IELTS Reading: Xe Điện Và Chính Sách Năng Lượng Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở bài

Xu hướng phát triển xe điện đang tạo ra những thay đổi sâu sắc trong chính sách năng lượng toàn cầu, đánh dấu bước chuyển mình quan trọng từ nhiên liệu hóa thạch sang năng lượng tái tạo. Chủ đề “How Electric Vehicles Are Impacting Global Energy Policies” xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, phản ánh tầm quan trọng của vấn đề môi trường và công nghệ trong thế giới đương đại.

Đề thi mẫu này được thiết kế đặc biệt để giúp học viên Việt Nam làm quen với dạng bài đọc về công nghệ xanh và chính sách năng lượng. Bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bài thi hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ band 5.0 đến 9.0, bao gồm đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích về vị trí thông tin trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận và làm bài hiệu quả.

Bên cạnh đó, bài viết còn cung cấp bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành về năng lượng và giao thông vận tải, kèm phiên âm, ví dụ thực tế và collocations hữu ích để bạn vận dụng vào bài thi Writing và Speaking. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên đang muốn nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu và mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

Bài thi IELTS Reading kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần, với Passage 1 thường dễ nhất và Passage 3 khó nhất.

Để đạt hiệu quả tốt nhất, bạn nên phân bổ thời gian như sau:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (câu hỏi 1-13)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (câu hỏi 14-26)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (câu hỏi 27-40)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra và chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet. Đừng để mất điểm vì những lỗi cẩu thả như viết sai chính tả hoặc vượt quá số từ quy định.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Lựa chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với từng đoạn văn
4. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
5. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với các đối tượng tương ứng
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi chiến lược làm bài khác nhau, và việc luyện tập thường xuyên sẽ giúp bạn nhận diện nhanh chóng và áp dụng kỹ thuật phù hợp.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Vehicles

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The transportation sector has been undergoing a remarkable transformation in recent years, with electric vehicles (EVs) emerging as a viable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. This shift is not merely about changing the type of fuel we use; it represents a fundamental rethinking of how we produce, distribute, and consume energy on a global scale.

Electric vehicles have been around for more than a century, but they only began to gain significant traction in the past two decades. The main catalyst for this change has been growing concerns about climate change and air pollution. Transportation accounts for approximately 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions, making it a critical target for environmental policy reforms. Governments worldwide have recognized that reducing emissions from vehicles is essential to meeting international climate goals, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement.

The technology behind electric vehicles has advanced considerably, making them more practical and appealing to consumers. Modern EVs can travel impressive distances on a single charge, with some models exceeding 400 kilometers. Battery technology, which was once the primary obstacle to EV adoption, has improved dramatically in terms of both capacity and cost. The price of lithium-ion batteries, the most common type used in electric vehicles, has fallen by nearly 90% since 2010. This dramatic price reduction has made electric vehicles increasingly affordable for average consumers.

Charging infrastructure has also expanded rapidly in many countries. Public charging stations can now be found in shopping centers, parking lots, and along major highways. Some nations have been particularly proactive in building charging networks. Norway, for instance, has installed charging points throughout the country, making it one of the easiest places in the world to own an electric vehicle. As of 2023, electric vehicles account for more than 80% of new car sales in Norway, the highest proportion anywhere in the world.

The environmental benefits of electric vehicles extend beyond reducing tailpipe emissions. When powered by renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power, EVs produce virtually no carbon emissions during operation. Even when electricity comes from fossil fuel power plants, electric vehicles typically produce fewer emissions over their lifetime compared to conventional cars because electric motors are far more efficient than internal combustion engines. Studies have shown that electric vehicles produce between 30% to 70% less carbon dioxide throughout their lifecycle, depending on the electricity source.

However, the transition to electric vehicles is not without challenges. The production of EV batteries requires significant quantities of rare earth minerals, including lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Mining these materials can have substantial environmental and social impacts, particularly in developing countries where many of these resources are located. There are concerns about working conditions in some mines and the environmental damage caused by extraction processes. Additionally, the question of what to do with batteries at the end of their useful life in vehicles remains partially unresolved, although research into battery recycling and second-life applications is progressing.

