition pathway creates potential friction between developed nations pursuing aggressive decarbonization and developing countries”, cho thấy vẫn còn bất đồng (disagreements) chứ không phải “successfully eliminated all international disagreements”.

Câu 19: ii (New dependencies on critical minerals and manufacturing)

• Vị trí: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào việc chuyển đổi năng lượng tái tạo tạo ra các phụ thuộc mới về khoáng sản quý hiếm và sản xuất, đặc biệt là sự thống trị của Trung Quốc.

Câu 20: iv (Opportunities for previously marginalized nations)

• Vị trí: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về các quốc gia như Morocco và Iceland đang tận dụng tài nguyên năng lượng tái tạo để tạo cơ hội mới, dù trước đây không có ảnh hưởng địa chính trị.

Câu 21: vii (Economic diversification efforts by oil-dependent states)

• Vị trí: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Đoạn này thảo luận về các petrostates như Saudi Arabia và UAE đang đa dạng hóa nền kinh tế và đầu tư vào năng lượng tái tạo.

Câu 22: v (International frameworks adapting to energy changes)

• Vị trí: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về Paris Agreement và các thể chế quốc tế đang thích nghi với bối cảnh năng lượng mới.

Câu 23: vi (The dilemma facing developing economies)

• Vị trí: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “trilemma” mà các nước đang phát triển phải đối mặt giữa tiếp cận năng lượng, giá cả phải chăng và tính bền vững môi trường.

Câu 24: energy self-sufficiency

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Countries that were once entirely dependent on energy imports can now pursue energy self-sufficiency through domestic renewable energy development.”

Câu 25: clean energy exporter(s)

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Morocco, for instance, has leveraged its abundant solar resources to position itself as a potential clean energy exporter to Europe.”

Câu 26: divergent transition pathway(s) / potential friction

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “This divergent transition pathway creates potential friction between developed nations pursuing aggressive decarbonization and developing countries.” Cả hai cụm từ đều chấp nhận được.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: resource curse
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa “resource curse” là “resource abundance often correlates with authoritarianism, economic mismanagement, and heightened conflict risk” – tức là mối tương quan giữa sự dồi dào tài nguyên và các kết quả chính trị và kinh tế tiêu cực.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: current energy transition, differs, previous
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Unlike previous energy transitions… the current transition to renewables is proceeding at an unprecedented pace” – tốc độ chưa từng có.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Middle East, renewable energy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “some of the world’s most fossil fuel-dependent regions, particularly the Middle East, possess exceptional solar resources” nhưng “the transition pathway… is fraught with challenges”.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: green resource geopolitics
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Thuật ngữ này đề cập đến việc “dependencies on critical minerals could replicate or even intensify the geopolitical dynamics associated with fossil fuel dependencies” – tức là căng thẳng địa chính trị chuyển sang khoáng sản quan trọng.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: China’s dominance, achieved
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Through deliberate industrial policy spanning two decades, China has established near-monopolistic control” – chính sách công nghiệp có chủ đích trong hai thập kỷ.

Câu 32: B

• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 nói rõ “renewable energy systems are characterized by distributed generation” – hệ thống năng lượng tái tạo có đặc điểm phân tán.

Câu 33: A

• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 nói “Oil and gas infrastructure—pipelines, refineries, tankers—represents concentrated, vulnerable targets” – cơ sở hạ tầng nhiên liệu hóa thạch là mục tiêu tập trung, dễ bị tấn công.

Câu 34: B

• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 nói “Cyber vulnerabilities present another concern: smart grids and interconnected renewable energy systems create new attack surfaces” – hệ thống năng lượng tái tạo tạo ra lỗ hổng mạng mới.

Câu 35: D

• Giải thích: Không có hệ thống năng lượng nào loại bỏ hoàn toàn mọi lo ngại về an ninh – cả hai đều có các vấn đề bảo mật riêng như được mô tả trong đoạn 8.

Câu 36: C

• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 đề cập cả hai: nhiên liệu hóa thạch có thể bị gián đoạn qua hành động quân sự, còn năng lượng tái tạo “potentially more vulnerable to supply chain disruptions affecting component availability.”

Câu 37: petropolitics

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3
• Giải thích: Thuật ngữ được định nghĩa trực tiếp: “The concept of ‘petropolitics’—the intersection of petroleum economics and political power”.

Câu 38: China

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “China, which has demonstrated willingness to leverage this dominance for geopolitical purposes, notably restricting exports to Japan during a diplomatic dispute in 2010.”

Câu 39: positive-sum outcomes

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This characteristic theoretically enables positive-sum outcomes where mutual benefit exceeds zero-sum competition.”

Câu 40: carbon border adjustment

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “The European Union’s proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would impose tariffs on imports from countries with less stringent climate policies, represents a potential escalation of climate policy into international trade disputes.”

