Giao thông công cộng điện hóa đang trở thành xu hướng tất yếu trong bối cảnh toàn cầu hóa và biến đổi khí hậu. Chủ đề Electric Vehicles In Public Transport thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt ở các đề thi gần đây liên quan đến môi trường, công nghệ và phát triển đô thị. Chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng thời sự mà còn đòi hỏi thí sinh hiểu biết về nhiều khía cạnh từ công nghệ, kinh tế đến tác động xã hội.
Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages theo đúng cấu trúc thi thật, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích, giúp bạn hiểu rõ phương pháp paraphrase và cách xác định thông tin trong bài. Ngoài ra, bạn còn được trang bị bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành với collocation thực tế và kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với áp lực thời gian và độ khó thực tế của kỳ thi IELTS Reading.
Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 1-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, cần làm nhanh để dành thời gian cho passage sau)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần đọc kỹ hơn)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, cần phân tích sâu)
Lưu ý không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, do đó bạn cần quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án A, B, C, D
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả đồng ý, không đồng ý hay không nêu
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với từng đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với các đặc điểm tương ứng
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn dựa trên thông tin bài đọc
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Buses in Urban Areas
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Electric buses are rapidly transforming urban public transportation systems around the world. Unlike traditional diesel-powered buses, electric buses produce zero direct emissions, making them an attractive option for cities struggling with air pollution. The technology behind electric buses has evolved significantly over the past decade, with improvements in battery capacity, charging infrastructure, and overall vehicle performance.
The primary advantage of electric buses lies in their environmental benefits. Cities like Shenzhen in China have already converted their entire fleet of over 16,000 public buses to electric power, resulting in a dramatic reduction in carbon emissions and improved air quality. Similarly, London has been gradually introducing electric double-decker buses, aiming to make the city’s transport system more sustainable. These initiatives demonstrate that large-scale adoption of electric buses is not only possible but also economically viable in the long term.
Battery technology is the heart of any electric vehicle, and buses are no exception. Modern electric buses typically use lithium-ion batteries, which offer high energy density and relatively long lifespans. A fully charged electric bus can now travel between 200 to 400 kilometers, depending on the model and operating conditions. This range is sufficient for most urban routes, where buses typically cover shorter distances and return to depots for overnight charging. Some cities have also implemented opportunity charging systems, where buses receive quick charges at designated stops throughout their routes, further extending their operational range.
The operational costs of electric buses present another compelling reason for their adoption. Although the initial purchase price of an electric bus is higher than that of a diesel bus – typically 50-70% more expensive – the lifetime operating costs are considerably lower. Electric buses have fewer moving parts than diesel engines, which means less maintenance is required. There are no oil changes, no exhaust system repairs, and brake pads last longer due to regenerative braking systems that capture energy during deceleration. Fuel costs are also significantly reduced, with electricity being cheaper than diesel fuel in most markets. Studies suggest that over a 12-year lifespan, an electric bus can save approximately $200,000 compared to a diesel equivalent.
However, the transition to electric buses is not without challenges. The most significant barrier to adoption remains the high upfront cost, which can strain municipal budgets, particularly in developing countries. Additionally, adequate charging infrastructure must be established before electric buses can be deployed at scale. This includes installing charging stations at bus depots and, in some cases, along bus routes. The electrical grid must also be capable of handling the increased demand, which may require upgrades in some areas.
Driver training is another consideration that is often overlooked. While electric buses are generally easier to operate than diesel buses – they have simpler transmissions and smoother acceleration – drivers need to understand the specific characteristics of electric vehicles, such as regenerative braking and battery management. Maintenance staff also require specialized training to work with high-voltage electrical systems safely.
Despite these challenges, the momentum behind electric buses continues to grow. Government incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks, are making electric buses more financially accessible. Environmental regulations are becoming stricter, with some cities planning to ban diesel buses entirely within the next decade. As battery technology continues to improve and costs decline, electric buses are expected to become the dominant form of urban public transport in many parts of the world. The transition represents not just a technological shift, but a fundamental change in how cities approach urban mobility and environmental responsibility.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
What is mentioned as the main environmental benefit of electric buses?
A. They use renewable energy sources
B. They produce no direct emissions
C. They reduce noise pollution
D. They require less road maintenance -
According to the passage, Shenzhen’s electric bus fleet consists of
A. exactly 16,000 buses
B. fewer than 16,000 buses
C. more than 16,000 buses
D. around 16,000 buses -
What type of battery is commonly used in modern electric buses?
