IELTS Reading: Công Nghệ Blockchain Trong Quản Lý Chuỗi Cung Ứng – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Công nghệ blockchain đang tạo nên một cuộc cách mạng trong quản lý chuỗi cung ứng toàn cầu, và chủ đề “How Is Blockchain Technology Transforming Supply Chain Management?” đã trở thành một trong những đề tài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading những năm gần đây. Với tính ứng dụng thực tiễn cao và độ phức tạp vừa phải, chủ đề này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài thi IELTS Academic, đặc biệt ở Passage 2 và 3.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng các dạng bài, từ True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice đến Matching Headings và Summary Completion – tất cả đều giống như trong kỳ thi thật.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, với mục tiêu chinh phục band 7.0-8.0. Đặc biệt, phần giải thích đáp án chi tiết sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ kỹ thuật paraphrase, cách xác định thông tin và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành đề thi như trong điều kiện thi thật, sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và học từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp ở cuối bài.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Điểm thô (raw score) từ 40 câu sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 1.0 đến 9.0.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi trực tiếp)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, yêu cầu hiểu sâu hơn)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, nội dung phức tạp)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn phải tự chuyển đáp án sang Answer Sheet trong thời gian 60 phút, không có thời gian thêm. Do đó, nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án cẩn thận.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt đoạn văn
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với từ trong bài

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: scanning (đọc lướt tìm thông tin), skimming (đọc nhanh nắm ý chính), và detailed reading (đọc kỹ để hiểu sâu).

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Basics of Blockchain in Supply Chains

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary solution for managing supply chains across various industries. Originally developed as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain is now being adapted for a wide range of business applications, particularly in tracking products from manufacturers to consumers.

At its core, a blockchain is a digital ledger that records transactions in a series of connected blocks. Each block contains information about a transaction, and once data is entered, it cannot be changed or deleted. This immutable nature makes blockchain particularly valuable for supply chain management, where transparency and accountability are essential. Unlike traditional databases that are controlled by a single authority, blockchain operates on a decentralized network, meaning that multiple parties can access and verify the same information simultaneously.

One of the primary benefits of implementing blockchain in supply chains is enhanced traceability. For instance, in the food industry, consumers are increasingly concerned about the origin and quality of products they purchase. With blockchain, every step of a product’s journey—from farm to fork—can be recorded and verified. If a batch of lettuce is contaminated with bacteria, retailers can quickly trace it back to its source and remove affected products from shelves, potentially preventing widespread illness.

The technology also addresses the problem of counterfeit goods, which costs the global economy billions of dollars annually. Luxury brands, pharmaceutical companies, and electronics manufacturers are particularly vulnerable to counterfeiting. By recording each product’s unique identifier on a blockchain, companies can provide consumers with a way to verify authenticity. A customer buying a designer handbag, for example, can scan a code and see the complete history of that specific item, including where it was made, when it was shipped, and which retailers have handled it.

Efficiency improvements represent another significant advantage. Traditional supply chains often involve numerous intermediaries, each maintaining their own records and systems. This fragmentation leads to delays, errors, and increased costs. Blockchain creates a single, shared version of the truth that all parties can access in real-time. When a shipment moves from one location to another, the information is instantly updated across the network, eliminating the need for time-consuming reconciliation processes between different organizations.

Several major companies have already begun pilot programs to test blockchain in their supply chains. Walmart, for example, partnered with IBM to track produce items. What previously took seven days to trace a product’s origin now takes just 2.2 seconds using blockchain technology. Similarly, Maersk, the world’s largest shipping company, collaborated with IBM to develop TradeLens, a blockchain platform that digitizes and tracks shipping documents. This system has reduced paperwork and improved the speed of customs clearance at ports.

Despite these promising developments, blockchain adoption in supply chains faces several challenges. The technology requires significant initial investment in infrastructure and training. Companies must also convince their partners—suppliers, distributors, and retailers—to adopt the same system, which can be difficult when dealing with international networks involving dozens or even hundreds of organizations. Additionally, there are concerns about data privacy, as making all information visible to network participants might reveal competitive business intelligence.

