IELTS Reading: Vai trò của hàng không điện trong tương lai vận tải hàng không – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề về công nghệ hàng không điện và tương lai của vận tải hàng không đang ngày càng xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Đây là một chủ đề mang tính thời sự cao, kết hợp giữa khoa học công nghệ, môi trường và phát triển bền vững – những lĩnh vực được ban tổ chức IELTS đặc biệt chú trọng.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được thực hành với một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5), Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Đề thi bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với đầy đủ các dạng bài thường gặp trong kỳ thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu.

Bạn cũng sẽ học được các từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến công nghệ hàng không, năng lượng sạch và giao thông vận tải, cùng với những kỹ thuật làm bài Reading hiệu quả. Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên đang ôn luyện ở mọi trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thật và nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của mình.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm và không bị trừ điểm cho câu sai. Điều quan trọng là bạn cần phân bổ thời gian hợp lý cho từng passage để đảm bảo hoàn thành toàn bộ bài thi.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Đây là passage dễ nhất, bạn nên tận dụng để ghi điểm tối đa
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Độ khó trung bình, cần thời gian suy nghĩ và phân tích nhiều hơn
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Passage khó nhất, yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu và phân tích cao

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra và chuyển đáp án vào answer sheet. Đừng quên rằng bạn phải ghi đáp án vào phiếu trả lời chính thức vì giám khảo sẽ không chấm đáp án ghi trên đề thi.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

• Multiple Choice: Chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 phương án
• True/False/Not Given: Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
• Yes/No/Not Given: Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
• Matching Headings: Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
• Sentence Completion: Hoàn thiện câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
• Summary Completion: Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
• Matching Features: Nối thông tin với các đối tượng được đề cập

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Aviation

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The aviation industry has long been searching for ways to reduce its environmental impact, and electric aircraft technology is emerging as a promising solution. Traditional jet engines burn fossil fuels, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to the International Air Transport Association, aviation accounts for approximately 2-3% of global carbon emissions, a figure expected to grow as air travel demand increases.

Electric aircraft operate using battery-powered electric motors instead of conventional combustion engines. The concept is similar to electric cars, but the technology faces unique challenges in aviation. Aircraft require enormous amounts of energy to achieve and maintain flight, and current battery technology has limitations in terms of energy density – the amount of energy that can be stored in a given weight or volume. Despite these challenges, several companies and research institutions worldwide are making remarkable progress in developing commercially viable electric aircraft.

Small-scale electric aircraft have already taken to the skies. In 2020, a fully electric passenger plane successfully completed a test flight in Washington State, marking a historic moment for sustainable aviation. The aircraft, which can carry nine passengers, flew for approximately 30 minutes before landing safely. While this may seem modest compared to conventional aircraft that can fly for hours, it represents a crucial proof of concept for electric aviation technology.

The development of electric aircraft offers numerous advantages beyond environmental benefits. Electric motors are significantly quieter than traditional jet engines, which could dramatically reduce noise pollution around airports and flight paths. This is particularly important for urban areas and communities living near airports who have long complained about aircraft noise. Additionally, electric motors have fewer moving parts than combustion engines, potentially leading to lower maintenance costs and increased reliability.

However, the path to widespread adoption of electric aviation faces several obstacles. The most significant challenge is battery technology. Current lithium-ion batteries, the same type used in smartphones and electric vehicles, are too heavy for large aircraft. Engineers estimate that battery energy density needs to improve by a factor of five to ten before electric aircraft can compete with conventional planes on longer routes. Researchers are exploring alternative battery technologies, including solid-state batteries and lithium-air batteries, which promise higher energy density and faster charging times.

Another challenge involves the charging infrastructure required to support electric aircraft. Airports would need to install high-capacity charging stations capable of recharging aircraft batteries quickly between flights. This would require substantial investment in electrical infrastructure and could potentially strain local power grids. Some experts suggest that battery swapping – replacing depleted batteries with fully charged ones – might be more practical than recharging for commercial operations.

Despite these challenges, investment in electric aviation is growing rapidly. Major aerospace companies, including Airbus and Boeing, have announced electric aircraft development programs. Airbus has unveiled plans for a hybrid-electric aircraft that combines electric motors with traditional engines, aiming for commercial operation by the early 2030s. Meanwhile, numerous start-up companies are developing smaller electric aircraft for short-haul flights and urban air mobility applications, such as air taxis.

Governments worldwide are supporting electric aviation development through funding initiatives and regulatory frameworks. The European Union has committed billions of euros to research and development of zero-emission aircraft as part of its broader strategy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Similarly, several countries have established grant programs to encourage innovation in sustainable aviation technology.

