IELTS Reading: Tác động của thức ăn nhanh đến sức khỏe cộng đồng – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề “The Effects Of Fast Food Consumption On Public Health” là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt liên quan đến Health, Lifestyle và Social Issues. Với sự phát triển nhanh chóng của ngành công nghiệp thức ăn nhanh trên toàn cầu, những tác động của nó đến sức khỏe cộng đồng đã trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu của các chuyên gia y tế và nhà hoạch định chính sách.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được luyện tập với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật 100%. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn:

• Làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến: True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings, Summary Completion
• Rèn luyện kỹ năng skimming, scanning và paraphrasing
• Nắm vững từ vựng chuyên ngành về sức khỏe và dinh dưỡng
• Hiểu rõ cách phân bổ thời gian hiệu quả cho từng passage

Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích cụ thể và từ vựng quan trọng để tối đa hóa hiệu quả học tập của bạn.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3. Để đạt hiệu quả cao nhất, bạn nên phân bổ thời gian như sau:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó: Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó: Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó: Hard, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án lên phiếu trả lời. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
2. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
3. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
4. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm tương ứng
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau, từ tìm thông tin cụ thể đến hiểu ý chính và suy luận.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Fast Food Culture

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The modern fast food industry has experienced unprecedented growth over the past five decades, transforming the way millions of people around the world eat. What began as a convenience-driven innovation in the United States during the 1950s has evolved into a global phenomenon affecting dietary habits across all continents. Today, fast food restaurants can be found in virtually every major city, from New York to Tokyo, from London to Mumbai.

The appeal of fast food lies primarily in its convenience and affordability. In our increasingly busy modern lives, many people find themselves with limited time to prepare traditional home-cooked meals. Fast food restaurants offer a solution by providing ready-to-eat meals within minutes of ordering. This speed of service, combined with relatively low prices, makes fast food an attractive option for workers on lunch breaks, families seeking quick dinners, and students with tight budgets. Additionally, the standardized taste and predictable quality of fast food chains provide a sense of familiarity and comfort to consumers, regardless of their location.

However, the nutritional profile of typical fast food items raises significant health concerns. Most fast food meals are characterized by high caloric density, meaning they contain a large number of calories in relatively small portions. A single fast food meal can easily contain 1,000 to 2,000 calories, which represents half to all of an average adult’s daily caloric needs. Moreover, these meals typically contain excessive amounts of saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and added sugars – all nutrients that health organizations recommend limiting. For instance, a standard burger, fries, and soft drink combination can contain more than 100% of the recommended daily sodium intake and over 50 grams of fat.

The impact on children is particularly concerning. Fast food companies have developed sophisticated marketing strategies specifically targeting young consumers. Colorful advertisements, toy promotions, and brand mascots create powerful associations between fast food and fun experiences. Children who regularly consume fast food tend to develop taste preferences for high-fat, high-sugar foods, which can persist into adulthood. Research has shown that children who eat fast food more than three times per week consume significantly more calories and have poorer nutritional intake compared to those who rarely eat it.

The socioeconomic dimensions of fast food consumption also merit attention. Studies have revealed that fast food outlets are disproportionately concentrated in lower-income neighborhoods, where residents may have limited access to supermarkets selling fresh, healthy foods. This phenomenon, known as “food deserts,” means that economically disadvantaged populations often have fewer healthy eating options. Consequently, these communities face higher rates of diet-related health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The situation is further complicated by the fact that fresh, nutritious foods are often more expensive and time-consuming to prepare than fast food, creating additional barriers for low-income families.

From a public health perspective, the rise of fast food consumption correlates strongly with increasing rates of chronic diseases globally. Countries that have experienced rapid growth in fast food availability have also witnessed corresponding increases in obesity rates, particularly among children and adolescents. Health experts argue that the easy accessibility and aggressive marketing of fast food have contributed to what they term an “obesity epidemic.” This epidemic carries enormous costs, both in terms of individual well-being and healthcare system expenses.

Despite growing awareness of the health risks, fast food consumption continues to rise worldwide. Some governments have begun implementing policies to address this issue, including mandatory calorie labeling on menus, restrictions on marketing to children, and taxes on sugary drinks. However, the effectiveness of these measures varies considerably across different regions and cultures. The challenge lies in balancing individual freedom of choice with the need to protect public health, particularly for vulnerable populations who may lack the resources or information to make healthier choices.