Another limitation is scalability. As more transactions are added to a blockchain, the system can become slower and more expensive to operate. Some blockchain networks can process only a limited number of transactions per second, which may not be sufficient for large-scale supply chains that handle millions of transactions daily. Researchers and technology companies are working on solutions to these scalability issues, but they remain a significant obstacle to widespread adoption.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Blockchain technology was initially created for supply chain management purposes.
2. Information recorded on a blockchain can be modified by authorized users.
3. Blockchain allows multiple organizations to view the same data at the same time.
4. The food industry has shown interest in using blockchain for product tracking.
5. All major retailers now use blockchain to verify product authenticity.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. Blockchain helps combat the problem of __, which significantly impacts the global economy.
7. Walmart’s blockchain system reduced product tracing time from seven days to __ seconds.
8. The TradeLens platform has made __ faster at ports.
9. Implementing blockchain requires substantial __ in new systems and employee education.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, what is the main characteristic that makes blockchain suitable for supply chains?
    A. Its connection to cryptocurrency
    B. Its inability to be altered once recorded
    C. Its low implementation cost
    D. Its limited number of users

11. How does blockchain help identify contaminated food products?
    A. By testing products at every stage
    B. By reducing the number of intermediaries
    C. By recording each step of the product’s journey
    D. By preventing bacteria growth

12. What challenge does the passage mention regarding blockchain adoption?
    A. Lack of interested companies
    B. Difficulty in convincing partners to use the same system
    C. Excessive speed of transactions
    D. Too much data privacy

13. The passage suggests that scalability issues occur because:
    A. There are too many companies using blockchain
    B. The technology is too old
    C. More transactions make the system slower
    D. Blockchain networks are too fast

---

PASSAGE 2 – Blockchain Applications Across Industries

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The integration of blockchain technology into supply chain management represents far more than a simple technological upgrade; it constitutes a fundamental reimagining of how goods, information, and value move through global commerce networks. As organizations across diverse sectors experiment with blockchain implementations, distinct patterns of application and benefit are emerging, each tailored to the unique challenges of specific industries.

A. The pharmaceutical industry faces particularly acute challenges that blockchain is well-positioned to address. Medication counterfeiting constitutes not merely an economic problem but a public health crisis, with the World Health Organization estimating that up to 10% of medicines in developing countries are falsified. Furthermore, the complex regulatory environment requires meticulous documentation of a drug’s journey from manufacturing facility to patient. Blockchain’s ability to create an unbroken chain of custody offers an elegant solution. Companies like Pfizer and Genentech are exploring systems where each medication package receives a unique digital identifier recorded on a blockchain. When a pharmacy receives a shipment, staff can instantly verify that the medications are genuine and have been stored under appropriate conditions throughout transit. This level of granular tracking also facilitates more efficient recalls, as contaminated or defective batches can be precisely identified and located within hours rather than weeks.

Công nghệ blockchain trong quản lý chuỗi cung ứng dược phẩm hiện đại với hệ thống xác thực sản phẩm

B. The fashion and luxury goods sector presents a different set of priorities. Here, brand authenticity and ethical sourcing have become significant purchasing factors for consumers, particularly younger demographics. A 2022 survey found that 68% of millennials would pay more for products from companies committed to positive social and environmental impact. Blockchain enables brands to provide verifiable proof of their claims. LVMH, the luxury conglomerate, launched the Aura blockchain platform, which allows customers to access a product’s complete history—from the origin of raw materials to each manufacturing step. A leather handbag’s blockchain record might show that the leather came from a certified sustainable tannery in Italy, was assembled in a specific workshop in France, and traveled through authorized distribution channels. This radical transparency not only combats counterfeiting but also builds consumer trust by substantiating marketing claims about quality and ethics.

C. The electronics industry grapples with particularly complex, multi-tiered supply chains that can involve hundreds of suppliers across dozens of countries. A single smartphone might contain components from over 200 different suppliers. This complexity creates vulnerability to unethical labor practices, conflict minerals, and environmental violations deep within the supply chain—issues that can result in significant reputational damage when exposed. Samsung and other manufacturers are investigating blockchain solutions that map their entire supplier networks. By requiring each tier of suppliers to record their processes and sourcing on a blockchain, companies gain unprecedented visibility into their extended supply chains. This upstream transparency enables them to verify that cobalt in their batteries doesn’t come from conflict zones or child labor operations, that rare earth elements are extracted using environmentally responsible methods, and that worker safety standards are maintained throughout the production process.

D. The automotive industry is exploring blockchain not only for parts authenticity verification but also for managing the circular economy of vehicle components. Modern cars contain thousands of parts, many of which can be refurbished and reused. However, tracking the provenance and maintenance history of used parts has traditionally been difficult, leading to hesitation in the secondary parts market. BMW and other manufacturers are developing blockchain systems that maintain a permanent record for each significant component. When an engine or transmission is removed from a vehicle, its blockchain record follows it, documenting any refurbishment, testing, or certification. This creates a trusted marketplace for used automotive parts, reducing waste and supporting sustainability goals while providing consumers with confidence in the quality of recycled components.