The transition to electric aviation is expected to occur gradually, beginning with smaller aircraft on shorter routes. Regional flights of 500 kilometers or less are considered the most suitable initial application for electric aircraft technology. As battery technology improves and charging infrastructure expands, the range and capacity of electric aircraft will increase, eventually enabling them to serve longer routes and carry more passengers. Industry experts predict that by 2040, electric and hybrid-electric aircraft could account for a significant portion of short-haul commercial flights, fundamentally transforming the aviation industry and contributing substantially to global efforts to combat climate change.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, what percentage of global carbon emissions does aviation currently produce?
   A. Less than 1%
   B. 2-3%
   C. 5-6%
   D. More than 10%

2. What is the main limitation of current battery technology for electric aircraft?
   A. The cost of production
   B. The charging time required
   C. The energy density
   D. The manufacturing process

3. How long did the electric passenger plane fly during the 2020 test flight?
   A. 15 minutes
   B. 30 minutes
   C. 45 minutes
   D. 60 minutes

4. What advantage of electric motors is specifically mentioned regarding maintenance?
   A. They are easier to repair
   B. They have fewer moving parts
   C. They last longer
   D. They are cheaper to manufacture

5. According to the passage, which type of flights will likely first adopt electric aircraft technology?
   A. International long-haul flights
   B. Transcontinental flights
   C. Regional flights under 500 kilometers
   D. Cargo flights

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Electric aircraft produce no noise during flight.
7. Battery swapping might be more practical than recharging for commercial operations.
8. All major aerospace companies have cancelled their conventional aircraft programs.
9. The European Union aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Electric aircraft use __ instead of traditional combustion engines.
11. Small electric aircraft are being developed for urban air mobility including __.
12. Engineers believe battery energy density needs to improve by a factor of five to __ before electric aircraft can compete on longer routes.
13. As part of sustainable aviation development, governments have established __ to encourage innovation.

---

PASSAGE 2 – Technical Challenges and Innovations in Electric Flight

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transition from fossil-fuel-powered aviation to electric flight represents one of the most ambitious technological undertakings in modern aerospace engineering. While the concept of electric aircraft appears straightforward in principle, the practical implementation involves overcoming numerous complex technical barriers that have challenged engineers and scientists for decades. Understanding these challenges and the innovative solutions being developed provides crucial insight into the future trajectory of sustainable aviation.

Aerodynamic efficiency becomes paramount when designing electric aircraft, as every watt of energy must be used optimally. Unlike conventional aircraft that can carry substantial fuel reserves, electric aircraft are severely constrained by battery weight limitations. This fundamental constraint has prompted engineers to reimagine aircraft design from the ground up. Traditional aircraft configurations, optimized for jet propulsion, may not be ideal for electric flight. Consequently, researchers are exploring unconventional designs, including distributed propulsion systems where multiple small electric motors are positioned along the wings or fuselage, rather than using a few large engines.

Distributed propulsion offers several advantages that could revolutionize aircraft design. By spreading motor placement across the aircraft structure, engineers can improve aerodynamic performance through enhanced airflow management over wing surfaces. This configuration also provides redundancy – if one motor fails, others can compensate, potentially improving safety. Furthermore, smaller motors can be more easily integrated into wing structures, enabling innovative designs such as boundary layer ingestion, where motors draw in the slower-moving air near the aircraft surface, reducing overall drag and improving efficiency by up to 10%.

The battery system architecture in electric aircraft extends far beyond simply scaling up laptop or automobile batteries. Aircraft batteries must meet stringent safety standards, including the ability to withstand extreme temperature variations, rapid pressure changes, and significant mechanical stress during flight operations. Additionally, they must deliver extremely high power output during takeoff and climb – the most energy-intensive phases of flight – while maintaining sufficient reserves for cruise flight and providing emergency power margins.

Thermal management presents another critical engineering challenge. During operation, batteries and electric motors generate substantial heat that must be effectively dissipated to prevent performance degradation or potential safety hazards. In conventional aircraft, excess heat from engines is naturally dispersed into the surrounding atmosphere. However, electric systems, particularly batteries, are more sensitive to temperature fluctuations and require sophisticated cooling mechanisms. Engineers are developing innovative solutions, including liquid cooling systems that circulate coolant through battery packs and heat exchangers that transfer thermal energy to the airstream flowing over the aircraft.

The electrical architecture of an electric aircraft is fundamentally different from automotive applications. Aircraft systems require multiple levels of redundancy to ensure continued operation in the event of component failures. This necessitates complex power distribution networks with backup systems, circuit protection mechanisms, and fault-tolerant control systems. Additionally, the electrical system must coordinate seamlessly with flight control computers, navigation systems, and other avionics, all while maintaining the strict weight budgets essential for flight.