A. Lead-acid batteries
B. Nickel-metal hydride batteries
C. Lithium-ion batteries
D. Solid-state batteries -
How much can an electric bus save compared to a diesel bus over 12 years?
A. $100,000
B. $150,000
C. $200,000
D. $250,000 -
What is identified as the biggest challenge for adopting electric buses?
A. Driver training requirements
B. Limited operational range
C. High initial purchase cost
D. Lack of government support
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Electric buses can travel further than diesel buses on a single charge/tank.
- Regenerative braking helps reduce maintenance costs for electric buses.
- All cities require electrical grid upgrades before introducing electric buses.
- Some cities plan to completely eliminate diesel buses within ten years.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Electric buses receive quick power boosts through __ at specific locations along their routes.
- An electric bus typically costs __ more expensive than a diesel bus initially.
- Bus drivers must learn about battery management and __ when operating electric vehicles.
- Government support includes subsidies and __ to make electric buses more affordable.
Xe buýt điện hiện đại đang sạc điện tại trạm sạc công cộng ở thành phố
PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Social Impacts of Electric Public Transport
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The shift towards electric vehicles in public transport represents more than a mere technological upgrade; it embodies a paradigm shift in urban planning and economic development. As cities worldwide grapple with the dual challenges of climate change and urbanization, the electrification of public transport has emerged as a multifaceted solution that addresses environmental, economic, and social concerns simultaneously. Understanding the comprehensive implications of this transition requires examining its effects across various sectors and stakeholder groups.
From an economic perspective, the electrification of public transport fleets generates both immediate and long-term financial consequences. The most visible impact is on municipal budgets, where cities must balance substantial upfront investments against projected lifetime savings. This financial calculus becomes particularly complex when considering externalities – the hidden costs and benefits that traditional accounting methods often overlook. For instance, improved air quality resulting from zero-emission buses leads to reduced healthcare expenditures, as fewer residents suffer from respiratory illnesses and cardiovascular diseases linked to air pollution. Studies conducted in major European cities suggest that every electric bus deployed can save the public health system between €50,000 to €100,000 annually through diminished pollution-related medical costs.
The employment landscape within the public transport sector undergoes significant transformation during electrification. While some traditional roles become obsolete – diesel engine mechanics, for example – new opportunities emerge in battery technology, electrical systems maintenance, and charging infrastructure management. This transition necessitates comprehensive workforce retraining programs, which themselves represent both a cost and an investment. Cities like Los Angeles have implemented apprenticeship schemes in partnership with electric bus manufacturers, ensuring that local workers acquire relevant skills before the technology fully displaces conventional systems. Such proactive approaches help mitigate social disruption while building the human capital necessary for sustaining electric transport networks.
Manufacturing sectors experience ripple effects throughout the supply chain. The production of electric buses requires different components and materials compared to diesel vehicles, reshaping industrial demand patterns. Battery manufacturing, in particular, has become a strategically important industry, with countries competing to establish domestic production capacity. This has geopolitical implications, as the concentration of lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements in specific regions creates new dependencies and vulnerabilities. However, it also presents opportunities for economic diversification in countries possessing these resources, provided they can develop value-added processing capabilities rather than merely exporting raw materials.
The passenger experience undergoes notable improvements with electric public transport. Electric buses operate more quietly than their diesel counterparts, reducing noise pollution in urban environments. This acoustic advantage particularly benefits residents living along busy bus routes, potentially increasing property values in these areas. The smoother acceleration and deceleration of electric vehicles also enhance ride comfort, which can increase ridership by making public transport more appealing relative to private vehicles. Some studies indicate that cities introducing modern electric buses experience a 3-8% increase in public transport usage, though this uptick likely reflects multiple factors including improved vehicles, route optimization, and enhanced passenger facilities.
Social equity considerations emerge as crucial factors in the deployment of electric public transport. Lower-income neighborhoods often suffer disproportionately from air pollution due to their proximity to industrial areas and major transportation corridors. Prioritizing these communities for early electric bus deployment can help address environmental justice concerns, though this requires deliberate policy interventions as market forces alone may favor wealthier areas. Barcelona’s approach provides an instructive example: the city strategically routes its electric buses through districts with the highest pollution levels and the greatest proportion of vulnerable populations, explicitly using transport electrification as a tool for reducing health inequalities.
