Mở Bài
Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và đổi mới sáng tạo trong các quốc gia đang phát triển là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading những năm gần đây. Với xu hướng toàn cầu hóa và sự quan tâm ngày càng tăng về môi trường, chủ đề này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong cả bài thi Academic và General Training, đặc biệt trong các Passage 2 và 3.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi với đầy đủ các dạng bài phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi passage được thiết kế theo chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, đảm bảo độ khó tăng dần và phản ánh chính xác bài thi thực tế.
Bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu, phân tích kỹ thuật paraphrase, và bảng từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và cách sử dụng. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách hiệu quả.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Không có thời gian chuyển đáp án riêng, do đó bạn cần quản lý thời gian cẩn thận để hoàn thành cả việc đọc, trả lời câu hỏi và ghi đáp án vào phiếu trả lời.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi tương đối dễ)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, yêu cầu tư duy cao hơn)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, nội dung học thuật phức tạp)
Lưu ý rằng không phải passage nào cũng có giá trị điểm bằng nhau – điều quan trọng là trả lời đúng càng nhiều câu càng tốt trong tổng số 40 câu.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với nguồn/người được đề cập
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Solar Power Revolution in Rural Africa
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The transformation of rural African communities through solar energy has become one of the most remarkable success stories in renewable energy adoption. Over the past decade, millions of households across sub-Saharan Africa have gained access to electricity for the first time, thanks to affordable solar technologies and innovative financing models.
In Kenya, the M-KOPA Solar system has revolutionized energy access. This pay-as-you-go model allows families to purchase small solar panel systems through daily mobile money payments of less than 50 cents. After completing payments over approximately one year, customers own the system outright. By 2023, more than 1.5 million homes had been connected through this program, providing clean lighting, phone charging capabilities, and power for small appliances. The impact extends beyond mere convenience – children can study after dark, small businesses can operate longer hours, and families save money previously spent on kerosene lamps and candles.
Similar initiatives have spread across the continent. In Tanzania, off-grid solar companies have partnered with local entrepreneurs who serve as distribution agents in remote villages. These agents receive training in installation and basic maintenance, creating employment opportunities while ensuring customers have ongoing technical support. The model has proven particularly effective in areas where extending the national electricity grid would be economically unfeasible due to low population density and difficult terrain.
Bangladesh offers another compelling example of renewable energy success in the developing world. The country’s Infrastructure Development Company (IDCOL) has facilitated the installation of over 6 million solar home systems since 2003, making it the world’s largest off-grid solar program. The program has been particularly beneficial for women, who traditionally spent hours collecting firewood or managing dangerous kerosene lamps. With solar lighting, women can engage in income-generating activities after sunset, such as sewing, craft-making, or food preparation for local markets.
The technological advances in solar panels have made these programs increasingly viable. Modern panels are more efficient, durable, and affordable than ever before. Photovoltaic costs have declined by more than 90% over the past decade, making solar energy competitive with traditional fossil fuel sources in many contexts. Additionally, improved battery storage technology means that households can store excess energy generated during the day for use at night or during cloudy periods.
However, challenges remain. Quality control is a significant concern, as cheap, substandard products flood markets and fail quickly, potentially damaging consumer confidence in solar technology. Several countries have introduced certification standards and quality assurance programs to address this issue. For instance, the Lighting Global program, supported by the World Bank, has established quality standards and testing protocols for off-grid solar products.
Maintenance and repair services are another critical factor in long-term success. While modern solar systems require minimal maintenance, components can fail, and batteries typically need replacement every 3-5 years. Companies that invest in training local technicians and establishing spare parts supply chains tend to have higher customer satisfaction and system longevity. Some organizations have even developed smartphone applications that allow remote diagnostics, enabling technicians to identify problems before visiting customer sites.
The environmental benefits of this solar revolution are substantial. Each solar home system displaces approximately 200 liters of kerosene annually, reducing both greenhouse gas emissions and indoor air pollution. Studies have shown that households using kerosene lamps experience significantly higher rates of respiratory problems, particularly among children and women who spend more time indoors. The switch to solar energy therefore delivers both climate benefits and public health improvements.