Charging infrastructure represents a significant logistical challenge that extends beyond merely installing charging points at airports. The electrical demands of recharging commercial aircraft are substantial – potentially requiring megawatt-scale charging systems that can replenish batteries during the typical turnaround time between flights, usually 30-45 minutes for short-haul operations. This level of power draw would place enormous demands on airport electrical grids, potentially requiring dedicated substations or even on-site power generation facilities.

Some researchers advocate for battery swapping as an alternative to conventional charging. This approach involves quickly removing depleted battery packs and replacing them with fully charged units, similar to changing the batteries in a flashlight but on a vastly larger scale. While this could eliminate charging time delays, it introduces complexities related to standardization – battery packs would need to be interchangeable across different aircraft models – and requires substantial investment in battery inventory and handling equipment.

Hybrid-electric propulsion systems are emerging as an intermediate solution that could accelerate the transition to fully electric flight. These systems combine electric motors with conventional engines, similar to hybrid automobiles. In one configuration, electric motors provide power during takeoff and initial climb, the most fuel-intensive portions of flight, while traditional engines handle cruise flight. This approach offers immediate emissions reductions – potentially 30-50% compared to conventional aircraft – while overcoming current battery limitations. Additionally, hybrid systems provide valuable operational experience with electric propulsion technology, informing the development of future fully electric aircraft.

Regulatory frameworks for electric aircraft are still evolving. Aviation authorities, including the Federal Aviation Administration and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency, are developing new certification standards specifically for electric propulsion systems. These regulations must address unique aspects of electric aircraft, including battery safety testing, electromagnetic interference, electrical system redundancy requirements, and emergency procedures. The regulatory process involves extensive testing and validation to ensure that electric aircraft meet or exceed the rigorous safety standards established for conventional aviation.

The economic viability of electric aircraft depends on multiple factors beyond technical performance. Operational costs must be competitive with conventional aircraft, considering not only fuel savings but also battery replacement expenses, charging infrastructure costs, and potential route limitations due to range constraints. Airlines operate on thin profit margins, and investment in new technology requires clear economic justification. However, as battery costs decline – they have fallen by approximately 90% over the past decade – and environmental regulations become stricter, the economic case for electric aviation strengthens considerably, suggesting that the transition may accelerate more rapidly than many analysts initially predicted.

Sơ đồ hệ thống phân tán động cơ điện trên máy bay điện hiện đại với công nghệ hiệu suất cao

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Traditional aircraft designs optimized for jet engines are equally suitable for electric propulsion.
15. Distributed propulsion systems can improve aircraft safety through redundancy.
16. Battery swapping is more economical than conventional charging for all aircraft operations.
17. Hybrid-electric systems could reduce emissions by 30-50% compared to conventional aircraft.
18. The economic case for electric aviation is becoming stronger as battery costs decrease.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has ten paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The importance of temperature control in electric systems
ii. Economic considerations for electric aircraft adoption
iii. The role of distributed propulsion in aircraft design
iv. Developing new safety regulations for electric flight
v. Battery system requirements for aviation applications
vi. The challenge of providing adequate charging facilities
vii. Hybrid systems as a transitional technology
viii. Fundamental design constraints of electric aircraft

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Electric aircraft face numerous technical challenges, particularly regarding battery technology. The batteries must meet 24. __ and withstand extreme conditions during flight. During takeoff, batteries must deliver high 25. __ while maintaining reserves for other flight phases. Additionally, thermal management is crucial, requiring 26. __ to prevent overheating and maintain optimal performance.

---

PASSAGE 3 – The Broader Implications of Electric Aviation for Global Transportation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The advent of electric aviation technology represents far more than merely a technological substitution of one propulsion system for another; it constitutes a potentially transformative force that could fundamentally reshape global transportation networks, urban planning paradigms, and the broader socioeconomic landscape of the twenty-first century. The ramifications of widespread electric flight adoption extend well beyond emissions reductions, encompassing complex interdependencies among energy infrastructure, manufacturing supply chains, geopolitical dynamics, and social equity considerations that demand comprehensive analysis.

From an infrastructural perspective, the transition to electric aviation necessitates a reconceptualization of airport design and energy systems. Contemporary airports function primarily as refueling nodes within a global network optimized for liquid hydrocarbon distribution. The shift to electric aircraft would fundamentally alter this paradigm, transforming airports into high-capacity electrical consumption hubs requiring unprecedented levels of power delivery infrastructure. This transformation poses significant challenges for existing electrical grid architecture, which in many regions already operates near capacity during peak demand periods. The temporal concentration of aircraft charging requirements – particularly the need to rapidly recharge multiple aircraft simultaneously during peak operational hours – could create substantial load-balancing challenges for regional power systems.