Another challenge involves the electricity grid itself. As more people adopt electric vehicles, the demand for electricity will increase substantially. Some analysts predict that if electric vehicles become the dominant form of transportation, electricity demand could rise by 25% or more in many countries. This increase poses questions about whether existing power grids can handle the additional load and whether sufficient clean energy generation capacity can be built to avoid simply shifting emissions from tailpipes to power plants.

Despite these challenges, the momentum behind electric vehicles continues to grow. Major automobile manufacturers have announced plans to phase out production of gasoline-powered vehicles over the coming decades. Several countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and Canada, have set target dates between 2030 and 2040 for banning the sale of new conventional vehicles. China, the world’s largest automobile market, has been aggressively promoting electric vehicles through subsidies and regulations, seeing them as both an environmental solution and an economic opportunity.

Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the increased interest in electric vehicles?
   A. They are cheaper than gasoline cars
   B. Concerns about climate change and pollution
   C. They are faster than traditional cars
   D. Government subsidies make them free

2. What has been the most significant technological improvement for electric vehicles?
   A. Engine design
   B. Vehicle weight reduction
   C. Battery technology
   D. Aerodynamic styling

3. Which country has the highest percentage of electric vehicle sales?
   A. China
   B. United Kingdom
   C. France
   D. Norway

4. How much have lithium-ion battery prices fallen since 2010?
   A. Nearly 50%
   B. Approximately 70%
   C. Nearly 90%
   D. More than 95%

5. What is one environmental concern about electric vehicle production?
   A. They require too much steel
   B. Mining rare earth minerals causes damage
   C. They produce more emissions than regular cars
   D. They use too much water in manufacturing

6. According to the passage, how much could electricity demand increase if EVs become dominant?
   A. 10% or less
   B. Around 15%
   C. 25% or more
   D. More than 50%

Questions 7-10: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7. Electric vehicles have only been invented in the last twenty years.
8. Some modern electric vehicles can travel over 400 kilometers on one charge.
9. Electric vehicles always produce zero emissions regardless of the electricity source.
10. All major automobile manufacturers will stop producing gasoline cars by 2030.

Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

11. The transportation sector is responsible for approximately 24% of global __ emissions.
12. Research is being conducted into battery recycling and __ applications for old batteries.
13. China views electric vehicles as both an environmental solution and an __ opportunity.

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PASSAGE 2 – Government Policies Driving Electric Vehicle Adoption

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles represents one of the most significant challenges in the transition to a low-carbon economy. While technological improvements have made EVs increasingly competitive with conventional vehicles, government policies have been instrumental in accelerating their market penetration. These policies vary considerably across nations, reflecting different political priorities, economic circumstances, and infrastructure capabilities. Understanding these policy approaches provides valuable insights into how governments are reshaping energy consumption patterns and restructuring traditional automotive industries.

Financial incentives constitute the most direct and visible form of government support for electric vehicles. Many countries offer substantial subsidies to reduce the purchase price differential between EVs and conventional cars. In Germany, for instance, buyers can receive up to €9,000 in government subsidies when purchasing an electric vehicle, with manufacturers contributing an additional amount. The United States has implemented a federal tax credit of up to $7,500 for electric vehicle purchases, though this incentive phases out once a manufacturer sells 200,000 qualifying vehicles. France has taken a slightly different approach, offering both purchase bonuses for electric vehicles and scrapping premiums for consumers who trade in older, more polluting vehicles. These financial mechanisms have proven highly effective in stimulating demand, particularly during the early stages of market development when electric vehicles commanded premium prices.

Beyond purchase incentives, governments have deployed various fiscal policy tools to make electric vehicle ownership more attractive throughout the vehicle’s lifecycle. Many jurisdictions offer reduced or eliminated registration fees, lower annual road taxes, and exemptions from congestion charges in urban areas. In London, electric vehicles are exempt from the daily congestion charge, which saves drivers approximately £15 per day when traveling in the city center. Norway, which has achieved the world’s highest EV adoption rate, has implemented perhaps the most comprehensive package of incentives. Electric vehicle owners there benefit from exemptions on purchase taxes, reduced toll fees, free parking in public spaces, and permission to use bus lanes during peak hours. The cumulative effect of these benefits can amount to savings of thousands of euros annually, making electric vehicles economically attractive even before considering fuel savings.

