IELTS Reading: Tác động của Trừng phạt Quốc tế đến Kinh tế Toàn cầu – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Trừng phạt quốc tế là một công cụ chính trị và kinh tế quan trọng trong quan hệ quốc tế hiện đại, và chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong đề thi IELTS Reading với tần suất cao. Hiểu rõ về tác động của các biện pháp trừng phạt đến nền kinh tế toàn cầu không chỉ giúp bạn làm tốt bài thi mà còn nâng cao kiến thức về các vấn đề kinh tế – chính trị đương đại.

Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn bài thi thật, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được thực hành với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, giúp bạn hiểu rõ phương pháp làm bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase. Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành được tổng hợp chi tiết sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho quá trình ôn luyện của bạn.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, với mức độ khó tăng dần qua từng passage để bạn có thể tự đánh giá và cải thiện kỹ năng đọc hiểu của mình một cách hiệu quả.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm đặc biệt là bạn không có thời gian chuyển đáp án riêng biệt, vì vậy phải quản lý thời gian thật khéo léo.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút

Luôn nhớ dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra lại đáp án và đảm bảo không bỏ sót câu nào.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice: Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho sẵn
2. True/False/Not Given: Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given: Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
4. Matching Headings: Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
5. Summary Completion: Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features: Nối thông tin với các đối tượng tương ứng
7. Short-answer Questions: Trả lời ngắn gọn các câu hỏi

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Origins and Types of International Sanctions

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

International sanctions have become an increasingly common tool in global diplomacy over the past century. These punitive measures are imposed by one or more countries, or by international organizations, against a target country, group, or individual to bring about a change in behavior or policy. The fundamental purpose of sanctions is to apply economic and political pressure without resorting to military force, making them an attractive alternative in international conflict resolution.

The history of international sanctions dates back to ancient times, but their modern form emerged after World War I. The League of Nations, established in 1920, was the first international body to systematically use economic sanctions as a collective security measure. However, it was only after World War II, with the creation of the United Nations, that sanctions became a regular feature of international relations. The UN Security Council has the authority to impose sanctions to maintain or restore international peace and security, and this power has been exercised numerous times since 1945.

There are several distinct types of sanctions that countries and international organizations can employ. Comprehensive sanctions represent the most severe form, involving a near-total embargo on trade and financial transactions with the target country. These were notably used against Iraq in the 1990s following its invasion of Kuwait. However, comprehensive sanctions have fallen out of favor due to their devastating humanitarian impacts on civilian populations, who often suffer more than the political leaders they aim to pressure.

In response to these concerns, targeted sanctions or “smart sanctions” have become the preferred approach since the late 1990s. These focus on specific individuals, entities, or sectors rather than entire economies. Asset freezes prevent targeted individuals or organizations from accessing their financial resources held in foreign banks. Travel bans restrict the movement of specific individuals, typically government officials or their associates. Arms embargoes prohibit the sale or transfer of military equipment to the target country or group. These measures aim to maximize pressure on decision-makers while minimizing harm to ordinary citizens.

Sectoral sanctions represent a middle ground between comprehensive and targeted approaches. These restrictions focus on specific industries or economic sectors, such as oil, banking, or technology. For instance, sanctions against Iran have specifically targeted its energy sector and financial institutions, while still allowing trade in humanitarian goods like food and medicine. This approach attempts to inflict economic pain on the target government while reducing collateral damage to the general population.

The legal framework for imposing sanctions varies depending on whether they are unilateral or multilateral. Unilateral sanctions are imposed by a single country acting alone, most commonly the United States, which has imposed sanctions on numerous countries including Cuba, Venezuela, and North Korea. These sanctions rely on the economic power and global reach of the imposing country to be effective. Multilateral sanctions, by contrast, are imposed collectively by multiple countries or through international organizations like the UN or the European Union. These tend to have greater legitimacy and effectiveness because they involve broader international cooperation and make it harder for the target to find alternative trading partners.

The process of imposing sanctions typically begins with diplomatic efforts to resolve the underlying dispute. When these fail, countries or international bodies assess whether sanctions might achieve the desired policy change. This evaluation considers factors such as the target’s economic vulnerabilities, the likelihood of international cooperation, and potential unintended consequences. Once imposed, sanctions are usually accompanied by clear conditions for their removal, though in practice, lifting sanctions can be politically difficult even when the target has met these conditions.