The grid integration challenges are further compounded by the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. While electric aircraft offer the potential for zero-emission flight when powered by renewable electricity, the temporal mismatch between peak renewable energy generation and peak charging demand could necessitate sophisticated energy storage solutions at the grid scale. Some analysts propose that aircraft batteries themselves could potentially serve a dual function, acting as distributed energy storage resources that could stabilize grid frequency and provide ancillary services to the electrical grid during periods when aircraft are not in operation. However, this approach raises complex questions regarding battery cycle life, ownership models, and the optimization of sometimes competing objectives between aviation operations and grid services.

The geographical implications of electric aviation are particularly intriguing and potentially disruptive to established transportation hierarchies. The current hub-and-spoke model that dominates global aviation emerged partly due to the economic advantages of consolidating passengers onto larger aircraft for long-distance travel, with feeder networks connecting smaller cities to major hubs. Electric aircraft, particularly in the near to medium term, will likely be smaller and limited to shorter ranges, potentially favoring a point-to-point connectivity model that bypasses traditional hubs. This shift could democratize air travel access, making direct flights economically viable for previously underserved secondary cities and regional communities, thereby reconfiguring economic geography and potentially decentralizing economic activity away from major metropolitan centers.

Urban air mobility – the concept of routine electric aircraft operations within and between cities – represents perhaps the most revolutionary application of electric aviation technology. Proponents envision networks of small electric aircraft, commonly termed eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) vehicles, providing rapid point-to-point transportation within urban regions, effectively creating a third dimension for urban transportation beyond ground-level streets and underground transit systems. Such systems could potentially alleviate surface congestion, reduce commute times, and enable new patterns of urban development. However, skeptics question the scalability and social equity implications of urban air mobility, raising concerns that it might primarily serve affluent populations while doing little to address transportation needs of lower-income communities, potentially exacerbating existing socioeconomic disparities.

The manufacturing ecosystem implications are equally profound. The aviation industry has developed over more than a century into a highly specialized global supply chain centered on precision machining, advanced materials fabrication, and the production of complex mechanical systems such as turbines and gearboxes. Electric propulsion systems, by contrast, require fundamentally different manufacturing capabilities, centered on electrical engineering, power electronics, battery cell production, and software integration. This technological shift creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities. Regions and companies that successfully adapt their capabilities to electric aviation stand to capture substantial economic value, while those locked into conventional aviation manufacturing may face significant structural challenges.

The geopolitical dimensions of this transition merit careful consideration. Currently, global aviation supply chains involve complex international collaborations, with aircraft and engines manufactured through extensive networks spanning multiple countries. The shift to electric aviation could potentially realign these relationships. Battery manufacturing, currently dominated by a small number of countries, represents a critical dependency in the electric aviation value chain. Countries seeking to develop domestic electric aircraft industries must consider their position within battery supply chains, including access to critical raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. These considerations introduce new dimensions to resource geopolitics and trade policy, potentially creating both opportunities for cooperation and sources of international tension.

The environmental calculus of electric aviation, while generally favorable, is more nuanced than simple comparisons of operational emissions might suggest. Life-cycle assessments must consider the environmental impacts of battery production, including mining operations, manufacturing energy consumption, and end-of-life disposal or recycling. Current lithium-ion battery production is energy-intensive and involves hazardous materials; if this production is powered by fossil fuel electricity, the overall emissions reduction benefits of electric aviation may be substantially diminished. Furthermore, the increased electricity demand from electric aviation must be met by new generation capacity, and the emissions intensity of this capacity depends critically on whether it comes from renewable sources or fossil fuels. Thus, the environmental benefits of electric aviation are inextricably linked to broader energy system transitions.

The social dimensions of this technological transition extend beyond equity concerns to encompass workforce implications. The aviation industry currently employs millions of people worldwide in manufacturing, maintenance, flight operations, and supporting roles. The shift to electric aviation will create new employment opportunities in areas such as battery technology, electric systems engineering, and charging infrastructure development, while potentially displacing workers in conventional aviation manufacturing and maintenance. The net employment effects are uncertain and will depend on the pace of transition, the extent to which affected workers can be retrained, and policy interventions to support just transitions. History suggests that major technological transitions often create significant transitional hardship for affected workers and communities, even when they generate overall economic benefits.

Looking toward the future, the successful realization of electric aviation’s potential depends not merely on continued technological advancement but on coordinated policy frameworks that address the multifaceted challenges outlined above. This includes investment in enabling infrastructure, development of appropriate regulatory frameworks, incentive structures that account for externalities, research and development support, and workforce transition programs. International cooperation will be essential, as aviation is inherently global and unilateral approaches risk creating competitive distortions or fragmented standards that could impede the technology’s development and deployment. The governance challenges are substantial, requiring coordination across traditionally separate policy domains including transportation, energy, environment, labor, and industrial policy. Nevertheless, the potential benefits – including significant emissions reductions, improved air quality, reduced noise pollution, and new patterns of connectivity – justify serious commitment to navigating these complexities and realizing electric aviation’s transformative potential for global transportation in the decades ahead.