E. Agricultural supply chains benefit from blockchain’s capacity to verify organic and fair-trade certifications. The coffee industry provides an illuminating example. Coffee typically passes through multiple intermediaries—local collectors, exporters, importers, roasters, and retailers—before reaching consumers. At each step, there’s potential for mixing different qualities or origins of beans, making it difficult to verify claims about single-origin or fair-trade status. Farmers in developing countries often receive only a tiny fraction of the final retail price, partly because intermediaries capture value but also because of inefficiencies in the system. Blockchain platforms are enabling direct connections between coffee farmers and roasters. A coffee shop customer can scan a QR code and see exactly which farm produced their beans, when they were harvested, what price the farmer received, and the complete journey to their cup. This transparency empowers consumers to make informed choices and can result in better compensation for farmers by disintermediating unnecessary middlemen.

F. Despite these promising applications, industry experts caution that blockchain is not a panacea for all supply chain challenges. The technology addresses information transparency and verification but cannot solve problems related to physical security, quality control, or organizational cooperation. A blockchain can verify that a temperature-sensitive vaccine was recorded as being kept at the correct temperature, but it cannot prevent someone from falsifying the temperature data entered into the system. The principle of “garbage in, garbage out” remains applicable—blockchain can ensure that data remains unchanged once recorded, but it cannot guarantee the accuracy of initially entered information. Consequently, blockchain implementations must be coupled with other technologies such as IoT sensors, physical security measures, and robust governance frameworks to realize their full potential.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-19

The passage has six sections, A-F.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F.

14. An explanation of blockchain’s limitations in ensuring data accuracy
15. Information about how blockchain helps verify ethical sourcing of materials
16. Details about the percentage of counterfeit medicines in certain regions
17. An example of how blockchain supports environmental sustainability in manufacturing
18. A description of blockchain enabling farmers to receive better payment
19. Information about consumer willingness to pay more for ethical products

Questions 20-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Blockchain technology is being used across various industries to improve supply chain management. In pharmaceuticals, it helps create a(n) 20. __ that tracks medications from production to patient. The fashion industry uses blockchain to provide 21. __ of their sustainability and quality claims. In electronics, blockchain helps companies identify problems with 22. __ that might exist deep in their supplier networks. The automotive industry is using the technology to manage the 23. __ of vehicle parts, allowing components to be safely reused.

Questions 24-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

24. According to the passage, what is the main benefit of blockchain for the coffee industry?
    A. It increases the price of coffee
    B. It eliminates all intermediaries
    C. It enables direct connections between farmers and buyers
    D. It improves the taste of coffee

25. What does the passage suggest about smartphone supply chains?
    A. They are simple and easy to manage
    B. They involve numerous suppliers from many countries
    C. They only use suppliers from one country
    D. They are shorter than other product supply chains

26. The “garbage in, garbage out” principle mentioned in the passage means that:
    A. Blockchain can prevent all types of fraud
    B. Blockchain cannot ensure the original data entered is accurate
    C. Blockchain is only useful for waste management
    D. Physical security is unnecessary with blockchain

---

PASSAGE 3 – The Future Landscape of Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chains

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The trajectory of blockchain technology within supply chain ecosystems suggests a future characterized by unprecedented interconnectedness, yet this inexorable march toward digital transformation raises profound questions about governance, standardization, and the very nature of trust in commercial relationships. As we stand at the inflection point between experimental implementation and mainstream adoption, it becomes imperative to examine not merely the technological capabilities of blockchain but also the socio-economic infrastructure necessary to support its widespread deployment.

Contemporary blockchain initiatives in supply chain management exist largely as isolated implementations—siloed systems that, while providing value within their specific contexts, fail to achieve the network effects that would unlock blockchain’s transformative potential. This fragmentation stems from the proliferation of competing protocols, proprietary platforms, and divergent technical standards. A pharmaceutical company might implement a blockchain solution from one vendor, while their logistics provider uses an incompatible system from another. The result is a patchwork of disconnected digital ledgers that require integration layers and translation mechanisms, inadvertently recreating the very inefficiencies blockchain was intended to eliminate. The imperative for interoperability has prompted various consortia and standards organizations to develop frameworks for blockchain interoperability, yet achieving consensus among competitors and across industries remains formidable.

