Cách Sử Dụng Mostly, General, Majority Trong IELTS – Phân Biệt Chính Xác Để Đạt Band 8.0+

Giới Thiệu

Mostly, general và majority là ba từ vựng thường gây nhầm lẫn cho thí sinh IELTS người Việt khi diễn đạt ý “phần lớn” hoặc “đa số”. Mặc dù có vẻ tương đồng về nghĩa, ba từ này thuộc các từ loại khác nhau và có cách dùng riêng biệt trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh. Việc sử dụng sai có thể khiến bạn mất điểm ở tiêu chí Grammatical Range and Accuracy.

Theo phân tích các bài thi IELTS thực tế từ Cambridge IELTS 15-19, những từ này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong:

• Speaking: Part 2 (mô tả xu hướng, nhóm người) và Part 3 (thảo luận về xã hội, quan điểm chung)
• Writing Task 1: Mô tả biểu đồ, số liệu thống kê
• Writing Task 2: Đưa ra lập luận về đa số, xu hướng phổ biến
• Reading & Listening: Nhận diện thông tin về tỷ lệ, xu hướng

Ví dụ vận dụng trong IELTS:

Speaking Part 2 (Describe people in your country):
“The majority of young people in Vietnam prefer using social media to communicate rather than face-to-face meetings.”
→ Phân tích: The majority of + danh từ số nhiều + động từ số nhiều

Writing Task 1 (Bar chart description):
“The general trend shows an increase in online shopping across all age groups between 2010 and 2023.”
→ Phân tích: General (tính từ) + trend (danh từ)

Speaking Part 3 (Discussing habits):
“People in urban areas mostly rely on public transportation for their daily commute.”
→ Phân tích: Mostly (trạng từ) đứng trước động từ thường

Writing Task 2 (Opinion essay):
“While the majority of experts believe that climate change is human-caused, some scientists mostly focus on natural factors.”
→ Phân tích: Kết hợp cả “majority” và “mostly” trong cùng một câu phức

Speaking Part 1 (Talking about preferences):
“In general, Vietnamese students spend considerable time preparing for university entrance exams.”
→ Phân tích: In general (cụm trạng từ) đứng đầu câu

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ học:

✅ Phân biệt rõ ràng về từ loại và nghĩa của mostly, general, majority
✅ Công thức chi tiết với vị trí trong câu
✅ Cách vận dụng vào 4 kỹ năng IELTS để đạt Band 7-9
✅ 25+ câu ví dụ thực tế từ đề thi IELTS
✅ Các biến thể và collocations nâng cao cho Band 8+
✅ Lỗi thường gặp của học viên Việt Nam và cách khắc phục
✅ Bài tập thực hành với đáp án chi tiết

Mostly, General, Majority Là Gì? Phân Biệt Từ Loại

Định Nghĩa Và Từ Loại

1. MOSTLY (Trạng từ – Adverb)

Mostly nghĩa là “chủ yếu, phần lớn, hầu hết” – dùng để chỉ tần suất hoặc mức độ của một hành động, sự việc.

Chức năng chính:

• Bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ hoặc cả câu
• Thể hiện tỷ lệ cao (khoảng 70-90%)
• Đồng nghĩa: mainly, primarily, largely, predominantly

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Speaking: Miêu tả thói quen, sở thích phổ biến
• Writing Task 2: Nêu xu hướng chung, lập luận về đa số trường hợp
• Vị trí: Trước động từ thường, sau động từ to be, đầu hoặc cuối câu

2. GENERAL (Tính từ – Adjective)

General nghĩa là “chung, tổng quát, phổ biến” – dùng để miêu tả tính chất rộng, không cụ thể.

Chức năng chính:

• Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
• Thể hiện tính phổ quát, không chi tiết
• Đồng nghĩa: common, widespread, overall, broad

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Writing Task 1: Mô tả xu hướng tổng quan (general trend, general pattern)
• Writing Task 2: Nói về quy tắc chung, quan điểm phổ biến
• Speaking: Thảo luận ý kiến chung của xã hội
• Vị trí: Trước danh từ hoặc sau động từ linking

3. MAJORITY (Danh từ – Noun)

Majority nghĩa là “đa số, phần lớn” (thường trên 50%) – chỉ số lượng hoặc tỷ lệ lớn hơn trong một nhóm.

Chức năng chính:

• Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong câu
• Thường đi với “of” + danh từ
• Động từ theo sau có thể ở dạng số ít hoặc số nhiều tùy ngữ cảnh
• Đồng nghĩa: most (of), the greater part

Khi nào dùng trong IELTS:

• Writing Task 1: Mô tả tỷ lệ số liệu (the majority of respondents)
• Writing Task 2: Lập luận về nhóm đông người
• Speaking Part 3: Thảo luận về dư luận, quan điểm xã hội
• Vị trí: Đầu câu làm chủ ngữ hoặc sau động từ làm tân ngữ

Tần Suất Xuất Hiện Trong IELTS

Theo phân tích từ Cambridge IELTS 10-19:

Speaking:

• Part 1: Thấp – thường dùng các cụm đơn giản hơn
• Part 2: Trung bình – “mostly” xuất hiện khi mô tả thói quen; “majority” khi nói về nhóm người
• Part 3: Cao – cả ba từ đều quan trọng khi thảo luận xu hướng xã hội, quan điểm phổ biến

Writing:

• Task 1: Cao – “general trend”, “the majority of” rất phổ biến trong Overview và Body paragraphs
• Task 2: Rất cao – cần thiết để lập luận về xu hướng, quan điểm chung, đa số người

Listening/Reading:

• Xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài về thống kê, nghiên cứu xã hội, báo cáo khoa học
• Cần phân biệt để hiểu chính xác ý tác giả (general opinion vs specific data)

Band Score Impact:

• Band 6: Sử dụng cơ bản “most” thay vì phân biệt các từ này; có thể nhầm từ loại
• Band 7: Biết dùng đúng “mostly” và “majority” nhưng còn hạn chế về collocations
• Band 8-9: Sử dụng linh hoạt cả ba từ với collocations tự nhiên (vast majority, mostly due to, general consensus)

Phân biệt từ loại và cách dùng mostly general majority trong IELTS để đạt band điểm cao

Công Thức Và Cấu Trúc Chi Tiết

Công Thức Với MOSTLY (Trạng từ)

📌 CÔNG THỨC 1: MOSTLY + ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Subject + mostly + verb + complement │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: Students mostly prefer online │
│ learning to traditional classrooms. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu:

• Subject: Chủ ngữ (danh từ/đại từ)
• Mostly: Trạng từ chỉ tần suất/mức độ – đứng trước động từ thường
• Verb: Động từ chính chia theo chủ ngữ
• Complement: Bổ ngữ/tân ngữ

Ví dụ phân tích chi tiết:
Câu: “Young professionals mostly work from home nowadays.”

Phân tích:

• Subject: Young professionals
• Adverb: mostly (trạng từ tần suất)
• Main verb: work (động từ chính)
• Prepositional phrase: from home (nơi chốn)
• Time expression: nowadays (thời gian)

📌 CÔNG THỨC 2: TO BE + MOSTLY + TÍNH TỪ/DANH TỪ

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Subject + be + mostly + adj/noun │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: The participants were mostly │
│ satisfied with the service. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

📌 CÔNG THỨC 3: MOSTLY ĐẦU CÂU (Nhấn mạnh)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Mostly, + S + V + complement │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: Mostly, people prefer │
│ shopping online due to convenience. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Lưu ý: Khi đứng đầu câu, cần có dấu phẩy sau “mostly”

Công Thức Với GENERAL (Tính từ)

📌 CÔNG THỨC 1: GENERAL + DANH TỪ

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Article + general + noun + verb │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: The general trend indicates │
│ an increase in population. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu:

• Article: The/A (mạo từ)
• General: Tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
• Noun: Danh từ chính
• Verb: Động từ chia theo danh từ

Collocations phổ biến trong IELTS:

• general trend (xu hướng chung)
• general opinion (ý kiến phổ biến)
• general public (công chúng nói chung)
• general consensus (sự đồng thuận chung)
• general pattern (mô hình chung)
• general rule (quy tắc chung)

📌 CÔNG THỨC 2: IN GENERAL (Cụm trạng từ)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ In general, + S + V + complement │
│ hoặc │
│ S + V + complement + in general │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Ví dụ:

• “In general, people tend to save more during economic downturns.”
• “Children perform better academically in general when they have adequate sleep.”

