Thay Đổi Đại Từ Trong Câu Tường Thuật IELTS – Công Thức & Ví Dụ Band 8.0

Thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật (Pronoun Changes In Reported Speech) là một trong những kỹ năng ngữ pháp quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS. Kỹ năng này giúp bạn chuyển đổi lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp một cách chính xác, đặc biệt hữu ích trong Speaking Part 2-3 khi kể lại câu chuyện hoặc trích dẫn ý kiến của người khác, và Writing Task 2 khi đưa ra quan điểm từ nhiều nguồn khác nhau.

Theo thống kê từ các đề thi IELTS thực tế, thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong:

• Speaking: Part 2 (mô tả trải nghiệm, kể lại cuộc trò chuyện) và Part 3 (trích dẫn quan điểm)
• Writing Task 2: Paraphrase ý kiến, trích dẫn nghiên cứu, đưa ra nhiều quan điểm
• Listening: Section 3-4 khi các diễn giả tường thuật lại lời nói

Ví dụ vận dụng trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe a conversation):
“My teacher said that she was proud of my progress and that I should continue practicing every day.”
→ Phân tích: “I” (teacher nói) → “she”, “you” → “I”, “your” → “my”

Writing Task 2 (Opinion essay):
“Many experts claim that technology has transformed their working methods and that they can now collaborate more effectively.”
→ Phân tích: “our” → “their”, “we” → “they”

Speaking Part 3 (Reporting opinions):
“My parents always told me that education was important and that it would open many doors for me in the future.”
→ Phân tích: “you” → “me”, “is” → “was”, “will” → “would”

Listening Section 3:
“The professor mentioned that his research team had discovered something significant.”
→ Phân tích: “my” → “his”, “we have” → “team had”

Writing Task 2 (Citing sources):
“Recent surveys indicate that young people believe their generation faces more challenges than their parents did.”
→ Phân tích: “we” → “young people”, “our” → “their”

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Định nghĩa và ý nghĩa của thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật

✅ Công thức chi tiết với bảng chuyển đổi đầy đủ

✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS

✅ 25+ câu ví dụ Band 7-9 phân tích chi tiết

✅ Các biến thể nâng cao cho Band 8+

✅ Lỗi thường gặp của học viên Việt Nam và cách tránh

✅ Bài tập thực hành có đáp án chi tiết

Thay Đổi Đại Từ Trong Câu Tường Thuật Là Gì?

Định Nghĩa

Thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật là quá trình điều chỉnh các đại từ nhân xưng (I, you, he, she…), đại từ sở hữu (my, your, his…), và đại từ phản thân (myself, yourself…) khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (Direct Speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp (Reported Speech/Indirect Speech) để đảm bảo sự nhất quán về người nói, người nghe và người được nhắc đến.

Chức năng chính:

• Duy trì tính logic và mạch lạc khi tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác
• Phân biệt rõ ràng giữa người nói ban đầu và người tường thuật
• Tránh nhầm lẫn về chủ thể và đối tượng trong câu
• Thể hiện khả năng sử dụng ngữ pháp phức tạp một cách tự nhiên

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Speaking: Kể lại cuộc trò chuyện, trích dẫn lời khuyên, mô tả lời nói của người khác trong quá khứ
• Writing: Paraphrase quan điểm từ đề bài, trích dẫn nghiên cứu, đưa ra nhiều góc nhìn khác nhau
• Listening/Reading: Nhận diện để hiểu đúng người được nhắc đến, tránh nhầm lẫn trong câu hỏi True/False/Not Given

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Thấp – Chủ yếu nói về bản thân, ít tường thuật
• Part 2: Cao – Khi topic yêu cầu “describe a conversation”, “describe advice someone gave you”, “describe something someone told you”
• Part 3: Trung bình-Cao – Khi trích dẫn quan điểm chung của nhóm người (“People often say that…”, “My parents always told me that…”)

Writing:

• Task 1: Thấp – Chỉ khi mô tả process có lời giải thích
• Task 2: Cao – Discussion essays, Advantage/Disadvantage essays khi đưa ra nhiều quan điểm (“Some people argue that…”, “Experts claim that…”)

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong Section 3-4 (academic contexts) khi giảng viên hoặc sinh viên tường thuật lại nghiên cứu
• Reading passages thường có câu tường thuật từ các nhà khoa học, chuyên gia

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Có thể tường thuật cơ bản nhưng còn nhầm lẫn đại từ, ảnh hưởng nghĩa
• Band 7: Thay đổi đại từ chính xác trong hầu hết trường hợp, đôi khi còn lỗi nhỏ
• Band 8-9: Sử dụng reported speech với thay đổi đại từ hoàn toàn chính xác, tự nhiên, linh hoạt trong nhiều ngữ cảnh phức tạp

Công Thức & Cấu Trúc

Công Thức Cơ Bản

📌 CÔNG THỨC CHÍNH:

Direct Speech: Subject + say(s)/said + "I/we/you/my/our... + verb..."
                                        ↓
Reported Speech: Subject + say(s)/said + (that) + he/she/they/his/her/their... + verb...

Ví dụ:
Direct: Tom said, “I am going to visit my parents.”
Reported: Tom said (that) he was going to visit his parents.

Thành phần câu:

• Reporting verb (Động từ tường thuật): say, tell, inform, explain, mention, claim, etc.
• Subject thay đổi: Đại từ chủ ngữ (I, you, we → he/she/they)
• Object thay đổi: Đại từ tân ngữ (me, you, us → him/her/them)
• Possessive thay đổi: Đại từ sở hữu (my, your, our → his/her/their)
• Reflexive thay đổi: Đại từ phản thân (myself, yourself → himself/herself)

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:

Câu: Direct: She said, “I have completed my assignment by myself.”