Questions 1-5: True/False/Not Given

Read the following statements and decide if they are True, False, or Not Given according to the information in Passage 1.

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Fast food restaurants first appeared in the United States in the 1950s.
2. A typical fast food meal can provide all the calories an adult needs for one day.
3. Fast food companies use cartoon characters to attract young customers.
4. All governments worldwide have introduced taxes on unhealthy fast food.
5. Fresh food is always cheaper than fast food in low-income areas.

Questions 6-9: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

6. According to the passage, what is the main reason people choose fast food?

   • A) It tastes better than home-cooked meals
   • B) It is convenient and quick to obtain
   • C) It contains more nutritious ingredients
   • D) It is recommended by health experts

7. What does the passage say about fast food in lower-income neighborhoods?

   • A) It is more expensive than in wealthy areas
   • B) It is less popular than in other areas
   • C) There are more fast food outlets than elsewhere
   • D) It has better nutritional quality

8. The term “food deserts” refers to:

   • A) Areas where fast food is unavailable
   • B) Places with extreme weather conditions
   • C) Neighborhoods lacking access to healthy food options
   • D) Regions where food is extremely expensive

9. According to the passage, children who frequently eat fast food:

   • A) Develop healthier eating habits over time
   • B) Consume fewer calories than other children
   • C) Prefer high-fat and high-sugar foods as adults
   • D) Are unaffected by marketing strategies

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Fast food chains provide customers with __ regardless of where they are located.

11. A single fast food meal may contain __ of an adult’s daily caloric requirements.

12. The connection between fast food growth and health problems is described as an __.

13. Some governments require restaurants to display __ on their menus to inform customers.

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PASSAGE 2 – The Physiological Impact of Fast Food Consumption

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The biochemical effects of regular fast food consumption on the human body are far more complex and profound than simply contributing to weight gain. Recent scientific research has illuminated the intricate mechanisms through which the components of fast food—particularly trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and excessive sodium—interact with our metabolic systems, hormonal balance, and even our genetic expression. Understanding these physiological cascades is crucial for comprehending the full scope of fast food’s impact on public health.

One of the most significant concerns involves the effect of fast food on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Fast food meals typically contain high levels of simple carbohydrates and sugars, which cause rapid spikes in blood glucose levels. In response, the pancreas releases large amounts of insulin to help cells absorb this glucose. Over time, repeated exposure to these glucose surges can lead to a condition called insulin resistance, where cells become less responsive to insulin’s signals. This metabolic dysfunction is a primary driver of type 2 diabetes, a disease that has reached epidemic proportions in countries with high fast food consumption. Research published in The Lancet found that individuals who consumed fast food more than twice per week had a 27% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those who rarely ate it.

The impact on cardiovascular health is equally alarming. Fast food is typically laden with saturated fats and trans fats, which have been definitively linked to elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—commonly known as “bad cholesterol.” High LDL levels contribute to the formation of arterial plaques, fatty deposits that narrow blood vessels and restrict blood flow. This process, called atherosclerosis, significantly increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Furthermore, the excessive sodium content in fast food—often exceeding 2,000 milligrams in a single meal—contributes to hypertension (high blood pressure), another major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive study conducted across 52 countries found a direct correlation between fast food availability and rates of coronary heart disease.

Tác động sinh lý của thức ăn nhanh lên sức khỏe con người trong IELTS Reading

Perhaps less widely recognized but equally concerning is fast food’s effect on neurological function and mental health. The combination of high sugar and high fat appears to trigger the release of dopamine in the brain’s reward centers, creating a pleasurable sensation similar to that produced by addictive substances. This neurochemical response helps explain why some individuals experience cravings for fast food and find it difficult to moderate their consumption. Studies using brain imaging technology have revealed that regular fast food consumers show altered activity patterns in regions associated with reward processing and impulse control. Additionally, several large-scale epidemiological studies have found associations between frequent fast food consumption and increased rates of depression and anxiety disorders, though the exact causal mechanisms remain under investigation.