📌 CÔNG THỨC 3: TO BE + GENERAL

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Subject + be + too general │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: This statement is too general │
│ to be useful. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Công Thức Với MAJORITY (Danh từ)

📌 CÔNG THỨC 1: THE MAJORITY OF + DANH TỪ SỐ NHIỀU

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ The majority of + plural noun + verb │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: The majority of students prefer │
│ practical courses to theoretical ones. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Thành phần câu:

• The majority of: Cụm danh từ chỉ đa số
• Plural noun: Danh từ đếm được số nhiều (students, people, countries)
• Verb: Động từ số nhiều (prefer, believe, think) – phổ biến hơn

Lưu ý động từ:

• British English: Thường dùng động từ số nhiều
  • “The majority of people have access to the internet.”
• American English: Có thể dùng động từ số ít nếu nhấn mạnh tập thể
  • “The majority of the population lives in urban areas.”
• IELTS: Cả hai cách đều được chấp nhận, nhưng động từ số nhiều phổ biến và an toàn hơn

📌 CÔNG THỨC 2: A MAJORITY (Không có “the”)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ A majority + verb (số ít) │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: A majority exists among voters. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Lưu ý: Khi không có “of + noun”, dùng “a majority” với động từ số ít. Tuy nhiên, cấu trúc này ít phổ biến trong IELTS.

📌 CÔNG THỨC 3: THE VAST/OVERWHELMING MAJORITY

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ The vast/overwhelming majority of + │
│ noun + verb │
│ │
│ Ví dụ: The vast majority of scientists │
│ agree that climate change is real. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Collocations nâng cao:

• vast majority (đại đa số – trên 80%)
• overwhelming majority (áp đảo – gần 100%)
• silent majority (đa số thầm lặng)
• significant majority (đa số đáng kể)

So Sánh Vị Trí Trong Câu

Từ	Vị trí	Ví dụ
Mostly	Trước động từ thường	“People mostly travel by car.”
Mostly	Sau động từ to be	“The audience was mostly young.”
Mostly	Đầu câu (có dấu phẩy)	“Mostly, students prefer group work.”
General	Trước danh từ	“The general opinion is positive.”
In general	Đầu hoặc cuối câu	“In general, prices have increased.”
Majority	Đầu câu (chủ ngữ)	“The majority of voters support this.”
Majority	Sau động từ (tân ngữ)	“This represents the majority.”

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Speaking

Speaking Part 1 – Introduction And Interview

Topic thường gặp: Daily routines, hobbies, hometown, preferences

Ví dụ câu hỏi và trả lời:

Q: “What do people in your country usually do in their free time?”

A (Band 6):
“Most people in my country like watching TV and playing sports. Young people like using phones.”
→ Đơn giản, lặp “like”, chỉ dùng “most”

A (Band 8):
“The majority of people in Vietnam enjoy watching television and using social media during their leisure time. Young adults, in particular, mostly spend their free time on platforms like Facebook and TikTok, while the general trend among older generations is reading newspapers or exercising in parks.”
→ Sử dụng đa dạng: “the majority of”, “mostly”, “general trend”

Q: “Do you prefer studying alone or in groups?”

A (Band 7-8):
“I mostly prefer studying alone because I can concentrate better without distractions. However, for certain subjects like English speaking practice, the majority of students, including myself, find group study more beneficial. In general, it depends on the nature of the subject.”
→ Phân tích: Kết hợp cả ba cấu trúc tự nhiên trong một câu trả lời

Q: “What kind of music do young people in your country listen to?”

A (Band 8+):
“The vast majority of young Vietnamese people are mostly into K-pop and Vietnamese pop music. While the general preference leans toward international music, there’s been a noticeable shift recently, with more youth mostly supporting local artists. In general, music taste has become more diverse than it was a decade ago.”
→ Phân tích: Sophisticated use với collocations (vast majority, general preference)

Speaking Part 2 – Long Turn

Cue card example:
Describe a popular trend in your country
You should say:

• What the trend is
• Who mostly follows this trend
• Why it has become popular
• And explain what you think about it

Sample answer (Band 8):

“I’d like to talk about online shopping, which has become increasingly popular in Vietnam, especially over the past five years.

The majority of consumers, particularly those aged between 18 and 40, have shifted from traditional shopping to purchasing products online through platforms like Shopee and Lazada. Young professionals mostly prefer this method because it saves considerable time and offers better prices compared to physical stores.

The general trend shows that people are buying everything online, from groceries to electronics. This is mostly due to improved delivery services and secure payment systems. What’s interesting is that even older generations, who were initially hesitant, are now gradually embracing this trend.

In general, I think this is a positive development because it provides convenience and competitive pricing. However, the majority of small local shops have struggled to compete, which is concerning. Mostly, though, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, as it has created numerous job opportunities in logistics and e-commerce sectors.”

Phân tích Band 8+ features:

• Sử dụng đa dạng cả ba cấu trúc: “the majority of consumers”, “mostly prefer”, “general trend”
• Collocations tự nhiên: “general trend shows”, “vast majority”
• Liên kết logic giữa các ý
• Không lặp lại một cấu trúc quá nhiều

Speaking Part 3 – Discussion

Typical questions using these structures:

Q: “How have shopping habits changed in recent years?”

A (Band 8-9):
“There has been a dramatic transformation in consumer behavior. The majority of people, especially in urban areas, now mostly shop online rather than visiting physical stores. The general consensus among retail analysts is that this shift is permanent. What’s particularly noteworthy is that this trend is mostly driven by younger consumers, though older generations are gradually adapting as well. In general, convenience and price comparison have become the primary factors influencing purchasing decisions.”

Q: “Do you think people’s opinions are mostly influenced by social media?”

A (Band 8):
“Absolutely. The vast majority of young people form their opinions based on what they see on social media platforms. Generally speaking, this can be problematic because information online is not always accurate. While the majority of users claim they fact-check information, research suggests they mostly share content without verification. The general public needs to develop better critical thinking skills to navigate the digital age effectively.”

Q: “What are the main environmental concerns in your country?”

A (Band 8+):
“The majority of environmental issues in Vietnam are mostly related to rapid urbanization and industrial growth. Air pollution in major cities affects the general population, but people in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are mostly impacted. The general opinion among environmental scientists is that these problems require immediate government intervention. Interestingly, while the majority of citizens express concern about environmental degradation, their daily actions mostly contradict these concerns. In general, there’s a significant gap between awareness and action.”

Advanced techniques (Band 9):

• Hedging với “generally speaking”, “in general”
• Strengthening với “vast majority”, “overwhelming majority”
• Contrast structures: “While the majority… mostly…”
• Complex sentences integrating multiple structures

Cách vận dụng mostly general majority trong IELTS Speaking Part 1 2 3 đạt band 8

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Writing Task 1

Khi Nào Dùng Trong Task 1

Sử dụng trong các tình huống:

• Mô tả xu hướng tổng quan (Overview)
• So sánh tỷ lệ lớn trong biểu đồ (Bar chart, Pie chart)
• Nhận xét về nhóm chiếm đa số (Table, Chart)
• Miêu tả pattern chung trong Line graph

Overview Paragraph – General Trend

Bar Chart Example:
Topic: “The chart shows the percentage of households with different types of technology in 2020.”

Overview (Band 8):
“Overall, the general trend indicates that the majority of households owned smartphones and laptops, while traditional devices like DVD players were mostly obsolete. In general, modern communication technology dominated across all age groups.”

Phân tích:

• “general trend” – collocation chuẩn cho Overview
• “majority of households” – chỉ nhóm chiếm tỷ lệ cao
• “mostly obsolete” – trạng từ bổ nghĩa tính từ
• “in general” – tổng kết quan sát

Describing Specific Data – Majority

Pie Chart Example:
Topic: “The pie chart illustrates the primary sources of energy used globally in 2023.”