Modern sanctions regimes have become increasingly sophisticated, incorporating various enforcement mechanisms to prevent evasion. Financial institutions worldwide are required to screen transactions against sanctions lists maintained by organizations like the UN and individual countries. Companies engaged in international trade must conduct due diligence to ensure they are not inadvertently violating sanctions regulations. Violations can result in severe penalties, including substantial fines and criminal prosecution, which creates strong incentives for compliance even among actors not directly subject to the sanctions.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. International sanctions are designed to avoid the use of military intervention.
2. The League of Nations was more effective at imposing sanctions than the United Nations.
3. Comprehensive sanctions against Iraq were successful in achieving their objectives without causing humanitarian harm.
4. Smart sanctions focus on specific individuals rather than entire populations.
5. The United States is the only country that imposes unilateral sanctions.
6. Sanctions are always removed immediately when the target country complies with demands.

Questions 7-10

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

International sanctions have evolved significantly since their systematic use by the (7) __ after World War I. Modern sanctions include various types, from comprehensive embargoes to more focused measures. Targeted sanctions may include (8) __ that prevent individuals from accessing their money, or restrictions on arms sales called (9) __. When sanctions focus on specific industries like oil or banking, they are known as (10) __ sanctions.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

11. According to the passage, why have comprehensive sanctions become less popular?

    • A. They are too expensive to implement
    • B. They harm civilians more than leaders
    • C. They are legally questionable
    • D. They take too long to be effective

12. What is the main advantage of multilateral sanctions over unilateral sanctions?

    • A. They are easier to implement
    • B. They cost less money
    • C. They have greater legitimacy and effectiveness
    • D. They can be removed more quickly

13. What must companies do to avoid violating sanctions regulations?

    • A. Stop all international trade
    • B. Conduct due diligence on their transactions
    • C. Pay fees to international organizations
    • D. Hire government officials

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic Mechanisms and Ripple Effects of Sanctions

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The economic impact of international sanctions extends far beyond the borders of targeted nations, creating complex ripple effects throughout the global economy. Understanding these mechanisms requires examining both the direct consequences for sanctioned countries and the indirect effects on trading partners, international businesses, and global supply chains. While sanctions are designed as precision instruments of foreign policy, their economic ramifications often prove far more diffuse and unpredictable than policymakers anticipate.

When sanctions are imposed on a country, the most immediate effect is typically a sharp disruption to its international trade. Export revenues decline as foreign markets become inaccessible, while imports of essential goods and technology become either prohibitively expensive or completely unavailable. This trade disruption triggers a cascading series of economic shocks. Domestic industries that rely on imported components or machinery face production constraints. The currency often depreciates rapidly as foreign exchange reserves dwindle and international confidence evaporates. Inflation accelerates as import costs rise and domestic production struggles to meet demand. The banking sector faces increasing stress as loans default and capital flight intensifies.

The severity of these impacts depends critically on the target country’s economic structure and level of integration into the global economy. Highly developed economies with diversified trading relationships and sophisticated financial systems may possess greater resilience and adaptive capacity. They can potentially reallocate resources, develop alternative trading relationships, or implement economic reforms to mitigate sanctions’ effects. Conversely, countries with less diversified economies, particularly those heavily dependent on natural resource exports, often experience more severe and prolonged economic distress. The situation of Venezuela illustrates this vulnerability, as oil-dependent economies face catastrophic consequences when their primary export market disappears.

However, the relationship between government policies in dealing with contemporary challenges like The role of government in regulating industry and sanctions effectiveness demonstrates how state capacity influences outcomes. Nations with weak governance structures often lack the institutional capacity to effectively manage sanction-induced economic crises, leading to deeper contractions and more prolonged recovery periods. Furthermore, sanctions can create perverse incentives that actually strengthen authoritarian control, as governments use external pressure to justify internal repression and economic centralization.

Beyond the target country, sanctions generate significant spillover effects on neighboring states and trading partners. Countries that share borders with sanctioned nations often experience substantial economic disruption even when they are not themselves targeted. Traditional trade routes become unusable, cross-border investment declines, and regional economic integration stalls. For instance, sanctions on Russia following its 2014 actions in Ukraine had pronounced effects on the Baltic states, Belarus, and other former Soviet republics whose economies remained deeply intertwined with Russia’s. These countries faced declining exports, reduced remittances from workers in Russia, and increased economic uncertainty.