The inflammatory response triggered by fast food consumption represents another critical health concern. Many components of fast food, particularly oxidized fats and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formed during high-temperature cooking, activate the body’s inflammatory pathways. While inflammation is a normal immune response to injury or infection, chronic low-grade inflammation caused by dietary factors can damage tissues throughout the body. This persistent inflammatory state has been implicated in numerous chronic diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and autoimmune disorders. Biomarker studies have shown that individuals who regularly consume fast food have elevated levels of C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers in their bloodstream.

The effects extend even to the gastrointestinal system. Fast food typically contains minimal dietary fiber, an essential nutrient for maintaining healthy gut microbiota—the trillions of beneficial bacteria residing in our digestive tract. These microorganisms play crucial roles in immune function, nutrient absorption, and even mood regulation. Diets low in fiber and high in processed foods can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, a condition known as dysbiosis. Research has shown that individuals who frequently consume fast food have less diverse gut microbiomes and higher populations of bacteria associated with metabolic disorders. This disruption may help explain some of the systemic health effects observed in regular fast food consumers.

Moreover, emerging research suggests that maternal consumption of fast food during pregnancy may have transgenerational effects. Animal studies have demonstrated that mothers fed high-fat, high-sugar diets similar to fast food produce offspring with altered metabolic programming, making them more susceptible to obesity and diabetes throughout their lives. While human studies are more limited, preliminary evidence suggests similar patterns may occur, raising profound questions about the long-term societal impact of widespread fast food consumption.

Health organizations worldwide now recognize that addressing fast food consumption requires understanding it not merely as a matter of personal choice but as a complex public health challenge involving biological, psychological, and social factors. The physiological evidence makes clear that regular fast food consumption poses serious health risks that extend far beyond simple weight gain, affecting multiple organ systems and potentially altering long-term health trajectories.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Fast food affects genetic expression in human cells.
15. All individuals who eat fast food regularly will develop type 2 diabetes.
16. Brain scans show that fast food consumers have different brain activity patterns.
17. Fast food consumption is the primary cause of all mental health problems.
18. The effects of fast food during pregnancy can influence future generations.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has seven paragraphs (Paragraphs A-G). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of gut bacteria in health complications
ii. Effects on blood sugar regulation and diabetes risk
iii. Fast food’s similarity to addictive drugs
iv. The complex biological mechanisms of fast food
v. Prevention strategies for fast food-related diseases
vi. Heart and blood vessel damage from fast food
vii. Long-term consequences for pregnant women and their children
viii. Chronic inflammation and disease development
ix. Marketing tactics used by fast food companies

Paragraph A has been done for you as an example.

Example: Paragraph A – iv

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Fast food’s high sugar and fat content triggers the release of (24) __ in the brain, creating pleasurable feelings. This neurochemical reaction explains why people develop (25) __ for fast food. Furthermore, fast food consumption can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the digestive system, a condition called **(26) __, which affects various aspects of health.

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PASSAGE 3 – Policy Interventions and the Economics of Public Health

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The nexus between fast food consumption and deteriorating public health metrics has catalyzed increasingly vigorous debates among policymakers, public health officials, and economists regarding the appropriate governmental response to what many characterize as a dietary crisis. This discourse encompasses fundamental questions about the legitimate scope of state intervention in personal dietary choices, the efficacy of various regulatory mechanisms, and the ethical implications of policies that may disproportionately affect certain demographic groups. The challenge is further complicated by the need to balance public health objectives against economic considerations, including employment impacts, business interests, and consumer sovereignty.

The theoretical framework for government intervention in dietary choices rests primarily on the concept of market failure and negative externalities. Proponents of regulation argue that individual fast food consumption decisions impose costs on society that are not reflected in the purchase price—a classic economic externality. These externalized costs include increased healthcare expenditures, lost productivity due to diet-related illness, and reduced quality of life. A comprehensive study by the Harvard School of Public Health estimated that obesity-related medical costs in the United States alone exceed $190 billion annually, representing nearly 21% of annual medical spending. Furthermore, advocates point to information asymmetries, noting that consumers, particularly children, may lack complete understanding of the health consequences of their dietary choices. From this perspective, government intervention serves to correct market inefficiencies and protect public welfare, much as regulations address environmental pollution or tobacco consumption.