However, purely financial incentives have limitations and potential drawbacks. Critics argue that subsidies primarily benefit wealthier consumers who could afford electric vehicles without assistance, thus representing a regressive transfer of public funds. There are also concerns about fiscal sustainability, particularly as EV sales increase and the total cost of incentives grows. Several countries have already begun tapering their subsidies, either by reducing the amounts offered or by introducing income caps to restrict eligibility to lower-earning households. Some policy experts suggest that as electric vehicles approach cost parity with conventional vehicles—expected to occur within the next few years—the justification for subsidies will diminish.

In response to these concerns, many governments are shifting toward regulatory approaches that mandate change rather than merely incentivize it. Zero-emission vehicle mandates require manufacturers to ensure that a certain percentage of their sales consist of electric or other emissions-free vehicles. California’s Advanced Clean Cars program, for instance, requires that 35% of new vehicle sales be zero-emission by 2026, increasing to 100% by 2035. Similar mandates have been adopted by several other U.S. states and Canadian provinces. These regulations effectively transfer the cost of the transition from taxpayers to manufacturers and consumers, while ensuring that progress continues even as direct financial incentives are reduced.

Perhaps the most ambitious regulatory approach involves setting deadlines for phasing out internal combustion engine vehicles entirely. The United Kingdom has announced that sales of new gasoline and diesel cars will be banned from 2030, with hybrid vehicles allowed until 2035. The European Union has proposed similar legislation that would effectively ban new combustion engine car sales by 2035. These policies send powerful signals to both manufacturers and consumers, providing certainty about the direction of the market and encouraging long-term planning and investment. However, they also raise questions about whether supporting infrastructure, particularly charging networks, can be developed rapidly enough to meet demand, and whether electricity generation capacity can expand sufficiently to power millions of additional vehicles.

Infrastructure investment represents the third major category of government intervention. Recognizing that inadequate charging infrastructure remains a significant barrier to EV adoption, many governments have committed substantial funds to expanding charging networks. The European Union has proposed requiring charging stations at regular intervals along major highways. China has invested heavily in charging infrastructure as part of its broader strategy to dominate the global electric vehicle market, installing hundreds of thousands of public charging points. The United States has allocated $7.5 billion for EV charging infrastructure through its 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.

The effectiveness of these various policy approaches remains subject to ongoing evaluation. Research suggests that countries employing comprehensive policy packages—combining financial incentives, regulatory mandates, and infrastructure investment—achieve higher EV adoption rates than those relying on single measures. Norway’s success exemplifies this multifaceted approach. However, the optimal policy mix likely varies depending on national circumstances. Developing countries face different challenges than developed nations, including lower average incomes, less developed electricity infrastructure, and competing priorities for government spending. What are the challenges of achieving global renewable energy adoption? discusses similar complexities in energy transitions across diverse economic contexts.

Questions 14-17: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of infrastructure in supporting EVs
ii. Direct financial support for vehicle purchases
iii. Concerns about the fairness of subsidies
iv. Non-purchase incentives for EV owners
v. Requirements for manufacturers to produce EVs
vi. International cooperation on EV policies
vii. Complete bans on combustion engine vehicles
viii. The impact of EVs on oil companies

14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
17. Paragraph E

Questions 18-22: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

18. Financial incentives are the most effective long-term strategy for promoting electric vehicles.
19. Norway’s comprehensive approach to EV incentives has been successful.
20. All countries should adopt identical policies for promoting electric vehicles.
21. Wealthy consumers benefit more from EV subsidies than lower-income households.
22. Developing countries face the same challenges as developed nations in promoting EVs.

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Government policies to promote electric vehicles fall into three main categories. First, many countries offer 23. __ such as purchase subsidies and tax credits. Second, governments are implementing 24. __ that require manufacturers to produce certain percentages of zero-emission vehicles. Finally, significant investment in 25. __ is needed to address concerns about the availability of charging stations. Research indicates that countries using 26. __ policy packages achieve better results than those relying on single measures.

Chính sách khuyến khích xe điện của các quốc gia trên thế giới

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PASSAGE 3 – The Broader Energy System Transformation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The proliferation of electric vehicles extends far beyond the automotive sector, catalyzing a fundamental restructuring of energy systems that has profound implications for electricity generation, distribution networks, and energy markets. This transformation is multidimensional, encompassing technical, economic, and social dimensions that intersect in complex ways. As electric vehicles transition from niche products to mainstream consumer goods, they are precipitating changes in energy policy that reverberate throughout the broader economy and necessitate a reconceptualization of the relationship between transportation and electricity sectors that have historically operated as distinct domains.