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformative	adj	/trænsˈfɔːmətɪv/	mang tính chuyển đổi, biến đổi	solar energy has emerged as a transformative force	transformative force/change/impact
accessible	adj	/əkˈsesəbl/	có thể tiếp cận được	offers a more accessible and scalable solution	accessible solution/technology
photovoltaic	adj	/ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk/	quang điện, chuyển ánh sáng thành điện	the cost of photovoltaic panels has declined	photovoltaic panels/cells/systems
viable	adj	/ˈvaɪəbl/	khả thi, có thể thực hiện được	made solar installations economically viable	economically viable/commercially viable
off-grid	adj	/ɒf ɡrɪd/	không kết nối lưới điện	Off-grid solar systems have become popular	off-grid systems/solutions/communities
financing model	n	/ˈfaɪnænsɪŋ ˈmɒdl/	mô hình tài chính	pay-as-you-go financing models	financing models/schemes/options
indoor air pollution	n	/ˈɪndɔː eə pəˈluːʃn/	ô nhiễm không khí trong nhà	elimination of indoor air pollution	indoor air pollution/quality
economic opportunity	n	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/	cơ hội kinh tế	Economic opportunities have expanded	economic opportunities/growth/development
quality assurance	n	/ˈkwɒləti əˈʃʊərəns/	đảm bảo chất lượng	developed quality assurance standards	quality assurance standards/programs
after-sales service	n	/ˈɑːftə seɪlz ˈsɜːvɪs/	dịch vụ sau bán hàng	lack of after-sales service	after-sales service/support
tax exemption	n	/tæks ɪɡˈzempʃn/	miễn thuế	introduced tax exemptions on solar equipment	tax exemptions/incentives/breaks
grid extension	n	/ɡrɪd ɪkˈstenʃn/	mở rộng lưới điện	grid extension projects	grid extension/expansion/infrastructure

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
reshape	v	/riːˈʃeɪp/	định hình lại, tái cấu trúc	reshaping geopolitical relationships	reshape relationships/dynamics/landscape
leverage	n	/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/	đòn bẩy, ảnh hưởng	have wielded considerable political leverage	political leverage/economic leverage
paradigm	n	/ˈpærədaɪm/	mô hình, khuôn mẫu	the traditional energy paradigm	energy paradigm/shift in paradigm
decentralization	n	/diːˌsentrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	phân quyền, phi tập trung	decentralization of energy production	decentralization of power/production
self-sufficiency	n	/ˌself səˈfɪʃnsi/	tự cung tự cấp	pursue energy self-sufficiency	energy self-sufficiency/food self-sufficiency
asymmetric	adj	/ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk/	bất đối xứng	asymmetric interdependence	asymmetric interdependence/relationship
strategic vulnerability	n	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	lỗ hổng chiến lược	highlighted the strategic vulnerability	strategic vulnerability/weakness
rare earth element	n	/reə ɜːθ ˈelɪmənt/	nguyên tố đất hiếm	requires rare earth elements	rare earth elements/minerals/metals
supply chain	n	/səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng	dominates the global supply chain	supply chain/network/management
strategic influence	n	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk ˈɪnfluəns/	ảnh hưởng chiến lược	grants China significant strategic influence	strategic influence/position/advantage
stranded asset	n	/ˈstrændɪd ˈæset/	tài sản mất giá trị	face the prospect of stranded assets	stranded assets/investments
diversify	v	/daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪ/	đa dạng hóa	have begun to diversify their economies	diversify economies/portfolios/sources
carbon pricing	n	/ˈkɑːbən ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá carbon	Carbon pricing mechanisms	carbon pricing/tax/trading
trilemma	n	/traɪˈlemə/	tình thế khó xử ba chiều	face a trilemma	energy trilemma/policy trilemma
intermittency	n	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/	tính gián đoạn	the intermittency of renewable energy	intermittency of supply/generation