Hệ thống blockchain liên kết chuỗi cung ứng toàn cầu với nhiều nền tảng và tiêu chuẩn kỹ thuật

The governance of blockchain networks in supply chain contexts presents particularly nuanced challenges. Traditional supply chains operate within established legal and regulatory frameworks where disputes are adjudicated through conventional channels and liability is clearly delineated. Blockchain’s decentralized architecture problematizes these established mechanisms. If a consortium of companies jointly operates a blockchain network and erroneous data is recorded, who bears responsibility? If a smart contract automatically executes a transaction based on incorrect information from an IoT sensor, which party is liable for resulting damages? These questions lack straightforward answers, and the legal frameworks governing blockchain-based transactions remain nascent and inconsistent across jurisdictions. The European Union’s efforts to develop comprehensive blockchain regulations exemplify attempts to provide legal clarity, yet the borderless nature of blockchain networks complicates territorial regulation. A supply chain tracked on a blockchain might involve manufacturing in Asia, shipping through Middle Eastern ports, and final sale in Europe, each jurisdiction with distinct legal requirements and regulatory expectations.

Smart contracts—self-executing agreements with terms directly written into code—represent perhaps the most consequential innovation emerging from blockchain technology’s application to supply chains. These digital contracts can automatically trigger actions when predetermined conditions are met: payment released when goods arrive at a destination, insurance claims processed when shipments are delayed beyond specified parameters, or orders automatically placed when inventory falls below certain thresholds. The automation potential is substantial; a 2023 study by McKinsey estimated that smart contracts could reduce supply chain administrative costs by 30-50% while simultaneously decreasing transaction times. However, this automation introduces new categories of risk. Smart contracts are only as reliable as their underlying code, and programming errors or unforeseen edge cases can result in unintended consequences. Furthermore, the immutability that makes blockchain valuable for record-keeping becomes problematic when applied to contracts—once deployed, a smart contract cannot be easily modified even if all parties agree that changes are necessary.

The integration of blockchain with other emergent technologies promises to amplify its capabilities while simultaneously introducing additional complexity. The confluence of blockchain with artificial intelligence, IoT sensors, and 5G networks creates possibilities for autonomous supply chains that require minimal human intervention. Refrigerated containers equipped with IoT sensors could continuously record temperature data to a blockchain, with AI algorithms analyzing patterns to predict equipment failures before they occur, and smart contracts automatically arranging maintenance or rerouting shipments if problems are detected. This level of automation and intelligence could dramatically improve efficiency and reliability, particularly for sensitive products like vaccines, specialty chemicals, or fresh produce. Yet, these highly integrated systems also create new vectors for system failure. A cybersecurity breach, sensor malfunction, or AI algorithm error could cascade through interconnected systems, potentially disrupting entire supply networks.

The democratizing potential of blockchain technology in supply chains deserves particular attention, as it may fundamentally alter power dynamics within commercial relationships. Historically, large corporations have wielded disproportionate influence over supply chains due to their ability to invest in sophisticated tracking and management systems, leaving smaller suppliers—particularly those in developing economies—with limited visibility and negotiating power. Blockchain’s relatively low barriers to entry could level this playing field. A small agricultural cooperative in Ethiopia might access the same blockchain platform as a multinational food corporation, gaining the ability to provide verifiable proof of product quality and circumventing traditional intermediaries who capture much of the value. Several pilot projects in emerging markets have demonstrated this potential: Kenyan tea farmers using blockchain to connect directly with international buyers, Honduran coffee growers establishing transparent pricing, and Indonesian fishermen proving their catch comes from sustainable sources. However, realizing this democratic potential requires addressing the digital divide—many small producers lack the technological infrastructure, digital literacy, or capital necessary to participate in blockchain networks, potentially exacerbating existing inequalities rather than alleviating them.

The environmental implications of blockchain implementation in supply chains present a paradox. On one hand, blockchain enables greater transparency regarding environmental impact throughout supply chains, facilitating carbon footprint tracking, verification of sustainable practices, and more efficient resource utilization that reduces waste. Several companies now use blockchain to document and verify their progress toward sustainability goals, providing stakeholders with auditable proof of environmental claims. Conversely, certain blockchain implementations—particularly those using proof-of-work consensus mechanisms—consume enormous quantities of energy. Bitcoin’s blockchain, for instance, uses more electricity annually than some countries. While supply chain blockchains typically employ more energy-efficient consensus algorithms like proof-of-stake or practical Byzantine fault tolerance, the cumulative energy consumption of widespread blockchain adoption remains a legitimate concern. The challenge lies in harnessing blockchain’s capability to improve environmental outcomes while ensuring the technology itself doesn’t create an unsustainable energy burden.