The most immediate challenge posed by widespread EV adoption concerns electricity generation capacity. While current EV penetration rates exert minimal stress on existing power systems, projections suggest that if electric vehicles constitute 50% of the vehicle fleet—a target many countries aim to achieve by 2040—electricity demand could increase by 20-30% in developed nations. This anticipated surge in demand coincides with the ongoing transition away from fossil fuel power generation toward renewable sources. The confluence of these trends creates what energy policy analysts term the “dual transition dilemma“: simultaneously electrifying transportation while decarbonizing electricity production. The temporal urgency of climate change precludes the option of phasing these transitions sequentially, yet pursuing them concurrently amplifies both technical and financial challenges.

Complicating matters further, the characteristics of EV charging behavior align poorly with the generation profiles of renewable energy sources. Solar power production peaks during midday hours when residential EV owners are typically at work, with their vehicles potentially parked without access to charging infrastructure. Conversely, demand for vehicle charging often concentrates in evening hours when workers return home—precisely when solar generation diminishes or ceases entirely. Wind power, while less temporally constrained than solar, remains inherently variable and difficult to predict with precision. This temporal mismatch between EV charging patterns and renewable energy availability risks perpetuating dependence on fossil fuel peaking plants that can ramp up quickly to meet evening demand surges, thereby undermining the environmental rationale for vehicle electrification.

Addressing this conundrum requires sophisticated approaches to demand management and energy storage. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology represents one promising avenue, enabling bidirectional electricity flow between vehicles and the power grid. Under V2G systems, electric vehicles function as distributed energy storage devices, charging during periods of abundant renewable generation and discharging electricity back to the grid during peak demand periods. The aggregate storage capacity of a large EV fleet is substantial—a single vehicle battery typically stores 60-100 kilowatt-hours, meaning a fleet of one million vehicles represents 60-100 gigawatt-hours of potential grid storage. This capacity could help stabilize renewable energy supply and reduce the need for expensive grid-scale battery installations. However, realizing V2G’s potential requires overcoming substantial technical barriers, including standardizing communication protocols between vehicles and grid operators, ensuring battery longevity under bidirectional cycling, and developing regulatory frameworks that appropriately compensate vehicle owners for providing grid services.

The spatial distribution of EV adoption also carries significant implications for electricity distribution infrastructure. In many jurisdictions, EV adoption rates vary considerably between neighborhoods, often correlating with income levels and housing types. Areas with high EV penetration may strain local distribution transformers and circuit capacity, particularly if multiple vehicles in close proximity charge simultaneously during evening hours. Upgrading distribution infrastructure to accommodate concentrated EV charging represents a considerable expense—estimates suggest that distribution network reinforcement could cost utilities billions of dollars in countries with high EV adoption targets. Some utilities are exploring dynamic pricing mechanisms that incentivize charging during off-peak hours, thereby smoothing demand curves and potentially deferring or avoiding infrastructure upgrades. However, the effectiveness of such price signals depends on consumers’ willingness and ability to adjust their behavior, which may be constrained by work schedules, parking availability, and the sophistication of vehicle charging systems.

These technical challenges intersect with broader questions about energy equity and the social distribution of costs and benefits. The transition to electric vehicles and the associated electricity infrastructure investments entail substantial expenditures that must ultimately be recovered through electricity rates or taxes. Concerns have been raised that this cost recovery disproportionately burdens households that cannot afford electric vehicles, effectively requiring them to subsidize infrastructure upgrades primarily benefiting wealthier EV owners. Furthermore, the siting of charging infrastructure and the prioritization of grid upgrades may exacerbate existing inequalities if investments concentrate in affluent areas while underserving lower-income communities and rural regions. Some jurisdictions have attempted to address these equity concerns through policies requiring a percentage of charging infrastructure investment in designated disadvantaged communities, though the effectiveness of such measures remains subject to debate.