Looking forward, experts predict continued rapid growth in off-grid solar adoption across developing countries. The International Energy Agency estimates that solar home systems and mini-grids could provide electricity access to 500 million people by 2030. As technology continues to improve and costs decline further, solar energy is becoming not just an alternative but often the preferred choice for rural electrification in many developing regions.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, the M-KOPA Solar system in Kenya
A. requires customers to pay the full amount upfront
B. uses a mobile payment system for daily installments
C. only provides lighting without other functions
D. is owned by the government -
What is mentioned as a benefit of solar energy for children?
A. They can play games on electronic devices
B. They can help their parents with business
C. They can study during evening hours
D. They can watch educational programs -
The text suggests that extending the national grid in some areas is
A. the most cost-effective solution
B. completed in most African countries
C. not economically practical
D. preferred by local communities -
According to the passage, photovoltaic costs have
A. increased slightly over ten years
B. remained stable for a decade
C. decreased by more than 90%
D. become more expensive than fossil fuels -
The Lighting Global program aims to
A. provide free solar panels to customers
B. establish quality standards for solar products
C. train local technicians
D. replace kerosene lamps
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Bangladesh has the world’s largest off-grid solar program.
- Solar panels today are less efficient than those produced ten years ago.
- All developing countries have introduced certification standards for solar products.
- Smartphone applications can help diagnose solar system problems remotely.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- In Tanzania, local entrepreneurs receive training in installation and basic __.
- Women in Bangladesh traditionally spent many hours collecting __.
- Battery storage allows households to save __ generated during the day.
- Each solar home system prevents the use of approximately 200 liters of __ each year.
PASSAGE 2 – Hydroelectric Innovation in Southeast Asia
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
Southeast Asia’s complex relationship with hydroelectric power exemplifies the multifaceted challenges facing developing nations as they pursue sustainable energy strategies. While large-scale dam projects have long been controversial due to their environmental and social impacts, a new generation of small-scale hydroelectric installations is demonstrating how renewable energy can be deployed with significantly reduced ecological disruption.
Traditional hydroelectric dams have powered development across the region for decades, with projects like Thailand’s Bhumibol Dam and Vietnam’s Hoa Binh Dam providing substantial electricity generation capacity. However, these mega-projects have come at considerable cost. The displacement of communities, loss of agricultural land, disruption of river ecosystems, and reduction in downstream water flow have sparked intense debate about whether such projects represent genuine sustainable development or merely trade one set of problems for another. The Mekong River Commission has documented significant biodiversity loss in areas affected by large dams, particularly impacting migratory fish species essential to regional food security.
In response to these concerns, engineers and policymakers have increasingly turned to micro-hydro and run-of-river systems as alternatives. Unlike conventional dams that create large reservoirs, run-of-river installations harness the natural flow of water with minimal storage, dramatically reducing land inundation and environmental disruption. These systems typically generate between 1 and 100 kilowatts, making them ideal for powering remote villages or small industrial operations without requiring connection to national electricity grids.
The Philippines provides an illuminating case study in successful micro-hydro deployment. In the Cordillera region, over 150 community-based micro-hydro systems now serve remote mountain villages previously reliant on expensive diesel generators or entirely without electricity. One particularly innovative aspect of the Philippine approach is its emphasis on community ownership and management. Local residents are trained in system operation and maintenance, with revenue from electricity sales managed by village cooperatives. This model ensures that benefits remain within communities while building local technical capacity.
Funding mechanisms have evolved considerably to support these smaller-scale projects. Microfinance institutions have developed specialized loan products for community energy projects, while international development agencies increasingly prioritize distributed renewable energy over large centralized projects. The Asian Development Bank’s Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency and Climate Change program has facilitated more than $2 billion in investments in small-scale renewable projects across the region since 2013. These financial instruments recognize that risk profiles differ substantially between small community-managed systems and large government-funded infrastructure projects.
Technological innovations have been crucial in making small-scale hydro more viable and efficient. Modern turbine designs adapted for low-head, variable-flow conditions allow systems to generate electricity even during seasonal variations in water availability. Smart grid technologies enable multiple small generators to be synchronized and coordinated, creating virtual power plants that can provide stable electricity despite the intermittent nature of individual sources. In Nepal, a network of 47 micro-hydro installations operates as an integrated system, providing reliable power to over 30,000 households while requiring only minimal centralized management.