Global corporations operating across multiple jurisdictions confront particularly complex challenges when sanctions are imposed. Multinational enterprises must rapidly restructure their operations to ensure compliance with sanctions regulations, often at considerable financial cost. Supply chains that have been optimized over decades for efficiency suddenly require reconfiguration. Companies may be forced to exit entire markets, write off investments, and sever relationships with long-standing business partners. The compliance costs extend beyond direct business losses to include extensive legal reviews, enhanced due diligence procedures, and sophisticated monitoring systems to prevent inadvertent violations.

The financial sector serves as a critical transmission mechanism for sanctions’ economic impact. Modern sanctions increasingly target access to the international financial system, particularly the SWIFT network that facilitates cross-border payments. When major banks in a sanctioned country are cut off from this system, the country’s ability to conduct international trade collapses almost instantaneously. Even transactions that are technically legal become practically impossible to execute. This financial isolation can be devastating, but it also incentivizes the development of alternative payment systems and increased use of mechanisms that challenge traditional financial infrastructure.

Sanctions also reshape global commodity markets in significant ways. When a major producer faces export restrictions, global supply contracts and prices adjust accordingly. Other producers often increase output to fill the gap, potentially earning windfall profits, while consumers may face higher prices and supply uncertainty. The 2012 oil sanctions on Iran demonstrated this dynamic clearly: Iranian oil exports dropped dramatically, Saudi Arabia and other OPEC members increased production, and global oil prices rose temporarily before stabilizing at a new equilibrium. These market adjustments create winners and losers far removed from the original sanctions target.

Biểu đồ minh họa tác động kinh tế đa chiều của trừng phạt quốc tế lên thương mại toàn cầu

Perhaps most significantly, prolonged sanctions are fundamentally altering the architecture of the global economy. Countries concerned about potential future sanctions are increasingly pursuing strategies of economic de-coupling and self-sufficiency. This includes developing domestic alternatives to foreign technology, establishing regional payment systems independent of Western financial infrastructure, and diversifying trading relationships to reduce dependence on any single partner. China’s response to various technology sanctions exemplifies this trend, as the country has dramatically increased investment in semiconductor research and development to reduce reliance on foreign chips. Similarly, Russia has developed its own payment card system and alternative to SWIFT. While these efforts require substantial investment and may reduce short-term economic efficiency, they represent a fundamental challenge to the post-Cold War paradigm of deepening economic interdependence.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

14. According to the passage, what happens immediately when sanctions are imposed?

    • A. The government of the target country collapses
    • B. International trade is severely disrupted
    • C. Alternative payment systems are created
    • D. Neighboring countries impose their own sanctions

15. Why do resource-dependent economies suffer more from sanctions?

    • A. They have larger populations to support
    • B. They have less economic diversification
    • C. They have weaker military forces
    • D. They are usually smaller countries

16. What effect do sanctions have on neighboring countries?

    • A. They always benefit from increased trade
    • B. They are forced to impose similar sanctions
    • C. They experience economic disruption even without being targeted
    • D. They become immune to future sanctions

17. How do multinational corporations respond to sanctions?

    • A. They lobby to have sanctions removed
    • B. They restructure operations to ensure compliance
    • C. They relocate their headquarters
    • D. They stop all international business

18. What long-term trend is mentioned regarding countries’ responses to sanctions?

    • A. Increased military spending
    • B. Greater economic integration with sanctioning countries
    • C. Pursuit of economic self-sufficiency
    • D. Abandonment of international trade

Questions 19-23

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

19. When a country is sanctioned, its currency often experiences rapid __ as foreign reserves decline.

20. Sanctions can strengthen authoritarian governments by justifying internal repression and economic __.

21. The __ serves as a crucial way that sanctions affect the economy by controlling access to international payments.

22. When sanctions reduce supply from one producer, other producers may earn __ from higher prices.

23. Countries worried about future sanctions are pursuing strategies of economic __.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Developed economies with diversified trade can better withstand sanctions than less developed economies.