The transformation precipitated by electric vehicles also intersects with energy security considerations. Countries that have historically depended on imported petroleum view vehicle electrification as an opportunity to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and price volatility in global oil markets. However, this substitution of one form of energy dependence for another raises new security questions. The production of lithium-ion batteries concentrates heavily in China, which controls substantial portions of both raw material processing and battery manufacturing capacity. This concentration has prompted concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities and has spurred efforts to develop domestic battery production capabilities in North America and Europe. Additionally, the minerals required for battery production—particularly cobalt, lithium, and certain rare earth elements—are geographically concentrated, with production dominated by a small number of countries. The geopolitics of battery minerals may come to assume importance analogous to the geopolitics of petroleum in the twentieth century, with similar potential for supply disruptions and strategic competition.

From a policy perspective, these multifaceted challenges underscore the necessity of integrated planning that transcends traditional sectoral boundaries. Historically, transportation policy and electricity policy have been developed largely independently, by separate government agencies with distinct mandates and constituencies. The electric vehicle transition renders this institutional separation increasingly untenable, necessitating new forms of cross-sectoral coordination. Some jurisdictions have established dedicated coordinating bodies to align EV policies with electricity planning, though such institutional innovations remain the exception rather than the norm. The success of the electric vehicle transition—and its contribution to broader climate objectives—hinges not merely on the pace of vehicle adoption but on the concurrent evolution of electricity systems toward greater flexibility, cleaner generation sources, and more equitable governance structures.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, what is the “dual transition dilemma”?
    A. Choosing between electric cars and public transport
    B. Simultaneously electrifying transport and decarbonizing electricity
    C. Deciding whether to build charging stations or power plants
    D. Balancing urban and rural development needs

28. What problem exists between EV charging patterns and renewable energy?
    A. EVs require more energy than renewables can provide
    B. The timing of charging demand doesn’t match renewable energy production
    C. Renewable energy damages EV batteries
    D. EV owners prefer fossil fuel electricity

29. How much electricity storage does a typical electric vehicle battery have?
    A. 20-40 kilowatt-hours
    B. 40-60 kilowatt-hours
    C. 60-100 kilowatt-hours
    D. 100-150 kilowatt-hours

30. What equity concern is raised about EV infrastructure costs?
    A. Wealthy areas receive all the charging stations
    B. Non-EV owners may subsidize infrastructure benefiting EV owners
    C. Rural areas are charged higher electricity rates
    D. Electric vehicles are banned in low-income neighborhoods

31. Why do some countries view vehicle electrification as improving energy security?
    A. It eliminates all energy imports
    B. It reduces dependence on imported petroleum
    C. It makes domestic oil cheaper
    D. It requires no minerals from other countries

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each challenge (32-36) with the correct category (A-F) from the list below.

Categories:
A. Technical challenges
B. Economic challenges
C. Social equity issues
D. Environmental concerns
E. Geopolitical issues
F. Infrastructure limitations

32. The concentration of battery production in China
33. Strain on local distribution transformers from concentrated EV charging
34. Lower-income households subsidizing infrastructure for wealthier EV owners
35. Evening charging demand conflicting with solar generation patterns
36. Cost of upgrading distribution networks to accommodate EVs

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the collective storage capacity of many electric vehicle batteries?
38. What type of pricing mechanism do some utilities use to encourage off-peak charging?
39. Which two regions are trying to develop domestic battery production in response to supply chain concerns?
40. What type of planning does the passage suggest is necessary for successful EV transition?

Hệ thống năng lượng tích hợp với xe điện và lưới điện thông minh

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. NOT GIVEN
11. carbon dioxide
12. second-life
13. economic

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. ii
15. iv
16. iii
17. v
18. NO
19. YES
20. NOT GIVEN
21. YES
22. NO
23. financial incentives
24. regulatory mandates / mandates
25. charging infrastructure / infrastructure
26. comprehensive

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. B
32. E
33. A
34. C
35. A
36. B
37. aggregate storage capacity
38. dynamic pricing mechanisms
39. North America (and) Europe
40. integrated planning

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main reason, increased interest
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “The main catalyst for this change has been growing concerns about climate change and air pollution.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập là lý do chính.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: most significant technological improvement
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Câu “Battery technology, which was once the primary obstacle to EV adoption, has improved dramatically” chỉ ra rằng công nghệ pin là cải tiến quan trọng nhất. Đoạn văn cũng nhấn mạnh giá pin giảm 90%, khiến EV trở nên phổ biến hơn.