However, small-scale hydro is not without challenges. The per-kilowatt cost of micro-hydro installations is typically higher than large dams, as they cannot achieve the same economies of scale. Environmental assessments, though less complex than for mega-projects, are still necessary to ensure that even small diversions do not adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. The cumulative impact of multiple small installations on a single river system must also be considered – dozens of small projects can collectively cause ecological disruption comparable to a single large dam.
Climate change adds another layer of complexity to hydroelectric planning in the region. Altered precipitation patterns and glacial melt in the Himalayas are changing river flow regimes, making historical data less reliable for predicting future generation capacity. Some areas are experiencing more intense monsoons interspersed with longer dry periods, creating both flooding risks and drought conditions that complicate hydroelectric operations. Engineers are increasingly incorporating climate modeling into system design, building in greater flexibility to adapt to changing conditions.
The social dimensions of small-scale hydro development deserve careful attention. While these projects avoid the mass displacement associated with large dams, they still require community buy-in and equitable benefit sharing. In Laos, conflicts have emerged in communities where micro-hydro revenues were not distributed fairly, undermining project sustainability. Successful projects typically involve communities throughout the planning process, establish transparent governance structures, and ensure that electricity access and economic benefits reach all community members, including marginalized groups.
Looking ahead, small-scale hydroelectric systems are likely to play an increasingly important role in Southeast Asia’s energy transition. When combined with other renewable sources like solar and wind, these distributed systems can provide resilient, sustainable electricity access to remote areas while minimizing environmental impacts. The key lies in careful site selection, robust environmental safeguards, and genuine community participation in project design and management. As one Vietnamese official noted, “The future of hydropower in our region is not about bigger dams, but smarter systems that work with nature rather than against it.”
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Large hydroelectric dams represent genuine sustainable development for Southeast Asia.
- Run-of-river systems cause less environmental damage than traditional dams with large reservoirs.
- The per-kilowatt cost of micro-hydro is lower than that of large dam projects.
- Climate change is making historical river flow data less useful for planning.
- All communities in Laos have benefited equally from micro-hydro projects.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs C-G from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. Financial innovations supporting small-scale projects
ii. The role of climate change in hydroelectric planning
iii. Community ownership models in the Philippines
iv. Environmental costs of traditional dam projects
v. Technical improvements in turbine design
vi. Economic challenges of micro-hydro systems
vii. Social considerations in project implementation
viii. Government resistance to renewable energy
- Paragraph C
- Paragraph D
- Paragraph E
- Paragraph F
- Paragraph G
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Small-scale hydroelectric systems offer an alternative to traditional large dams. In the Philippines, more than 150 24. __ systems serve mountain villages. These projects emphasize 25. __ and management by local residents. The Asian Development Bank has invested over $2 billion in 26. __ projects across the region.
PASSAGE 3 – The Political Economy of Wind Energy in Latin America
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The proliferation of wind energy infrastructure across Latin America represents far more than a straightforward technological transition; it embodies a complex reconfiguration of political power, economic relationships, and developmental paradigms that warrants careful scholarly examination. While conventional narratives celebrate the region’s renewable energy capacity additions as unambiguous progress toward decarbonization, a more nuanced analysis reveals how wind energy deployment intersects with longstanding patterns of resource extraction, land tenure disputes, and uneven development that have historically characterized Latin American political economy.
Brazil’s emergence as Latin America’s wind energy leader, with installed capacity exceeding 21 gigawatts by 2023, illustrates these contradictions vividly. The country’s northeastern region, particularly the states of Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, and Ceará, has witnessed remarkable growth in wind installations, driven by exceptional wind resources, declining technology costs, and favorable policy frameworks. The auction-based procurement system implemented in 2009 created competitive pressure that drove down contracted electricity prices, making wind competitive with hydroelectric and fossil fuel generation. This market-oriented approach has been lauded by international financial institutions as a model for renewable energy deployment in emerging economies.