Phân tích:

• Subject: “I” → “she” (người nói là nữ, khi tường thuật dùng “she”)
• Possessive: “my” → “her” (sở hữu của người nói nữ)
• Reflexive pronoun: “myself” → “herself” (đại từ phản thân)
• Verb tense: “have completed” → “had completed” (lùi thì)

Reported: She said (that) she had completed her assignment by herself.

Bảng Chuyển Đổi Đại Từ Đầy Đủ

Đại Từ Nhân Xưng (Personal Pronouns)

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	Ví dụ
I	he/she (tùy giới tính người nói)	“I am tired” → He said he was tired
we	they / we (nếu người tường thuật cũng trong nhóm)	“We are ready” → They said they were ready
you	I / he / she / they (tùy người nghe)	“You should try” → He told me I should try
he/she/it	he/she/it (giữ nguyên)	“He is smart” → She said he was smart
they	they (giữ nguyên)	“They have left” → He said they had left

Đại Từ Tân Ngữ (Object Pronouns)

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	Ví dụ
me	him/her	“Help me” → She asked him to help her
us	them / us	“Join us” → They invited me to join them
you	me / him / her / them	“I’ll call you” → He said he would call me
him/her/it	him/her/it	“I met him” → She said she had met him
them	them	“I saw them” → He said he had seen them

Đại Từ Sở Hữu (Possessive Adjectives & Pronouns)

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	Ví dụ
my / mine	his/her/hers	“This is my book” → He said it was his book
our / ours	their/theirs / our/ours	“Our team won” → They said their team had won
your / yours	my/mine / his/her/hers / their/theirs	“Is this your pen?” → She asked if it was my pen
his/her/its	his/her/its	“I like his idea” → She said she liked his idea
their/theirs	their/theirs	“Their house is big” → He said their house was big

Đại Từ Phản Thân (Reflexive Pronouns)

Direct Speech	Reported Speech	Ví dụ
myself	himself/herself	“I did it myself” → She said she had done it herself
ourselves	themselves / ourselves	“We enjoyed ourselves” → They said they had enjoyed themselves
yourself/yourselves	myself/himself/herself/themselves	“Help yourself” → He told me to help myself
himself/herself/itself	himself/herself/itself	“He hurt himself” → She said he had hurt himself
themselves	themselves	“They blamed themselves” → He said they had blamed themselves

Bảng chuyển đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật IELTS với công thức chi tiết và ví dụ minh họa

Các Biến Thể Theo Ngữ Cảnh

Dạng 1: Người nói = Người tường thuật

Khi người tường thuật nói về chính mình:

Direct: I said, “I will complete the project.”
Reported: I said (that) I would complete the project.
→ “I” giữ nguyên vì cùng một người

Dạng 2: Người nghe = Người tường thuật

Khi người tường thuật là người được nói đến:

Direct: He said to me, “You are doing well.”
Reported: He told me (that) I was doing well.
→ “You” → “I” (người nghe trở thành người tường thuật)

Dạng 3: Nhóm bao gồm người tường thuật

Direct: We said, “We need more time.”
Reported (người trong nhóm): We said (that) we needed more time.
Reported (người ngoài nhóm): They said (that) they needed more time.

Dạng 4: Nhiều đại từ trong cùng một câu

Direct: She said, “I told him about my plans and asked him to keep it between us.”
Reported: She said (that) she had told him about her plans and (had) asked him to keep it between them.
→ Phân tích: “I” → “she”, “my” → “her”, “us” → “them”

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS

Speaking

Part 1 – Introduction & Interview

Topic thường gặp: Family, Friends, Advice

Mặc dù Part 1 ít yêu cầu tường thuật, nhưng bạn vẫn có thể ghi điểm bằng cách tự nhiên sử dụng reported speech:

Ví dụ câu hỏi & trả lời:

Q: “Do your parents give you advice?”

A: “Yes, absolutely. My father always tells me that I should be patient in everything I do. He says that patience has helped him achieve success in his career, and he believes it will benefit me too.”

→ Phân tích: Sử dụng reported speech một cách tự nhiên, chuyển đổi chính xác từ lời nói của bố (I, my → he, his) sang góc nhìn của người trả lời (me, I).

Q: “What do your friends say about your personality?”

A: “Well, my close friends often say that I am quite reliable. They told me that they can always count on me when they need help, which makes me feel valued in our friendship.”

→ Phân tích: Chuyển đổi từ “you are” → “I am”, “we” → “they”, thể hiện khả năng paraphrase và dùng reported speech tự nhiên.

Part 2 – Long Turn

Cue card example:

Describe a piece of advice someone gave you

You should say:

• What the advice was
• Who gave it to you
• When you received it
• And explain whether it was helpful

Sample answer (Band 8+):

“I’d like to talk about some valuable advice my English teacher gave me two years ago. During a consultation session, she told me that I needed to focus more on speaking practice rather than just memorizing grammar rules. She said that I was spending too much time worrying about making mistakes, and that I should embrace them as part of the learning process.

She also mentioned that she had seen many students like me who were afraid to speak, and she emphasized that confidence was just as important as accuracy. She encouraged me to join speaking clubs and told me that I would see significant improvement within a few months if I practiced consistently.

Looking back, I realize she was absolutely right. Her advice transformed my approach to learning English. She said that progress would come gradually, and it certainly did. Now, I always tell my friends what she told me – that practice and confidence are the keys to mastering any language.”

→ Phân tích Band 8+ features:

• Chuyển đổi đại từ chính xác và nhất quán: “you” → “I”, “your” → “my”, teacher’s “I/my” → “she/her”
• Kết hợp với backshift tenses một cách tự nhiên
• Sử dụng nhiều reporting verbs: told, said, mentioned, emphasized, encouraged
• Mở rộng câu tường thuật thành paragraph mạch lạc

Part 3 – Discussion

Typical questions using reported speech:

Q: “Do you think young people today listen to advice from older generations?”