Looking toward the horizon, the maturation of blockchain in supply chains will likely follow a pattern of consolidation and standardization, with dominant platforms emerging and interoperability frameworks gaining acceptance. The technology’s evolution will be shaped not primarily by technical factors but by economic incentives, regulatory developments, and the willingness of industry participants to collaborate despite competitive pressures. The companies and supply chains that successfully navigate this transition will be those that view blockchain not as an isolated technology to be bolted onto existing systems but as a catalyst for comprehensive reimagining of how value is created, captured, and distributed across supply networks. The ultimate question is not whether blockchain will transform supply chain management—this transformation is already underway—but rather what form this transformation will take and who will benefit from the reconfigured landscape it creates.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, what is the main problem with current blockchain implementations in supply chains?
    A. They are too expensive to maintain
    B. They exist as disconnected systems
    C. They are too slow to process transactions
    D. They are only used by pharmaceutical companies

28. What does the passage suggest about governance in blockchain networks?
    A. It is simpler than traditional supply chain governance
    B. It follows established legal frameworks perfectly
    C. It raises complex questions about responsibility and liability
    D. It is only regulated by the European Union

29. The passage indicates that smart contracts:
    A. Can be easily modified after deployment
    B. Eliminate all supply chain administrative costs
    C. Have the potential to reduce costs by 30-50%
    D. Are completely error-free

30. According to the passage, what is the “democratizing potential” of blockchain?
    A. It allows governments to control supply chains
    B. It could reduce the advantage large corporations have over smaller suppliers
    C. It makes all products cheaper
    D. It eliminates the need for international trade

31. What paradox does the passage identify regarding blockchain and the environment?
    A. Blockchain helps track environmental impact but may consume significant energy
    B. Blockchain improves the environment in all cases
    C. Blockchain has no environmental impact
    D. Only proof-of-work blockchains are environmentally friendly

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below.

The future of blockchain in supply chains depends on several factors. Current systems are 32. __ that don’t work together effectively, requiring 33. __ to connect them. Legal frameworks governing blockchain transactions are still 34. __ across different regions. The technology could help 35. __ by giving them access to the same tools as large corporations. However, success requires addressing issues like 36. __ that prevent some producers from participating.

A. small suppliers
B. isolated implementations
C. fully developed
D. integration layers
E. completely unnecessary
F. the digital divide
G. smart contracts only
H. nascent and inconsistent
I. government control
J. environmental damage

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Competing blockchain protocols and standards are helping to improve interoperability.
38. Smart contracts can automatically process insurance claims when shipments are delayed.
39. All blockchain systems consume the same amount of energy regardless of the consensus mechanism used.
40. The transformation of supply chains by blockchain will be determined more by economic and regulatory factors than by technology alone.

---

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. counterfeit goods
7. 2.2
8. customs clearance
9. initial investment
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. F
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. E
19. B
20. unbroken chain (of custody)
21. verifiable proof
22. unethical labor practices / conflict minerals / environmental violations (any one)
23. circular economy
24. C
25. B
26. B

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. C
30. B
31. A
32. B
33. D
34. H
35. A
36. F
37. NO
38. YES
39. NO
40. YES

---

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: blockchain technology, initially created, supply chain management
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Originally developed as the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin” – blockchain ban đầu được phát triển cho cryptocurrency, không phải supply chain management, nên phát biểu này mâu thuẫn với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: information recorded, modified, authorized users
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “once data is entered, it cannot be changed or deleted. This immutable nature…” – dữ liệu không thể thay đổi hoặc xóa, tức là không thể được chỉnh sửa ngay cả bởi người dùng được ủy quyền.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: multiple organizations, view same data, same time
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “blockchain operates on a decentralized network, meaning that multiple parties can access and verify the same information simultaneously” – câu này paraphrase “multiple organizations” = “multiple parties”, “view” = “access and verify”, “at the same time” = “simultaneously”.

Câu 6: counterfeit goods

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: combat the problem, global economy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn bắt đầu với “The technology also addresses the problem of counterfeit goods, which costs the global economy billions of dollars annually.” – đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của câu hỏi.

Câu 7: 2.2

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Walmart, blockchain system, product tracing time, seven days
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “What previously took seven days to trace a product’s origin now takes just 2.2 seconds using blockchain technology.” Lưu ý: chỉ ghi “2.2” không có từ “seconds” vì đã có sẵn trong câu hỏi.

Giải thích chi tiết đáp án IELTS Reading về công nghệ blockchain với kỹ thuật paraphrase và xác định thông tin

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main characteristic, suitable for supply chains
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “This immutable nature makes blockchain particularly valuable for supply chain management” – tính chất không thể thay đổi (inability to be altered) là đặc điểm chính làm cho blockchain phù hợp với supply chain.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: challenge, blockchain adoption
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Companies must also convince their partners—suppliers, distributors, and retailers—to adopt the same system, which can be difficult…” – đây chính là thách thức được đề cập: khó thuyết phục các đối tác sử dụng cùng một hệ thống.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: blockchain’s limitations, ensuring data accuracy
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F
• Giải thích: Section F giải thích rõ “blockchain can ensure that data remains unchanged once recorded, but it cannot guarantee the accuracy of initially entered information” và đề cập đến nguyên tắc “garbage in, garbage out” – những thông tin về hạn chế của blockchain trong việc đảm bảo độ chính xác dữ liệu.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: verify ethical sourcing of materials
• Vị trí trong bài: Section C
• Giải thích: Section C nói về ngành công nghiệp điện tử và cách blockchain giúp “verify that cobalt in their batteries doesn’t come from conflict zones or child labor operations” – xác minh nguồn gốc nguyên liệu có đạo đức.