However, this ostensibly successful transition has been accompanied by significant socio-spatial conflicts. Many wind farms in northeastern Brazil occupy lands traditionally used by indigenous communities, quilombolas (descendants of escaped slaves), and small-scale farmers practicing subsistence agriculture. The tenure arrangements governing these lands are frequently ambiguous, creating opportunities for land appropriation by wind energy developers who hold formal legal title but whose claims may conflict with customary use rights exercised over generations. Research by Brazilian geographers has documented cases where communities lost access to land for grazing, agriculture, and resource gathering without adequate compensation or meaningful participation in project planning.
These dynamics reflect what critical scholars term “green grabbing” – the appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes that nonetheless results in dispossession and disempowerment of marginalized populations. The environmental justice implications are particularly acute when wind projects are imposed on communities already facing economic marginalization and limited political power. While wind energy generates employment during construction phases, most permanent operational jobs require specialized technical skills typically not held by local residents. The promised economic benefits therefore often accrue to external actors – project developers, equipment manufacturers, and skilled workers from urban centers – while local communities bear the costs of landscape transformation, noise pollution, and restricted land access.
Mexico’s wind energy expansion in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec region provides another instructive example. This narrow strip of land between the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico experiences consistently strong winds, making it one of Latin America’s premier wind resource areas. Since 2000, installed capacity in Oaxaca state has grown from essentially zero to over 2,500 megawatts, with dozens of projects developed by international corporations including Iberdrola, EDF Renewables, and Acciona. The Mexican government has actively promoted this development, viewing wind energy as crucial for meeting climate commitments and diversifying electricity supply.
Yet these projects have sparked sustained opposition from indigenous Zapotec communities. Land lease agreements negotiated between developers and individual landholders have created intra-community divisions, as those receiving rental payments benefit while others feel excluded. Critics argue that consultation processes failed to meet standards for free, prior, and informed consent established in international law, particularly the ILO Convention 169 on indigenous and tribal peoples, which Mexico has ratified. Furthermore, the transmission infrastructure required to connect wind farms to consumption centers has generated additional conflicts, as high-voltage power lines cross communal lands and agricultural areas.
The political economy of wind energy in Latin America cannot be understood without examining financing structures and the role of international capital. The capital-intensive nature of wind projects – typically requiring $1-2 million per installed megawatt – necessitates access to substantial financing. International development banks, private equity funds, and institutional investors from North America, Europe, and increasingly China provide the majority of project capital. This financial architecture creates complex transnational relationships wherein project revenues must satisfy international investors while ostensibly serving national development objectives.
Để hiểu rõ hơn về tác động của công nghệ xanh đối với các ngành truyền thống, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm về impact of green technologies on traditional farming, vấn đề có nhiều điểm tương đồng với những thách thức mà các cộng đồng nông thôn Latin America đang đối mặt.
Chile represents a somewhat different trajectory, with wind development occurring primarily in regions with less complex land tenure situations and often as part of corporate renewable energy procurement strategies. Large mining companies, which consume enormous amounts of electricity for copper extraction and processing, have increasingly contracted wind energy to meet sustainability commitments and hedge against electricity price volatility. This private sector-driven model has facilitated rapid deployment but raises questions about whether renewable energy transition serves broader social development goals or merely enables continuation of extractive industries with a greener façade.
The regulatory frameworks governing wind energy across Latin America reveal how policy choices shape distributional outcomes. Countries that have implemented robust benefit-sharing mechanisms, strengthened community consultation requirements, and established clear land rights protocols have experienced fewer conflicts and more socially inclusive wind energy transitions. Uruguay’s approach, which combined feed-in tariffs with requirements for local content and technology transfer, has been relatively successful in building domestic wind industry capacity while minimizing social conflicts, though Uruguay’s small size, relatively homogeneous population, and strong institutions make its experience difficult to replicate in larger, more diverse nations.
Recent scholarship has begun examining the intersection of wind energy development with climate adaptation imperatives. As climate change impacts intensify across Latin America – manifesting in altered rainfall patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and rising temperatures – wind energy is positioned simultaneously as mitigation strategy and potential adaptation enabler through electrification of agriculture and improved energy access. However, if wind projects exacerbate existing vulnerabilities of marginalized communities, they may actually undermine adaptive capacity despite their climate benefits. This paradox highlights the necessity of integrating climate justice considerations into renewable energy planning.