A (Band 7-8): “Well, it’s a mixed situation. Some young people do value the wisdom of their elders. For instance, many of my friends have told me that their grandparents’ advice has helped them make important life decisions. However, older people sometimes complain that young people think they know everything and don’t listen to what they have to say.

From my perspective, the issue is often about how the advice is delivered. Young people are more likely to accept guidance when they feel respected and when older people acknowledge that their world is different from what it was decades ago.”

→ Band 8+ features:

• Sử dụng reported speech để đưa ra nhiều góc nhìn
• Chuyển đổi phức tạp: “our” → “their”, paraphrase quan điểm
• Thể hiện tư duy phản biện và balanced view

Q: “How has technology changed the way people communicate advice?”

A (Band 8-9): “Technology has revolutionized advice-giving in several ways. Nowadays, people often tell me that they prefer searching online for advice rather than asking someone face-to-face. Social media influencers frequently claim that their followers trust them more than traditional experts, which is quite concerning.

Interestingly, my parents mentioned that when they were young, they had to seek advice from elders in person, but now they can simply send me a message with a link to an article. While this is convenient, some psychologists warn that we are losing the personal connection that comes from direct conversation, and they argue that this could affect the quality of guidance we receive.”

→ Band 9 features:

• Complex integration của reported speech với analysis
• Multiple perspectives với proper pronoun changes
• Academic vocabulary kết hợp reported claims

Ví dụ áp dụng thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật cho IELTS Speaking Part 2 và 3 với phân tích chi tiết

Writing Task 1

Khi nào dùng:

Reported speech ít phổ biến trong Task 1, nhưng xuất hiện trong:

• Process diagrams có lời giải thích của expert
• Maps có thông tin từ nguồn cụ thể
• Multiple charts comparing survey responses

Ví dụ:

Task: The charts show survey results about what teenagers and adults consider important in life.

Sample sentence:

“According to the survey, teenagers stated that they valued friendship more than career success, whereas adults reported that they prioritized financial security. Interestingly, both groups mentioned that they believed family relationships were essential to their well-being.”

→ Vận dụng: Sử dụng reported speech để paraphrase data từ surveys, chuyển “we value” → “they valued”, “our well-being” → “their well-being”

Lưu ý: Trong Task 1, reported speech chủ yếu dùng để:

• Report survey findings
• Paraphrase quoted information
• Describe predictions or claims in the data

Writing Task 2

Essay types sử dụng reported speech nhiều nhất:

Opinion Essay

Topic: Some people think that children should obey rules set by parents and teachers. Others believe children should be free to do what they want. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Body paragraph (Band 8):

“Those who advocate for strict rules argue that children need clear boundaries to develop discipline. They claim that without guidance, young people may make poor decisions that could harm their future prospects. For instance, many teachers report that their most successful students are those whose parents set consistent expectations. These educators state that they have observed a direct correlation between parental involvement and academic achievement.

On the other hand, supporters of freedom in childhood maintain that children learn best through experience. They assert that young people who are allowed to make their own choices develop stronger critical thinking skills. Child psychologists frequently mention that they have seen cases where overly strict parenting has led to rebellion or anxiety in young adults.”

→ Phân tích:

• Tránh lặp “some people” bằng cách dùng “they”, “these educators”, “supporters”
• Chuyển đổi “we” (teachers/psychologists) → “they” khi tường thuật
• Sử dụng “their” thay vì “the children’s” để tránh lặp
• Academic reporting verbs: argue, claim, assert, maintain, state

Discussion Essay

Topic: In many countries, more and more people are choosing to live alone. What are the reasons for this? Is this a positive or negative development?

Body paragraph (Band 8-9):

“Sociologists explain that this trend reflects changing social values. They point out that modern individuals prioritize personal independence over traditional family structures. These researchers have found that people who live alone report that they value their privacy and freedom to make decisions without compromise. Furthermore, they claim that their living arrangements allow them to focus on their careers and personal development.

However, mental health experts warn that social isolation can have serious consequences. They state that humans are inherently social beings, and they argue that those living alone may experience higher rates of depression and anxiety. These professionals emphasize that while individuals may say they enjoy solitude, their psychological well-being often suffers without regular face-to-face interaction.”

→ Phân tích Band 9:

• Sophisticated pronoun referencing: “this trend”, “these researchers”, “those living alone”
• Seamless integration của reported speech để present multiple viewpoints
• Consistent pronoun changes: “we value” → “they value”, “our privacy” → “their privacy”

Problem/Solution Essay

Topic: Traffic congestion is becoming a serious problem in many cities. What are the causes and what solutions can you suggest?

Sample paragraph:

“Urban planners have identified several causes of traffic congestion. They report that city populations have grown faster than infrastructure development, and they note that their road systems cannot handle the increasing number of vehicles. Transport experts also mention that they have observed poor public transportation forcing residents to rely on private cars. These specialists state that in their research, they found that cities with inadequate metro systems experience 40% more congestion than those with comprehensive public transport networks.”

→ Vận dụng:

• Using “they/their” để refer back to urban planners/experts
• Chuyển “our road systems” → “their road systems” (của cities)
• Chuyển “we have observed” → “they have observed”

Sample Paragraphs Band 7-9

Band 7 Sample

Topic: The impact of social media on communication

“Many people believe that social media has improved the way we communicate. They argue that platforms like Facebook and Instagram allow them to stay connected with friends and family regardless of distance. Users often say that they feel more informed about their loved ones’ lives through regular updates. However, critics point out that these platforms may actually reduce the quality of our interactions. They claim that people spend more time on their phones than having face-to-face conversations, and they worry that this could damage real relationships.”