Câu 19: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: consumer willingness, pay more, ethical products
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “A 2022 survey found that 68% of millennials would pay more for products from companies committed to positive social and environmental impact” – thông tin về sự sẵn lòng của người tiêu dùng trả nhiều tiền hơn cho sản phẩm có đạo đức.

Câu 20: unbroken chain (of custody)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: pharmaceuticals, tracks medications, production to patient
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “Blockchain’s ability to create an unbroken chain of custody offers an elegant solution” – paraphrase “tracks from production to patient”.

Câu 24: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main benefit, coffee industry
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E
• Giải thích: “Blockchain platforms are enabling direct connections between coffee farmers and roasters” – lợi ích chính là tạo ra kết nối trực tiếp giữa nông dân và người mua. Đáp án A sai vì blockchain không tăng giá, B sai vì không loại bỏ tất cả trung gian, D không liên quan.

Câu 26: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “garbage in, garbage out” principle
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Ngay sau thuật ngữ này, bài viết giải thích: “blockchain can ensure that data remains unchanged once recorded, but it cannot guarantee the accuracy of initially entered information” – blockchain không thể đảm bảo dữ liệu ban đầu nhập vào là chính xác.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main problem, current blockchain implementations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Contemporary blockchain initiatives… exist largely as isolated implementations—siloed systems” và “The result is a patchwork of disconnected digital ledgers” – vấn đề chính là các hệ thống tồn tại như những implementation riêng biệt, không kết nối.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: governance, blockchain networks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-5
• Giải thích: “The governance of blockchain networks… presents particularly nuanced challenges” và các câu hỏi như “who bears responsibility?” và “which party is liable?” cho thấy governance đặt ra những câu hỏi phức tạp về trách nhiệm và pháp lý.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: smart contracts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “a 2023 study by McKinsey estimated that smart contracts could reduce supply chain administrative costs by 30-50%” – đây là số liệu cụ thể về tiềm năng giảm chi phí.

Câu 31: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: paradox, blockchain, environment
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “The environmental implications… present a paradox. On one hand, blockchain enables greater transparency regarding environmental impact… Conversely, certain blockchain implementations… consume enormous quantities of energy” – nghịch lý là blockchain giúp theo dõi tác động môi trường nhưng bản thân nó có thể tiêu thụ nhiều năng lượng.

Câu 32-36: B, D, H, A, F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
• Giải thích:
  • 32: “isolated implementations” xuất hiện trong đoạn 2
  • 33: “integration layers” được đề cập để kết nối các hệ thống không tương thích
  • 34: “nascent and inconsistent” mô tả legal frameworks ở đoạn 3
  • 35: “small suppliers” được đề cập trong phần về democratizing potential ở đoạn 6
  • 36: “the digital divide” được nêu ra như một vấn đề cần giải quyết ở cuối đoạn 6

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: smart contracts, automatically process, insurance claims, delayed shipments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “insurance claims processed when shipments are delayed beyond specified parameters” – đây là một trong những ví dụ cụ thể về khả năng của smart contracts mà tác giả đưa ra.

Câu 39: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all blockchain systems, same energy, consensus mechanism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “supply chain blockchains typically employ more energy-efficient consensus algorithms like proof-of-stake or practical Byzantine fault tolerance” – điều này cho thấy các hệ thống blockchain khác nhau tiêu thụ năng lượng khác nhau tùy thuộc vào cơ chế đồng thuận, mâu thuẫn với phát biểu.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: transformation, determined by economic and regulatory factors, more than technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “The technology’s evolution will be shaped not primarily by technical factors but by economic incentives, regulatory developments, and the willingness of industry participants to collaborate” – tác giả khẳng định rằng sự phát triển của công nghệ không chủ yếu bởi yếu tố kỹ thuật mà bởi các yếu tố kinh tế và quy định.