25. All neighboring countries of sanctioned nations experience identical economic effects.

26. The development of alternative payment systems strengthens the effectiveness of future sanctions.

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PASSAGE 3 – Evaluating Sanctions Effectiveness and Future Implications

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The question of whether international sanctions achieve their stated objectives has generated considerable scholarly debate and produced surprisingly equivocal empirical evidence. While sanctions remain a central tool of statecraft, their actual effectiveness in compelling behavioral change appears far more limited than popular discourse suggests. Systematic studies examining sanctions episodes throughout the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries reveal success rates that rarely exceed 30-40%, with considerable variation depending on how “success” is defined and measured. This relatively modest efficacy raises profound questions about the continued reliance on sanctions as a primary instrument of coercive diplomacy.

The methodological challenges inherent in assessing sanctions effectiveness are substantial and multifaceted. Establishing clear causal linkages between sanctions imposition and subsequent policy changes in target states proves remarkably difficult. Political leaders in sanctioned countries face diverse domestic and international pressures that influence their decision-making calculus, making it nearly impossible to isolate sanctions’ specific contribution to any behavioral shift. The counterfactual problem looms particularly large: we cannot observe what would have occurred in the absence of sanctions, rendering definitive conclusions about their impact inherently speculative. Furthermore, the objectives of sanctions are often deliberately ambiguous or evolve over time, complicating efforts to determine whether they have “succeeded” or “failed.”

Despite these analytical difficulties, research has identified several factors that appear to correlate with sanctions effectiveness. Multilateral sanctions coordinated through international institutions demonstrate considerably higher success rates than unilateral measures, primarily because they are more difficult to circumvent through alternative trading relationships. The credibility and resolve of the sanctioning coalition prove crucial; targets are more likely to comply when they believe sanctions will remain in place indefinitely until demands are met. Swift imposition of severe sanctions appears more effective than gradual escalation, which allows targets time to adapt and mobilize domestic support around nationalist narratives of external aggression.

The nature of the target regime constitutes another critical variable. Counterintuitively, democratic governments often prove more susceptible to sanctions pressure than authoritarian regimes, despite democracies’ generally stronger economic fundamentals. Democratic leaders face electoral accountability and cannot as easily insulate themselves from sanctions’ economic pain. Citizens experiencing declining living standards can express dissatisfaction through voting, creating political incentives for compromise. Authoritarian rulers, by contrast, can more effectively suppress domestic dissent, control information flows, and attribute economic hardship to external enemies rather than their own policies. This dynamic has led to the troubling conclusion that sanctions may be most effective precisely against those governments that are least objectionable from a normative standpoint, while proving least effective against the repressive regimes they most frequently target.

The relationship between economic pain inflicted and political concessions obtained follows a highly non-linear trajectory. Beyond a certain threshold, increasing sanctions severity may actually reduce the likelihood of compliance through several mechanisms. Extreme economic pressure can generate siege mentality within targeted regimes, strengthening internal cohesion and resolve to resist external coercion. When economic collapse appears inevitable regardless of whether demands are met, leaders lose incentive to compromise. Furthermore, catastrophic economic damage may actually eliminate the state capacity required to implement demanded policy changes, even if political will exists. Venezuela’s prolonged economic crisis illustrates this dynamic, as the government simultaneously lacks both the willingness and capacity to implement reforms that might lead to sanctions relief.

Sơ đồ phân tích các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến hiệu quả của trừng phạt kinh tế quốc tế

The temporal dimension of sanctions effectiveness deserves particular scrutiny. While sanctions occasionally produce rapid compliance, most successful episodes require years or even decades of sustained pressure before achieving meaningful results. This protracted timeline creates significant challenges for democratic sanctioning states, where domestic political support for sanctions may erode as costs accumulate without visible progress. South African apartheid sanctions, often cited as a sanctions success story, required more than a decade of progressively tightening restrictions before contributing to political transformation. Iran’s nuclear program provides another example: sanctions imposed in various forms since 2006 eventually contributed to the 2015 nuclear agreement, though debates continue about sanctions’ precise role versus other factors like changes in Iranian domestic politics and the credible threat of military action.

The burgeoning exploration of What are the implications of digital currencies for the global economy? presents profound implications for future sanctions effectiveness. As digital currencies and decentralized financial technologies mature, they threaten to undermine the financial architecture upon which modern sanctions depend. Blockchain-based payment systems can potentially facilitate cross-border transactions without relying on traditional banking infrastructure, making financial sanctions easier to evade. Several sanctioned states and entities have already experimented with cryptocurrency as a sanctions evasion mechanism, though technical limitations, volatility, and limited adoption have constrained its effectiveness thus far. If these technologies achieve widespread adoption, the fundamental efficacy of financial sanctions could diminish substantially, forcing a reconceptualization of economic coercion strategies.