Phân tích Band 7:

• Sử dụng reported speech đúng ngữ pháp
• Pronoun changes chính xác: “they”, “them”, “their”
• Variety: nhiều reporting verbs (believe, argue, say, point out, claim)
• Minor limitation: Có thể phát triển thêm complex structures

Band 8-9 Sample

Topic: Work-life balance in modern society

“Contemporary workers increasingly report that they struggle to maintain a healthy work-life balance. These professionals state that their employers expect them to be available outside office hours, and they claim that this expectation has intensified with remote working technologies. Human resources specialists have noted that their surveys reveal a troubling pattern: employees say they feel guilty when they disconnect from work, and they admit that they check their emails even during family time.

Interestingly, companies that have implemented flexible working policies report different outcomes. These organizations state that they have seen productivity increase when they trust their staff to manage their own schedules. Business leaders from such companies mention that they believe their success comes from recognizing that their employees perform better when they feel their personal lives are respected. They argue that this approach benefits not only workers but also their bottom line, as they experience lower turnover and higher job satisfaction rates.”

Phân tích Band 8-9:

• Complex pronoun referencing với cohesion devices: “these professionals”, “such companies”, “this approach”
• Multiple layers of reported speech trong cùng paragraph
• Sophisticated handling của nested clauses với consistent pronoun changes
• Natural flow: reported speech được integrate seamlessly vào argument
• Advanced vocabulary kết hợp reported structures: “reveal a troubling pattern”, “trust their staff to manage”

Nâng Cao – Cách Dùng Để Đạt Band 8+

Kết Hợp Với Các Cấu Trúc Khác

Reported Speech + Relative Clause

Example: “The teacher, who said she had been teaching for twenty years, told us that we needed to focus on our pronunciation.”

→ Band 8+ features:

• Combining relative clause với reported speech
• Multiple pronoun changes: teacher’s “I” → “she”, teacher’s “you” → “we/us”, students’ “our” → “our” (retained because reporter is part of the group)

Example: “The researchers whose study I mentioned earlier claimed that their findings contradicted previous assumptions.”

→ Sophistication: Possessive relative pronoun + reported speech + pronoun consistency

Reported Speech + Passive Voice

Example: “It was reported that several participants had changed their minds after hearing the arguments.”

→ Advanced usage: Impersonal passive + reported speech tạo academic tone

Example: “The policy has been criticized by experts who argue that it fails to address the needs of those most affected.”

→ Complexity: Passive voice + relative clause + reported speech với demonstrative pronouns

Reported Speech + Conditional Sentences

Example: “My mentor told me that if I continued working hard, I would achieve my goals.”

→ Band 8+ feature: Conditional Type 1 in reported speech với backshift (will → would)

Example: “Scientists have warned that if governments do not take action soon, they will face irreversible consequences, and future generations will blame them for their inaction.”

→ Advanced: Multiple clauses với consistent pronoun tracking

Reported Speech + Modal Verbs

Example: “The doctor advised that I should reduce my stress levels and said that I might need to reconsider my work schedule.”

→ Band 8+ usage: Should/might in reported speech với proper pronoun changes

Example: “Environmental activists have stated that we must change our consumption habits if we want to preserve the planet for our children.”

→ Sophistication: Modal of obligation + purpose clause trong reported speech

Cụm Từ Nâng Cao

Academic Collocations with Reported Speech

Collocation	Ví dụ	Band Level
be widely reported that	It is widely reported that young people are increasingly concerned about their mental health.	7+
be commonly claimed that	It is commonly claimed that students learn better when they are given autonomy over their studies.	7+
researchers have found that	Researchers have found that individuals who maintain their cultural identity report higher life satisfaction.	8+
evidence suggests that	Evidence suggests that children develop better social skills when they interact with their peers regularly.	8+
studies have shown that	Studies have shown that employees who believe their opinions matter are more productive in their roles.	8+
experts contend that	Experts contend that societies must address inequality if they wish to ensure their long-term stability.	8+
it has been observed that	It has been observed that communities thrive when their members feel connected to one another.	8-9
scholars maintain that	Scholars maintain that cultural heritage shapes how people perceive their identity and their place in society.	9

Sophisticated Reporting Verbs với Pronoun Changes

Reporting Verb	Ví dụ	Band Level
acknowledge	The government acknowledged that their policies had not been as effective as they had hoped.	7+
concede	Critics concede that while the initiative has flaws, it has achieved some of its objectives.	8+
assert	Economists assert that nations must diversify their economies to protect themselves from global shocks.	8+
contend	Philosophers contend that individuals cannot find true happiness unless they understand themselves deeply.	8+
emphasize	Teachers emphasize that students must take responsibility for their own learning if they want to succeed.	7+
postulate	Scientists postulate that certain species adapted their behavior to survive in their changing environment.	9

Cụm từ và collocations nâng cao cho câu tường thuật IELTS Band 8-9 với ví dụ thực tế

Câu Phức & Ghép

Tích hợp vào câu phức

Example 1:
“Although many experts claim that technology has improved our lives, they also warn that we must be careful about how we use it, as they believe that excessive screen time could harm our well-being.”

→ Phân tích:

• Subordinate clause (Although) + reported speech
• Multiple pronoun references: “many experts” = “they”, “our” (general people)
• Causal clause (as) với nested reported belief

Example 2:
“The report concluded that while organizations had made progress in their diversity efforts, they still needed to address unconscious bias if they wanted their workplaces to be truly inclusive.”

→ Band 9 features:

• Concessive clause (while) trong reported speech
• Conditional clause (if) trong reported statement
• Complex pronoun tracking: “organizations” = “they/their” throughout

Example 3:
“Having analyzed the data, the researchers stated that they were confident in their findings, though they acknowledged that further studies would be needed to confirm their hypothesis.”