The discourse surrounding wind energy in Latin America often frames development as a choice between environmental benefits and social costs, but this binary formulation obscures more fundamental questions about development models and power relations. Wind energy deployment could theoretically serve decentralized, community-controlled energy systems that enhance local self-determination and economic resilience. Yet the dominant model favors large-scale projects owned by distant corporations or state entities, reproducing centralized control over energy systems even as the fuel source changes from fossil to renewable.
Những mối liên hệ giữa năng lượng tái tạo và ngành công nghiệp nhiên liệu hóa thạch được thể hiện rõ trong renewable energy adoption’s impact on fossil fuel industries, một góc nhìn quan trọng để hiểu bối cảnh chuyển đổi năng lượng tại Latin America.
Moving forward, scholars and practitioners advocate for what might be termed “just transitions” – renewable energy deployment that prioritizes equity, inclusion, and community empowerment alongside decarbonization objectives. This requires fundamentally rethinking project development processes to center affected communities, ensuring genuine participation in decision-making, establishing transparent and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, and providing communities with options to refuse projects or demand modifications. Several recent projects in Argentina and Colombia have experimented with community co-ownership models, though these remain exceptions rather than the norm.
The Latin American experience with wind energy offers valuable lessons for renewable energy transitions globally, particularly in developing country contexts. It demonstrates that the sustainability of renewable energy cannot be assessed solely through carbon metrics but must encompass social, economic, and political dimensions. Technologies are not neutral; their deployment reflects and shapes power relations. Without conscious effort to address historical inequities and empower marginalized communities, renewable energy transitions risk creating new forms of environmental and social injustice even as they address climate change. The challenge facing Latin America – and indeed the world – is to harness wind energy’s potential in ways that genuinely serve inclusive, equitable development rather than merely replicating extractive patterns with renewable resources.
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, Brazil’s auction-based procurement system
A. was criticized by international financial institutions
B. made wind energy competitive with other sources
C. increased electricity prices significantly
D. was implemented in northeastern states only -
The term “green grabbing” refers to
A. environmental conservation efforts
B. sustainable farming practices
C. land appropriation for environmental purposes
D. renewable energy investments -
Wind projects in Mexico’s Isthmus of Tehuantepec have
A. received universal support from local communities
B. been developed exclusively by Mexican companies
C. created divisions within indigenous communities
D. failed to generate significant electricity -
According to the passage, mining companies in Chile contract wind energy to
A. reduce operational costs only
B. meet sustainability goals and manage price risks
C. replace all fossil fuel consumption
D. comply with government regulations -
The author suggests that wind energy deployment in Latin America
A. represents straightforward technological progress
B. involves complex political and social issues
C. has successfully eliminated social conflicts
D. should be abandoned in favor of other options
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement with the correct country. Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Countries:
A. Brazil
B. Mexico
C. Chile
D. Uruguay
- Implemented relatively successful benefit-sharing mechanisms with fewer conflicts
- Wind farms occupy lands traditionally used by quilombolas
- Mining companies drive renewable energy procurement
- Indigenous communities oppose projects due to inadequate consultation
- Has the highest installed wind energy capacity in Latin America
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- What type of system did Brazil implement in 2009 for renewable energy procurement?
- What international legal instrument establishes standards for indigenous consultation that Mexico has ratified?
- How much capital per installed megawatt do wind projects typically require?
- What term describes renewable energy deployment that prioritizes equity and inclusion?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- C
- B
- TRUE
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- maintenance
- firewood
- excess energy
- kerosene
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NO
- YES
- NO
- iii
- i
- v
- vi
- vii
- micro-hydro
- community ownership
- small-scale renewable
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- C
- B
- B
- D
- A
- C
- B
- A
- auction-based procurement
- ILO Convention 169
- $1-2 million
- just transitions
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: M-KOPA Solar system, Kenya
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “This pay-as-you-go model allows families to purchase small solar panel systems through daily mobile money payments”. Từ “pay-as-you-go” được paraphrase thành “daily installments” và “mobile money payments” tương ứng với “mobile payment system” trong đáp án B.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: benefit, solar energy, children
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-8
- Giải thích: Câu “children can study after dark” trực tiếp đề cập lợi ích cho trẻ em. “After dark” được paraphrase thành “evening hours” trong đáp án C.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: extending national grid
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc sử dụng cụm “economically unfeasible” để mô tả việc mở rộng lưới điện quốc gia, tương đương với “not economically practical” trong đáp án C.