However, the transition also raises concerns about digital divides and accessibility. Modern electric buses often incorporate sophisticated real-time information systems, contactless payment technologies, and route optimization algorithms that enhance efficiency and convenience. Yet these technological enhancements may inadvertently create barriers for elderly passengers, people with disabilities, or individuals lacking digital literacy. Inclusive design principles must therefore guide the implementation of electric public transport to ensure that technological advancement does not exacerbate social exclusion.
The financial viability of electric public transport extends beyond operational economics to encompass broader urban development patterns. Cities that successfully implement electric bus networks often find that these systems catalyze transit-oriented development, attracting residential and commercial investment along routes. The perception of modernity and environmental responsibility associated with electric transport can enhance a city’s competitive positioning in attracting businesses and skilled workers. Singapore’s investment in electric buses, for instance, forms part of a comprehensive smart city strategy designed to establish the nation as a regional leader in sustainable urban solutions, with anticipated economic returns far exceeding the direct costs of transport electrification.
Như các phân tích về Economic impacts of renewable energy adoption đã chỉ ra, việc chuyển đổi sang năng lượng sạch trong giao thông công cộng mang lại những tác động kinh tế đa chiều tương tự, từ việc tạo việc làm mới đến giảm chi phí y tế công cộng.
Critical evaluation of electric public transport must acknowledge that benefits are not automatic but depend heavily on implementation quality, policy frameworks, and local contexts. Cities with abundant renewable electricity generation maximize environmental benefits, while those still relying heavily on coal-fired power see more modest improvements. The success of workforce transition programs varies with educational infrastructure and labor market flexibility. Equitable outcomes require intentional design rather than technological determinism. As more cities embark on this transition, comparative analysis of different approaches provides valuable insights for optimizing the multidimensional impacts of electric public transport.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- The financial benefits of electric buses are immediately apparent to city administrators.
- Traditional accounting methods adequately capture all costs and benefits of electric transport.
- Workforce retraining programs should be implemented before electric buses are deployed.
- Countries with lithium deposits automatically benefit economically from electric vehicle production.
- Market forces naturally ensure fair distribution of electric buses across different neighborhoods.
Questions 19-22: Matching Headings
The passage has eight paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. Manufacturing changes and resource dependencies
ii. Passenger comfort and usage patterns
iii. Financial costs for city governments
iv. Technology barriers for certain groups
v. Employment transformation and skills development
vi. Health benefits and hidden savings
vii. Strategic urban development advantages
viii. Fair distribution of environmental benefits
- Paragraph B (begins “From an economic perspective…”)
- Paragraph C (begins “The employment landscape…”)
- Paragraph D (begins “Manufacturing sectors…”)
- Paragraph E (begins “The passenger experience…”)
Questions 23-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Electric public transport creates improvements in the 23. __ that passengers have while traveling. The reduced noise from electric buses benefits people living near routes and may increase 24. __ in these locations. Barcelona demonstrates good practice by deliberately directing electric buses through areas with high pollution and many 25. __. However, new technology in buses might create problems for passengers who lack 26. __, potentially leading to social exclusion.
Biểu đồ phân tích tác động kinh tế và xã hội của giao thông công cộng điện
PASSAGE 3 – Technological Innovation and Infrastructure Challenges in Electric Transit Systems
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The proliferation of electric vehicles in public transport networks represents a confluence of technological breakthroughs, each contingent upon antecedent innovations and collectively enabling a transformation previously deemed economically prohibitive. At the nexus of this revolution lies battery technology, where incremental advances in energy density, charging speeds, and thermal management have coalesced to render electric buses operationally feasible for demanding urban transit applications. However, the transition encompasses far more than vehicle-level considerations; it necessitates a holistic reimagining of transport infrastructure, grid integration, and operational paradigms.
Contemporary lithium-ion batteries, which dominate the electric vehicle market, represent the culmination of decades of materials science research. The cathode chemistry – typically variations of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) or nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) – determines fundamental performance characteristics including energy density, power output, cycle life, and thermal stability. LFP chemistries offer superior safety profiles and longevity, often exceeding 4,000 charge cycles, making them preferred for buses where replacement costs are prohibitive and safety is paramount. Conversely, NMC formulations provide higher energy density, enabling extended range in spatially constrained battery compartments, albeit at the cost of accelerated degradation and heightened thermal management requirements.