→ Sophistication:

• Participle clause (Having analyzed) + reported speech
• Concessive clause (though) showing balanced reporting
• Consistent pronoun changes for researchers and their work

Multiple Reported Sources

Example:
“Urban planners argue that cities need more green spaces, while environmental scientists maintain that such spaces benefit not only residents’ mental health but also biodiversity. Meanwhile, economists point out that creating these areas requires significant investment, though they concede that the long-term benefits to communities may justify the costs.”

→ Band 9 features:

• Three different sources với distinct pronouns
• Contrasting perspectives (argue/maintain/point out)
• Complex pronoun referencing: “such spaces” = “these areas” = impersonal “they”
• Demonstrative pronouns for cohesion: “these areas”, “the costs”, “the benefits”

So Sánh Với Cấu Trúc Tương Tự

Direct Speech vs Reported Speech

Tiêu chí	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Công thức	Subject + say(s)/said + “statement”	Subject + say(s)/said + (that) + statement
Đại từ	Giữ nguyên như lời nói gốc	Thay đổi theo ngữ cảnh
Thì động từ	Giữ nguyên	Lùi thì (backshift)
Dấu câu	Dùng dấu ngoặc kép ” “	Không dùng dấu ngoặc
Sử dụng IELTS	Hiếm (chỉ trong quotes)	Phổ biến trong cả 4 skills
Ví dụ	She said, “I am happy with my result.”	She said (that) she was happy with her result.

Reported Statements vs Reported Questions

Tiêu chí	Reported Statements	Reported Questions
Cấu trúc	say/tell + (that) + statement	ask/wonder/inquire + if/whether/wh- + clause
Đại từ	Thay đổi theo context	Thay đổi theo context (giống nhau)
Word order	Statement order (S + V)	Statement order (S + V) – NOT question order
Ví dụ với đại từ	He told me that he had finished his work.	He asked me if I had finished my work.

Lưu ý đặc biệt về Reported Questions:

Direct: She asked me, “Have you completed your assignment?”
Reported: She asked me if/whether I had completed my assignment.

→ Pronoun change: “you” → “I”, “your” → “my” (vì người nghe = người tường thuật)

Reporting Verbs với Say/Tell

Say – Không cần tân ngữ trực tiếp:

• He said that he was tired.
• She said that her project had been successful.

Tell – Luôn cần tân ngữ (tell somebody):

• He told me that he was tired.
• She told us that her project had been successful.

Khi nào dùng cấu trúc nào:

• Dùng Direct Speech khi: Quote chính xác trong academic writing (với citation), tạo dramatic effect trong story-telling
• Dùng Reported Speech khi: Paraphrase ý kiến trong IELTS Writing Task 2, kể lại conversation trong Speaking, summarize information trong Listening/Reading
• Dùng Say khi: Không cần nhấn mạnh người nghe
• Dùng Tell khi: Cần làm rõ ai nhận thông tin (especially important for pronoun clarity)

Lỗi Thường Gặp & Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Không Thay Đổi Đại Từ

❌ SAI:
Direct: Tom said, “I have finished my homework.”
Wrong Reported: Tom said that I have finished my homework.

✅ ĐÚNG:
Tom said that he had finished his homework.

Giải thích:
Đây là lỗi phổ biến nhất của học viên Việt Nam. Khi chuyển sang reported speech, bạn PHẢI thay đổi đại từ theo người nói. “I” (Tom nói) phải thành “he”, và “my” phải thành “his”. Việc giữ nguyên “I” khiến câu nghĩa là người tường thuật (bạn) đã làm xong bài tập, không phải Tom.

Lưu ý:

• Luôn xác định: Ai là người nói gốc? Giới tính? → Chọn he/she
• Ai là người tường thuật? → Ảnh hưởng đến cách chuyển “you”
• Double-check tất cả possessive adjectives (my/your/his/her)

Thêm ví dụ:
❌ She told me, “You should visit my country.” → She told me that you should visit my country.
✅ She told me that I should visit her country.

Lỗi 2: Nhầm Lẫn “You” Khi Chuyển Đổi

❌ SAI:
Direct: The teacher said to me, “You need to improve your writing.”
Wrong: The teacher told me that you needed to improve your writing.

✅ ĐÚNG:
The teacher told me that I needed to improve my writing.

Giải thích:
“You” trong lời nói trực tiếp có thể chuyển thành nhiều đại từ khác nhau tùy vào ai là người tường thuật:

• Nếu người được nói đến = người tường thuật: “you” → “I/me/my”
• Nếu người được nói đến ≠ người tường thuật: “you” → “he/she/him/her/his/her”
• Nếu nói với nhiều người: “you” → “we/us/our” hoặc “they/them/their”

Lưu ý:
Đây là lỗi đặc biệt nghiêm trọng trong IELTS Speaking khi kể lại advice người khác đưa cho bạn. Nếu giữ “you”, examiner sẽ nghĩ bạn đang đưa advice cho họ!

Thêm ví dụ:
❌ My friend said to me, “You and I should start a business.” → My friend said that you and I should start a business.
✅ My friend told me that he and I / we should start a business.

Lỗi 3: Không Nhất Quán Trong Cùng Một Câu

❌ SAI:
She said that she was happy with my progress and I should continue.

✅ ĐÚNG:
She said that she was happy with my progress and I should continue. (nếu bạn là người tường thuật)
HOẶC
She said that she was happy with his progress and he should continue. (nếu nói về người khác)

Giải thích:
Khi một câu có nhiều mệnh đề, bạn phải maintain consistency với pronoun choices. Học viên Việt Nam thường bắt đầu đúng nhưng quên thay đổi ở mệnh đề sau.

Pattern đúng:

• Xác định người được nói đến một lần → dùng CÙNG ĐẠI TỪ cho người đó trong toàn bộ câu
• Map it out: Tom’s “I” = “he”, Tom’s “my” = “his” → áp dụng nhất quán

Thêm ví dụ:
❌ The doctor advised that I should exercise more and my diet needs improvement.
✅ The doctor advised that I should exercise more and my diet needed improvement.