Mạng lưới kết nối giao thông hàng không điện tương lai với máy bay điện kết nối các thành phố

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, the transformation of airports into electrical consumption hubs is challenging because:
    A. Airport designs are outdated
    B. Electrical grids already operate near capacity in many regions
    C. Airlines refuse to invest in new infrastructure
    D. Electric aircraft require special landing facilities

28. What does the passage suggest about the hub-and-spoke model in aviation?
    A. It will be completely replaced immediately by electric aircraft
    B. It emerged partly due to economic advantages of consolidating passengers
    C. It is the most efficient model for all types of aircraft
    D. It was designed specifically for electric aviation

29. The passage indicates that urban air mobility could potentially:
    A. Completely replace all ground transportation
    B. Eliminate all traffic congestion permanently
    C. Primarily serve affluent populations
    D. Reduce costs for all urban residents equally

30. Regarding the manufacturing ecosystem, the passage suggests that:
    A. All aviation manufacturers will easily adapt to electric propulsion
    B. Electric aircraft require the same manufacturing capabilities as conventional aircraft
    C. The shift creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities for manufacturers
    D. No new manufacturing capabilities are needed

31. The environmental benefits of electric aviation are:
    A. Guaranteed regardless of electricity sources
    B. Linked to broader energy system transitions
    C. Greater than all other forms of transportation
    D. Unaffected by battery production processes

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H) from the passage.

Concepts:
32. Distributed energy storage
33. eVTOL
34. Life-cycle assessments
35. Just transitions
36. Competitive distortions

Descriptions:
A. Policy support programs for affected workers
B. Electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles
C. Aircraft batteries serving grid stabilization functions
D. Uneven regulatory impacts across countries
E. Environmental impact evaluations from production to disposal
F. Traditional airport refueling systems
G. Hybrid propulsion technology
H. International aviation agreements

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of analysis is needed to fully evaluate the environmental impact of battery production and disposal?
38. What three critical raw materials are mentioned as important for battery supply chains?
39. What do proponents of urban air mobility say it could create for urban transportation?
40. What type of frameworks does the passage suggest are essential for aviation being an inherently global industry?

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. TRUE
10. electric motors
11. air taxis
12. ten
13. grant programs

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NOT GIVEN
17. YES
18. YES
19. viii
20. iii
21. v
22. i
23. vi
24. safety standards
25. power output
26. cooling systems

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. C
33. B
34. E
35. A
36. D
37. Life-cycle assessments
38. lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements (any order acceptable)
39. third dimension
40. International cooperation

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: percentage, global carbon emissions, aviation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “aviation accounts for approximately 2-3% of global carbon emissions” – hàng không chiếm khoảng 2-3% lượng khí thải carbon toàn cầu. Đây là thông tin trực tiếp không cần paraphrase.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main limitation, current battery technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Câu văn “current battery technology has limitations in terms of energy density” chỉ rõ hạn chế chính là mật độ năng lượng. Đáp án C là chính xác.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: 2020 test flight, how long
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết cho biết “flew for approximately 30 minutes before landing safely” – bay khoảng 30 phút trước khi hạ cánh an toàn.

Câu 4: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: advantage, electric motors, maintenance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Passage nêu “electric motors have fewer moving parts than combustion engines, potentially leading to lower maintenance costs” – động cơ điện có ít bộ phận chuyển động hơn, dẫn đến chi phí bảo trì thấp hơn.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: first adopt, electric aircraft technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ ra “Regional flights of 500 kilometers or less are considered the most suitable initial application” – các chuyến bay khu vực dưới 500 km được coi là ứng dụng ban đầu phù hợp nhất.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: electric aircraft, no noise
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Electric motors are significantly quieter” (yên hơn đáng kể) chứ không phải “no noise” (không có tiếng ồn). Đây là thông tin mâu thuẫn nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: battery swapping, more practical
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu “Some experts suggest that battery swapping… might be more practical than recharging for commercial operations” khớp với nội dung câu hỏi.

Câu 8: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all major aerospace companies, cancelled conventional programs
• Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập các công ty đang phát triển chương trình máy bay điện nhưng không nói họ hủy bỏ chương trình máy bay thông thường.

Câu 9: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: European Union, carbon neutrality, 2050
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Passage nêu “achieve carbon neutrality by 2050” khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.

Câu 10: electric motors

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Electric aircraft use, instead of combustion engines
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Câu gốc “Electric aircraft operate using battery-powered electric motors instead of conventional combustion engines.”

Câu 11: air taxis

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: urban air mobility
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập “urban air mobility applications, such as air taxis” – ứng dụng vận chuyển hàng không đô thị như taxi bay.