Câu 6: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Bangladesh, largest off-grid solar program
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài văn khẳng định “making it the world’s largest off-grid solar program”, khớp hoàn toàn với câu phát biểu.
Câu 7: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: solar panels, efficiency, ten years ago
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “Modern panels are more efficient, durable, and affordable than ever before”, điều này trái ngược với câu phát biểu rằng tấm pin mặt trời ngày nay kém hiệu quả hơn.
Câu 10: maintenance
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Tanzania, training, installation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Câu gốc “receive training in installation and basic maintenance” cung cấp từ cần điền.
Câu 13: kerosene
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: solar home system, 200 liters, annually
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Each solar home system displaces approximately 200 liters of kerosene annually”.
Hệ thống điện mặt trời năng lượng tái tạo cho cộng đồng nông thôn châu Phi phát triển bền vững
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: large hydroelectric dams, sustainable development
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Tác giả đặt câu hỏi “whether such projects represent genuine sustainable development or merely trade one set of problems for another”, cho thấy quan điểm hoài nghi, không đồng tình với phát biểu.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: run-of-river systems, environmental damage
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ run-of-river systems “dramatically reducing land inundation and environmental disruption”, thể hiện tác giả đồng ý chúng gây ít thiệt hại môi trường hơn.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: per-kilowatt cost, micro-hydro
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “The per-kilowatt cost of micro-hydro installations is typically higher than large dams”, mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với phát biểu.
Câu 19: iii (Paragraph C)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn C tập trung vào Philippine model với “community ownership and management”, training local residents, và village cooperatives.
Câu 20: i (Paragraph D)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn D thảo luận về “Funding mechanisms”, microfinance institutions, và các chương trình đầu tư của Asian Development Bank.
Câu 24: micro-hydro
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Philippines, 150, systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Bài văn đề cập “over 150 community-based micro-hydro systems”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Brazil, auction-based procurement
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ hệ thống đấu thầu “drove down contracted electricity prices, making wind competitive with hydroelectric and fossil fuel generation”.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: green grabbing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Thuật ngữ được định nghĩa là “the appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes that nonetheless results in dispossession”.
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài văn đề cập “Land lease agreements… have created intra-community divisions”, cho thấy các dự án tạo ra sự chia rẽ trong cộng đồng bản địa.
Câu 32: D (Uruguay)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: Bài đọc mô tả Uruguay đã triển khai “robust benefit-sharing mechanisms” và có “fewer conflicts”.
Câu 33: A (Brazil)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Quilombolas được đề cập cụ thể trong bối cảnh Brazil.
Câu 37: auction-based procurement
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: Brazil, 2009, system
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “The auction-based procurement system implemented in 2009”.
Câu 40: just transitions
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: renewable energy, equity, inclusion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 12, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Thuật ngữ “just transitions” được sử dụng để mô tả renewable energy deployment ưu tiên công bằng và hòa nhập.