Body paragraph (Band 7-8):
“Fossil fuels accounted for the largest share of global energy consumption. More specifically, the majority of energy, approximately 65%, came from coal, oil, and natural gas combined. Coal was mostly used in Asian countries, representing 30% of total energy production. The general pattern shows that renewable energy sources, despite growing investment, remained a minority at only 15%.”

Phân tích cấu trúc:

• “the majority of energy” – danh từ không đếm được, dùng động từ số ít “came”
• “mostly used” – trạng từ + past participle (passive voice)
• “general pattern” – collocation chuẩn

Line Graph – Trends Over Time

Topic: “The graph shows changes in public transport usage from 2000 to 2023.”

Body paragraph (Band 8):
“Between 2000 and 2010, public transport usage was mostly stable, fluctuating around 40% of the population. However, from 2010 onwards, the general trend was upward, with the majority of commuters, particularly those under 40, increasingly choosing buses and trains over private vehicles. By 2023, the majority of urban residents, approximately 68%, relied mostly on public transportation for their daily commute.”

Advanced features:

• Time phrases với “mostly”: “was mostly stable”
• “general trend was upward” – đánh giá tổng quan
• “majority of commuters” + “majority of urban residents” – varied vocabulary
• “relied mostly on” – trạng từ trong phrasal verb

Table – Comparing Multiple Categories

Topic: “The table compares smartphone ownership across different age groups in five countries.”

Body paragraph (Band 8):
“Smartphone penetration varied significantly across demographics. In general, younger populations showed higher ownership rates across all five nations. The majority of individuals aged 18-30, specifically 89% on average, owned smartphones, mostly premium models. In contrast, the general pattern among those over 60 revealed much lower adoption rates, with ownership mostly limited to basic models. The vast majority of middle-aged users (31-50) owned smartphones, with rates mostly exceeding 75% in developed countries.”

Key language:

• “In general” – đầu câu tổng quan
• “The majority of individuals” – specific data group
• “mostly premium models” – mô tả chi tiết
• “general pattern” – nhận xét trend
• “vast majority” – nhấn mạnh tỷ lệ cao

Common Phrases For Task 1

Mục đích	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Overview	The general trend shows/indicates	“The general trend indicates an upward trajectory.”
Majority data	The majority of + noun + verb	“The majority of respondents preferred option A.”
Stability	was/were mostly stable/unchanged	“Figures were mostly stable throughout the period.”
Dominance	mostly dominated by	“The market was mostly dominated by Company X.”
High proportion	The vast majority	“The vast majority of sales occurred online.”
General observation	In general, …	“In general, younger groups showed higher rates.”

Lỗi Thường Gặp Trong Task 1

❌ Lỗi 1: Dùng sai từ loại
“The majority people prefer online shopping.”
✅ “The majority of people prefer online shopping.”

❌ Lỗi 2: Động từ không hòa hợp
“The majority of students was satisfied.”
✅ “The majority of students were satisfied.” (động từ số nhiều)

❌ Lỗi 3: Vị trí sai của mostly
“The data mostly was stable.”
✅ “The data was mostly stable.” (mostly sau to be)

Cách Vận Dụng Vào IELTS Writing Task 2

Opinion Essay – Expressing General Views

Topic: “Some people believe that universities should focus mostly on practical skills rather than theoretical knowledge. To what extent do you agree or disagree?”

Introduction (Band 8):
“The question of whether higher education should mostly emphasize practical training over theoretical learning has sparked considerable debate. While the majority of employers value hands-on experience, I believe that, in general, universities should maintain a balance between both approaches for comprehensive student development.”

Phân tích:

• “should mostly emphasize” – trạng từ trong should + verb
• “majority of employers” – supporting idea
• “in general” – hedging language cho academic tone

Body paragraph 1 (Band 8-9):
“Advocates of practical education argue that the majority of graduates struggle to apply theoretical concepts in real work environments. They claim that students mostly waste time on abstract theories that have limited workplace relevance. Indeed, recent surveys indicate that the general consensus among recruiters is that fresh graduates lack practical competencies. For instance, the vast majority of IT companies, approximately 78% according to a 2023 LinkedIn report, prefer candidates with hands-on project experience over those with purely academic credentials. This trend is mostly evident in fields like engineering, business, and technology.”

Advanced features:

• “majority of graduates” – chủ ngữ chính
• “mostly waste time” – trạng từ + động từ
• “general consensus” – collocation nâng cao
• “vast majority of IT companies” – specific evidence
• “mostly evident” – bổ nghĩa tính từ

Body paragraph 2 (Counter-argument):
“However, this view is mostly short-sighted. While practical skills are valuable, the general foundation of theoretical knowledge enables graduates to adapt to evolving industries. The majority of groundbreaking innovations, from medical breakthroughs to technological advancements, stem mostly from deep theoretical understanding. Moreover, the general trend in the job market shows that positions requiring critical thinking and analytical skills, which are mostly developed through theoretical study, command higher salaries and greater job security.”

Phân tích Band 9 techniques:

• “mostly short-sighted” – trạng từ + tính từ mang tính phán đoán
• Contrast: practical vs theoretical using parallel structures
• “stem mostly from” – phrasal verb với mostly
• “mostly developed through” – passive với mostly

Conclusion (Band 8):
“In conclusion, while the majority of students may initially benefit from practical training, I believe that universities should not focus mostly on vocational skills at the expense of theoretical education. In general, the most successful professionals are those who can combine both dimensions, and higher education institutions should mostly aim to produce such well-rounded graduates.”

Discussion Essay – Both Views

Topic: “Some think the general public should be mostly responsible for environmental protection, while others believe governments should take the lead. Discuss both views.”

Body paragraph discussing public responsibility (Band 8):
“Proponents of individual responsibility argue that the majority of environmental damage stems mostly from personal lifestyle choices. They contend that if the general population made mostly eco-friendly decisions—such as reducing plastic use, conserving energy, and choosing sustainable products—the cumulative impact would be substantial. For example, studies show that household consumption is mostly responsible for approximately 60% of global carbon emissions. Therefore, the general public, rather than waiting for government intervention, should mostly take initiative in adopting sustainable practices.”

Advanced structures:

• “majority of environmental damage” – chủ ngữ
• “stems mostly from” – động từ + mostly + from
• “general population made mostly eco-friendly decisions” – if clause
• “is mostly responsible for” – passive với mostly
• “should mostly take initiative” – modal + mostly + verb

Body paragraph discussing government responsibility (Band 8+):
“Conversely, others maintain that the general framework for environmental protection can mostly be established only through government policies. The majority of citizens, despite good intentions, lack the resources or knowledge to make mostly sustainable choices without proper infrastructure and incentives. In general, countries with strong environmental regulations demonstrate better outcomes than those relying mostly on voluntary individual action. For instance, the vast majority of successful recycling programs worldwide are mostly government-initiated and subsidized.”

Complex sentence patterns:

• “can mostly be established” – modal passive với mostly
• “lack resources… to make mostly sustainable choices” – mostly trong infinitive phrase
• “relying mostly on” – gerund với mostly
• “are mostly government-initiated” – passive với mostly

Cấu trúc câu sử dụng mostly general majority trong IELTS Writing Task 2 đạt điểm cao

Problem-Solution Essay

Topic: “Air pollution has become a major problem in most cities. What are the main causes and what solutions can you suggest?”

Problem paragraph (Band 8):
“The general causes of urban air pollution are mostly attributed to industrial emissions and vehicular exhaust. In general, the majority of air pollutants in cities come mostly from outdated manufacturing facilities that lack modern filtration systems. Additionally, the vast majority of urban residents, approximately 75% according to WHO data, rely mostly on private vehicles for daily transportation, creating enormous carbon footprints. This problem is mostly severe in developing nations where environmental regulations are generally lax.”