Câu 12: ten

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: improve by a factor
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Battery energy density needs to improve by a factor of five to ten” – cần cải thiện từ 5 đến 10 lần.

Câu 13: grant programs

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: governments, encourage innovation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “Several countries have established grant programs to encourage innovation” – các quốc gia đã thiết lập các chương trình tài trợ để khuyến khích đổi mới.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Traditional aircraft designs, equally suitable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Passage nêu “Traditional aircraft configurations, optimized for jet propulsion, may not be ideal for electric flight” – cấu hình máy bay truyền thống có thể không lý tưởng cho bay điện. Điều này mâu thuẫn với “equally suitable” nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: distributed propulsion, improve safety, redundancy
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “This configuration also provides redundancy – if one motor fails, others can compensate, potentially improving safety” khớp với quan điểm trong câu hỏi.

Câu 16: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: battery swapping, more economical, all operations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nói battery swapping “could eliminate charging time delays” nhưng không so sánh chi tiết về mặt kinh tế cho tất cả các hoạt động.

Câu 17: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: hybrid-electric systems, 30-50% emissions reduction
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “This approach offers immediate emissions reductions – potentially 30-50% compared to conventional aircraft” trùng khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.

Câu 18: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: economic case, stronger, battery costs decrease
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “However, as battery costs decline… the economic case for electric aviation strengthens considerably” phản ánh đúng quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 19: viii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Đoạn này thảo luận về “battery weight limitations” và việc “reimagine aircraft design” – các ràng buộc thiết kế cơ bản của máy bay điện.

Câu 20: iii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “distributed propulsion” và các lợi thế của nó trong thiết kế máy bay.

Câu 21: v

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả “battery system architecture” và các yêu cầu đặc biệt cho pin hàng không.

Câu 22: i

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Đoạn này thảo luận chi tiết về “thermal management” – quản lý nhiệt độ trong hệ thống điện.

Câu 23: vi

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “charging infrastructure” và các thách thức liên quan đến cung cấp điện năng cho sạc máy bay.

Câu 24: safety standards

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: batteries must meet
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Aircraft batteries must meet stringent safety standards” – pin máy bay phải đáp ứng các tiêu chuẩn an toàn nghiêm ngặt.

Câu 25: power output

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: must deliver high
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “They must deliver extremely high power output during takeoff and climb” – phải cung cấp công suất đầu ra cao.

Câu 26: cooling systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: thermal management, requiring
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Engineers are developing innovative solutions, including liquid cooling systems” – các hệ thống làm mát để quản lý nhiệt.

Công nghệ pin máy bay điện tiên tiến với hệ thống quản lý nhiệt và sạc nhanh cho hàng không tương lai

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: airports, electrical consumption hubs, challenging
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “This transformation poses significant challenges for existing electrical grid architecture, which in many regions already operates near capacity during peak demand periods” – lưới điện hiện tại đã hoạt động gần công suất trong nhiều khu vực.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: hub-and-spoke model
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “The current hub-and-spoke model… emerged partly due to the economic advantages of consolidating passengers onto larger aircraft” – mô hình này xuất hiện một phần do lợi thế kinh tế của việc tập trung hành khách.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: urban air mobility, potentially
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Skeptics… raising concerns that it might primarily serve affluent populations” – người hoài nghi lo ngại nó chủ yếu phục vụ dân giàu.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: manufacturing ecosystem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “This technological shift creates both opportunities and vulnerabilities” – sự chuyển đổi công nghệ tạo ra cả cơ hội lẫn rủi ro.

Câu 31: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: environmental benefits
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “Thus, the environmental benefits of electric aviation are inextricably linked to broader energy system transitions” – lợi ích môi trường gắn liền với chuyển đổi hệ thống năng lượng rộng lớn hơn.

Câu 32: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Aircraft batteries themselves could potentially serve a dual function, acting as distributed energy storage resources” – pin máy bay có thể hoạt động như nguồn lưu trữ năng lượng phân tán để ổn định lưới điện.

Câu 33: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Commonly termed eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing) vehicles” – được gọi là phương tiện cất cánh và hạ cánh thẳng đứng bằng điện.

Câu 34: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Life-cycle assessments must consider the environmental impacts of battery production, including mining operations… and end-of-life disposal” – đánh giá vòng đời phải xem xét tác động môi trường từ sản xuất đến thải bỏ.

Câu 35: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Policy interventions to support just transitions” – can thiệp chính sách để hỗ trợ chuyển đổi công bằng cho công nhân bị ảnh hưởng.

Câu 36: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Unilateral approaches risk creating competitive distortions” – cách tiếp cận đơn phương có nguy cơ tạo ra méo mó cạnh tranh.