The charging infrastructure paradigm for electric buses diverges significantly from private vehicle models. Whereas personal electric vehicles typically charge overnight at residential locations, fleet-based transit operations demand sophisticated charging orchestration to maximize vehicle utilization while minimizing infrastructure costs. Depot charging remains the predominant model, where buses receive slow or moderate-rate charging during overnight layovers, typically at 50-150 kW. This approach leverages off-peak electricity rates and imposes minimal stress on batteries, promoting longevity. However, it constrains operational flexibility, as vehicles must return to depots with sufficient frequency to maintain charge.
Opportunity charging represents an alternative topology, where buses receive high-power charges – often 300-600 kW – during brief layovers at terminal stations or intermediate stops. This approach enables continuous operation without extended depot downtime, thereby reducing the total fleet size required for a given service level. The trade-off involves heightened infrastructure costs – high-power charging stations are expensive – and accelerated battery degradation due to elevated charging rates and thermal cycling. Some transit agencies adopt hybrid approaches, combining overnight depot charging with strategic opportunity charging at particularly demanding route segments.
Grid integration emerges as a critical determinant of both economic viability and environmental credentials. A bus depot housing 50-100 vehicles can represent a multi-megawatt load when fleet charging occurs simultaneously, rivaling the demand of small industrial facilities. Unmanaged charging can create pronounced load peaks, necessitating expensive grid upgrades and potentially overwhelming local distribution infrastructure. Smart charging systems address this through temporal load distribution, staggering vehicle charging according to departure schedules and electricity prices. More sophisticated implementations incorporate vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities, where bus batteries provide grid stabilization services during peak demand periods, creating ancillary revenue streams for transit agencies while enhancing overall grid resilience.
Các nghiên cứu về Technological solutions to energy storage đã chỉ ra rằng khả năng lưu trữ năng lượng tiên tiến không chỉ cải thiện hiệu suất xe điện mà còn tạo ra cơ hội tương tác hai chiều với lưới điện, một yếu tố then chốt cho tương lai giao thông bền vững.
The environmental calculus of electric buses depends fundamentally on electricity generation sources. In regions where coal-fired power plants dominate, the lifecycle emissions of electric buses may marginally exceed those of efficient diesel buses when accounting for battery production impacts. However, as renewable energy penetration increases – a trend accelerating globally – the carbon intensity of grid electricity declines, progressively amplifying the environmental advantages of electric vehicles. Furthermore, electric buses enable spatial decoupling of emissions from population centers, even when electricity generation remains carbon-intensive, thereby improving localized air quality and public health outcomes irrespective of broader decarbonization progress.
Battery second-life applications and recycling infrastructure represent emerging considerations with profound implications for lifecycle economics and environmental impacts. Bus batteries typically reach end-of-life when capacity degrades to 70-80% of original specification – insufficient for transit applications but entirely adequate for stationary energy storage. Repurposing retired bus batteries for grid-scale storage or building energy management extends their useful life by 5-10 years while deferring recycling costs and capturing residual value. Ultimately, recycling processes can recover 95% of lithium, cobalt, and nickel, creating closed-loop material flows that reduce mining demands and mitigate resource scarcity concerns.
Autonomous driving technologies present a complementary innovation trajectory with synergistic potential. Electric drivetrains offer precise torque control and instantaneous responsiveness that facilitate autonomous vehicle algorithms, while the structured routes and controlled environments of bus operations provide relatively tractable contexts for automation implementation. Several pilot programs combine electrification with varying degrees of autonomy, from driver assistance systems to fully autonomous operation in dedicated lanes or controlled campuses. The economic proposition centers on labor cost reduction – potentially 40-50% of operational expenses – though this raises significant social and ethical questions regarding employment displacement and transitional justice for affected workers.
Interoperability standards and open protocols are essential for realizing the full potential of electric transit systems while avoiding vendor lock-in and fragmented markets that could impede competition and inflate costs. Charging interfaces, communication protocols, and battery management systems currently exhibit considerable heterogeneity, complicating multi-vendor procurements and constraining operational flexibility. Industry consortia and standards bodies are working toward harmonized specifications, though progress remains incremental due to competing commercial interests and legitimate technical disagreements about optimal approaches.