Solution paragraph (Band 8):
“Addressing this issue requires measures that mostly target both industrial and transportation sectors. Governments should implement regulations requiring the majority of factories to mostly upgrade their emission control systems. In general, transitioning to renewable energy sources would mostly eliminate industrial pollution. Regarding transportation, the general approach should encourage the majority of commuters to mostly use public transport through subsidies and improved infrastructure. Cities that have mostly adopted such integrated strategies have generally witnessed significant air quality improvements.”

Collocations và phrases hữu ích:

• “generally attributed to” – commonly caused by
• “mostly target” – primarily focus on
• “generally witnessed” – commonly observed

Advantage-Disadvantage Essay

Topic: “Online education has become increasingly popular. Do the advantages mostly outweigh the disadvantages?”

Advantage paragraph (Band 8-9):
“The general advantages of online education mostly center on accessibility and flexibility. The majority of students can now access courses from top universities without geographical constraints, an opportunity that was mostly unavailable a decade ago. This democratization of education mostly benefits students in remote areas or developing countries. Furthermore, online platforms are mostly more affordable than traditional education, with the vast majority of courses costing significantly less than their campus-based equivalents. In general, these factors make higher education mostly accessible to a broader demographic.”

Disadvantage paragraph (Band 8-9):
“However, the general drawbacks cannot be ignored. The majority of online learners struggle mostly with self-discipline and motivation without the structured environment of physical classrooms. Studies indicate that completion rates for online courses are mostly lower, with the majority of participants, approximately 85%, failing to finish. Additionally, the general lack of face-to-face interaction mostly hinders the development of communication skills and professional networks, which are mostly critical for career advancement. The vast majority of employers still generally prefer candidates with traditional educational experiences.”

Advanced techniques:

• Balanced use: không lạm dụng một cấu trúc
• Varied positions: mostly ở nhiều vị trí khác nhau
• Strong collocations: vast majority, general drawbacks
• Integration: kết hợp cả ba từ trong một đoạn văn

Nâng Cao – Cách Dùng Để Đạt Band 8+

Kết Hợp Với Các Cấu Trúc Phức Tạp

Mostly + Passive Voice (Band 8+):

“Environmental degradation is mostly caused by human activities rather than natural phenomena.”
→ Phân tích: “is mostly caused by” – passive với mostly giữa auxiliary và past participle

“The majority of research has been mostly conducted in Western countries, leading to potential bias in findings.”
→ Band 8+ features: Present perfect passive + mostly + past participle

“Traditional practices have been mostly abandoned by younger generations in favor of modern lifestyles.”
→ Sophistication: Present perfect passive + mostly + past participle + by agent

Majority + Relative Clause (Band 8+):

“The majority of students who participated in the survey mostly expressed satisfaction with online learning.”
→ Phân tích: Defining relative clause + kết hợp “majority” và “mostly”

“The general trend, which has been mostly consistent over the past decade, suggests continued urbanization.”
→ Band 9 features: Non-defining relative clause + perfect tense + mostly

“The vast majority of experts, whose opinions are mostly based on empirical research, agree that climate action is urgent.”
→ Advanced: Possessive relative clause + mostly + passive voice

Mostly + Conditional Sentences (Band 8):

“If governments invested mostly in renewable energy, the majority of environmental problems would be mostly resolved.”
→ Type 2 conditional với mostly ở nhiều vị trí

“Had the majority of citizens been mostly aware of the consequences, the outcome would have been different.”
→ Type 3 conditional inversion + mostly

General + Complex Noun Phrases (Band 9):

“The general consensus among leading economists regarding the long-term economic outlook is mostly pessimistic.”
→ Phân tích: Complex noun phrase + prepositional phrases + link với mostly

“The general perception of technological advancement as being mostly beneficial overlooks significant social costs.”
→ Advanced: Gerund phrase + as being + mostly + adjective

Cụm Từ Nâng Cao Và Academic Collocations

Academic collocations với GENERAL:

Collocation	Ví dụ	Band Level
general consensus	“There is a general consensus among scientists that…”	7+
general principle	“This follows the general principle that…”	7+
general framework	“Within the general framework of international law…”	8+
general tendency	“There is a general tendency toward urbanization…”	7+
general observation	“A general observation is that wealthier nations…”	8+
general perception	“The general perception that technology solves all problems is flawed.”	8+
general assumption	“The general assumption underlying this theory is…”	8+

Academic phrases với MOSTLY:

Phrase	Ví dụ	Band Level
mostly attributed to	“Success is mostly attributed to consistent effort.”	7+
mostly concerned with	“Research is mostly concerned with practical applications.”	7+
mostly due to	“The increase is mostly due to demographic changes.”	7+
mostly driven by	“Innovation is mostly driven by market demand.”	8+
mostly focused on	“Policies are mostly focused on short-term gains.”	7+
mostly confined to	“These problems are mostly confined to urban areas.”	8+
mostly characterized by	“Modern society is mostly characterized by rapid change.”	8+

Academic expressions với MAJORITY:

Expression	Ví dụ	Band Level
vast/overwhelming majority	“The vast majority of evidence supports this view.”	8+
significant majority	“A significant majority favors stricter regulations.”	7+
clear majority	“A clear majority of voters supported the proposal.”	7+
simple majority	“A simple majority is sufficient for approval.”	7+
silent majority	“The silent majority often holds different views.”	8+
majority opinion	“The majority opinion among experts suggests…”	7+

Cấu Trúc Câu Phức Kết Hợp

Complexity Level 1 (Band 7):
“While the majority of experts agree on the causes, they mostly disagree on solutions.”
→ Contrast clause + both structures

Complexity Level 2 (Band 8):
“Although the general trend indicates improvement, the majority of vulnerable populations are mostly still affected by poverty, which is mostly due to systemic inequality.”
→ Concession + multiple clauses + relative clause + causation

Complexity Level 3 (Band 9):
“Despite the general assumption that technological advancement mostly benefits society, the vast majority of low-income communities have mostly been excluded from these gains, a situation that is mostly perpetuated by unequal access to education and infrastructure.”
→ Despite phrase + that-clause + appositive + passive relative clause

Advanced hedging với GENERAL:

“Generally speaking, the majority of citizens mostly support environmental policies, though implementation is mostly problematic.”
→ Hedging phrase + concession

“It is generally accepted that the majority of climate scientists mostly agree on anthropogenic warming.”
→ Impersonal structure + that-clause

Emphasis structures:

“It is mostly the younger generation that drives technological adoption, while the majority of older citizens generally resist change.”
→ Cleft sentence + contrast

“What is mostly overlooked is that the general public has mostly valid concerns about data privacy.”
→ Wh-cleft + passive

Transitional Use For Cohesion

Linking ideas across sentences:

“The majority of students prefer online learning. Generally speaking, this trend is mostly driven by convenience. Mostly, however, they miss social interaction.”
→ Demonstrative + hedging + contrast

“Modern education is mostly technology-focused. The general curriculum reflects this shift. The majority of schools have mostly integrated digital tools.”
→ Theme consistency using all three structures

Cấu trúc câu phức tạp kết hợp mostly general majority cho IELTS Writing band 9

So Sánh Với Cấu Trúc Tương Tự

Mostly vs Mainly vs Primarily

Tiêu chí	Mostly	Mainly	Primarily
Từ loại	Adverb	Adverb	Adverb
Nghĩa	Chủ yếu, phần lớn	Chính là, chủ yếu	Trước hết, chủ yếu
Mức độ chính thức	Neutral	Neutral	Formal (Academic)
Tỷ lệ ước tính	70-90%	60-80%	50-70% (nhưng quan trọng nhất)
Vị trí trong câu	Trước verb, sau be, đầu câu	Trước verb, sau be, đầu câu	Chủ yếu đầu câu hoặc trước verb
IELTS Speaking	Rất phù hợp	Phù hợp	Ít dùng (quá formal)
IELTS Writing	Rất phù hợp	Phù hợp	Rất phù hợp (academic)
Ví dụ	“Students mostly prefer…”	“The problem mainly stems…”	“This is primarily due to…”

Khi nào dùng từ nào:

Dùng MOSTLY khi:

• Nói về tần suất hành động
• Mô tả tỷ lệ cao trong casual context
• Ví dụ: “I mostly eat at home.” (Speaking Part 1)

Dùng MAINLY khi:

• Chỉ nguyên nhân hoặc mục đích chính
• Ví dụ: “This is mainly because of economic factors.” (Writing)

Dùng PRIMARILY khi:

• Academic writing cần formal tone
• Nhấn mạnh yếu tố quan trọng nhất
• Ví dụ: “The research focuses primarily on urban populations.” (Writing Task 2)

Majority vs Most vs Most of

Tiêu chí	The majority of	Most	Most of
Từ loại	Noun phrase	Determiner/Pronoun	Determiner + of
Nghĩa	Đa số (>50%)	Hầu hết, phần lớn	Hầu hết trong nhóm cụ thể
Formal level	Formal	Neutral	Neutral
Sau nó	Plural noun + plural verb	Plural noun (no article)	The/these/those/my + noun
Số lượng cụ thể	Thường có (majority = 51%+)	Không cụ thể	Không cụ thể
IELTS band	7+ (academic tone)	6+ (basic)	6+
Ví dụ	“The majority of students study…”	“Most students study…”	“Most of the students study…”

Chi tiết ngữ pháp:

THE MAJORITY OF:

• Structure: The majority of + plural noun + plural verb
• “The majority of citizens support this policy.”
• Formal, precise, often used with statistics
• ✅ IELTS Writing Task 1 & 2
• ⚠️ Less common in Speaking (too formal)

MOST:

• Structure: Most + plural noun (no article) + plural verb
• “Most people believe that…”
• Natural, common in both speaking and writing
• ✅ All IELTS sections
• Can also be pronoun: “Most agree that…”

MOST OF:

• Structure: Most of + the/these/those/my + noun + verb
• “Most of the participants were satisfied.”
• “Most of my friends prefer…”
• Used when referring to a specific, defined group
• ✅ Speaking & Writing

Lưu ý lỗi thường gặp:

❌ “Most of students prefer…”
✅ “Most students prefer…” (không dùng “of” với “most” khi không có article)
✅ “Most of the students prefer…” (có “the” thì phải có “of”)

❌ “The majority of student prefer…”
✅ “The majority of students prefer…” (noun phải số nhiều)

❌ “Majority of people think…”
✅ “The majority of people think…” (phải có “the”)

General vs Common vs Typical

Tiêu chí	General	Common	Typical
Nghĩa	Chung, tổng quát	Phổ biến, thường gặp	Điển hình, đặc trưng
Ngữ cảnh	Trends, overview, broad	Frequency, widespread	Representative example
Academic level	High	Medium	Medium
Collocations	general trend/consensus	common practice/problem	typical example/pattern
Ví dụ	“The general trend shows…”	“This is a common mistake.”	“A typical student spends…”

Khi nào dùng từ nào:

GENERAL:

• Overview, big picture statements
• “In general, …” / “The general opinion is…”
• IELTS Writing Task 1 Overview
• Speaking Part 3 broad discussions

COMMON:

• Things that happen frequently
• “It is common for students to…”
• “A common problem is…”
• Any IELTS section

TYPICAL:

• Representative examples
• “A typical example is…”
• “The typical respondent was…”
• Writing Task 1 & 2

Lỗi Thường Gặp Và Cách Sửa

Lỗi 1: Nhầm Lẫn Từ Loại – Dùng Sai Vị Trí

❌ SAI:
“The mostly students prefer studying in groups.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Most students prefer studying in groups.”
HOẶC “The majority of students prefer studying in groups.”

Giải thích:
“Mostly” là trạng từ, không thể đứng giữa article “the” và noun “students”. Đây là lỗi cơ bản nhưng rất phổ biến vì trong tiếng Việt “phần lớn sinh viên” dịch trực tiếp sang “the mostly students”.

Cách khắc phục:

• Với danh từ: dùng “most” hoặc “the majority of”
• Với động từ: dùng “mostly”
• Nhớ: MOSTLY = ADVERB (bổ nghĩa verb/adj), MOST = DETERMINER (đi với noun)

Lưu ý:
✅ “Students mostly prefer…” (mostly + verb)
✅ “Most students prefer…” (most + noun)
✅ “The majority of students prefer…” (formal)

Lỗi 2: Quên “Of” Sau “Majority”

❌ SAI:
“The majority people agree with this opinion.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The majority of people agree with this opinion.”

Giải thích:
“Majority” là danh từ, khi theo sau bởi danh từ khác cần giới từ “of” để liên kết. Đây là lỗi sai số 1 của học viên Việt Nam vì trong tiếng Việt “đa số người” không có từ tương đương “của”.

Công thức cố định:
┌──────────────────────────────┐
│ The majority + OF + noun │
└──────────────────────────────┘

Ngoại lệ duy nhất:
✅ “The majority agrees.” (majority đứng một mình làm chủ ngữ – hiếm gặp)
✅ “They are in the majority.” (majority là complement)

Bài tập tự kiểm tra:

• ❌ “Majority students” → ✅ “The majority of students”
• ❌ “A majority citizens” → ✅ “A majority of citizens”

Lỗi 3: Động Từ Không Hòa Hợp Với “Majority Of”

❌ SAI:
“The majority of students was satisfied with the course.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The majority of students were satisfied with the course.”

Giải thích:
Sau “the majority of + plural noun”, động từ thường chia số nhiều trong British English (chuẩn IELTS). Mặc dù American English chấp nhận động từ số ít, IELTS khuyến nghị dùng số nhiều để an toàn.

Quy tắc cụ thể:

British English (IELTS standard):

• The majority of students were… ✅
• The majority of people have… ✅
• The majority of data shows… ✅ (data = uncountable)

American English (also accepted):

• The majority of students was… ✅ (nhấn mạnh tập thể)

Lưu ý đặc biệt với uncountable nouns:

• “The majority of water is polluted.” ✅ (water = uncountable → singular verb)
• “The majority of information was accurate.” ✅

An toàn nhất: Dùng động từ số nhiều với countable nouns, số ít với uncountable nouns.

Lỗi 4: Vị Trí Sai Của “Mostly” Với To Be

❌ SAI:
“The participants mostly were young adults.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“The participants were mostly young adults.”

Giải thích:
Với động từ “to be”, trạng từ “mostly” phải đứng SAU động từ, không phải trước. Đây là quy tắc đặc biệt với động từ “be”.

Quy tắc vị trí MOSTLY:

Với động từ TO BE:

• Subject + be + mostly + complement
• “They are mostly satisfied.” ✅
• “It was mostly sunny.” ✅

Với động từ THƯỜNG:

• Subject + mostly + verb
• “They mostly prefer coffee.” ✅
• “Students mostly study at night.” ✅

Với động từ MODAL:

• Subject + modal + mostly + verb
• “You should mostly focus on grammar.” ✅

Với auxiliary verbs (have/has/had):

• Subject + have mostly + V3
• “They have mostly completed the project.” ✅

Bảng tổng hợp vị trí:

Loại động từ	Vị trí mostly	Ví dụ
To be	Sau be	“was mostly correct”
Động từ thường	Trước verb	“mostly prefer”
Modal + verb	Sau modal, trước verb	“should mostly focus”
Have + V3	Giữa have và V3	“have mostly finished”

Lỗi 5: Dùng “General” Thay Cho “Generally” Trong Câu

❌ SAI:
“General, people prefer living in cities.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Generally, people prefer living in cities.”
HOẶC “In general, people prefer living in cities.”

Giải thích:
“General” là tính từ, không thể đứng một mình đầu câu làm trạng từ. Phải dùng dạng trạng từ “generally” hoặc cụm “in general”.

Các cách dùng ĐÚNG:

1. GENERALLY (adverb) đầu câu:

• “Generally, students prefer online classes.”
• “Generally speaking, this is a positive trend.”

2. IN GENERAL (phrase) đầu/cuối câu:

• “In general, prices have increased.”
• “Prices have increased in general.“

3. GENERAL (adjective) trước noun:

• “The general opinion is positive.”
• “This is a general trend.”