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigmatic	adj	/ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk/	mang tính mô hình, điển hình	paradigmatic shift	paradigmatic shift/change/example
reconfiguration	n	/ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/	tái cấu hình	fundamental reconfiguration	reconfiguration of power/systems
geopolitical architecture	n	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˈɑːkɪtektʃə/	kiến trúc địa chính trị	challenges the geopolitical architecture	geopolitical architecture/structure
distributional consequence	n	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/	hậu quả phân phối	distributional consequences	distributional consequences/effects/impacts
realist	n/adj	/ˈrɪəlɪst/	theo trường phái hiện thực	Traditional realist perspectives	realist perspectives/theory/approach
petropolitics	n	/ˌpetrəʊˈpɒlətɪks/	chính trị dầu mỏ	the concept of petropolitics	petropolitics/oil politics
authoritarianism	n	/ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriənɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa độc quyền	correlates with authoritarianism	authoritarianism/authoritarian regime
resource curse	n	/rɪˈsɔːs kɜːs/	lời nguyền tài nguyên	phenomenon termed the resource curse	resource curse/resource trap
temporal dimension	n	/ˈtempərəl dɪˈmenʃn/	khía cạnh thời gian	temporal dimension of transition	temporal dimension/aspect
economic dislocation	n	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌdɪsləʊˈkeɪʃn/	sự đổ vỡ kinh tế	rapid economic dislocation	economic dislocation/disruption
wind corridor	n	/wɪnd ˈkɒrɪdɔː/	hành lang gió	specific wind corridors	wind corridors/resources
transition pathway	n	/trænˈzɪʃn ˈpɑːθweɪ/	lộ trình chuyển đổi	the transition pathway	transition pathway/trajectory/route
supply elasticity	n	/səˈplaɪ ɪˌlæsˈtɪsəti/	độ co giãn cung	supply elasticity of materials	supply elasticity/demand elasticity
bottleneck	n	/ˈbɒtlnek/	nút thắt cổ chai	creating bottlenecks	bottleneck in production/supply
strategic positioning	n	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk pəˈzɪʃənɪŋ/	định vị chiến lược	China’s strategic positioning	strategic positioning/placement
monopolistic	adj	/məˌnɒpəˈlɪstɪk/	độc quyền	near-monopolistic control	monopolistic control/power/practices
economies of scale	n	/ɪˌkɒnəmiz əv skeɪl/	lợi thế kinh tế theo quy mô	achieved through economies of scale	economies of scale/scope
strategic vulnerability	n	/strəˈtiːdʒɪk ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	lỗ hổng chiến lược	creating strategic vulnerabilities	strategic vulnerabilities/weaknesses
distributed generation	n	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn/	phát điện phân tán	characterized by distributed generation	distributed generation/energy/resources
supply chain disruption	n	/səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn dɪsˈrʌpʃn/	gián đoạn chuỗi cung ứng	vulnerable to supply chain disruptions	supply chain disruptions/risks
non-rival	adj	/nɒn ˈraɪvl/	không cạnh tranh (trong kinh tế)	non-rival nature of renewable energy	non-rival goods/resources
positive-sum	adj	/ˈpɒzətɪv sʌm/	tổng dương (cả hai bên đều có lợi)	enables positive-sum outcomes	positive-sum outcomes/games
mercantilist	adj	/ˈmɜːkəntɪlɪst/	theo chủ nghĩa trọng thương	generates mercantilist behavior	mercantilist behavior/policies/approach
differential distribution	n	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/	phân phối khác biệt	differential distribution of costs	differential distribution/treatment
securitize	v	/sɪˈkjʊərɪtaɪz/	chứng khoán hóa; an ninh hóa	Climate change has been securitized	securitize issues/threats
carbon border adjustment	n	/ˈkɑːbən ˈbɔːdə əˈdʒʌstmənt/	điều chỉnh biên giới carbon	carbon border adjustment mechanism	carbon border adjustment/tariff

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How does renewable energy adoption impact the geopolitical landscape?” không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng phát triển toàn cầu mà còn là một trong những đề tài quan trọng thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi hoàn chỉnh từ các khía cạnh cơ bản về năng lượng mặt trời ở các nước đang phát triển, đến những thay đổi về độc lập năng lượng và động lực quyền lực, và cuối cùng là phân tích đa chiều sâu sắc về địa chính trị năng lượng.

Bộ đề này đã cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi thuộc 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading: Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Sentence Completion, Summary Completion, và Matching Features. Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi kỹ năng đọc khác nhau và việc luyện tập với đề thi này sẽ giúp bạn làm quen với tất cả các kỹ thuật cần thiết.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích tỉ mỉ về vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và lý do chọn đáp án sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu được cách tư duy và làm bài đúng cách. Đây là chìa khóa để cải thiện band điểm Reading của bạn một cách bền vững.

Bộ từ vựng với hơn 40 từ quan trọng được phân loại theo ba cấp độ sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ học thuật vững chắc. Hãy chú ý đến các collocations và cách sử dụng từ trong ngữ cảnh thực tế để có thể áp dụng linh hoạt trong cả phần Reading và Writing.

Để đạt hiệu quả tối đa, hãy làm bài test này trong điều kiện tương tự kỳ thi thật: 60 phút không gián đoạn, không tra từ điển, và tự chấm điểm sau đó. Phân tích kỹ những câu làm sai để hiểu rõ nguyên nhân và cải thiện trong những lần luyện tập tiếp theo. Chúc bạn học tốt và đạt band điểm như mong muốn!