The trajectory toward comprehensive electrification of public transport appears irreversible, driven by converging technological maturation, increasingly stringent environmental regulations, and evolving social expectations regarding urban sustainability. However, the pace and pattern of this transition will be shaped by myriad context-specific factors including electricity costs and generation mix, climate conditions affecting battery performance, urban density influencing operational patterns, and institutional capacity for managing complex technological transitions. As với Impacts of renewable energy on national energy policies, the shift toward electric transit requires coordinated policy frameworks that address technological, economic, and social dimensions simultaneously. Successful implementation demands not merely technological deployment but systemic coordination across energy, transport, and urban planning domains – a governance challenge as formidable as the technical obstacles now being overcome.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
According to the passage, LFP battery chemistry is preferred for buses primarily because of its
A. higher energy density
B. lower manufacturing cost
C. safety and longevity
D. faster charging capability -
What is the main advantage of opportunity charging?
A. It reduces battery degradation
B. It allows buses to operate continuously
C. It uses cheaper electricity rates
D. It requires less infrastructure investment -
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities allow transit agencies to
A. charge buses more quickly
B. reduce battery replacement costs
C. earn additional revenue
D. extend vehicle operational range -
The passage suggests that electric buses improve local air quality
A. only in areas with renewable electricity
B. regardless of electricity generation sources
C. only when combined with autonomous driving
D. primarily through reduced noise pollution -
What does the passage indicate about autonomous driving and electric buses?
A. They are incompatible technologies
B. They reduce costs but raise social concerns
C. They are already widely implemented
D. They require identical infrastructure
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each characteristic (32-36) with the correct charging approach (A, B, or C).
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
Charging approaches:
A. Depot charging
B. Opportunity charging
C. Both depot and opportunity charging
- Uses off-peak electricity pricing
- Requires high-power charging stations
- Reduces total fleet size needed
- Promotes battery longevity through slower charging
- Enables continuous vehicle operation
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- At what percentage of original capacity do bus batteries typically become unsuitable for transit use?
- What percentage of valuable materials can be recovered through battery recycling processes?
- What proportion of operational expenses could potentially be reduced through autonomous bus operation?
- What type of challenge does the passage identify as being as difficult as the technical obstacles in electric transit implementation?
Hệ thống sạc nhanh thông minh cho đội xe buýt điện tại depot
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- C
- C
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- opportunity charging systems
- 50-70% (more)
- regenerative braking
- tax breaks
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- NO
- YES
- NO
- NO
- vi
- v
- i
- ii
- passenger experience
- property values
- vulnerable populations
- digital literacy
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- B
- C
- B
- B
- A
- B
- B
- A
- B
- 70-80%
- 95%
- 40-50%
- governance challenge
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B – They produce no direct emissions
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main environmental benefit
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “electric buses produce zero direct emissions, making them an attractive option for cities struggling with air pollution”. Đây là lợi ích môi trường chính được nhấn mạnh ngay từ đầu. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập là lợi ích chính.
Câu 2: C – more than 16,000 buses
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Shenzhen’s electric bus fleet
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết sử dụng cụm “over 16,000 public buses”, trong đó “over” = “more than”. Đây là câu hỏi kiểm tra khả năng nhận diện paraphrase cơ bản.
Câu 6: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: travel further, single charge/tank
- Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập đến phạm vi hoạt động của xe buýt điện (200-400km) nhưng không so sánh trực tiếp với xe diesel. Không có thông tin đủ để xác định câu này đúng hay sai.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: regenerative braking, reduce maintenance costs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “brake pads last longer due to regenerative braking systems”, điều này trực tiếp góp phần giảm chi phí bảo trì. Mệnh đề này được hỗ trợ bởi thông tin trong văn bản.
Câu 10: opportunity charging systems
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: quick power boosts, specific locations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-8
- Giải thích: Câu gốc là “Some cities have also implemented opportunity charging systems, where buses receive quick charges at designated stops”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp với “quick power boosts” = “quick charges” và “specific locations” = “designated stops”.
Câu 13: tax breaks
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: subsidies and ___
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “Government incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks”. Cần điền đúng từ “tax breaks” theo thứ tự xuất hiện trong bài.
Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading với tài liệu về giao thông công cộng điện
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: financial benefits, immediately apparent
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói rằng thành phố phải “balance substantial upfront investments against projected lifetime savings” và “financial calculus becomes particularly complex”. Điều này cho thấy lợi ích tài chính KHÔNG rõ ràng ngay lập tức, mà cần tính toán phức tạp qua thời gian.
Câu 15: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: traditional accounting methods, adequately capture
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Tác giả chỉ rõ “traditional accounting methods often overlook” externalities. Từ “overlook” nghĩa là bỏ sót, cho thấy tác giả không đồng ý với quan điểm rằng phương pháp truyền thống đủ tốt.