4. AS A GENERAL RULE (phrase):

• “As a general rule, children learn faster.”

Lỗi tương tự cần tránh:

• ❌ “Basic, students need…” → ✅ “Basically, students need…”
• ❌ “Typical, people…” → ✅ “Typically, people…”
• ❌ “Main, the problem…” → ✅ “Mainly, the problem…”

Lỗi 6: Lạm Dụng “Mostly” Quá Nhiều Lần

❌ SAI (Band 5-6 style):
“Mostly, students mostly prefer studying mostly in groups because mostly they feel mostly more comfortable.”

✅ ĐÚNG (Band 7-8 style):
“Generally, students prefer studying in groups because the majority of them feel more comfortable collaborating with peers.”

Giải thích:
Lặp lại “mostly” trong một câu làm giảm tính academic và tự nhiên của văn. Band 7+ yêu cầu varied vocabulary.

Cách đa dạng hóa:

Thay vì lặp “mostly”, sử dụng:

1. Generally / In general
2. The majority of…
3. Largely
4. Primarily
5. Predominantly
6. For the most part
7. On the whole
8. By and large

Ví dụ đa dạng:
“Generally, students prefer collaborative learning. The majority of participants in the study reported that they feel largely more confident when working in groups. For the most part, this is because peer support predominantly reduces anxiety.”

Lỗi 7: Nhầm “Most” Và “Most Of”

❌ SAI:
“Most of students prefer online learning.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Most students prefer online learning.”
HOẶC “Most of the students prefer online learning.”

Giải thích:
“Most of” chỉ dùng khi sau nó có article (the/these/those/my/etc.). Nếu không có article, chỉ dùng “most”.

Quy tắc chi tiết:

Dùng MOST (không có OF):

• Most + plural noun (no article)
• “Most people agree…” ✅
• “Most students prefer…” ✅

Dùng MOST OF:

• Most of + the/these/those/my + noun
• “Most of the people agree…” ✅
• “Most of my students prefer…” ✅
• “Most of these problems are…” ✅

Cách nhớ:

Most + noun (bare plural)
Most of + article/determiner + noun

Bài tập kiểm tra:

1. ❌ “Most of people…” → ✅ “Most people…”
2. ❌ “Most the students…” → ✅ “Most of the students…”
3. ✅ “Most of my friends…”
4. ✅ “Most countries…”

Lỗi 8: Dùng “General” Với Ý Nghĩa “Phần Lớn”

❌ SAI:
“General students prefer practical subjects.”

✅ ĐÚNG:
“Most students prefer practical subjects.”
HOẶC “The majority of students prefer practical subjects.”
HOẶC “Students generally prefer practical subjects.”

Giải thích:
“General” không có nghĩa “phần lớn, đa số”. Nó có nghĩa “chung chung, tổng quát”. Đây là lỗi nghĩa, không phải lỗi ngữ pháp.

Nghĩa ĐÚNG của GENERAL:

General = chung, tổng quát, không cụ thể:

• “The general trend” = xu hướng chung (không phải trend cụ thể)
• “A general idea” = ý tưởng chung chung (không chi tiết)
• “General knowledge” = kiến thức phổ thông

Không phải = “phần lớn, đa số”:

• ❌ “General people think…” (muốn nói “hầu hết mọi người”)
• ✅ “Most people think…” / “The general public thinks…”

So sánh:

• “The general opinion is positive.” = Quan điểm chung/phổ biến là tích cực
• “Most people have a positive opinion.” = Hầu hết mọi người có quan điểm tích cực

Top 5 Mistakes Vietnamese Learners Make – Tổng Kết

1. Nhầm từ loại:

• ❌ “The mostly students”
• ✅ “Most students” / “The majority of students”
• Nguyên nhân: Dịch trực tiếp từ tiếng Việt “phần lớn sinh viên”

2. Quên “of” sau “majority”:

• ❌ “The majority students”
• ✅ “The majority of students”
• Nguyên nhân: Tiếng Việt “đa số người” không có “của”

3. Động từ sai với “majority of”:

• ❌ “The majority of students was”
• ✅ “The majority of students were”
• Nguyên nhân: Nhầm lẫn giữa singular subject và plural noun sau “of”

4. Vị trí “mostly” với “be”:

• ❌ “They mostly are happy”
• ✅ “They are mostly happy”
• Nguyên nhân: Áp dụng sai quy tắc vị trí trạng từ

5. Nhầm “most” và “most of”:

• ❌ “Most of students” / “Most the students”
• ✅ “Most students” / “Most of the students”
• Nguyên nhân: Không hiểu khi nào cần “of” và article

Lỗi thường gặp khi sử dụng mostly general majority trong IELTS và cách sửa chữa

Bài Tập Thực Hành

Bài Tập 1: Điền Từ Đúng (Mostly / General / Majority)

Chọn từ phù hợp điền vào chỗ trống:

1. The __ of respondents agreed with the proposal.
2. Students __ prefer online classes to traditional ones.
3. The __ trend shows an increase in smartphone usage.
4. In __, people tend to save more during economic recessions.
5. The vast __ of participants were between 18 and 30 years old.
6. Environmental problems are __ caused by human activities.
7. The __ public supports stricter environmental regulations.
8. __ speaking, younger generations are more tech-savvy.
9. The data was __ accurate, with only minor discrepancies.
10. A __ of voters, approximately 58%, supported the reform.
11. The __ pattern across all regions indicates urbanization.
12. Urban residents __ rely on public transportation.
13. The __ consensus among scientists is that climate change is real.
14. __ of young people spend more than 3 hours daily on social media.
15. The results were __ consistent with previous studies.

Bài Tập 2: Tìm Và Sửa Lỗi Sai

Mỗi câu có MỘT lỗi sai. Tìm và sửa:

1. The mostly students prefer studying in groups rather than alone.
2. Majority of people believe that education is important for success.
3. The participants mostly was satisfied with the training program.
4. General, online shopping has become more popular in recent years.
5. Most of students in my class have part-time jobs.
6. The data shows that people are mostly prefers healthy food options.
7. In the generally, prices have increased over the past decade.
8. The majority of information were collected through online surveys.
9. General people think that technology improves quality of life.
10. Students should mostly focuses on developing practical skills.
11. The mostly common problem is lack of motivation.
12. A majority of the participants was from urban areas.
13. The general trends indicates a shift toward renewable energy.
14. People are mostly tends to choose convenience over quality.
15. Most of the student prefer practical courses to theoretical ones.

Bài Tập 3: Viết Lại Câu Với Từ Cho Trước

Viết lại câu sử dụng từ trong ngoặc mà không thay đổi nghĩa:

1. Most people prefer working from home. (MAJORITY)
   → _____

2. The general opinion is that technology improves education. (GENERALLY)
   → _____

3. Students usually study in the evening. (MOSTLY)
   → _____

4. The common view is that exercise benefits health. (GENERAL)
   → _____

5. More than 70% of participants agreed with the statement. (MAJORITY)
   → _____

6. People typically choose quality over price. (MOSTLY)
   → _____

7. The overall trend shows economic growth. (GENERAL)
   → _____

8. Most of the data supports this hypothesis. (MAJORITY)
   → _____

9. Usually, students prefer practical learning. (GENERAL)
   → _____

10. Primarily, the problem stems from lack of funding. (MOSTLY)
    → _____

Bài Tập 4: Chọn Cấu Trúc Đúng

Chọn phương án đúng:

1. __ of young adults use social media daily.
   a) Mostly b) The majority c) General d) The general

2. Students __ prefer courses with practical applications.
   a) majority b) generally c) the majority d) general

3. __, environmental awareness has increased significantly.
   a) The general b) Mostly c) In general d) The majority

4. The __ trend indicates a shift toward online education.
   a) mostly b) general c) majority d) generally

5. __ people agree that health is more important than wealth.
   a) The majority b) Most of c) Mostly d) General

6. The participants were __ satisfied with the results.
   a) majority b) general c) mostly d) the majority

7. __ consensus among experts is that action is needed urgently.
   a) The mostly b) Most c) The general d) Majority

8. This issue affects __ the younger generation.
   a) general b) majority of c) mostly d) the majority

9. __ of the students were from urban backgrounds.
   a) Most b) Mostly c) The majority d) General

10. Problems are __ caused by poor communication.
    a) the majority b) general c) majority d) mostly

Bài Tập 5: IELTS Writing Task 1 – Điền Từ Vào Đoạn Văn

Điền MOSTLY / GENERAL / MAJORITY vào chỗ trống trong đoạn mô tả biểu đồ:

The chart illustrates smartphone ownership across different age groups in 2023. Overall, the (1)__ trend shows that younger demographics had significantly higher ownership rates.