Beyond their direct effects on targets, sanctions generate significant externalities that complicate normative evaluation of their desirability as policy tools. The humanitarian costs imposed on civilian populations have received extensive documentation, from malnutrition and medicine shortages to broader development setbacks. While smart sanctions attempt to minimize such harms, the reality of modern economic interdependence means that virtually any consequential sanction will have substantial civilian impact. These humanitarian costs must be weighed against both the objectives sought and the costs of alternative policy approaches, including military intervention or acquiescence to objectionable behavior.

The strategic behavior of third-party states responding to sanctions creates additional complications. Some nations deliberately position themselves as sanctions-busting intermediaries, profiting from their willingness to maintain economic relationships with pariah states. China’s continued economic engagement with North Korea and Russia exemplifies this pattern, simultaneously limiting sanctions effectiveness and strengthening Beijing’s geopolitical position. As global power becomes increasingly multipolar, the feasibility of constructing truly comprehensive sanctions regimes diminishes, as targets can increasingly find alternative partners willing to trade despite Western sanctions pressure.

Looking forward, the future of international sanctions appears increasingly uncertain as the foundations of the post-1945 international order face mounting challenges. The effectiveness of sanctions has always depended upon a degree of international consensus and institutional cooperation that appears increasingly elusive in an era of great power competition. Simultaneously, technological change is creating new evasion possibilities even as it provides enhanced enforcement tools. The sanctions instrument itself is evolving, with increasing focus on individual accountability through targeted measures and growing attention to corruption and human rights violations as sanctions triggers rather than purely security-related concerns.

Perhaps most fundamentally, the accumulated experience of decades of sanctions deployment has generated increasing awareness of their limitations as coercive instruments. Sanctions work best when demands are relatively modest, when target governments face genuine domestic political pressure, when international cooperation is robust, and when alternatives to compliance appear worse than acceptance of terms. These conditions obtain far less frequently than sanctions employment would suggest. As states, corporations, and international institutions develop greater sophistication in understanding sanctions’ effects and limitations, we may be approaching an inflection point where the sanctions paradigm that has dominated post-Cold War international relations begins to transform into something recognizably different, whether more precisely targeted, fundamentally constrained in application, or complemented by new instruments of economic statecraft not yet fully articulated.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases, A-L, below.

Studies show that sanctions have a success rate of only (27) __, which raises questions about their continued use. Research indicates that (28) __ sanctions are more effective than unilateral ones because they are harder to evade. Surprisingly, (29) __ governments are often more vulnerable to sanctions than authoritarian ones due to electoral accountability. However, when economic pressure becomes too severe, it can create a (30) __ within the target regime that strengthens resistance. The development of (31) __ threatens to undermine the effectiveness of financial sanctions in the future.

A. democratic
B. 50-60%
C. 30-40%
D. military action
E. multilateral
F. siege mentality
G. digital currencies
H. trade agreements
I. republican
J. 60-70%
K. economic growth
L. unilateral

Questions 32-36

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32. It is easy to prove that sanctions directly cause policy changes in target countries.

33. Swift, severe sanctions are more effective than gradually increasing pressure.

34. The humanitarian costs of sanctions on civilians are always acceptable given the foreign policy objectives.

35. South African apartheid sanctions achieved results within less than five years.

36. China’s relationship with sanctioned countries reduces the effectiveness of Western sanctions.

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

37. What is the main methodological challenge in assessing sanctions effectiveness?

    • A. Lack of historical data
    • B. Difficulty establishing clear causal relationships
    • C. Insufficient funding for research
    • D. Bias among researchers

38. Why are democratic governments more vulnerable to sanctions than authoritarian ones?

    • A. They have weaker economies
    • B. They have smaller populations
    • C. Leaders face electoral accountability
    • D. They have less international support

39. According to the passage, what happens when sanctions cause extreme economic pressure?

    • A. Compliance becomes more likely
    • B. International support increases
    • C. The target regime may lose capacity to implement changes
    • D. Other countries impose additional sanctions