Câu 3: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: highest percentage, electric vehicle sales
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Thông tin “electric vehicles account for more than 80% of new car sales in Norway, the highest proportion anywhere in the world” trả lời trực tiếp câu hỏi này.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: only been invented, last twenty years
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Electric vehicles have been around for more than a century” – chứng tỏ chúng đã tồn tại hơn 100 năm, không phải chỉ 20 năm. Do đó câu này là FALSE.

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: travel over 400 kilometers, one charge
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Modern EVs can travel impressive distances on a single charge, with some models exceeding 400 kilometers” – khớp chính xác với câu khẳng định.

Câu 9: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: always produce zero emissions, regardless
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích EVs chỉ “produce virtually no carbon emissions” khi sử dụng năng lượng tái tạo, nhưng khi điện đến từ nhà máy nhiệt điện thì vẫn có phát thải (dù ít hơn xe thông thường). Từ “always” và “regardless” làm cho câu này FALSE.

Câu 11: carbon dioxide

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: transportation sector, 24%
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu gốc “Transportation accounts for approximately 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions” cung cấp đáp án chính xác.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: ii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Paragraph: B
• Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “Financial incentives” và “substantial subsidies to reduce the purchase price differential”, đề cập đến hỗ trợ tài chính trực tiếp khi mua xe như ở Đức (€9,000), Mỹ ($7,500), và Pháp. Heading ii “Direct financial support for vehicle purchases” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 15: iv

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Paragraph: C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói về các ưu đãi ngoài việc mua xe như “reduced registration fees, lower road taxes, exemptions from congestion charges”, miễn phí đỗ xe và được dùng làn xe buýt ở Na Uy. Đây là “Non-purchase incentives for EV owners”.

Câu 16: iii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Paragraph: D
• Giải thích: Đoạn D phân tích những hạn chế của ưu đãi tài chính, đề cập “Critics argue that subsidies primarily benefit wealthier consumers” và “regressive transfer of public funds”. Đây chính là “Concerns about the fairness of subsidies”.

Câu 18: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: Tác giả chỉ ra rằng các ưu đãi tài chính có “limitations and potential drawbacks” và nhiều quốc gia đang “tapering their subsidies”. Đoạn cuối Passage 2 nhấn mạnh “comprehensive policy packages” hiệu quả hơn các biện pháp đơn lẻ. Do đó quan điểm trong câu hỏi mâu thuẫn với tác giả – đáp án là NO.

Câu 19: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn H
• Giải thích: “Norway’s success exemplifies this multifaceted approach” – tác giả đánh giá tích cực về cách tiếp cận toàn diện của Na Uy. Đây là đáp án YES.

Câu 21: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: “Critics argue that subsidies primarily benefit wealthier consumers who could afford electric vehicles without assistance” – tác giả trình bày quan điểm này mà không bác bỏ, ngụ ý đồng ý với nó.

Câu 23: financial incentives

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn B và C
• Giải thích: Đoạn tóm tắt đề cập “subsidies and tax credits” – trong bài gọi là “financial incentives”.

Câu 24: regulatory mandates

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: “Zero-emission vehicle mandates require manufacturers to ensure that a certain percentage of their sales consist of electric” – từ khóa “mandate” xuất hiện nhiều lần trong đoạn.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: dual transition dilemma
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa rõ ràng: “The confluence of these trends creates what energy policy analysts term the ‘dual transition dilemma’: simultaneously electrifying transportation while decarbonizing electricity production.” Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: problem, EV charging patterns, renewable energy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: “Solar power production peaks during midday hours when residential EV owners are typically at work… demand for vehicle charging often concentrates in evening hours when solar generation diminishes” – mô tả rõ sự không khớp về thời gian.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: typical electric vehicle battery, storage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: “A single vehicle battery typically stores 60-100 kilowatt-hours” – đáp án trực tiếp.

Câu 32: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Challenge: Concentration of battery production in China
• Giải thích: Đoạn G nói về “The production of lithium-ion batteries concentrates heavily in China” và “prompted concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities” – đây là vấn đề địa chính trị (Geopolitical issues).