The (2)__ of individuals aged 18-30, specifically 92%, owned smartphones, (3)__ premium models. In contrast, ownership among those over 60 was (4)__ limited to basic devices, with only 45% possessing smartphones.

Middle-aged users (31-50) represented a substantial proportion, with the (5)__ of this group, approximately 78%, owning smartphones. The (6)__ pattern across all age groups indicates that smartphone penetration increases as age decreases.

In (7)__, the data suggests that smartphones have become (8)__ ubiquitous among younger populations, while older generations are (9)__ still adapting to this technology. The (10)__ of technological advancement appears to favor younger, more tech-savvy demographics.

Bài Tập 6: IELTS Speaking – Hoàn Thành Câu Trả Lời

Hoàn thành câu trả lời Speaking với MOSTLY/GENERAL/MAJORITY:

Part 1: Do young people in your country prefer living in cities or rural areas?

“The (1)__ of young people definitely prefer cities because there are more job opportunities. They (2)__ move to urban areas after finishing university. In (3)__, this trend has been increasing over the past decade…”

Part 2: Describe shopping habits in your country

“Online shopping has become extremely popular. The (4)__ trend shows that people, especially younger consumers, are (5)__ shopping through mobile apps rather than visiting physical stores. The (6)__ of purchases are (7)__ related to fashion and electronics…”

Part 3: How has technology changed communication?

“Technology has transformed communication dramatically. (8)__ speaking, people now (9)__ communicate through messaging apps rather than phone calls. The (10)__ of younger generations rarely use traditional methods like letters or even emails…”

Bài Tập 7: IELTS Writing Task 2 – Sửa Đoạn Văn

Đoạn văn sau có 8 lỗi sai về MOSTLY/GENERAL/MAJORITY. Tìm và sửa:

Technology has revolutionized education in recent decades. General students now have access to online resources that were previously unavailable. The mostly common learning platforms include YouTube, Coursera, and Khan Academy.

Majority of teachers believe that technology enhances learning outcomes. Students are mostly prefers interactive digital content to traditional textbooks. The general trends indicates that online learning will continue expanding.

However, mostly educators express concerns about reduced face-to-face interaction. The majority of research suggest that personal interaction is mostly crucial for developing social skills. In the generally, balanced integration of technology and traditional methods produces the best results.

Bài Tập 8: Viết Câu Hoàn Chỉnh

Sử dụng từ gợi ý viết câu hoàn chỉnh có nghĩa cho IELTS:

1. majority / students / prefer / practical / courses
   → (Writing Task 2)

2. mostly / caused / human / activities
   → (Writing Task 2 – Environmental problems)

3. general trend / show / increase / online shopping
   → (Writing Task 1)

4. in general / people / tend / save more / economic crisis
   → (Writing Task 2)

5. vast majority / young people / mostly / use / social media / daily
   → (Speaking Part 3)

6. general consensus / experts / climate change / urgent
   → (Writing Task 2)

7. participants / mostly / satisfied / service
   → (Writing Task 1)

8. majority / countries / mostly / rely / fossil fuels
   → (Writing Task 2)

Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Đáp Án Bài Tập 1:

1. majority – “The majority of” + noun cần “majority”
2. mostly – Trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho “prefer”
3. general – Tính từ đứng trước “trend”
4. general – Cụm “In general” (không dùng “the general”)
5. majority – “vast majority” là collocation
6. mostly – Passive voice: “are mostly caused”
7. general – “general public” là collocation cố định
8. Generally – Trạng từ đầu câu (chú ý viết hoa)
9. mostly – Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ “accurate”
10. majority – “A majority of” + noun
11. general – Tính từ trước “pattern”
12. mostly – Trạng từ trước động từ “rely”
13. general – “general consensus” là collocation
14. The majority – Đầu câu làm chủ ngữ
15. mostly – Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ “consistent”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 2:

1. ❌ “The mostly students” → ✅ “Most students” HOẶC “The majority of students”

   • Lỗi: Nhầm từ loại, “mostly” là trạng từ không đứng giữa “the” và noun

2. ❌ “Majority of people” → ✅ “The majority of people”

   • Lỗi: Thiếu “the” trước “majority”

3. ❌ “mostly was” → ✅ “were mostly” HOẶC “mostly were” (kép: động từ số nhiều + vị trí sai)

   • Lỗi: “The majority of + plural noun” → plural verb

4. ❌ “General,” → ✅ “Generally,” HOẶC “In general,”

   • Lỗi: “General” là tính từ, không thể đứng một mình làm trạng từ

5. ❌ “Most of students” → ✅ “Most students” HOẶC “Most of the students”

   • Lỗi: “Most of” cần article sau nó

6. ❌ “are mostly prefers” → ✅ “mostly prefer”

   • Lỗi: Thừa “are” và sai chia động từ

7. ❌ “In the generally” → ✅ “In general”

   • Lỗi: Cụm “In general” không có “the” và không dùng “generally”

8. ❌ “information were” → ✅ “information was”

   • Lỗi: “information” là uncountable → singular verb

9. ❌ “General people” → ✅ “Most people” HOẶC “The general public” HOẶC “Generally, people”

   • Lỗi: “General” không có nghĩa “phần lớn”

10. ❌ “should mostly focuses” → ✅ “should mostly focus”

    • Lỗi: Sau modal verb dùng infinitive (focus), không thêm “s”

11. ❌ “The mostly common” → ✅ “The most common”

    • Lỗi: Cấu trúc superlative dùng “most”, không phải “mostly”

12. ❌ “A majority… was” → ✅ “A majority… were”

    • Lỗi: “majority of + plural noun” → plural verb

13. ❌ “trends indicates” → ✅ “trend indicates” HOẶC “trends indicate”

    • Lỗi: “Trends” (số nhiều) phải đi với “indicate”

14. ❌ “are mostly tends” → ✅ “mostly tend”

    • Lỗi: Thừa “are” và sai chia động từ

15. ❌ “Most of the student” → ✅ “Most of the students”

    • Lỗi: Sau “most of the” phải là danh từ số nhiều

Đáp Án Bài Tập 3:

1. “The majority of people prefer working from home.”

2. “Generally, people believe that technology improves education.”
   HOẶC “It is generally believed that technology improves education.”

3. “Students mostly study in the evening.”

4. “The general view is that exercise benefits health.”
   HOẶC “There is a general view that exercise benefits health.”

5. “The majority of participants agreed with the statement.”

6. “People mostly choose quality over price.”

7. “The general trend indicates economic growth.”

8. “The majority of the data supports this hypothesis.”

9. “In general, students prefer practical learning.”
   HOẶC “Generally, students prefer practical learning.”