However, libertarian critics contest both the economic reasoning and the ethical foundations of such interventions. They argue that competent adults have the right to make their own consumption decisions, even those that may negatively affect their health, and that paternalistic policies represent an unjustified infringement on personal liberty. From this viewpoint, the appropriate governmental role is limited to ensuring accurate nutritional information is available, allowing individuals to make informed choices. Critics also question the empirical effectiveness of proposed interventions, pointing to studies showing minimal behavioral change following implementation of certain policies. For instance, research on mandatory calorie labeling in New York City found that while customer awareness increased, average caloric intake at fast food restaurants decreased by only 6%, a statistically significant but practically modest reduction.

Chính sách can thiệp sức khỏe cộng đồng về tiêu thụ thức ăn nhanh IELTS

The taxonomy of policy interventions varies considerably in both mechanism and intensity. Fiscal measures, particularly targeted taxation, represent one prominent approach. Several jurisdictions have implemented taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, with rates typically ranging from 10% to 20% of retail price. The price elasticity of demand for these products—the degree to which consumption changes in response to price changes—becomes crucial in determining policy effectiveness. Evidence from Mexico, which introduced a 10% soda tax in 2014, suggests that such measures can reduce consumption, with purchases declining by 5.5% in the first year and 9.7% by the second year, with larger decreases among lower-income households. However, critics raise concerns about the regressive nature of such taxes, noting they constitute a larger proportional burden on low-income consumers who spend a higher percentage of their income on food.

Regulatory approaches encompass a diverse array of strategies. Zoning regulations can limit the density of fast food outlets, particularly near schools. Marketing restrictions can curtail advertising directed at children, while nutritional standards can mandate reformulation of products to reduce harmful ingredients. The United Kingdom’s Soft Drinks Industry Levy, implemented in 2018, exemplifies an approach that incentivizes reformulation: beverages containing more than 5 grams of sugar per 100 milliliters face a tax, encouraging manufacturers to reduce sugar content rather than simply passing costs to consumers. This policy resulted in a 28.8% reduction in the average sugar content of soft drinks within the first year, demonstrating that industry behavior can be modified through appropriately designed incentives.

Multi-sectoral interventions that address the broader food environment have shown particular promise in achieving sustainable improvements in public health outcomes. These comprehensive approaches recognize that individual behavior occurs within a complex ecosystem of influences, including the built environment, economic conditions, cultural norms, and social networks. Successful examples include the North Karelia Project in Finland, which achieved remarkable reductions in cardiovascular disease through a coordinated program involving dietary education, collaboration with food manufacturers, policy changes, and community engagement. Over three decades, this initiative contributed to an 85% decline in annual coronary mortality rates among working-age men in the region, demonstrating the potential of systemic interventions that extend beyond simple prohibitions or taxes.

The question of policy equity demands particular attention in designing interventions. Research consistently demonstrates that lower-income populations and ethnic minorities bear a disproportionate burden of diet-related disease, partly due to differential access to healthy foods and targeted marketing of unhealthy products to these communities. While policies like soda taxes may reduce consumption among vulnerable populations, their financial impact raises concerns about distributional justice. Some jurisdictions have addressed this by earmarking tax revenues for health programs in affected communities, creating a potential progressive outcome from a regressive tax structure. For example, Berkeley, California directs revenue from its soda tax toward nutrition education and child health programs in low-income neighborhoods.

The role of corporate responsibility and industry self-regulation presents another dimension of this policy landscape. Some argue that voluntary industry initiatives, such as reformulating products to reduce harmful ingredients or limiting marketing to children, represent a preferable alternative to government mandates. Skeptics, however, point to the inherent conflict of interest between public health objectives and corporate profit maximization, noting that voluntary measures often prove inadequate without regulatory enforcement. The asymmetry of power between well-funded corporations and public health advocates also raises concerns about the potential for industry influence to dilute or delay effective regulations.

Emerging evidence suggests that the most effective approach involves synergistic combinations of multiple intervention types, operating across individual, community, and policy levels simultaneously. This ecological model acknowledges that no single policy lever can adequately address the multifaceted challenge of diet-related disease. Rather, sustained improvements require coordinated efforts that modify the food environment, enhance nutritional literacy, ensure equitable access to healthy foods, regulate harmful marketing practices, and use fiscal tools to align market incentives with public health goals. The political feasibility and administrative capacity required to implement such comprehensive strategies vary considerably across different governmental contexts, yet the magnitude of the public health challenge suggests that ambitious, evidence-based interventions are not merely desirable but imperative.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the concept of “negative externalities” in fast food consumption refers to:

• A) The poor quality of ingredients used in fast food
• B) Costs imposed on society that are not included in the purchase price
• C) The negative psychological effects on consumers
• D) Environmental damage caused by fast food packaging

28. What do libertarian critics argue about government intervention in dietary choices?

• A) It is essential for protecting public health
• B) It should focus only on children’s diets
• C) It represents unjustified interference with personal freedom
• D) It should be limited to lower-income communities

29. The New York City study on calorie labeling found that:

• A) Average caloric intake decreased significantly by 50%
• B) Customers were more aware but caloric intake decreased only slightly
• C) The policy had no effect on consumer behavior
• D) Restaurants removed unhealthy items from menus

30. The UK’s Soft Drinks Industry Levy was designed to:

• A) Ban all sugary drinks completely
• B) Encourage manufacturers to reduce sugar in beverages
• C) Increase government tax revenue
• D) Promote imported soft drinks

31. According to the passage, the North Karelia Project in Finland demonstrated:

• A) That taxation alone can reduce disease rates
• B) The failure of community-based health programs
• C) The effectiveness of comprehensive, multi-faceted interventions
• D) That dietary changes have no impact on heart disease

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each policy approach (Questions 32-36) with the correct characteristic (A-H). You may use any letter more than once.

Policy Approaches:
32. Targeted taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages
33. Zoning regulations
34. Marketing restrictions
35. Earmarking tax revenues
36. Industry self-regulation

Characteristics:

• A) Proven completely effective without government oversight
• B) Raises concerns about disproportionate financial burden on poor people
• C) Limits the number of fast food outlets in certain areas
• D) Directs income from taxes toward health programs
• E) Controls advertising aimed at young people
• F) Criticized due to potential conflicts of interest
• G) Eliminates all fast food options
• H) Requires international cooperation to implement

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

37. What percentage of annual medical spending in the United States is attributed to obesity-related costs?

38. By how much did soft drink purchases decline in Mexico during the second year of the soda tax?

39. What term describes the degree to which consumption changes when prices change?

40. What type of approach, operating across multiple levels simultaneously, does evidence suggest is most effective?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. standardized taste / predictable quality
11. half to all
12. obesity epidemic
13. mandatory calorie labeling / calorie labeling

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. YES
17. NO
18. YES
19. ii
20. vi
21. iii
22. viii
23. i
24. dopamine
25. cravings
26. dysbiosis

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. E
35. D
36. F
37. 21% / 21 percent
38. 9.7% / 9.7 percent
39. price elasticity
40. synergistic combinations / ecological model

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fast food restaurants, United States, 1950s
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “What began as a convenience-driven innovation in the United States during the 1950s” – điều này khớp hoàn toàn với phát biểu. Câu trong đề dùng “first appeared” để paraphrase “began”.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: typical fast food meal, all the calories, adult, one day
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “A single fast food meal can easily contain 1,000 to 2,000 calories, which represents half to all of an average adult’s daily caloric needs.” Từ “all” trong phát biểu tương ứng với thông tin này.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: cartoon characters, attract, young customers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Passage đề cập “brand mascots create powerful associations between fast food and fun experiences” – “brand mascots” là dạng paraphrase của “cartoon characters”, và mục đích là thu hút trẻ em.

Câu 6: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main reason, choose fast food
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu tiên
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 mở đầu bằng “The appeal of fast food lies primarily in its convenience and affordability” và tiếp tục giải thích về sự tiện lợi và nhanh chóng. Đáp án B khớp với thông tin này. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập là lý do chính.

Câu 8: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: food deserts, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa rõ: “This phenomenon, known as ‘food deserts,’ means that economically disadvantaged populations often have fewer healthy eating options.” Đáp án C paraphrase chính xác định nghĩa này.