Lỗi 4: Quên Thay Đổi Reflexive Pronouns

❌ SAI:
He said, “I did it myself.”
Wrong: He said that he did it myself.

✅ ĐÚNG:
He said that he did it himself.

Giải thích:
Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves) cũng phải thay đổi theo chủ ngữ trong reported speech. “Myself” chỉ dùng khi chủ ngữ là “I”, nếu chủ ngữ là “he” phải dùng “himself”.

Bảng nhớ nhanh:

• I did it myself → He/She said he/she did it himself/herself
• We did it ourselves → They said they did it themselves
• You did it yourself → I said I did it myself / He said he did it himself

Lưu ý:
Lỗi này rất dễ nhận biết và trừ điểm nặng vì cho thấy hiểu biết cơ bản về pronouns chưa vững.

Thêm ví dụ:
❌ She told me, “You should believe in yourself.” → She told me that I should believe in yourself.
✅ She told me that I should believe in myself.

Lỗi 5: Sử Dụng “Their” Cho Danh Từ Số Ít

❌ SAI:
The student said that they had completed their homework. (nếu chỉ có 1 student)

✅ ĐÚNG:
The student said that he/she had completed his/her homework.

Giải thích:
Trong văn viết academic (IELTS Writing), “they/their” không nên dùng cho singular nouns như “the student”, “each person”, “someone”. Mặc dù ngày nay “singular they” được chấp nhận trong văn nói, IELTS vẫn ưu tiên:

• Dùng “he or she” / “his or her” cho formal writing
• Dùng “he/she” nếu biết giới tính
• Restructure câu để tránh vấn đề: “Students said that they…”

Lưu ý đặc biệt:
IELTS Writing Band 7+ yêu cầu grammatical accuracy, sử dụng “their” cho singular subject là lỗi grammatical range.

Cách tránh:

• Đổi sang plural: “Students said that they had completed their homework.”
• Specific gender: “The female student said that she had completed her homework.”
• Passive voice: “It was reported that the homework had been completed.”

Thêm ví dụ:
❌ Each employee stated that they were satisfied with their salary.
✅ Each employee stated that he or she was satisfied with his or her salary.
✅ (Better) Employees stated that they were satisfied with their salaries.

Top 5 Mistakes Vietnamese Learners Make – Summary

1. Forgetting to change pronouns entirely – giữ nguyên “I”, “my” từ direct speech (60% học viên mắc lỗi này)

2. Confusing “you” conversions – không biết “you” chuyển thành “I” hay “he/she” (45% học viên)

3. Inconsistency within sentences – bắt đầu đúng nhưng sau đó lại sai (40% học viên)

4. Ignoring reflexive pronouns – quên đổi “myself” → “himself/herself” (35% học viên)

5. Using “their” for singular subjects – áp dụng casual English vào formal IELTS writing (30% học viên)

Lỗi thường gặp của học viên Việt Nam khi thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật IELTS

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền Đại Từ Đúng

Hoàn thành câu với đại từ phù hợp:

1. Sarah said, “I am going to visit my parents next weekend.”
   → Sarah said that was going to visit parents the following weekend.

2. The teacher told us, “You need to submit your essays by Friday.”
   → The teacher told us that needed to submit essays by Friday.

3. “We have completed our project,” the students announced.
   → The students announced that had completed project.

4. My brother said to me, “You should pursue your dreams.”
   → My brother told me that should pursue dreams.

5. “I believe in myself and my abilities,” she declared.
   → She declared that believed in and ___ abilities.

6. The manager said, “Our team has achieved its targets this quarter.”
   → The manager said that team had achieved targets that quarter.

7. “You and I need to work on our communication,” he said to me.
   → He told me that and needed to work on ___ communication.

8. The doctor advised, “You must take care of yourself.”
   → The doctor advised me that must take care of .

9. “I have never seen such beautiful scenery in my life,” Tom said.
   → Tom said that had never seen such beautiful scenery in life.

10. “We should help each other during difficult times,” they agreed.
    → They agreed that should help during difficult times.

Bài Tập 2: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi

Tìm lỗi sai về đại từ trong các câu sau và sửa lại:

1. She told me that I was proud of my achievements. ❌
2. The students said that we had finished our homework on time. ✅ (if the reporter is one of the students)
3. My teacher explained that I should focus on your pronunciation. ❌
4. He mentioned that she had helped yourself with the project. ❌
5. They reported that our company had increased their profits significantly. ❌
6. The researcher stated that he had conducted my experiments carefully. ❌
7. She said that you and I needed to improve their collaboration. ❌
8. The manager told us that we must meet your targets this month. ❌
9. He claimed that she had done it herself. ✅
10. The expert warned that I should protect our environment for future generations. ❌

Bài Tập 3: Chuyển Đổi Từ Direct Sang Reported Speech

Viết lại các câu sau ở dạng reported speech, chú ý thay đổi đại từ:

1. Mary: “I have been learning English for five years.”
   → Mary said that _____

2. The coach: “You need to practice more if you want to improve your skills.”
   → The coach told me that _____

3. My friends: “We are planning our summer vacation together.”
   → My friends said that _____

4. The scientist: “I have discovered something important in my research.”
   → The scientist claimed that _____

5. Tom to Jerry: “You and I should start our own business.”
   → Tom suggested to Jerry that _____

6. The teacher: “You must believe in yourselves and your potential.”
   → The teacher told us that _____

7. Sarah: “I taught myself how to play the guitar.”
   → Sarah mentioned that _____

8. The CEO: “Our company values its employees and their contributions.”
   → The CEO stated that _____

9. My parents: “We trust you to make your own decisions.”
   → My parents said that _____

10. The guide: “You will enjoy your visit to our city.”
    → The guide assured us that _____

Bài Tập 4: Bài Tập IELTS Speaking

Part 2 Practice: Describe a piece of advice someone gave you

Viết một đoạn văn 150-200 từ kể về lời khuyên ai đó đã cho bạn. Sử dụng reported speech với ít nhất 6 thay đổi đại từ khác nhau. Gạch chân tất cả các đại từ đã thay đổi.