Câu 16: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: workforce retraining, before deployed
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn ca nghen Los Angeles “implemented apprenticeship schemes” và “ensuring that local workers acquire relevant skills before the technology fully displaces conventional systems”. Tác giả ủng hộ “proactive approaches” – tiếp cận chủ động, nghĩa là đào tạo trước.
Câu 17: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: countries with lithium, automatically benefit
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói rõ cơ hội chỉ xuất hiện “provided they can develop value-added processing capabilities rather than merely exporting raw materials”. Từ “provided” cho thấy có điều kiện, không phải tự động.
Câu 19: vi – Health benefits and hidden savings
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “externalities”, đặc biệt là “reduced healthcare expenditures” và “diminished pollution-related medical costs” – các lợi ích sức khỏe và khoản tiết kiệm ẩn.
Câu 20: v – Employment transformation and skills development
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Toàn bộ đoạn văn bàn về “employment landscape”, “workforce retraining programs”, và “apprenticeship schemes” – chuyển đổi việc làm và phát triển kỹ năng.
Câu 23: passenger experience
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: improvements in the ___
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, câu đầu tiên
- Giải thích: Câu gốc là “The passenger experience undergoes notable improvements”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp.
Câu 25: vulnerable populations
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Barcelona, high pollution, many ___
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Barcelona “strategically routes its electric buses through districts with… the greatest proportion of vulnerable populations”. Cần điền đúng cụm “vulnerable populations”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C – safety and longevity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: LFP battery chemistry, preferred for buses
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “LFP chemistries offer superior safety profiles and longevity… making them preferred for buses”. Đây là lý do trực tiếp được nêu với từ “making them preferred”.
Câu 28: B – It allows buses to operate continuously
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main advantage, opportunity charging
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ rõ opportunity charging “enables continuous operation without extended depot downtime”. Từ “enables” cho thấy đây là lợi thế chính.
Câu 29: C – earn additional revenue
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: V2G capabilities, transit agencies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “creating ancillary revenue streams for transit agencies” khi sử dụng V2G. Đây là lợi ích tài chính trực tiếp.
Câu 30: B – regardless of electricity generation sources
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: improve local air quality
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: Tác giả viết “electric buses enable spatial decoupling of emissions… thereby improving localized air quality… irrespective of broader decarbonization progress”. Từ “irrespective” = “regardless”.
Câu 32: A – Depot charging
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: off-peak electricity pricing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “Depot charging… leverages off-peak electricity rates”. Chỉ depot charging được đề cập với đặc điểm này.
Câu 35: A – Depot charging
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: promotes battery longevity, slower charging
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Depot charging “imposes minimal stress on batteries, promoting longevity” do sử dụng “slow or moderate-rate charging”.
Câu 37: 70-80%
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Từ khóa: batteries become unsuitable, percentage
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Bus batteries typically reach end-of-life when capacity degrades to 70-80% of original specification”. Cần ghi chính xác “70-80%”.
Câu 40: governance challenge
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer
- Từ khóa: as difficult as technical obstacles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Câu kết nói “a governance challenge as formidable as the technical obstacles”. Từ “formidable” = “difficult”, cần điền “governance challenge”.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rapidly transforming | verb phrase | /ˈræpɪdli trænsˈfɔːmɪŋ/ | chuyển đổi nhanh chóng | Electric buses are rapidly transforming urban public transportation | rapidly changing/evolving |
| zero emissions | noun phrase | /ˈzɪərəʊ ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | không phát thải | electric buses produce zero direct emissions | zero-emission vehicle |
| converted their entire fleet | verb phrase | /kənˈvɜːtɪd ðeər ɪnˈtaɪə fliːt/ | chuyển đổi toàn bộ đội xe | Shenzhen converted their entire fleet to electric power | convert to electric |