Câu 33: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Challenge: Strain on local distribution transformers
• Giải thích: Đoạn E đề cập “Areas with high EV penetration may strain local distribution transformers and circuit capacity” – đây là thách thức kỹ thuật (Technical challenges).

Câu 37: aggregate storage capacity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: “The aggregate storage capacity of a large EV fleet is substantial” – cụm từ chính xác mô tả khả năng lưu trữ tập thể của nhiều xe điện.

Câu 38: dynamic pricing mechanisms

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: “Some utilities are exploring dynamic pricing mechanisms that incentivize charging during off-peak hours” – đây là cơ chế giá được sử dụng.

Câu 40: integrated planning

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí: Đoạn H
• Giải thích: Câu cuối đoạn nhấn mạnh “these multifaceted challenges underscore the necessity of integrated planning that transcends traditional sectoral boundaries”.

Kết quả triển khai chính sách xe điện tại các quốc gia tiên phong

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformation	n	/ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/	sự chuyển đổi, biến đổi	The transportation sector has been undergoing a remarkable transformation	undergo transformation, digital transformation
viable alternative	adj + n	/ˈvaɪəbl ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/	lựa chọn khả thi	EVs emerging as a viable alternative to traditional cars	provide a viable alternative
gain traction	v + n	/ɡeɪn ˈtrækʃən/	trở nên phổ biến, được chấp nhận	Electric vehicles began to gain significant traction	gain traction in the market
catalyst	n	/ˈkætəlɪst/	chất xúc tác, động lực thúc đẩy	The main catalyst for this change has been climate concerns	act as a catalyst, catalyst for change
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/	cơ sở hạ tầng	Charging infrastructure has expanded rapidly	build infrastructure, infrastructure development
capacity	n	/kəˈpæsəti/	công suất, năng lực	Battery technology has improved in capacity	production capacity, storage capacity
tailpipe emissions	n	/ˈteɪlpaɪp ɪˈmɪʃənz/	khí thải từ ống xả	Reducing tailpipe emissions	reduce emissions, zero emissions
lifecycle	n	/ˈlaɪfsaɪkəl/	vòng đời sản phẩm	EVs produce fewer emissions over their lifecycle	product lifecycle, lifecycle assessment
substantial	adj	/səbˈstænʃəl/	đáng kể, lớn	Requires substantial quantities of rare earth minerals	substantial impact, substantial investment
phase out	phrasal v	/feɪz aʊt/	từ bỏ dần, loại bỏ dần	Plans to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles	phase out production
promote	v	/prəˈməʊt/	thúc đẩy, khuyến khích	China has been aggressively promoting EVs	promote development, promote sustainability
grid	n	/ɡrɪd/	lưới điện	The electricity grid must handle additional load	power grid, national grid

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
adoption	n	/əˈdɒpʃən/	sự chấp nhận, áp dụng	Widespread adoption of electric vehicles	technology adoption, adoption rate
instrumental	adj	/ˌɪnstrəˈmentəl/	có vai trò quan trọng	Policies have been instrumental in accelerating adoption	instrumental in achieving, play an instrumental role
incentive	n	/ɪnˈsentɪv/	ưu đãi, khuyến khích	Financial incentives constitute government support	provide incentives, tax incentive
subsidy	n	/ˈsʌbsədi/	khoản trợ cấp	Many countries offer substantial subsidies	government subsidy, receive subsidies
fiscal	adj	/ˈfɪskəl/	thuộc về tài chính	Governments have deployed fiscal policy tools	fiscal policy, fiscal year
exemption	n	/ɪɡˈzempʃən/	miễn trừ	Exemptions from congestion charges	tax exemption, exemption from fees
comprehensive	adj	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/	toàn diện	Norway has implemented a comprehensive package	comprehensive approach, comprehensive policy
cumulative	adj	/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/	tích lũy, cộng dồn	The cumulative effect of these benefits	cumulative impact, cumulative total
regressive	adj	/rɪˈɡresɪv/	lùi bước, thoái bộ	A regressive transfer of public funds	regressive tax, regressive policy
mandate	n/v	/ˈmændeɪt/	yêu cầu bắt buộc	Zero-emission vehicle mandates	government mandate, mandate change
taper	v	/ˈteɪpər/	giảm dần	Countries have begun tapering their subsidies	taper off, gradually taper
barrier	n	/ˈbæriər/	rào cản	Inadequate infrastructure remains a barrier	overcome barriers, barrier to entry
evaluation	n	/ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/	đánh giá	Subject to ongoing evaluation	performance evaluation, policy evaluation
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa chiều	Norway’s success exemplifies this multifaceted approach	multifaceted approach, multifaceted problem
optimal	adj	/ˈɒptɪməl/	tối ưu	The optimal policy mix varies	optimal solution, optimal conditions