Câu 10: standardized taste / predictable quality

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Fast food chains, provide, regardless of where
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu trong passage là “the standardized taste and predictable quality of fast food chains provide a sense of familiarity and comfort to consumers, regardless of their location.” Cả hai cụm từ đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 12: obesity epidemic

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: connection, fast food growth, health problems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Passage nói “Health experts argue that the easy accessibility and aggressive marketing of fast food have contributed to what they term an ‘obesity epidemic.'” Đây là cụm từ chính xác được sử dụng để mô tả mối liên hệ.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fast food, affects, genetic expression
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn mở đầu đề cập “interact with our metabolic systems, hormonal balance, and even our genetic expression” – tác giả khẳng định fast food ảnh hưởng đến biểu hiện gen.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all individuals, regularly, will develop, type 2 diabetes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “individuals who consumed fast food more than twice per week had a 27% higher risk” – đây là tăng nguy cơ, không phải tất cả sẽ phát triển bệnh. Từ “all” và “will” làm cho phát biểu này sai.

Câu 16: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: brain scans, fast food consumers, different brain activity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “Studies using brain imaging technology have revealed that regular fast food consumers show altered activity patterns” – khẳng định có sự khác biệt trong hoạt động não bộ.

Câu 19-23: Matching Headings

Câu 19 (Paragraph B): ii – Effects on blood sugar regulation and diabetes risk

• Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism”, “glucose surges”, “insulin resistance” và “type 2 diabetes”. Toàn bộ đoạn thảo luận về cách fast food ảnh hưởng đến đường huyết và nguy cơ tiểu đường.

Câu 20 (Paragraph C): vi – Heart and blood vessel damage from fast food

• Giải thích: Đoạn C đề cập “cardiovascular health”, “LDL cholesterol”, “arterial plaques”, “atherosclerosis”, “heart attacks”, “strokes” và “hypertension”. Nội dung chính là tác hại lên tim mạch.

Câu 21 (Paragraph D): iii – Fast food’s similarity to addictive drugs

• Giải thích: Đoạn D mô tả cách fast food kích thích giải phóng dopamine “similar to that produced by addictive substances” và tạo ra cravings, giải thích tại sao khó kiểm soát việc tiêu thụ.

Câu 24-26: Summary Completion

Câu 24: dopamine

• Vị trí: Đoạn D, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “The combination of high sugar and high fat appears to trigger the release of dopamine in the brain’s reward centers”

Câu 25: cravings

• Vị trí: Đoạn D, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “This neurochemical response helps explain why some individuals experience cravings for fast food”

Câu 26: dysbiosis

• Vị trí: Đoạn F, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “Diets low in fiber and high in processed foods can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, a condition known as dysbiosis”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: negative externalities, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Passage định nghĩa rõ ràng: “individual fast food consumption decisions impose costs on society that are not reflected in the purchase price—a classic economic externality.” Đáp án B paraphrase chính xác định nghĩa này về chi phí xã hội không được phản ánh trong giá.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: libertarian critics, argue, government intervention
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “libertarian critics contest both the economic reasoning and the ethical foundations” và “paternalistic policies represent an unjustified infringement on personal liberty.” Đáp án C khớp với quan điểm này về can thiệp không chính đáng vào tự do cá nhân.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: North Karelia Project, Finland, demonstrated
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Passage mô tả dự án này đạt được “remarkable reductions” thông qua “coordinated program” với nhiều yếu tố, dẫn đến giảm 85% tỷ lệ tử vong do bệnh tim, chứng minh “potential of systemic interventions”. Đây là can thiệp đa chiều toàn diện.

Câu 32-36: Matching Features

Câu 32 (Targeted taxation): B

• Giải thích: Đoạn D đề cập “critics raise concerns about the regressive nature of such taxes, noting they constitute a larger proportional burden on low-income consumers” – gánh nặng tài chính không cân đối cho người nghèo.

Câu 33 (Zoning regulations): C

• Giải thích: Đoạn E nói rõ “Zoning regulations can limit the density of fast food outlets, particularly near schools” – hạn chế số lượng cửa hàng ở khu vực nhất định.

Câu 35 (Earmarking tax revenues): D

• Giải thích: Đoạn G giải thích “Some jurisdictions have addressed this by earmarking tax revenues for health programs in affected communities” – hướng thu nhập từ thuế vào các chương trình sức khỏe.