Câu 37: Life-cycle assessments

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: fully evaluate environmental impact, battery production, disposal
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Life-cycle assessments must consider the environmental impacts of battery production… and end-of-life disposal or recycling.”

Câu 38: lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: three critical raw materials
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “Critical raw materials such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements” – ba nguyên liệu thô quan trọng được liệt kê.

Câu 39: third dimension

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: urban air mobility, could create
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Effectively creating a third dimension for urban transportation beyond ground-level streets and underground transit systems.”

Câu 40: International cooperation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: essential, aviation inherently global
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “International cooperation will be essential, as aviation is inherently global” – hợp tác quốc tế là cần thiết vì hàng không vốn mang tính toàn cầu.

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
environmental impact	noun phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈɪmpækt/	tác động môi trường	reduce its environmental impact	minimize/reduce environmental impact
fossil fuels	noun	/ˈfɒsl fjuːəlz/	nhiên liệu hóa thạch	burn fossil fuels	burn/consume fossil fuels
greenhouse gases	noun	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ˈɡæsɪz/	khí nhà kính	releasing greenhouse gases	emit/release greenhouse gases
energy density	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˈdensəti/	mật độ năng lượng	limitations in energy density	high/low energy density
commercially viable	adjective phrase	/kəˈmɜːʃəli ˈvaɪəbl/	khả thi về mặt thương mại	developing commercially viable electric aircraft	economically/commercially viable
sustainable aviation	noun phrase	/səˈsteɪnəbl ˌeɪviˈeɪʃn/	hàng không bền vững	a historic moment for sustainable aviation	promote sustainable aviation
proof of concept	noun phrase	/pruːf əv ˈkɒnsept/	bằng chứng khả thi	a crucial proof of concept	demonstrate proof of concept
noise pollution	noun phrase	/nɔɪz pəˈluːʃn/	ô nhiễm tiếng ồn	reduce noise pollution	minimize/reduce noise pollution
maintenance costs	noun phrase	/ˈmeɪntənəns kɒsts/	chi phí bảo trì	lower maintenance costs	reduce maintenance costs
charging infrastructure	noun phrase	/ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng sạc điện	require substantial charging infrastructure	develop/install charging infrastructure
carbon neutrality	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən njuːˈtræləti/	trung hòa carbon	achieve carbon neutrality by 2050	achieve/reach carbon neutrality
climate change	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/	biến đổi khí hậu	combat climate change	fight/combat climate change

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
technical barriers	noun phrase	/ˈteknɪkl ˈbæriəz/	rào cản kỹ thuật	overcoming numerous technical barriers	overcome technical barriers
aerodynamic efficiency	noun phrase	/ˌeərəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk ɪˈfɪʃnsi/	hiệu suất khí động học	aerodynamic efficiency becomes paramount	improve aerodynamic efficiency
distributed propulsion	noun phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd prəˈpʌlʃn/	hệ thống đẩy phân tán	distributed propulsion systems	implement distributed propulsion
redundancy	noun	/rɪˈdʌndənsi/	sự dự phòng	provides redundancy	build in redundancy
boundary layer ingestion	noun phrase	/ˈbaʊndri ˈleɪə ɪnˈdʒestʃən/	hút lớp biên	innovative designs such as boundary layer ingestion	utilize boundary layer ingestion
stringent safety standards	noun phrase	/ˈstrɪndʒənt ˈseɪfti ˈstændədz/	tiêu chuẩn an toàn nghiêm ngặt	must meet stringent safety standards	comply with stringent standards
thermal management	noun phrase	/ˈθɜːml ˈmænɪdʒmənt/	quản lý nhiệt	thermal management presents challenges	effective thermal management
power distribution networks	noun phrase	/ˈpaʊə ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn ˈnetwɜːks/	mạng lưới phân phối điện	complex power distribution networks	establish power distribution networks
fault-tolerant	adjective	/fɔːlt ˈtɒlərənt/	chịu lỗi	fault-tolerant control systems	design fault-tolerant systems
turnaround time	noun phrase	/ˈtɜːnəraʊnd taɪm/	thời gian quay vòng	during typical turnaround time	reduce turnaround time
battery swapping	noun phrase	/ˈbætəri ˈswɒpɪŋ/	thay pin	battery swapping as an alternative	implement battery swapping
hybrid-electric propulsion	noun phrase	/ˈhaɪbrɪd ɪˈlektrɪk prəˈpʌlʃn/	hệ thống đẩy hybrid điện	hybrid-electric propulsion systems	develop hybrid-electric propulsion
certification standards	noun phrase	/ˌsɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn ˈstændədz/	tiêu chuẩn chứng nhận	developing new certification standards	meet certification standards
economic viability	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌvaɪəˈbɪləti/	khả thi về kinh tế	economic viability of electric aircraft	assess economic viability
range constraints	noun phrase	/reɪndʒ kənˈstreɪnts/	hạn chế tầm bay	potential route limitations due to range constraints	overcome range constraints