Suggested structure:

• Who gave you the advice
• What the advice was (use reported speech)
• When and why they gave it
• How it affected you

Bài Tập 5: Bài Tập IELTS Writing Task 2

Topic: Some people think that young people should follow traditions from their society. Others think young people should be free to behave as individuals. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Task: Viết body paragraph 1 (150 từ) thảo luận về quan điểm thứ nhất, sử dụng reported speech để present ý kiến. Phải có ít nhất 5 câu reported speech với pronoun changes chính xác.

Useful reporting phrases:

• Those who support traditions argue that…
• Advocates of cultural preservation claim that…
• They maintain that…
• These individuals believe that…

Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Đáp Án Bài Tập 1

1. she / her
   Giải thích: Sarah (nữ) nói về bản thân → “I” thành “she”, “my” thành “her”

2. we / our
   Giải thích: Teacher nói với “us” → giữ nguyên “we/our” vì người tường thuật trong nhóm

3. they / their
   Giải thích: “We” (students nói) → “they” khi người ngoài tường thuật, “our” → “their”

4. I / my
   Giải thích: Brother nói với “you” (tôi) → “you” thành “I” (vì tôi tường thuật), “your” → “my”

5. she / herself / her
   Giải thích: “I” → “she”, “myself” → “herself”, “my” → “her”

6. their / its
   Giải thích: “Our team” → “their team”, “its targets” giữ nguyên (its = của team)

7. he / I / our
   Giải thích: “You” (he) → “he”, “I” (me) → “I” giữ nguyên, “our” giữ nguyên (của cả hai)

8. I / myself
   Giải thích: Doctor nói với “you” (tôi) → “I”, “yourself” → “myself”

9. he / his
   Giải thích: Tom nói “I” → “he”, “my life” → “his life”

10. they / one another hoặc each other
    Giải thích: “We” → “they”, “each other” có thể giữ nguyên hoặc dùng “one another”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 2

1. ❌ Sai: “I was proud of my achievements”
   ✅ Đúng: She told me that she was proud of her achievements.
   Giải thích: “I” của she phải thành “she”, “my” thành “her”

2. ✅ Đúng (nếu người tường thuật là một trong những students)
   Lưu ý: Nếu người ngoài tường thuật: “The students said that they had finished their homework.”

3. ❌ Sai: “I should focus on your pronunciation”
   ✅ Đúng: My teacher explained that I should focus on my pronunciation.
   Giải thích: “Your” (của you = tôi) phải thành “my” khi tôi tường thuật

4. ❌ Sai: “helped yourself”
   ✅ Đúng: He mentioned that she had helped herself with the project.
   Giải thích: “Yourself” phải theo chủ ngữ “she” → “herself”

5. ❌ Sai: “our company… their profits”
   ✅ Đúng: They reported that their company had increased its profits significantly.
   Giải thích: “Our” → “their” (của they), “their profits” → “its profits” (profits của company)

6. ❌ Sai: “my experiments”
   ✅ Đúng: The researcher stated that he had conducted his experiments carefully.
   Giải thích: “My” của researcher → “his”

7. ❌ Sai: “their collaboration”
   ✅ Đúng: She said that he and I needed to improve our collaboration.
   Giải thích: “You and I” → “he and I” (nếu tôi tường thuật), “their” → “our”

8. ❌ Sai: “your targets”
   ✅ Đúng: The manager told us that we must meet our targets that month.
   Giải thích: “Your” (của you = us) → “our”

9. ✅ Đúng: Herself matches với chủ ngữ she

10. ❌ Sai: “I should protect our environment”
    ✅ Đúng: The expert warned that we should protect our environment for future generations.
    Giải thích: Nên dùng “we” (general people) thay vì “I” trong context này

Đáp Án Bài Tập 3

1. Mary said that she had been learning English for five years.
   (I → she, have been → had been)

2. The coach told me that I needed to practice more if I wanted to improve my skills.
   (You → I, need → needed, your → my)

3. My friends said that they were planning their summer vacation together.
   (We → they, are → were, our → their)

4. The scientist claimed that he/she had discovered something important in his/her research.
   (I → he/she, have → had, my → his/her)

5. Tom suggested to Jerry that they should start their own business.
   (You and I → they, our → their)

6. The teacher told us that we must believe in ourselves and our potential.
   (You → we, yourselves → ourselves, your → our)

7. Sarah mentioned that she had taught herself how to play the guitar.
   (I → she, taught → had taught, myself → herself)

8. The CEO stated that their company valued its employees and their contributions.
   (Our → their, values → valued, its giữ nguyên)

9. My parents said that they trusted me to make my own decisions.
   (We → they, trust → trusted, you → me, your → my)

10. The guide assured us that we would enjoy our visit to their city.
    (You → we, will → would, your → our, our city → their city)

Đáp Án Mẫu Bài Tập 4 (IELTS Speaking Part 2)

Sample Answer (Band 8):

“I’d like to talk about some valuable advice my grandfather gave me when I was applying for university. During a family dinner, he told me that I shouldn’t choose a major just because it was popular or lucrative. He said that he had made that mistake in his youth and had spent years feeling unfulfilled in his career.

He explained that I should follow my passion and find something that truly interested me. He mentioned that when he finally switched to teaching, which was his real passion, he felt that he had found his purpose in life. He emphasized that I would spend most of my adult life working, so I needed to choose something I genuinely enjoyed.

Looking back, I realize he was absolutely right. His advice helped me choose a field that I’m passionate about, and I often thank him for his wisdom.”