Câu 37: 21% / 21 percent

• Vị trí: Đoạn B, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “obesity-related medical costs in the United States alone exceed $190 billion annually, representing nearly 21% of annual medical spending”

Câu 39: price elasticity

• Vị trí: Đoạn D, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “The price elasticity of demand for these products—the degree to which consumption changes in response to price changes”

Câu 40: synergistic combinations / ecological model

• Vị trí: Đoạn H, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Emerging evidence suggests that the most effective approach involves synergistic combinations of multiple intervention types” hoặc “This ecological model acknowledges…” – cả hai đều được chấp nhận.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có, chưa có tiền lệ	unprecedented growth	unprecedented scale/level
phenomenon	n	/fəˈnɒmɪnən/	hiện tượng	global phenomenon	social/natural phenomenon
appeal	n	/əˈpiːl/	sức hấp dẫn, sức lôi cuốn	appeal of fast food	mass/widespread appeal
nutritional profile	n phrase	/njuːˈtrɪʃənl ˈprəʊfaɪl/	thành phần dinh dưỡng	nutritional profile of fast food	analyze nutritional profile
caloric density	n phrase	/kəˈlɒrɪk ˈdensəti/	mật độ calo	high caloric density	foods with high caloric density
excessive amounts	n phrase	/ɪkˈsesɪv əˈmaʊnts/	lượng quá mức	excessive amounts of sodium	consume excessive amounts
taste preferences	n phrase	/teɪst ˈprefrənsɪz/	sở thích về hương vị	develop taste preferences	individual taste preferences
socioeconomic dimensions	n phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk daɪˈmenʃnz/	khía cạnh kinh tế xã hội	socioeconomic dimensions	consider socioeconomic dimensions
food deserts	n phrase	/fuːd ˈdezəts/	sa mạc thực phẩm (khu vực thiếu thực phẩm tươi)	known as food deserts	live in food deserts
obesity epidemic	n phrase	/əʊˈbiːsəti ˌepɪˈdemɪk/	dịch béo phì	obesity epidemic	combat obesity epidemic
mandatory calorie labeling	n phrase	/ˈmændətəri ˈkæləri ˈleɪblɪŋ/	ghi nhãn calo bắt buộc	mandatory calorie labeling	implement mandatory labeling
vulnerable populations	n phrase	/ˈvʌlnərəbl ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃnz/	nhóm dân số dễ bị tổn thương	protect vulnerable populations	target vulnerable populations

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate mechanisms	n phrase	/ˈɪntrɪkət ˈmekənɪzəmz/	cơ chế phức tạp	intricate mechanisms	understand intricate mechanisms
metabolic systems	n phrase	/ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống chuyển hóa	interact with metabolic systems	disrupt metabolic systems
insulin sensitivity	n phrase	/ˈɪnsjəlɪn ˌsensəˈtɪvəti/	độ nhạy insulin	effect on insulin sensitivity	improve insulin sensitivity
glucose metabolism	n phrase	/ˈɡluːkəʊs məˈtæbəlɪzəm/	quá trình chuyển hóa glucose	glucose metabolism	regulate glucose metabolism
insulin resistance	n phrase	/ˈɪnsjəlɪn rɪˈzɪstəns/	kháng insulin	lead to insulin resistance	develop insulin resistance
cardiovascular health	n phrase	/ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ helθ/	sức khỏe tim mạch	impact on cardiovascular health	maintain cardiovascular health
arterial plaques	n phrase	/ɑːˈtɪəriəl plæks/	mảng xơ vữa động mạch	formation of arterial plaques	build-up of arterial plaques
atherosclerosis	n	/ˌæθərəʊskləˈrəʊsɪs/	xơ vữa động mạch	process called atherosclerosis	risk of atherosclerosis
hypertension	n	/ˌhaɪpəˈtenʃn/	tăng huyết áp	contributes to hypertension	suffer from hypertension
dopamine	n	/ˈdəʊpəmiːn/	dopamine (chất dẫn truyền thần kinh)	release of dopamine	dopamine release
cravings	n	/ˈkreɪvɪŋz/	cơn thèm ăn mãnh liệt	experience cravings	food cravings
inflammatory response	n phrase	/ɪnˈflæmətəri rɪˈspɒns/	phản ứng viêm	inflammatory response triggered	immune inflammatory response
chronic inflammation	n phrase	/ˈkrɒnɪk ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/	viêm mãn tính	chronic low-grade inflammation	cause chronic inflammation
gut microbiota	n phrase	/ɡʌt ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈəʊtə/	hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột	maintaining healthy gut microbiota	gut microbiota composition
dysbiosis	n	/dɪsbaɪˈəʊsɪs/	rối loạn cân bằng vi sinh	condition known as dysbiosis	intestinal dysbiosis