Điều tuabin gió và nhà máy thủy điện quy mô nhỏ Đông Nam Á năng lượng tái tạo
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remarkable | adj | /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ | đáng chú ý, xuất sắc | remarkable success stories | remarkable achievement, remarkable progress |
| affordable | adj | /əˈfɔːdəbl/ | có khả năng chi trả | affordable solar technologies | affordable housing, affordable price |
| pay-as-you-go | adj | /peɪ əz juː ɡəʊ/ | trả tiền khi sử dụng | pay-as-you-go model | pay-as-you-go system, pay-as-you-go service |
| off-grid | adj | /ɒf ɡrɪd/ | ngoài lưới điện | off-grid solar companies | off-grid system, off-grid solution |
| economically unfeasible | adj phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli ʌnˈfiːzəbl/ | không khả thi về kinh tế | economically unfeasible due to low population | economically unfeasible project |
| compelling | adj | /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ | thuyết phục, hấp dẫn | compelling example | compelling evidence, compelling argument |
| income-generating | adj | /ˈɪnkʌm ˈdʒenəreɪtɪŋ/ | tạo thu nhập | income-generating activities | income-generating opportunity |
| photovoltaic | adj | /ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk/ | quang điện | photovoltaic costs | photovoltaic cell, photovoltaic panel |
| competitive | adj | /kəmˈpetɪtɪv/ | cạnh tranh | competitive with traditional sources | competitive price, competitive advantage |
| certification | n | /ˌsɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | chứng nhận | certification standards | quality certification, product certification |
| respiratory | adj | /rəˈspɪrətri/ | thuộc về hô hấp | respiratory problems | respiratory disease, respiratory system |
| displacement | n | /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ | sự thay thế, di dời | displaces kerosene | population displacement |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| multifaceted | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ | nhiều khía cạnh | multifaceted challenges | multifaceted problem, multifaceted approach |
| sustainable | adj | /səˈsteɪnəbl/ | bền vững | sustainable energy strategies | sustainable development, sustainable practice |
| ecological disruption | n phrase | /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ | gián đoạn sinh thái | reduced ecological disruption | ecological disruption impact |
| mega-projects | n | /ˈmeɡə ˈprɒdʒekts/ | dự án lớn | mega-projects have come at cost | infrastructure mega-projects |
| biodiversity loss | n phrase | /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti lɒs/ | mất đa dạng sinh học | significant biodiversity loss | biodiversity loss impact |
| run-of-river | adj | /rʌn ɒv ˈrɪvə/ | dòng chảy tự nhiên | run-of-river installations | run-of-river hydropower |
| harness | v | /ˈhɑːnɪs/ | khai thác, sử dụng | harness the natural flow | harness energy, harness power |
| illuminating | adj | /ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ/ | sáng tỏ, làm sáng rõ | illuminating case study | illuminating example, illuminating discussion |
| microfinance | n | /ˈmaɪkrəʊfaɪnæns/ | tài chính vi mô | microfinance institutions | microfinance loan, microfinance program |
| turbine | n | /ˈtɜːbaɪn/ | tuabin | turbine designs | wind turbine, water turbine |
| intermittent | adj | /ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/ | gián đoạn | intermittent nature | intermittent supply, intermittent problem |
| economies of scale | n phrase | /ɪˈkɒnəmiz əv skeɪl/ | quy mô kinh tế | cannot achieve economies of scale | achieve economies of scale |
| cumulative impact | n phrase | /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động tích lũy | cumulative impact of multiple installations | cumulative impact assessment |
| precipitation patterns | n phrase | /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn ˈpætənz/ | kiểu mưa | altered precipitation patterns | precipitation patterns change |
| equitable | adj | /ˈekwɪtəbl/ | công bằng | equitable benefit sharing | equitable distribution, equitable solution |
Những thách thức về hành động khí hậu tích hợp vào nghiên cứu văn hóa được thể hiện trong climate action integrated into cultural studies, một góc nhìn quan trọng giúp hiểu bối cảnh rộng hơn của chuyển đổi năng lượng.