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/	sự gia tăng nhanh	The proliferation of electric vehicles	nuclear proliferation, proliferation of technology
catalyze	v	/ˈkætəlaɪz/	xúc tác, thúc đẩy	Catalyzing a fundamental restructuring	catalyze change, catalyze innovation
profound	adj	/prəˈfaʊnd/	sâu sắc	Profound implications for electricity generation	profound impact, profound effect
multidimensional	adj	/ˌmʌltidaɪˈmenʃənəl/	đa chiều	This transformation is multidimensional	multidimensional approach, multidimensional problem
precipitate	v	/prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/	gây ra đột ngột	Precipitating changes in energy policy	precipitate a crisis, precipitate change
penetration	n	/ˌpenɪˈtreɪʃən/	sự thâm nhập, tỷ lệ áp dụng	Current EV penetration rates	market penetration, penetration rate
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hợp lưu	The confluence of these trends	confluence of factors, confluence of events
temporal	adj	/ˈtempərəl/	thuộc về thời gian	Temporal mismatch between charging patterns	temporal variation, temporal dimension
conundrum	n	/kəˈnʌndrəm/	bài toán khó	Addressing this conundrum requires sophisticated approaches	face a conundrum, solve a conundrum
bidirectional	adj	/ˌbaɪdəˈrekʃənəl/	hai chiều	Enabling bidirectional electricity flow	bidirectional communication, bidirectional flow
aggregate	adj/n	/ˈæɡrɪɡət/	tổng hợp	The aggregate storage capacity is substantial	aggregate demand, in aggregate
strain	v/n	/streɪn/	gây căng thẳng, sức ép	High EV penetration may strain local transformers	put strain on, under strain
incentivize	v	/ɪnˈsentɪvaɪz/	khuyến khích	Dynamic pricing mechanisms incentivize off-peak charging	incentivize behavior, incentivize adoption
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/	không cân xứng	Cost recovery disproportionately burdens households	disproportionately affected, disproportionately high
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương	Reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions	reduce vulnerability, vulnerability assessment
geopolitics	n	/ˌdʒiːəʊˈpɒlətɪks/	địa chính trị	The geopolitics of battery minerals	global geopolitics, geopolitics of energy
underscore	v	/ˌʌndəˈskɔːr/	nhấn mạnh	These challenges underscore the necessity	underscore the importance, underscore the need
transcend	v	/trænˈsend/	vượt qua	Planning that transcends traditional boundaries	transcend boundaries, transcend limitations

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Kết bài

Bài viết đã cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh về chủ đề xe điện và chính sách năng lượng toàn cầu – một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các kỳ thi IELTS gần đây. Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ band 5.0 đến 9.0 đã mang đến trải nghiệm học tập toàn diện, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc và yêu cầu của bài thi thực tế.

Passage 1 giới thiệu những kiến thức cơ bản về sự phát triển của xe điện, phù hợp cho học viên mới bắt đầu. Passage 2 đi sâu vào các chính sách của chính phủ với từ vựng học thuật phong phú hơn. Passage 3 thách thức người đọc với nội dung phức tạp về hệ thống năng lượng tích hợp, yêu cầu khả năng phân tích và suy luận cao.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi. Hãy đặc biệt chú ý đến những từ vựng được làm đậm trong passages – đây là những từ quan trọng bạn cần ghi nhớ để vận dụng vào các phần thi khác.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, hãy luyện tập đề thi này trong điều kiện giống thi thật: 60 phút hoàn thành cả ba passages, không tra từ điển, và tự chấm điểm theo answer keys. Sau đó, dành thời gian phân tích những câu làm sai và học thuộc bộ từ vựng đã tổng hợp. Việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi mẫu chất lượng như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin bước vào phòng thi và đạt được band điểm mong muốn.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!