---

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
revolutionary	adj	/ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/	mang tính cách mạng	blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary solution	revolutionary change, revolutionary approach
digital ledger	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈledʒə(r)/	sổ cái kỹ thuật số	a blockchain is a digital ledger that records transactions	maintain a ledger, ledger system
immutable	adj	/ɪˈmjuːtəbl/	không thể thay đổi	This immutable nature makes blockchain valuable	immutable record, immutable data
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	blockchain operates on a decentralized network	decentralized system, decentralized platform
traceability	n	/ˌtreɪsəˈbɪləti/	khả năng truy xuất nguồn gốc	enhanced traceability is one of the primary benefits	product traceability, supply chain traceability
contaminated	adj	/kənˈtæmɪneɪtɪd/	bị nhiễm bẩn	If a batch of lettuce is contaminated with bacteria	contaminated food, contaminated water
counterfeit	adj/n	/ˈkaʊntəfɪt/	hàng giả, giả mạo	addresses the problem of counterfeit goods	counterfeit products, detect counterfeits
intermediaries	n	/ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəriz/	trung gian	Traditional supply chains involve numerous intermediaries	eliminate intermediaries, reduce intermediaries
pilot programs	n	/ˈpaɪlət ˈprəʊɡræmz/	chương trình thí điểm	Several companies have begun pilot programs	launch pilot programs, conduct pilot programs
scalability	n	/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/	khả năng mở rộng quy mô	Another limitation is scalability	scalability issues, improve scalability
initial investment	n	/ɪˈnɪʃl ɪnˈvestmənt/	đầu tư ban đầu	requires significant initial investment	require initial investment, large initial investment
accountability	n	/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm giải trình	transparency and accountability are essential	ensure accountability, increase accountability

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
integration	n	/ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/	sự tích hợp	The integration of blockchain technology	system integration, seamless integration
fundamental reimagining	n phrase	/ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˌriːɪˈmædʒɪnɪŋ/	sự hình dung lại cơ bản	constitutes a fundamental reimagining	fundamental change, fundamental shift
meticulous	adj	/məˈtɪkjələs/	tỉ mỉ, cẩn thận	requires meticulous documentation	meticulous attention, meticulous planning
granular tracking	n phrase	/ˈɡrænjələ(r) ˈtrækɪŋ/	theo dõi chi tiết	This level of granular tracking facilitates recalls	granular data, granular detail
verifiable proof	n phrase	/ˈverɪfaɪəbl pruːf/	bằng chứng có thể xác minh	Blockchain enables brands to provide verifiable proof	verifiable evidence, verifiable information
substantiate	v	/səbˈstænʃieɪt/	chứng minh, làm bằng chứng	substantiating marketing claims	substantiate claims, substantiate allegations
multi-tiered	adj	/ˌmʌlti ˈtɪə(r)d/	nhiều cấp bậc	multi-tiered supply chains	multi-tiered system, multi-tiered structure
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương	This complexity creates vulnerability	security vulnerability, expose vulnerability
reputational damage	n phrase	/ˌrepjuˈteɪʃənl ˈdæmɪdʒ/	thiệt hại về danh tiếng	can result in significant reputational damage	cause reputational damage, suffer reputational damage
upstream transparency	n phrase	/ˌʌpˈstriːm trænsˈpærənsi/	minh bạch nguồn cung	This upstream transparency enables verification	upstream suppliers, upstream processes
circular economy	n phrase	/ˈsɜːkjələ(r) ɪˈkɒnəmi/	nền kinh tế tuần hoàn	managing the circular economy of vehicle components	circular economy model, circular economy principles
fair-trade	adj	/feə(r) treɪd/	thương mại công bằng	verify organic and fair-trade certifications	fair-trade products, fair-trade coffee
disintermediating	v	/ˌdɪsɪntəˈmiːdieɪtɪŋ/	loại bỏ trung gian	disintermediating unnecessary middlemen	disintermediate the process, disintermediation strategy
panacea	n	/ˌpænəˈsiːə/	thuốc chữa bách bệnh	blockchain is not a panacea	panacea for all problems, seek a panacea
robust governance	n phrase	/rəʊˈbʌst ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị vững chắc	robust governance frameworks	robust governance structure, robust framework