40. What does the author suggest about the future of sanctions?

    • A. They will become more effective over time
    • B. They will be completely replaced by military action
    • C. The sanctions paradigm may undergo fundamental transformation
    • D. All countries will stop using sanctions within ten years

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. FALSE
6. FALSE
7. League of Nations
8. asset freezes
9. arms embargoes
10. sectoral
11. B
12. C
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. depreciation
20. centralization
21. financial sector / SWIFT network
22. windfall profits
23. de-coupling / self-sufficiency
24. YES
25. NO
26. NO

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. E
29. A
30. F
31. G
32. NO
33. YES
34. NOT GIVEN
35. NO
36. YES
37. B
38. C
39. C
40. C

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: designed to avoid, military intervention
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “The fundamental purpose of sanctions is to apply economic and political pressure without resorting to military force” – điều này khớp hoàn toàn với câu hỏi về việc sanctions được thiết kế để tránh can thiệp quân sự.

Câu 2: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: League of Nations, more effective, United Nations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập League of Nations là tổ chức đầu tiên sử dụng sanctions có hệ thống và UN đã sử dụng chúng thường xuyên hơn, nhưng không so sánh hiệu quả giữa hai tổ chức.

Câu 3: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: comprehensive sanctions, Iraq, successful, humanitarian harm
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài đọc rõ ràng nói “comprehensive sanctions have fallen out of favor due to their devastating humanitarian impacts on civilian populations” – điều này mâu thuẫn với việc không gây hại về nhân đạo.

Câu 4: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: smart sanctions, specific individuals, entire populations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “These focus on specific individuals, entities, or sectors rather than entire economies” – khớp với ý nghĩa của câu hỏi.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: sanctions, removed immediately, complies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “lifting sanctions can be politically difficult even when the target has met these conditions” – điều này mâu thuẫn với việc gỡ bỏ ngay lập tức.

Câu 7: League of Nations

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: after World War I, systematic use
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “The League of Nations, established in 1920, was the first international body to systematically use economic sanctions”

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: comprehensive sanctions, less popular
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “comprehensive sanctions have fallen out of favor due to their devastating humanitarian impacts on civilian populations, who often suffer more than the political leaders”

Câu 13: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: companies, avoid violating, sanctions regulations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Companies engaged in international trade must conduct due diligence to ensure they are not inadvertently violating sanctions regulations”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: immediately, sanctions imposed
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “When sanctions are imposed on a country, the most immediate effect is typically a sharp disruption to its international trade”

Câu 15: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: resource-dependent economies, suffer more
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “countries with less diversified economies, particularly those heavily dependent on natural resource exports, often experience more severe and prolonged economic distress”

Câu 16: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: neighboring countries, effect
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “Countries that share borders with sanctioned nations often experience substantial economic disruption even when they are not themselves targeted”

Câu 19: depreciation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: currency, rapid, foreign reserves decline
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “The currency often depreciates rapidly as foreign exchange reserves dwindle”

Câu 24: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: developed economies, diversified trade, withstand sanctions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “Highly developed economies with diversified trading relationships… may possess greater resilience and adaptive capacity”

Câu 26: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: alternative payment systems, strengthens effectiveness, future sanctions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
• Giải thích: Tác giả cho rằng alternative payment systems “represent a fundamental challenge” to sanctions, nghĩa là làm yếu đi chứ không phải tăng cường hiệu quả.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C (30-40%)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: success rate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “reveal success rates that rarely exceed 30-40%”

Câu 28: E (multilateral)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: more effective, harder to evade
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Multilateral sanctions coordinated through international institutions demonstrate considerably higher success rates than unilateral measures”

Câu 32: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: easy to prove, sanctions, directly cause, policy changes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói “Establishing clear causal linkages between sanctions imposition and subsequent policy changes… proves remarkably difficult” – ngược lại với “easy”

Câu 33: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: swift severe sanctions, more effective, gradually increasing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “Swift imposition of severe sanctions appears more effective than gradual escalation”

Câu 38: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: democratic governments, more vulnerable, authoritarian
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “Democratic leaders face electoral accountability and cannot as easily insulate themselves from sanctions’ economic pain”