| economically viable | adjective phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli ˈvaɪəbl/ | khả thi về mặt kinh tế | large-scale adoption is economically viable | financially viable |
| lithium-ion batteries | noun phrase | /ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪən ˈbætəriz/ | pin lithium-ion | Modern electric buses use lithium-ion batteries | battery technology |
| operational range | noun phrase | /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl reɪndʒ/ | phạm vi hoạt động | extending their operational range | extend the range |
| regenerative braking | noun phrase | /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv ˈbreɪkɪŋ/ | phanh tái tạo năng lượng | brake pads last longer due to regenerative braking systems | regenerative system |
| lifetime operating costs | noun phrase | /ˈlaɪftaɪm ˈɒpəreɪtɪŋ kɒsts/ | chi phí vận hành trọn đời | the lifetime operating costs are considerably lower | reduce operating costs |
| barrier to adoption | noun phrase | /ˈbæriə tuː əˈdɒpʃən/ | rào cản cho việc áp dụng | high cost remains the barrier to adoption | overcome barriers |
| strain municipal budgets | verb phrase | /streɪn mjuːˈnɪsɪpl ˈbʌdʒɪts/ | gây áp lực ngân sách thành phố | high costs can strain municipal budgets | budget constraints |
| charging infrastructure | noun phrase | /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ | hạ tầng sạc điện | adequate charging infrastructure must be established | infrastructure development |
| dominant form | noun phrase | /ˈdɒmɪnənt fɔːm/ | hình thức chủ đạo | expected to become the dominant form of transport | dominant player/position |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| paradigm shift | noun phrase | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | thay đổi mô hình căn bản | it embodies a paradigm shift in urban planning | fundamental shift |
| grapple with | verb phrase | /ˈɡræpl wɪð/ | vật lộn với, đối mặt với | cities grapple with the challenges of climate change | grapple with issues |
| multifaceted solution | noun phrase | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd səˈluːʃən/ | giải pháp đa diện | electrification has emerged as a multifaceted solution | comprehensive solution |
| externalities | noun | /ˌekstɜːˈnælətiz/ | các yếu tố bên ngoài (kinh tế) | considering externalities in the financial calculus | positive/negative externalities |
| diminished costs | adjective + noun | /dɪˈmɪnɪʃt kɒsts/ | chi phí giảm | diminished pollution-related medical costs | diminished returns |
| workforce retraining | noun phrase | /ˈwɜːkfɔːs riːˈtreɪnɪŋ/ | đào tạo lại lực lượng lao động | necessitates comprehensive workforce retraining programs | training programs |
| proactive approaches | noun phrase | /prəʊˈæktɪv əˈprəʊtʃɪz/ | cách tiếp cận chủ động | proactive approaches help mitigate disruption | proactive measures |
| ripple effects | noun phrase | /ˈrɪpl ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng lan tỏa | manufacturing sectors experience ripple effects | cascading effects |
| geopolitical implications | noun phrase | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | hàm ý địa chính trị | this has geopolitical implications | political implications |
| acoustic advantage | noun phrase | /əˈkuːstɪk ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ | lợi thế về âm thanh | this acoustic advantage benefits residents | competitive advantage |
| environmental justice | noun phrase | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈdʒʌstɪs/ | công bằng môi trường | address environmental justice concerns | social justice |
| digital divide | noun phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪd/ | khoảng cách số | concerns about digital divides and accessibility | bridge the divide |
| inclusive design | noun phrase | /ɪnˈkluːsɪv dɪˈzaɪn/ | thiết kế toàn diện | inclusive design principles must guide implementation | universal design |
| transit-oriented development | noun phrase | /ˈtrænsɪt ˈɔːrientɪd dɪˈveləpmənt/ | phát triển hướng tới giao thông công cộng | systems catalyze transit-oriented development | sustainable development |
| technological determinism | noun phrase | /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa quyết định công nghệ | rather than technological determinism | economic determinism |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | noun | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/ | sự gia tăng nhanh chóng | the proliferation of electric vehicles | nuclear proliferation |
| confluence | noun | /ˈkɒnfluəns/ | sự hợp lưu, giao thoa | represents a confluence of technological breakthroughs | confluence of factors |
| antecedent innovations | noun phrase | /ˌæntɪˈsiːdənt ˌɪnəˈveɪʃənz/ | những đổi mới tiền đề | each contingent upon antecedent innovations | prior innovations |
| economically prohibitive | adjective phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkli prəˈhɪbɪtɪv/ | cấm đoán về mặt kinh tế, không khả thi | previously deemed economically prohibitive | prohibitively expensive |