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	n	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên hệ chặt chẽ	nexus between fast food and health	causal nexus
catalyzed	v	/ˈkætəlaɪzd/	xúc tác, thúc đẩy	catalyzed vigorous debates	catalyze change
efficacy	n	/ˈefɪkəsi/	hiệu quả, hiệu lực	efficacy of regulatory mechanisms	demonstrate efficacy
market failure	n phrase	/ˈmɑːkɪt ˈfeɪljə/	thất bại thị trường	concept of market failure	address market failure
negative externalities	n phrase	/ˈneɡətɪv ˌekstɜːˈnælətiːz/	tác động tiêu cực bên ngoài	negative externalities	produce negative externalities
externalized costs	n phrase	/ɪkˈstɜːnəlaɪzd kɒsts/	chi phí bên ngoài hóa	externalized costs include	bear externalized costs
information asymmetries	n phrase	/ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn əˈsɪmətriːz/	bất cân xứng thông tin	point to information asymmetries	reduce information asymmetries
libertarian critics	n phrase	/ˌlɪbəˈteəriən ˈkrɪtɪks/	những nhà phê bình theo chủ nghĩa tự do	libertarian critics contest	libertarian perspective
paternalistic policies	n phrase	/pəˌtɜːnəˈlɪstɪk ˈpɒləsiːz/	chính sách gia trưởng	paternalistic policies represent	oppose paternalistic policies
empirical effectiveness	n phrase	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl ɪˈfektɪvnəs/	hiệu quả thực nghiệm	question empirical effectiveness	assess empirical effectiveness
price elasticity	n phrase	/praɪs ɪˌlæsˈtɪsəti/	độ co giãn về giá	price elasticity of demand	measure price elasticity
regressive nature	n phrase	/rɪˈɡresɪv ˈneɪtʃə/	tính lũy thoái	regressive nature of taxes	regressive tax structure
zoning regulations	n phrase	/ˈzəʊnɪŋ ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃnz/	quy định phân vùng	zoning regulations can limit	implement zoning regulations
multi-sectoral interventions	n phrase	/ˌmʌlti ˈsektərəl ˌɪntəˈvenʃnz/	can thiệp đa ngành	multi-sectoral interventions	coordinate multi-sectoral interventions
built environment	n phrase	/bɪlt ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/	môi trường nhân tạo	including built environment	shape built environment
systemic interventions	n phrase	/sɪˈstemɪk ˌɪntəˈvenʃnz/	can thiệp hệ thống	potential of systemic interventions	design systemic interventions
distributional justice	n phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công lý phân phối	concerns about distributional justice	promote distributional justice
synergistic combinations	n phrase	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃnz/	sự kết hợp tương hỗ	synergistic combinations	create synergistic combinations
ecological model	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈmɒdl/	mô hình sinh thái	ecological model acknowledges	adopt ecological model

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Kết bài

Chủ đề “The effects of fast food consumption on public health” không chỉ là một chủ đề phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một vấn đề sức khỏe cộng đồng quan trọng trong xã hội hiện đại. Qua bài thi mẫu này, bạn đã được làm quen với ba passages ở các độ khó khác nhau – từ giới thiệu tổng quan về văn hóa thức ăn nhanh, đến phân tích sâu về tác động sinh lý, và cuối cùng là thảo luận phức tạp về chính sách can thiệp.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp đầy đủ các độ khó từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0), giúp bạn tự đánh giá trình độ hiện tại và xác định điểm cần cải thiện. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, vị trí chính xác của thông tin, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không phù hợp.

Để nâng cao hiệu quả học tập từ đề thi này, hãy:

• Ôn lại toàn bộ từ vựng được làm đậm trong passages và bảng từ vựng
• Phân tích cách các câu hỏi được paraphrase từ nội dung gốc
• Rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian bằng cách làm lại đề với giới hạn thời gian
• Nghiên cứu cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp trong Passage 3 để cải thiện khả năng đọc hiểu

Nếu bạn quan tâm đến các chủ đề liên quan về sức khỏe cộng đồng và lối sống, How to practice healthy living cung cấp thêm nhiều insights hữu ích. Tương tự, Impact of urban development on public health khám phá một khía cạnh khác ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe cộng đồng.

Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!