10. “The problem is mostly due to lack of funding.”
    HOẶC “The problem mostly stems from lack of funding.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 4:

1. b) The majority – “The majority of + plural noun”
2. b) generally – Trạng từ trước động từ thường
3. c) In general – Cụm trạng từ đầu câu
4. b) general – Tính từ trước “trend”
5. a) Most – “Most people” (không cần “of” vì không có article)
6. c) mostly – Trạng từ sau “were”
7. c) The general – “The general consensus” là collocation
8. c) mostly – Trạng từ trước động từ
9. c) The majority – “The majority of + the + plural noun”
10. d) mostly – Trạng từ trong passive “are mostly caused”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 5:

1. general – “general trend”
2. majority – “The majority of individuals”
3. mostly – “mostly premium models”
4. mostly – “was mostly limited”
5. majority – “the majority of this group”
6. general – “The general pattern”
7. general – “In general”
8. mostly – “have become mostly ubiquitous”
9. mostly – “are mostly still adapting”
10. general – “The general [direction] of technological advancement”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 6:

1. majority – “The majority of young people”
2. mostly – “They mostly move”
3. general – “In general”
4. general – “The general trend”
5. mostly – “are mostly shopping”
6. majority – “The majority of purchases”
7. mostly – “are mostly related”
8. Generally – “Generally speaking”
9. mostly – “now mostly communicate”
10. majority – “The majority of younger generations”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 7:

8 lỗi cần sửa:

1. ❌ “General students” → ✅ “Generally, students” HOẶC “Most students“
2. ❌ “The mostly common” → ✅ “The most common“
3. ❌ “Majority of teachers” → ✅ “The majority of teachers“
4. ❌ “are mostly prefers” → ✅ “mostly prefer“
5. ❌ “The general trends indicates” → ✅ “The general trend indicates” (số ít)
6. ❌ “mostly educators” → ✅ “most educators” HOẶC “the majority of educators“
7. ❌ “The majority of research suggest” → ✅ “The majority of research suggests” (research = uncountable)
8. ❌ “In the generally” → ✅ “In general“

Đoạn văn đã sửa:

“Technology has revolutionized education in recent decades. Generally, students now have access to online resources that were previously unavailable. The most common learning platforms include YouTube, Coursera, and Khan Academy.

The majority of teachers believe that technology enhances learning outcomes. Students mostly prefer interactive digital content to traditional textbooks. The general trend indicates that online learning will continue expanding.

However, most educators express concerns about reduced face-to-face interaction. The majority of research suggests that personal interaction is mostly crucial for developing social skills. In general, balanced integration of technology and traditional methods produces the best results.”

Đáp Án Bài Tập 8:

1. “The majority of students prefer practical courses to theoretical ones.”

   • IELTS Writing Task 2 (Education topic)

2. “Environmental problems are mostly caused by human activities.”

   • Writing Task 2 (Environment topic)
   • HOẶC “Most environmental damage is mostly attributed to human behavior.”

3. “The general trend shows a significant increase in online shopping.”

   • Writing Task 1 (Overview sentence)

4. “In general, people tend to save more money during periods of economic crisis.”

   • Writing Task 2 (Economy/Society topic)

5. “The vast majority of young people mostly use social media on a daily basis.”

   • Speaking Part 3 (Technology discussion)
   • HOẶC “Most young people spend time on social media daily.”

6. “There is a general consensus among experts that climate change requires urgent action.”

   • Writing Task 2 (Environment)
   • HOẶC “The general consensus among climate scientists is that immediate action is necessary.”

7. “The participants were mostly satisfied with the quality of service provided.”

   • Writing Task 1 (Survey/Report description)

8. “The majority of countries mostly rely on fossil fuels for energy production.”

   • Writing Task 2 (Environment/Energy topic)
   • HOẶC “Most nations still depend mostly on fossil fuels despite renewable alternatives.”

Kết Bài

Việc phân biệt và sử dụng chính xác mostly, general và majority là một kỹ năng quan trọng giúp bạn đạt Band 7+ trong IELTS. Ba từ này tuy có vẻ tương đồng về nghĩa “phần lớn, chung” nhưng thuộc các từ loại khác nhau và có cách dùng riêng biệt trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh.

Tóm tắt những điểm chính:

MOSTLY (Trạng từ):

• Vị trí: Trước động từ thường, sau động từ to be, đầu câu (có dấu phẩy)
• Ý nghĩa: Chủ yếu, phần lớn (tần suất/mức độ 70-90%)
• IELTS: Rất phổ biến trong cả Speaking và Writing
• Lỗi thường gặp: Dùng sai vị trí với “be”, nhầm với “most”

GENERAL (Tính từ):

• Vị trí: Trước danh từ, sau động từ linking
• Ý nghĩa: Chung, tổng quát, không cụ thể
• IELTS: Cần thiết cho Task 1 Overview, collocations academic
• Lỗi thường gặp: Dùng “general” thay cho “generally” đầu câu

MAJORITY (Danh từ):

• Cấu trúc: The majority of + plural noun + plural verb
• Ý nghĩa: Đa số, phần lớn (trên 50%)
• IELTS: Formal tone cho Writing, ít dùng Speaking
• Lỗi thường gặp: Quên “of”, động từ không hòa hợp

Tips để nhớ lâu:

1. Từ loại quyết định vị trí: Adverb → verb/adj, Adjective → noun, Noun → subject/object
2. Formal level: majority > generally > mostly (cho Writing)
3. Đa dạng hóa: Không lặp lại một từ quá nhiều; kết hợp cả ba
4. Collocation học thuộc: general trend, vast majority, mostly due to
5. Practice với real IELTS topics: Làm bài tập từ các đề thi thực tế

Lộ trình luyện tập:

Tuần 1-2: Nắm vững lý thuyết

• Học kỹ từ loại và công thức
• Làm bài tập điền từ, tìm lỗi sai
• Ghi nhớ collocations phổ biến

Tuần 3-4: Vận dụng vào câu

• Viết 20 câu mẫu cho mỗi cấu trúc
• Practice Speaking trả lời câu hỏi Part 1, 2, 3
• Viết đoạn văn Task 1 và Task 2

Tuần 5-6: Integration và Refinement

• Kết hợp cả ba cấu trúc trong một đoạn văn
• Tăng cường collocations nâng cao
• Mock test với time pressure
• Review và sửa lỗi

Resources để luyện thêm:

• Cambridge IELTS 15-19: Tìm các câu sử dụng mostly/general/majority
• IELTS Liz, IELTS Simon blogs: Đọc sample answers
• Grammarly/Writing Assistant: Kiểm tra lỗi ngữ pháp
• Speaking practice apps: Record và self-assess

Đề Luyện Tập Tổng Hợp

Speaking Topics:

1. Describe shopping habits in your country (Part 2)
Yêu cầu: Sử dụng “the majority of”, “mostly”, “general trend” ít nhất một lần mỗi cụm

2. Do you think people’s lifestyles have mostly changed over the past decade? (Part 3)
Yêu cầu: Kết hợp cả ba cấu trúc tự nhiên trong câu trả lời

3. What do most young people in your country do in their free time? (Part 1)
Yêu cấu: Dùng varied vocabulary: mostly, majority, generally, in general

Writing Task 1 Topics:

1. Bar chart showing smartphone ownership across age groups
Yêu cầu: Overview với “general trend”, Body với “the majority of”, “mostly”

2. Pie chart illustrating energy sources globally
Yêu cầu: Mô tả tỷ lệ cao nhất dùng “the vast majority”, so sánh dùng “mostly”

3. Table comparing transportation methods in five cities
Yêu cầu: “In general” cho overview, “majority of commuters” cho chi tiết

Writing Task 2 Topics:

1. Some believe university education should mostly focus on practical skills. To what extent do you agree?
Yêu cầu: Introduction với “majority of employers”, Body với “mostly” (2-3 lần), “general consensus”

2. Environmental problems are mostly caused by individual behavior rather than government policy. Discuss both views.
Yêu cầu: Discuss cả hai views dùng “the majority of scientists”, “generally speaking”, “mostly attributed to”

3. Technology has mostly positive effects on society. Do you agree or disagree?
Yêu cầu: Argument với “vast majority of people”, counter-argument với “mostly beneficial”, conclusion với “in general”

Assessment criteria:

• ✅ Sử dụng đúng ngữ pháp (từ loại, vị trí, động từ hòa hợp)
• ✅ Đa dạng vocabulary (không lặp lại quá nhiều)
• ✅ Collocations tự nhiên (general trend, vast majority)
• ✅ Phù hợp context (formal cho Writing, natural cho Speaking)
• ✅ Tích hợp linh hoạt trong câu phức

Chúc bạn học tốt và đạt Band 8.0+ IELTS!