| holistic reimagining | noun phrase | /həʊˈlɪstɪk ˌriːɪˈmædʒɪnɪŋ/ | tái tưởng tượng toàn diện | necessitates a holistic reimagining of infrastructure | holistic approach |
| cathode chemistry | noun phrase | /ˈkæθəʊd ˈkemɪstri/ | hóa học catốt | the cathode chemistry determines performance | battery chemistry |
| cycle life | noun phrase | /ˈsaɪkl laɪf/ | tuổi thọ chu kỳ | often exceeding 4,000 charge cycles | battery life cycle |
| spatially constrained | adjective phrase | /ˈspeɪʃəli kənˈstreɪnd/ | bị hạn chế về không gian | enabling extended range in spatially constrained compartments | space constraints |
| accelerated degradation | noun phrase | /əkˈseləreɪtɪd ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/ | sự suy giảm nhanh | at the cost of accelerated degradation | rapid degradation |
| charging orchestration | noun phrase | /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ ˌɔːkɪˈstreɪʃən/ | sự phối hợp sạc điện | demand sophisticated charging orchestration | coordination and orchestration |
| pronounced load peaks | noun phrase | /prəˈnaʊnst ləʊd piːks/ | đỉnh tải rõ rệt | can create pronounced load peaks | peak demand |
| temporal load distribution | noun phrase | /ˈtempərəl ləʊd ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/ | phân phối tải theo thời gian | through temporal load distribution | load balancing |
| vehicle-to-grid | noun phrase | /ˈviːɪkl tuː ɡrɪd/ | xe tới lưới điện | incorporate vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities | grid integration |
| ancillary revenue streams | noun phrase | /ænˈsɪləri ˈrevənjuː striːmz/ | các dòng doanh thu phụ | creating ancillary revenue streams | additional revenue |
| lifecycle emissions | noun phrase | /ˈlaɪfsaɪkl ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | phát thải trong vòng đời | the lifecycle emissions may exceed diesel buses | carbon emissions |
| spatial decoupling | noun phrase | /ˈspeɪʃəl diːˈkʌplɪŋ/ | tách rời không gian | enable spatial decoupling of emissions | decouple from |
| second-life applications | noun phrase | /ˈsekənd laɪf ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | ứng dụng đời thứ hai | battery second-life applications | extended life |
| closed-loop material flows | noun phrase | /kləʊzd luːp məˈtɪəriəl fləʊz/ | dòng vật liệu tuần hoàn khép kín | creating closed-loop material flows | circular economy |
| synergistic potential | noun phrase | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk pəˈtenʃəl/ | tiềm năng hiệp đồng | with synergistic potential | synergy effects |
| tractable contexts | noun phrase | /ˈtræktəbl ˈkɒnteksts/ | bối cảnh dễ xử lý | relatively tractable contexts for automation | manageable situations |
| vendor lock-in | noun phrase | /ˈvendə lɒk ɪn/ | bị ràng buộc nhà cung cấp | avoiding vendor lock-in | customer lock-in |
| converging technological maturation | noun phrase | /kənˈvɜːdʒɪŋ ˌteknəˈlɒdʌɪkl ˌmætʃʊəˈreɪʃən/ | sự trưởng thành công nghệ hội tụ | driven by converging technological maturation | technology convergence |
| systemic coordination | noun phrase | /sɪˈstemɪk kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən/ | phối hợp hệ thống | demands systemic coordination across domains | coordinated approach |
Bảng từ vựng chuyên ngành về giao thông công cộng điện trong IELTS
Kết luận
Chủ đề electric vehicles in public transport không chỉ là xu hướng công nghệ đương đại mà còn là nội dung thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được tiếp cận với đầy đủ các khía cạnh từ công nghệ cơ bản, tác động kinh tế-xã hội, đến những thách thức hạ tầng và đổi mới tiên tiến.
Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp đầy đủ các độ khó theo đúng chuẩn thi thật: Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề và xây dựng nền tảng từ vựng, Passage 2 đòi hỏi khả năng phân tích sâu hơn về các quan điểm và luận điểm, còn Passage 3 thử thách bạn với ngôn ngữ học thuật phức tạp và cấu trúc câu tinh vi.
Các đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích không chỉ giúp bạn tự đánh giá kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ phương pháp xác định thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách phân biệt các dạng câu hỏi khó như True/False/Not Given hay Yes/No/Not Given. Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành với collocation thực tế sẽ là tài sản quý giá giúp bạn nâng cao band điểm Reading.
Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần với điều kiện giống thi thật – giới hạn thời gian 60 phút, không tra từ điển, và tập trung cao độ. Phân tích kỹ những câu trả lời sai để hiểu rõ lỗi sai và cải thiện phương pháp làm bài. Đối với những ai quan tâm sâu hơn về các vấn đề năng lượng liên quan, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm về How is renewable energy influencing national security strategies? để mở rộng kiến thức và vốn từ vựng cho các chủ đề tương tự.
Chúc bạn đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading sắp tới!