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	quỹ đạo phát triển	The trajectory of blockchain technology	growth trajectory, career trajectory
inexorable	adj	/ɪnˈeksərəbl/	không thể cưỡng lại	this inexorable march toward digital transformation	inexorable trend, inexorable decline
inflection point	n phrase	/ɪnˈflekʃn pɔɪnt/	điểm uốn, bước ngoặt	at the inflection point between experimental and mainstream	reach inflection point, critical inflection point
socio-economic infrastructure	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊ ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng kinh tế xã hội	the socio-economic infrastructure necessary	socio-economic factors, socio-economic conditions
siloed systems	n phrase	/ˈsaɪləʊd ˈsɪstəmz/	các hệ thống riêng biệt	exist largely as siloed systems	break down siloed systems, siloed approach
network effects	n phrase	/ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng mạng lưới	fail to achieve the network effects	generate network effects, leverage network effects
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự gia tăng nhanh	stems from the proliferation of competing protocols	nuclear proliferation, proliferation of technology
consortium/consortia	n	/kənˈsɔːtiəm/ /kənˈsɔːtiə/	hiệp hội, tổ hợp	various consortia and standards organizations	form a consortium, industry consortium
formidable	adj	/fɔːˈmɪdəbl/	đáng gờm, to lớn	achieving consensus remains formidable	formidable challenge, formidable opponent
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, có nhiều sắc thái	particularly nuanced challenges	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
problematize	v	/ˈprɒbləmətaɪz/	đặt vấn đề, tạo ra vấn đề	decentralized architecture problematizes these mechanisms	problematize the issue, problematize assumptions
nascent	adj	/ˈnæsnt/	mới nổi, sơ khai	legal frameworks remain nascent and inconsistent	nascent industry, nascent technology
consequential	adj	/ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl/	quan trọng, có hậu quả lớn	perhaps the most consequential innovation	consequential decision, consequential impact
unforeseen edge cases	n phrase	/ˌʌnfɔːˈsiːn edʒ keɪsɪz/	các trường hợp ngoại lệ không lường trước	programming errors or unforeseen edge cases	handle edge cases, edge case scenario
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hội tụ	The confluence of blockchain with AI	confluence of factors, confluence of events
autonomous	adj	/ɔːˈtɒnəməs/	tự trị, tự động	possibilities for autonomous supply chains	autonomous vehicles, autonomous systems
cascade	v	/kæˈskeɪd/	lan truyền theo chuỗi	could cascade through interconnected systems	cascade effect, cascade failure
democratizing potential	n phrase	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪzɪŋ pəˈtenʃl/	tiềm năng dân chủ hóa	The democratizing potential of blockchain	democratizing access, democratizing technology
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân xứng	wielded disproportionate influence	disproportionate impact, disproportionate share
circumvent	v	/ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/	vượt qua, tránh né	circumventing traditional intermediaries	circumvent regulations, circumvent restrictions
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng thêm	potentially exacerbating existing inequalities	exacerbate the problem, exacerbate tensions
paradox	n	/ˈpærədɒks/	nghịch lý	environmental implications present a paradox	paradoxical situation, resolve the paradox
consensus mechanism	n phrase	/kənˈsensəs ˈmekənɪzəm/	cơ chế đồng thuận	using proof-of-work consensus mechanisms	consensus algorithm, achieve consensus
cumulative	adj	/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/	tích lũy, cộng dồn	the cumulative energy consumption	cumulative effect, cumulative impact
maturation	n	/ˌmætʃəˈreɪʃn/	sự trưởng thành	the maturation of blockchain in supply chains	maturation process, reach maturation
consolidation	n	/kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃn/	sự hợp nhất, củng cố	follow a pattern of consolidation	market consolidation, consolidation phase
reconfigured landscape	n phrase	/ˌriːkənˈfɪɡə(r)d ˈlændskeɪp/	bối cảnh được cấu hình lại	who will benefit from the reconfigured landscape	reconfigured system, business landscape

Từ vựng quan trọng IELTS Reading về blockchain và chuỗi cung ứng với collocation và ví dụ

---

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How is blockchain technology transforming supply chain management?” là một trong những topic đương đại và thực tiễn cao thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba mức độ khó với các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng giống như trong kỳ thi thật.

Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản về blockchain với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề. Passage 2 đi sâu vào các ứng dụng cụ thể của blockchain trong nhiều ngành công nghiệp khác nhau, yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase và suy luận tốt hơn. Passage 3 mang tính học thuật cao với từ vựng chuyên sâu và cấu trúc câu phức tạp, thách thức khả năng đọc hiểu ở trình độ cao.

Phần đáp án chi tiết đã cung cấp cho bạn không chỉ câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng về kỹ thuật xác định thông tin, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, và chiến lược làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Hãy xem lại những câu bạn làm sai để hiểu rõ lý do và tránh lặp lại sai lầm trong tương lai.

Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocation sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ một cách hiệu quả. Đây không chỉ là những từ vựng quan trọng cho chủ đề blockchain mà còn là academic vocabulary thường gặp trong nhiều bài thi IELTS Reading khác.

Để đạt band điểm cao, hãy luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi có độ khó tăng dần, quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ, và tích lũy từ vựng học thuật mỗi ngày. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả như mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!