Câu 40: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: author suggest, future of sanctions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: “we may be approaching an inflection point where the sanctions paradigm… begins to transform into something recognizably different”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
punitive measures	n	/ˈpjuːnɪtɪv ˈmeʒəz/	các biện pháp trừng phạt	These punitive measures are imposed by countries	impose/take punitive measures
embargo	n	/ɪmˈbɑːɡəʊ/	lệnh cấm vận	a near-total embargo on trade	impose/lift an embargo
comprehensive sanctions	n	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv ˈsæŋkʃənz/	trừng phạt toàn diện	Comprehensive sanctions represent the most severe form	impose comprehensive sanctions
asset freezes	n	/ˈæset friːzɪz/	đóng băng tài sản	Asset freezes prevent individuals from accessing resources	implement/enforce asset freezes
travel bans	n	/ˈtrævl bænz/	lệnh cấm đi lại	Travel bans restrict the movement of individuals	impose/maintain travel bans
arms embargoes	n	/ɑːmz ɪmˈbɑːɡəʊz/	cấm vận vũ khí	Arms embargoes prohibit sale of military equipment	enforce/violate arms embargoes
sectoral sanctions	n	/sekˈtɔːrəl ˈsæŋkʃənz/	trừng phạt theo ngành	Sectoral sanctions focus on specific industries	target sectoral sanctions
unilateral	adj	/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəl/	đơn phương	Unilateral sanctions are imposed by single country	take unilateral action
multilateral	adj	/ˌmʌltɪˈlætərəl/	đa phương	Multilateral sanctions are imposed collectively	multilateral cooperation
legitimacy	n	/lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi/	tính hợp pháp	These tend to have greater legitimacy	establish/maintain legitimacy
due diligence	n	/djuː ˈdɪlɪdʒəns/	thẩm định cẩn thận	Companies must conduct due diligence	exercise/perform due diligence
inflict economic pain	v phrase	/ɪnˈflɪkt ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk peɪn/	gây đau đớn kinh tế	This approach attempts to inflict economic pain	inflict damage/harm

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
diffuse	adj	/dɪˈfjuːs/	lan tỏa, phân tán	economic ramifications often prove far more diffuse	diffuse impact/effect
cascading	adj	/kæˈskeɪdɪŋ/	dây chuyền, liên hoàn	triggers a cascading series of economic shocks	cascading effects/failures
depreciates	v	/dɪˈpriːʃieɪts/	mất giá	The currency often depreciates rapidly	currency depreciates/appreciates
inflation accelerates	v phrase	/ɪnˈfleɪʃən əkˈseləreɪts/	lạm phát tăng tốc	Inflation accelerates as import costs rise	accelerate/slow inflation
stress	n	/stres/	căng thẳng, áp lực	The banking sector faces increasing stress	under financial stress
economic structure	n	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈstrʌktʃə/	cấu trúc kinh tế	depends on the target country’s economic structure	economic/social structure
integration	n	/ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/	hội nhập	level of integration into the global economy	economic/regional integration
institutional capacity	n	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thể chế	lack the institutional capacity to manage crises	build/strengthen institutional capacity
centralization	n	/ˌsentrəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	tập trung hóa	justify internal repression and economic centralization	political/economic centralization
spillover effects	n	/ˈspɪləʊvə ɪˈfekts/	tác động lan tỏa	sanctions generate significant spillover effects	spillover effects on neighbors
reconfiguration	n	/ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃən/	tái cấu trúc	Supply chains require reconfiguration	organizational reconfiguration
compliance costs	n	/kəmˈplaɪəns kɒsts/	chi phí tuân thủ	The compliance costs extend beyond direct losses	reduce/minimize compliance costs
transmission mechanism	n	/trænzˈmɪʃən ˈmekənɪzəm/	cơ chế truyền dẫn	Financial sector serves as a critical transmission mechanism	transmission of information/effects
windfall profits	n	/ˈwɪndfɔːl ˈprɒfɪts/	lợi nhuận bất ngờ	potentially earning windfall profits	reap/enjoy windfall profits
de-coupling	n	/diː ˈkʌplɪŋ/	tách rời	pursuing strategies of economic de-coupling	economic/technological de-coupling
self-sufficiency	n	/ˌself səˈfɪʃənsi/	tự cung tự cấp	strategies of economic de-coupling and self-sufficiency	achieve/pursue self-sufficiency
post-Cold War paradigm	n phrase	/pəʊst kəʊld wɔː ˈpærədaɪm/	mô hình hậu Chiến tranh Lạnh	challenge to the post-Cold War paradigm	shift/challenge paradigm