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ | sự lan rộng, gia tăng | proliferation of wind energy | nuclear proliferation, weapon proliferation |
| reconfiguration | n | /ˌriːkənˌfɪɡəˈreɪʃn/ | tái cấu trúc | reconfiguration of political power | system reconfiguration |
| developmental paradigms | n phrase | /dɪˌveləpˈmentl ˈpærədaɪmz/ | mô hình phát triển | developmental paradigms shift | developmental paradigms theory |
| decarbonization | n | /diːˌkɑːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | phi carbon hóa | progress toward decarbonization | energy decarbonization, economy decarbonization |
| land tenure disputes | n phrase | /lænd ˈtenjə dɪˈspjuːts/ | tranh chấp quyền sở hữu đất | land tenure disputes persist | land tenure disputes resolution |
| ostensibly | adv | /ɒˈstensəbli/ | về bề ngoài, có vẻ như | ostensibly successful transition | ostensibly neutral, ostensibly fair |
| quilombolas | n | /kiːlɒmˈbəʊləs/ | hậu duệ nô lệ trốn (Brazil) | lands used by quilombolas | quilombolas communities |
| subsistence agriculture | n phrase | /səbˈsɪstəns ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/ | nông nghiệp tự cung tự cấp | practicing subsistence agriculture | subsistence agriculture farming |
| tenure arrangements | n phrase | /ˈtenjər əˈreɪndʒmənts/ | thỏa thuận quyền sử dụng | tenure arrangements governing lands | land tenure arrangements |
| land appropriation | n phrase | /lænd əˌprəʊpriˈeɪʃn/ | chiếm đoạt đất đai | opportunities for land appropriation | land appropriation process |
| customary use rights | n phrase | /ˈkʌstəməri juːz raɪts/ | quyền sử dụng theo tập quán | customary use rights exercised | customary use rights protection |
| green grabbing | n phrase | /ɡriːn ˈɡræbɪŋ/ | chiếm đoạt xanh | term “green grabbing” | green grabbing phenomenon |
| dispossession | n | /ˌdɪspəˈzeʃn/ | tước đoạt tài sản | results in dispossession | land dispossession, dispossession process |
| disempowerment | n | /ˌdɪsɪmˈpaʊəmənt/ | tước quyền lực | disempowerment of populations | political disempowerment |
| environmental justice | n phrase | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈdʒʌstɪs/ | công lý môi trường | environmental justice implications | environmental justice movement |
| capital-intensive | adj | /ˈkæpɪtl ɪnˈtensɪv/ | tốn nhiều vốn | capital-intensive nature | capital-intensive industry |
| transnational relationships | n phrase | /ˌtrænzˈnæʃənl rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪps/ | quan hệ xuyên quốc gia | complex transnational relationships | transnational relationships network |
| extractive industries | n phrase | /ɪkˈstræktɪv ˈɪndəstriz/ | ngành công nghiệp khai thác | continuation of extractive industries | extractive industries impact |
| distributional outcomes | n phrase | /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈaʊtkʌmz/ | kết quả phân phối | policy choices shape distributional outcomes | distributional outcomes analysis |
| climate adaptation | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | thích ứng khí hậu | intersection with climate adaptation | climate adaptation strategy |
Điều tuabin gió năng lượng tái tạo Latin America cộng đồng bản địa phát triển bền vững
Vai trò của năng lượng xanh trong việc giảm lượng khí thải carbon được phân tích chi tiết trong green energy’s role in carbon emissions reduction, cung cấp bối cảnh toàn cầu cho các sáng kiến năng lượng tái tạo.
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “Renewable Energy Innovations In Developing Countries” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề nóng trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề cấp thiết của thế giới đương đại. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng.
Passage 1 giới thiệu những câu chuyện thành công về năng lượng mặt trời ở châu Phi và Bangladesh với ngôn ngữ dễ tiếp cận, phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5. Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các thách thức kỹ thuật và môi trường của thủy điện quy mô nhỏ ở Đông Nam Á, yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu ở mức band 6.0-7.5. Passage 3 phân tích phức tạp về chính trị kinh tế năng lượng gió ở Latin America thử thách thí sinh band 7.0-9.0 với ngôn ngữ học thuật và lập luận tinh vi.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra vị trí cụ thể của thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase được sử dụng, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không chính xác. Bảng từ vựng tổng hợp hơn 40 từ quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocations sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật.
Sự phát triển của hàng không điện trong tương lai du lịch hàng không cũng liên quan mật thiết đến electric aviation’s role in air travel future, một khía cạnh khác của cách mạng năng lượng tái tạo toàn cầu.
Hãy sử dụng bộ đề này như một công cụ luyện tập thực chiến, áp dụng các chiến lược quản lý thời gian, kỹ thuật skimming và scanning, và phương pháp xác định từ khóa. Đừng quên rằng IELTS Reading không chỉ đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn kiểm tra kỹ năng phân tích, suy luận và xử lý thông tin nhanh chóng. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn!