Phân tích:

• 15+ pronoun changes được highlight
• Natural flow với consistent pronoun usage
• Demonstrates Band 8 grammar range

Đáp Án Mẫu Bài Tập 5 (IELTS Writing Task 2)

Sample Body Paragraph 1 (Band 8-9):

“Those who advocate for following traditions argue that cultural practices connect young people to their heritage and provide them with a sense of identity. They claim that when youth abandon their customs, they lose an important part of who they are. These traditionalists maintain that societies preserve their values through generations by ensuring that young people understand and respect their ancestors’ ways. Furthermore, they assert that traditions teach important life lessons and that young people benefit from this accumulated wisdom. Community leaders who support this view often state that they have observed stronger family bonds in communities where traditions are valued, and they believe that these practices help young people develop respect for their elders and their cultural roots.”

Phân tích:

• 8 reported speech structures
• Consistent pronoun referencing: they/their/them cho “those who advocate”
• Demonstrative pronouns: this/these cho cohesion
• Academic reporting verbs: argue, claim, maintain, assert, state
• Band 9 features: complex pronoun tracking across multiple sentences

Lời Kết & Đề Luyện Tập

Thay đổi đại từ trong câu tường thuật là một kỹ năng ngữ pháp thiết yếu để đạt Band 7+ trong IELTS. Khả năng chuyển đổi đại từ chính xác không chỉ thể hiện sự hiểu biết sâu sắc về cấu trúc ngữ pháp mà còn cho thấy khả năng sử dụng tiếng Anh một cách tự nhiên và mạch lạc.

Những điểm cốt lõi cần nhớ:

✅ Luôn xác định rõ người nói gốc, người tường thuật, và người được nhắc đến

✅ Thay đổi TOÀN BỘ đại từ: subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns

✅ Duy trì consistency trong cùng một câu và đoạn văn

✅ Kết hợp với backshift tenses và thay đổi time expressions để tạo reported speech hoàn chỉnh

✅ Sử dụng variety of reporting verbs để nâng band score: claim, maintain, assert, emphasize, acknowledge

Lộ trình luyện tập hiệu quả:

1. Week 1-2: Làm chủ bảng chuyển đổi cơ bản, luyện tập với single sentences
2. Week 3-4: Practice với complex sentences có multiple pronouns
3. Week 5-6: Tích hợp vào IELTS Speaking responses và Writing paragraphs
4. Week 7-8: Refine accuracy và develop natural usage

Đề Luyện Tập Speaking

Part 2 Topics:

Topic 1: Describe a conversation you had that changed your perspective

• Focus: Report what the other person said using multiple pronoun changes
• Yêu cầu: Sử dụng reported speech ít nhất 8-10 lần

Topic 2: Describe advice your parents gave you about your career

• Focus: Convert direct advice to reported speech accurately
• Yêu cầu: Thay đổi đại từ chính xác, kết hợp với past perfect

Topic 3: Describe a time when someone told you something surprising

• Focus: Report the surprising information with proper pronoun shifts
• Yêu cầu: Demonstrate complex pronoun tracking trong câu dài

Part 3 Questions:

1. “What do young people in your country think about traditional values?”
   → Practice: Report general opinions using “they say that…”, “young people claim that…”

2. “How have experts’ views on education changed over the years?”
   → Practice: Use academic reporting với pronoun changes: “researchers have stated that…”

3. “Do you think people pay attention to advice from older generations?”
   → Practice: Report different perspectives với consistent pronoun usage

Đề Luyện Tập Writing Task 2

Topic 1: Some people believe that technological advancement has improved our lives, while others argue that it has created more problems. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Yêu cầu đặc biệt:

• Body 1: Report view 1 using “those who support technology claim that…”, “they argue that…”
• Body 2: Report view 2 using “critics maintain that…”, “they contend that…”
• Mỗi body paragraph phải có ít nhất 5 reported structures với accurate pronoun changes
• Sử dụng demonstrative pronouns (these/those/this/that) cho cohesion

Topic 2: In many countries, children are becoming less respectful toward their elders. What do you think are the causes? What solutions can you suggest?

Yêu cầu đặc biệt:

• Causes paragraph: Report what “older people complain that…”, “parents state that…”
• Solutions paragraph: Report what “experts recommend that…”, “educators suggest that…”
• Practice changing “our children” → “their children” when reporting parents’ concerns

Topic 3: Some people think that universities should provide graduates with knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think the true function of university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. Discuss both views.

Yêu cầu đặc biệt:

• Use academic reporting extensively: “employers assert that…”, “academics contend that…”
• Demonstrate sophisticated pronoun referencing với multiple sources
• Aim for Band 8-9 complexity trong pronoun tracking

Checklist Tự Đánh Giá

Sau khi hoàn thành bài tập, kiểm tra:

• [ ] Tôi đã thay đổi TẤT CẢ đại từ cần thiết (không bỏ sót possessive/reflexive pronouns)
• [ ] Pronoun changes nhất quán xuyên suốt câu/đoạn văn
• [ ] Tôi đã kết hợp backshift tenses chính xác với pronoun changes
• [ ] Không có lỗi “you/your” khi tường thuật advice cho bản thân
• [ ] Reflexive pronouns (myself/himself/herself) match với subject
• [ ] Sử dụng variety of reporting verbs, không chỉ “said”
• [ ] Demonstrative pronouns (this/that/these/those) được dùng để tránh repetition
• [ ] Câu văn tự nhiên, không mechanical hay forced

Mục tiêu cuối cùng: Sử dụng reported speech với pronoun changes một cách tự động, tự nhiên như người bản ngữ, không cần suy nghĩ nhiều về rules. Đây là dấu hiệu của Band 8-9 proficiency.

Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và đạt điểm cao trong kỳ thi IELTS!