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
equivocal	adj	/ɪˈkwɪvəkəl/	mơ hồ, không rõ ràng	produced surprisingly equivocal empirical evidence	equivocal results/evidence
methodological challenges	n phrase	/ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/	thách thức về phương pháp luận	The methodological challenges are substantial	face/overcome methodological challenges
causal linkages	n	/ˈkɔːzəl ˈlɪŋkɪdʒɪz/	mối liên hệ nhân quả	Establishing clear causal linkages proves difficult	establish/demonstrate causal linkages
counterfactual problem	n	/ˌkaʊntəˈfæktʃuəl ˈprɒbləm/	vấn đề phản thực tế	The counterfactual problem looms particularly large	address/solve counterfactual problem
electoral accountability	n	/ɪˈlektərəl əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/	trách nhiệm giải trình trước cử tri	Democratic leaders face electoral accountability	ensure/maintain electoral accountability
suppress domestic dissent	v phrase	/səˈpres dəˈmestɪk dɪˈsent/	đàn áp bất đồng trong nước	can more effectively suppress domestic dissent	suppress/silence dissent
non-linear trajectory	n	/nɒn ˈlɪniə trəˈdʒektəri/	quỹ đạo phi tuyến tính	follows a highly non-linear trajectory	follow a trajectory
siege mentality	n	/siːdʒ menˈtæləti/	tâm lý bị bao vây	can generate siege mentality within regimes	develop/create siege mentality
catastrophic economic damage	n phrase	/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈdæmɪdʒ/	thiệt hại kinh tế thảm khốc	catastrophic economic damage may eliminate capacity	cause/inflict catastrophic damage
domestic political support	n phrase	/dəˈmestɪk pəˈlɪtɪkəl səˈpɔːt/	sự ủng hộ chính trị trong nước	domestic political support may erode	maintain/lose domestic support
decentralized financial technologies	n phrase	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd faɪˈnænʃəl tekˈnɒlədʒɪz/	công nghệ tài chính phi tập trung	As digital currencies and decentralized financial technologies mature	develop/adopt decentralized technologies
externalities	n	/ˌekstɜːˈnælətiz/	ngoại tác	sanctions generate significant externalities	positive/negative externalities
sanctions-busting intermediaries	n phrase	/ˈsæŋkʃənz ˌbʌstɪŋ ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəriz/	trung gian phá vỡ trừng phạt	position themselves as sanctions-busting intermediaries	act as/serve as intermediaries
multipolar	adj	/ˌmʌltɪˈpəʊlə/	đa cực	global power becomes increasingly multipolar	multipolar world/system
inflection point	n	/ɪnˈflekʃən pɔɪnt/	điểm uốn, điểm chuyển biến	approaching an inflection point	reach/pass inflection point
coercive diplomacy	n	/kəʊˈɜːsɪv dɪˈpləʊməsi/	ngoại giao cưỡng chế	their limitations as coercive instruments	employ/practice coercive diplomacy
economic statecraft	n	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈsteɪtkrɑːft/	nghệ thuật quốc gia về kinh tế	new instruments of economic statecraft	tools of economic statecraft

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Kết bài

Chủ đề về tác động của trừng phạt quốc tế đến kinh tế toàn cầu là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Ba passages trong đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện từ cơ bản đến nâng cao về vấn đề này, đồng thời giúp bạn làm quen với đầy đủ các độ khó của bài thi thực tế.

Passage 1 giới thiệu nguồn gốc và các loại hình trừng phạt với từ vựng dễ tiếp cận, Passage 2 đi sâu vào các cơ chế kinh tế và hiệu ứng lan tỏa với độ phức tạp vừa phải, còn Passage 3 phân tích sâu về hiệu quả và hàm ý tương lai với từ vựng học thuật cao cấp. Việc luyện tập với đề thi đa dạng dạng câu hỏi như vậy sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo vị trí cụ thể trong bài và giải thích paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá chính xác năng lực của mình và hiểu rõ những điểm cần cải thiện. Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocation sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc mở rộng vốn từ học thuật của bạn.

Hãy dành thời gian làm bài nghiêm túc như trong phòng thi thật, sau đó so sánh kết quả và học hỏi từ những lỗi sai. Thực hành đều đặn với các đề thi chất lượng như thế này chính là chìa khóa để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi sắp tới.