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformative force	noun phrase	/trænsˈfɔːmətɪv fɔːs/	lực lượng chuyển đổi	constitutes a transformative force	act as a transformative force
ramifications	noun	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/	hệ quả, tác động	the ramifications extend beyond	consider the ramifications
interdependencies	noun	/ˌɪntədɪˈpendənsiz/	sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau	complex interdependencies among systems	recognize interdependencies
reconceptualization	noun	/riːkənˌseptʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự tái khái niệm hóa	necessitates a reconceptualization	require reconceptualization
load-balancing challenges	noun phrase	/ləʊd ˈbælənsɪŋ ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	thách thức cân bằng tải	create substantial load-balancing challenges	address load-balancing challenges
grid integration	noun phrase	/ɡrɪd ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/	tích hợp lưới điện	grid integration challenges	facilitate grid integration
intermittent renewable energy	noun phrase	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi/	năng lượng tái tạo không liên tục	penetration of intermittent renewable energy	integrate intermittent renewable energy
temporal mismatch	noun phrase	/ˈtempərəl ˈmɪsmætʃ/	sự không khớp về thời gian	temporal mismatch between generation and demand	resolve temporal mismatch
hub-and-spoke model	noun phrase	/hʌb ənd spəʊk ˈmɒdl/	mô hình trung tâm và nan hoa	the current hub-and-spoke model	operate hub-and-spoke model
point-to-point connectivity	noun phrase	/pɔɪnt tə pɔɪnt ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti/	kết nối điểm-điểm	favoring a point-to-point connectivity model	provide point-to-point connectivity
democratize	verb	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪz/	dân chủ hóa, phổ biến	could democratize air travel access	democratize access to services
eVTOL	noun	/iː viː tiː əʊ el/	máy bay cất hạ cánh thẳng đứng điện	eVTOL vehicles	develop eVTOL aircraft
scalability	noun	/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/	khả năng mở rộng quy mô	question the scalability	assess scalability
socioeconomic disparities	noun phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪˈspærətiz/	bất bình đẳng kinh tế xã hội	exacerbating socioeconomic disparities	address socioeconomic disparities
supply chain	noun phrase	/səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng	global supply chain	optimize supply chain
critical dependency	noun phrase	/ˈkrɪtɪkl dɪˈpendənsi/	sự phụ thuộc quan trọng	represents a critical dependency	reduce critical dependency
life-cycle assessments	noun phrase	/laɪf ˈsaɪkl əˈsesmənt/	đánh giá vòng đời	life-cycle assessments must consider	conduct life-cycle assessments
just transitions	noun phrase	/dʒʌst trænˈzɪʃnz/	chuyển đổi công bằng	policy support for just transitions	ensure just transitions
coordinated policy frameworks	noun phrase	/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtɪd ˈpɒləsi ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung chính sách phối hợp	depends on coordinated policy frameworks	develop coordinated frameworks
governance challenges	noun phrase	/ˈɡʌvənəns ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	thách thức quản trị	the governance challenges are substantial	address governance challenges

---

Kết bài

Chủ đề về vai trò của hàng không điện trong tương lai vận tải hàng không là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được thực hành với đầy đủ ba mức độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thật và phát triển kỹ năng đọc hiểu toàn diện.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp cho bạn góc nhìn đa chiều về công nghệ hàng không điện, từ những thông tin cơ bản về lợi ích và thách thức, đến các vấn đề kỹ thuật phức tạp, và cuối cùng là những tác động sâu rộng đến xã hội và kinh tế toàn cầu. Đây chính là cách mà IELTS Reading thường tổ chức nội dung: từ dễ đến khó, từ tổng quan đến chi tiết.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách xác định thông tin trong bài đọc, nhận biết paraphrase, và áp dụng các kỹ thuật làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Hãy chú ý đến cách mà thông tin trong câu hỏi được diễn đạt khác so với bài đọc – đây là kỹ năng quan trọng giúp bạn đạt band điểm cao.

Bộ từ vựng được tổng hợp từ ba passages bao gồm nhiều collocations và academic words quan trọng, không chỉ hữu ích cho phần Reading mà còn có thể áp dụng trong Writing và Speaking khi bàn về các chủ đề liên quan đến công nghệ, môi trường và phát triển bền vững.

Hãy thực hành bộ đề này nhiều lần, tập trung vào việc cải thiện tốc độ đọc và khả năng xác định thông tin chính xác. Đừng quên phân bổ thời gian hợp lý cho từng passage và luôn dành vài phút để kiểm tra lại đáp án trước khi nộp bài. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được mục tiêu band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading.