Giới Thiệu
Biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động sâu rộng đến mọi khía cạnh của cuộc sống, và ngành thủy sản toàn cầu là một trong những lĩnh vực chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nề nhất. Chủ đề về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên nghề cá (What Are The Effects Of Climate Change On Global Fisheries?) thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading thực tế, đặc biệt trong phần thi với độ khó trung bình đến cao.
Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như trong kỳ thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn:
- Làm quen với chủ đề môi trường và khoa học trong IELTS
- Nắm vững các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp
- Học từ vựng học thuật quan trọng
- Rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian
- Tự đánh giá trình độ qua đáp án chi tiết
Hãy chuẩn bị đồng hồ, bút chì và làm bài trong điều kiện như thi thật để đạt hiệu quả tốt nhất!
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là bài kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật, bao gồm:
- Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages (không có thời gian chuyển đáp án)
- Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
- Độ khó: Tăng dần từ Passage 1 (dễ) đến Passage 3 (khó)
- Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu)
Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, tổng 40 điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 1-9.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có
- Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
- Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
Mỗi dạng yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau, từ tìm thông tin chi tiết đến hiểu ý chính và suy luận.
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Changing Oceans and Fish Populations
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The world’s oceans are undergoing unprecedented changes due to climate change, and these transformations are having profound effects on fish populations and the communities that depend on them. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing sustainable fishing practices and ensuring food security for millions of people worldwide.
One of the most significant changes affecting marine life is the warming of ocean waters. Over the past century, the average temperature of the world’s oceans has increased by approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius. While this might seem like a small change, it has substantial consequences for fish species. Many fish are highly sensitive to temperature variations, and even minor increases can affect their metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour. Warm-water species are gradually moving towards the poles, seeking cooler environments, while cold-water species face shrinking habitats.
Ocean acidification represents another critical challenge. The oceans absorb about 30% of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, which causes the water to become more acidic. Since the Industrial Revolution, ocean acidity has increased by approximately 30%. This chemical change affects many marine organisms, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as shellfish and certain types of plankton. These organisms form the foundation of marine food chains, so their decline can have cascading effects throughout the ecosystem.
Changes in ocean currents are also impacting fish populations. Ocean currents act like conveyor belts, transporting nutrients, oxygen, and heat around the globe. As climate change alters these currents, it affects the distribution of nutrients that support plankton growth. Plankton serves as the primary food source for many fish species, so any disruption in plankton abundance can significantly impact fish populations. Scientists have observed that some traditional fishing grounds are becoming less productive because the nutrient-rich waters that once supported abundant fish stocks are being redirected by changing currents.
The melting of polar ice is creating new challenges and opportunities in the fishing industry. In the Arctic, retreating ice is opening up previously inaccessible waters, allowing fishing fleets to reach new areas. However, this comes at a significant environmental cost. Arctic ecosystems are particularly fragile, and increased fishing activity could threaten species that have adapted to these extreme conditions. Additionally, the loss of ice affects species that depend on it for breeding and feeding, such as Arctic cod, which uses under-ice habitats during its early life stages.
Extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change, pose additional risks to fisheries. Stronger storms can damage fishing vessels and coastal infrastructure, while also disrupting fish breeding cycles. Hurricanes and typhoons can stir up sediments, reducing water quality and affecting fish habitats. These events also make fishing operations more dangerous and less predictable, impacting the livelihoods of fishing communities.
For small-scale fisheries in developing countries, the impacts of climate change are particularly severe. These communities often lack the resources to adapt to changing conditions or to move their operations to new areas. Many depend on specific fish species that are now migrating away from traditional fishing grounds. This not only affects their economic stability but also threatens food security for millions of people who rely on fish as their primary source of protein.
Scientists are working to better understand these changes and develop strategies for adaptation. Marine protected areas are being established to help fish populations recover and build resilience to climate impacts. Researchers are also studying which fish species might be more adaptable to changing conditions and could potentially replace declining stocks. Sustainable fishing quotas are being adjusted based on real-time data about fish populations and environmental conditions.
The fishing industry itself is beginning to respond to these challenges. Some fishing companies are investing in more fuel-efficient vessels to reduce their carbon footprint, while others are exploring alternative fishing methods that have less impact on marine ecosystems. There is growing recognition that the long-term viability of the fishing industry depends on addressing climate change and managing fish stocks sustainably.
Education and awareness are crucial components of the solution. Fishing communities need access to information about changing fish migration patterns and best practices for sustainable fishing. International cooperation is also essential, as fish populations often cross national boundaries. Countries must work together to manage shared fish stocks and ensure that fishing practices in one area do not negatively impact neighbouring regions.
Looking ahead, the relationship between climate change and global fisheries will likely become more complex. Continued monitoring and research are essential for understanding these changes and developing effective responses. While the challenges are significant, there is still time to implement measures that can help both fish populations and fishing communities adapt to our changing world.
Biến đổi khí hậu gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến quần thể cá biển và sinh kế ngư dân toàn cầu
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. According to the passage, the average temperature of the world’s oceans has increased by
A. 0.7 degrees Celsius over the past decade
B. 0.7 degrees Celsius over the past century
C. 7 degrees Celsius over the past century
D. 0.7 degrees Celsius over the past year
2. Ocean acidification has increased since the Industrial Revolution by approximately
A. 30 percent
B. 70 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 10 percent
3. What percentage of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is absorbed by oceans?
A. 70%
B. 50%
C. 30%
D. 10%
4. Arctic cod uses under-ice habitats primarily for
A. escaping from predators
B. finding food sources
C. early life stages
D. breeding and feeding
5. According to the passage, marine protected areas are being established to
A. increase fishing quotas
B. help fish populations recover and build resilience
C. allow more fishing vessels access
D. study extreme weather events
Questions 6-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Warm-water fish species are moving towards the equator to find suitable temperatures.
7. Organisms with calcium carbonate shells are particularly affected by ocean acidification.
8. All fishing companies have already switched to fuel-efficient vessels.
9. Changes in ocean currents affect the distribution of nutrients in the ocean.
10. Small-scale fisheries in developing countries have more resources to adapt to climate change than large commercial operations.
Questions 11-13: Matching Information
Match the following statements (11-13) with the correct information (A-F) from the passage.
A. Extreme weather events
B. Ocean currents
C. Melting polar ice
D. Ocean warming
E. Ocean acidification
F. Small-scale fisheries
11. This creates new fishing opportunities in previously unreachable areas.
12. This affects fish metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour.
13. This makes fishing operations more dangerous and unpredictable.
PASSAGE 2 – Adaptive Strategies in Commercial Fisheries
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
A. The global fishing industry is at a critical juncture, facing the dual challenge of meeting increasing demand for seafood while contending with the far-reaching consequences of climate change. As ocean temperatures rise and marine ecosystems transform, fishing companies, governments, and coastal communities are being forced to develop innovative strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability of their operations. The adaptation measures being implemented today will determine the viability of commercial fisheries for generations to come.
B. One of the most significant adaptations involves the geographical relocation of fishing operations. As fish stocks migrate poleward in response to warming waters, fishing fleets are following them into new territories. This spatial redistribution of fishing effort has created complex geopolitical challenges. For instance, mackerel stocks in the North Atlantic have shifted northward into Icelandic and Greenlandic waters, leading to intense negotiations over fishing rights and quotas between nations. The European Union, Norway, Iceland, and other coastal states have struggled to reach agreements on how to allocate these shared resources, highlighting the need for flexible international frameworks that can respond to rapidly changing circumstances.
C. Technological innovation is playing a crucial role in helping the fishing industry adapt. Advanced forecasting systems now integrate real-time oceanographic data, including temperature, salinity, and current patterns, to predict where fish populations are likely to be found. These systems use satellite imagery and acoustic sensors to create detailed maps of ocean conditions, enabling fishing vessels to optimize their routes and reduce time spent searching for fish. Such precision fishing not only improves economic efficiency but also reduces fuel consumption and the industry’s carbon footprint. Some companies have reported up to a 30% reduction in fuel costs through the adoption of these technologies.
D. The shift towards aquaculture represents another major adaptive response to climate-related challenges in wild fisheries. Fish farming has grown rapidly over the past two decades, and now accounts for more than half of global seafood production. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), which operate in controlled inland environments, offer particular promise. These facilities can maintain optimal water conditions regardless of external climate factors, and they eliminate many of the environmental concerns associated with traditional ocean-based fish farms, such as disease transmission to wild populations and localized pollution. However, aquaculture itself faces climate-related challenges, including increased disease prevalence in warmer waters and the need for sustainable feed sources.
E. Diversification strategies are becoming increasingly important for fishing communities. Rather than relying on a single species, many fishing operations are now targeting multiple species to spread risk. This approach provides a buffer against the collapse or migration of any one fish stock. In Alaska, for example, fishing vessels that once focused exclusively on salmon have begun incorporating crab and pollock into their operations. This portfolio approach to fishing not only enhances economic resilience but also reduces pressure on individual species, potentially supporting broader ecosystem health.
F. Policy reforms are essential to facilitate adaptation in the fishing sector. Dynamic quota systems, which adjust allowable catch levels based on current stock assessments rather than historical averages, are being implemented in several countries. These systems recognize that climate change is altering the baseline conditions upon which traditional fisheries management was built. New Zealand’s quota management system, for instance, is regularly updated based on scientific surveys and can respond quickly to changes in fish abundance and distribution. Such adaptive management approaches require substantial investment in monitoring and research infrastructure, but they offer a more responsive and sustainable framework for fisheries governance.
G. The role of traditional ecological knowledge in adaptation strategies is gaining recognition. Indigenous and local fishing communities have observed ocean conditions and fish behaviour for generations, accumulating invaluable insights that complement scientific research. In the Pacific Islands, traditional seasonal calendars that predict fish movements based on environmental cues are being combined with modern scientific data to create hybrid forecasting systems. This integration of knowledge systems not only improves the accuracy of predictions but also ensures that adaptation strategies are culturally appropriate and more likely to be adopted by local communities.
H. Financial mechanisms to support adaptation are being developed at national and international levels. Climate adaptation funds are beginning to direct resources towards fishing communities, helping them invest in new equipment, diversify their operations, or retrain for alternative livelihoods if necessary. Insurance products designed specifically for climate-related risks in fisheries are emerging, though they remain relatively rare and expensive. The Global Environment Facility and other international organizations are funding projects that help developing countries strengthen their capacity to manage fisheries in the face of climate change.
I. Despite these various adaptation efforts, significant challenges remain. The pace of climate change is outstripping the ability of many governance systems to respond effectively. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing continues to undermine conservation efforts and deplete fish stocks that are already under stress from environmental changes. Additionally, the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors—including pollution, habitat destruction, and overfishing alongside climate change—create complex interactions that are difficult to predict and manage.
J. Looking forward, the success of adaptation strategies will depend on coordinated action across multiple levels, from local fishing communities to international governance bodies. Investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, continued technological innovation, and equitable access to resources and information will all be crucial. Perhaps most importantly, adaptation efforts must be embedded within a broader commitment to mitigating climate change itself. While the fishing industry can and must adapt to unavoidable changes, limiting the extent of future warming remains the most effective long-term strategy for protecting both marine ecosystems and the communities that depend on them.
Các chiến lược thích ứng đổi mới trong ngành thủy sản thương mại đối phó biến đổi khí hậu
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The relocation of fish stocks has made international cooperation more difficult.
15. Precision fishing technology has proven ineffective in reducing fuel consumption.
16. Recirculating aquaculture systems completely solve all problems associated with fish farming.
17. Traditional ecological knowledge should be ignored in favour of modern scientific methods.
18. Climate adaptation funds are adequately supporting all fishing communities that need assistance.
Questions 19-24: Matching Headings
The passage has ten paragraphs, A-J. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
i. The importance of traditional knowledge
ii. Economic support for changing industries
iii. Following fish to new waters
iv. Growing fish instead of catching them
v. Not putting all eggs in one basket
vi. Using computers and satellites to find fish
vii. Rules that change with conditions
viii. Remaining obstacles to success
ix. The need for global coordination
x. Insurance for fisheries
19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F
24. Paragraph G
Questions 25-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
A. expanding B. reducing C. eliminating D. monitoring
E. historical F. sustainable G. traditional H. expensive
Dynamic quota systems differ from 25. approaches to fisheries management because they adjust catch levels based on current conditions. Implementing these systems requires significant investment in 26. and research infrastructure.
PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Dimensions of Climate-Driven Fisheries Transformation
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The nexus between climate change and global fisheries extends far beyond ecological considerations, encompassing profound socioeconomic dimensions that reverberate through coastal communities, international trade networks, and food security frameworks worldwide. As anthropogenic climate forcing continues to reconfigure marine ecosystems, the resultant impacts on fisheries are precipitating a complex web of social, economic, and political challenges that demand multifaceted and nuanced responses. Understanding these interconnected dynamics is essential for developing comprehensive strategies that can safeguard both marine resources and the livelihoods of the approximately 260 million people whose subsistence depends directly or indirectly on fisheries.
The distributional consequences of climate-induced changes in fish stocks are inherently inequitable, with vulnerability disproportionately concentrated among populations least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and coastal regions in the Global South face existential threats as the fish species upon which their economies depend migrate beyond their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) or decline due to thermal stress and habitat degradation. Research conducted by Cheung et al. has demonstrated that tropical regions, which harbour the greatest number of climate-vulnerable fishing communities, are projected to experience the most severe declines in fisheries catch potential—estimated at up to 40% by 2050 under high-emission scenarios. This geographical asymmetry in climate impacts raises fundamental questions of climate justice and international equity, particularly given the limited adaptive capacity of many affected nations.
The economic ramifications of these transformations are substantial and multidimensional. Global fisheries represent a $401 billion industry, with export values exceeding $150 billion annually. Climate-driven volatility in fish stocks introduces heightened uncertainty into this economic sector, affecting not only fishing operations but also downstream industries including processing, distribution, and retail. The integrated nature of global seafood supply chains means that localized environmental changes can have cascading economic effects across international markets. For instance, the warming of North Atlantic waters has affected cod populations, with repercussions felt not only in traditional fishing nations like Norway and Iceland but also in markets throughout Europe, Asia, and North America that depend on these supplies.
Food security implications constitute perhaps the most critical dimension of climate-fisheries interactions. Fish provides approximately 3.3 billion people with at least 20% of their average per capita animal protein intake, with this figure rising substantially in coastal developing countries. In many Pacific Island nations, fish contributes more than 50% of animal protein consumption. As climate change alters the abundance, distribution, and nutritional quality of fish stocks, it directly threatens the nutritional status of these populations. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many of the most nutrient-rich species—including small pelagic fish such as sardines and anchovies—are particularly susceptible to climate-related changes in upwelling systems and primary productivity.
The labour market dynamics within fishing communities are undergoing profound restructuring in response to climate-driven changes. As traditional fishing grounds become less productive or are abandoned entirely, fishing-dependent populations face difficult choices: adapt their practices, migrate to follow fish stocks, or transition to alternative livelihoods. Each option carries significant social and economic costs. Occupational mobility out of fishing is often constrained by limited education levels, specialized skill sets with narrow transferability, and geographic isolation. Moreover, fishing is frequently interwoven with cultural identity and intergenerational knowledge transmission, making livelihood transitions particularly psychologically and socially challenging.
Gender dimensions of these transformations merit particular attention, as women constitute approximately 47% of the fisheries labour force when post-harvest activities are included. Women are disproportionately represented in shore-based processing and marketing, sectors that are vulnerable to supply disruptions caused by declining catches or changes in species availability. Furthermore, women often have more limited access to adaptive resources such as credit, training, and decision-making platforms, potentially amplifying their vulnerability to climate-driven changes in fisheries. Intersectional vulnerabilities—arising from the combination of gender with other factors such as age, indigeneity, and socioeconomic status—create particularly precarious situations for certain groups within fishing communities.
The governance challenges posed by climate-driven fisheries changes are formidable. Existing fisheries management frameworks, typically predicated on relatively stable ecosystem conditions and predictable fish distributions, are inadequately equipped to address the non-stationarity introduced by climate change. Transboundary fish stocks that shift between jurisdictions create potential for conflict and require unprecedented levels of international cooperation. The “mackerel wars” in the North Atlantic, where disagreements over quotas for climate-shifted mackerel stocks led to a complete breakdown of cooperative management between 2010 and 2014, illustrate the geopolitical tensions that can emerge. Such conflicts may proliferate as climate change continues to redraw the map of global fish distributions.
Market-based mechanisms and economic incentives are increasingly being explored as tools for facilitating adaptation and promoting sustainability in fisheries. Payments for ecosystem services, certification schemes for climate-resilient fishing practices, and preferential market access for sustainably managed fisheries represent emerging approaches. However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms depends critically on their design and implementation. Certification schemes, for instance, may inadvertently disadvantage small-scale fishers who lack the resources to meet documentation and monitoring requirements, potentially exacerbating inequality even as they promote environmental sustainability.
The temporal dimension of adaptation presents additional complexity. Many adaptation investments—such as vessel modifications, development of alternative processing capabilities, or infrastructure relocation—require substantial capital and have long payback periods. This creates a mismatch between the rapid pace of environmental change and the slower rhythms of economic decision-making and capital turnover. Furthermore, cognitive biases and institutional inertia often lead to underinvestment in proactive adaptation, with actors instead engaging in reactive responses only after significant losses have occurred.
Emerging research emphasizes the importance of building adaptive capacity rather than implementing prescriptive adaptation measures. Adaptive capacity—encompassing flexibility, learning ability, and capacity for self-organization—enables communities and institutions to respond effectively to unpredictable changes and novel challenges. Social capital, including trust networks, collective action capabilities, and institutional linkages, appears to be a critical determinant of adaptive capacity in fishing communities. Communities with strong social cohesion and participatory governance structures have demonstrated greater resilience to climate shocks and more successful adaptation trajectories.
Looking toward the future, the trajectory of climate impacts on global fisheries will be determined by the interaction of biophysical changes, socioeconomic factors, and policy responses. While substantial uncertainties remain regarding the precise magnitude and distribution of impacts, the directionality of change is clear: continued warming will fundamentally alter global fisheries systems. The imperative now is to develop integrated governance frameworks that can simultaneously address the twin challenges of climate mitigation and adaptation, while ensuring that the burdens and benefits of transformation are equitably distributed. Only through such comprehensive and coordinated approaches can we hope to preserve the ecological integrity of marine systems and the socioeconomic wellbeing of fishing communities in an era of unprecedented environmental change.
Tác động kinh tế xã hội sâu rộng của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành nghề đánh bắt cá truyền thống
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27. According to the passage, tropical regions are projected to experience catch potential declines of up to what percentage by 2050?
A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 50%
28. The global fisheries industry is valued at approximately
A. $150 billion
B. $260 billion
C. $401 billion
D. $500 billion
29. Fish provides at least 20% of average per capita animal protein intake for approximately
A. 260 million people
B. 1 billion people
C. 3.3 billion people
D. 5 billion people
30. When post-harvest activities are included, women constitute approximately what percentage of the fisheries labour force?
A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 47%
31. The “mackerel wars” in the North Atlantic resulted in
A. increased cooperation between nations
B. a complete breakdown of cooperative management
C. better quota systems
D. improved fish stocks
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match the following challenges (32-36) with the correct group or category (A-G).
A. Small Island Developing States
B. Women in fisheries
C. Small-scale fishers
D. Tropical regions
E. Pacific Island nations
F. Processing and retail industries
G. Traditional fishing nations
32. Face the most severe declines in fisheries catch potential
33. Depend on fish for more than 50% of animal protein consumption
34. Are disproportionately represented in shore-based processing
35. May be disadvantaged by certification schemes
36. Face existential threats as fish migrate beyond their EEZs
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of capacity enables communities to respond effectively to unpredictable changes?
38. What appears to be a critical determinant of adaptive capacity in fishing communities?
39. What two challenges must integrated governance frameworks simultaneously address?
40. What kinds of fish are particularly susceptible to changes in upwelling systems?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- A
- C
- D
- B
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- TRUE
- FALSE
- C
- D
- A
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- YES
- NO
- NO
- NO
- NOT GIVEN
- iii
- vi
- iv
- v
- vii
- i
- E (historical)
- D (monitoring)
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- C
- C
- D
- B
- D
- E
- B
- C
- A
- Adaptive capacity
- Social capital
- Mitigation and adaptation
- Small pelagic fish
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: average temperature, world’s oceans, increased
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Over the past century, the average temperature of the world’s oceans has increased by approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius.” Đáp án A sai vì nói “decade” thay vì “century”, C sai vì là 7 degrees, D sai vì nói “year”.
Câu 2: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Ocean acidification, increased, Industrial Revolution
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Since the Industrial Revolution, ocean acidity has increased by approximately 30%.” Câu hỏi sử dụng “ocean acidification” để paraphrase “ocean acidity”.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: percentage, carbon dioxide, absorbed by oceans
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “The oceans absorb about 30% of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.”
Câu 4: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Arctic cod, under-ice habitats
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “the loss of ice affects species that depend on it for breeding and feeding, such as Arctic cod, which uses under-ice habitats during its early life stages.” Đáp án D chính xác nhất vì bao gồm cả breeding và feeding.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: marine protected areas, established
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Passage nêu “Marine protected areas are being established to help fish populations recover and build resilience to climate impacts.”
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Warm-water fish species, moving towards equator
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Warm-water species are gradually moving towards the poles” chứ không phải về phía xích đạo (equator). Do đó câu trả lời là FALSE.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: calcium carbonate shells, affected, ocean acidification
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Passage khẳng định “This chemical change affects many marine organisms, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.”
Câu 8: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: All fishing companies, switched, fuel-efficient vessels
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói “Some fishing companies are investing in more fuel-efficient vessels” (đoạn 9), không đề cập đến việc tất cả các công ty đã chuyển đổi.
Câu 9: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: ocean currents, distribution of nutrients
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “As climate change alters these currents, it affects the distribution of nutrients.”
Câu 10: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Small-scale fisheries, more resources to adapt
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Passage nói “These communities often lack the resources to adapt to changing conditions” – nghĩa là họ thiếu tài nguyên, không phải có nhiều hơn.
Câu 11: C (Melting polar ice)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Giải thích: Đoạn 5 nói về “melting of polar ice” và đề cập “retreating ice is opening up previously inaccessible waters” – tạo ra cơ hội đánh cá mới.
Câu 12: D (Ocean warming)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Giải thích: Đoạn 2 thảo luận về “warming of ocean waters” và ảnh hưởng của nó đến “metabolism, reproduction, and behaviour” của cá.
Câu 13: A (Extreme weather events)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Giải thích: Đoạn 6 đề cập “These events also make fishing operations more dangerous and less predictable.”
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: relocation of fish stocks, international cooperation, difficult
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: Passage nói “This spatial redistribution of fishing effort has created complex geopolitical challenges” và đề cập các quốc gia “struggled to reach agreements”, cho thấy hợp tác quốc tế trở nên khó khăn hơn.
Câu 15: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Precision fishing technology, ineffective, reducing fuel consumption
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Some companies have reported up to a 30% reduction in fuel costs” – điều này chứng tỏ công nghệ có hiệu quả, không phải không hiệu quả.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Recirculating aquaculture systems, completely solve, all problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Passage nói RAS “eliminate many of the environmental concerns” nhưng cũng đề cập “However, aquaculture itself faces climate-related challenges” – không giải quyết tất cả vấn đề.
Câu 17: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Traditional ecological knowledge, ignored, modern scientific methods
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, toàn bộ
- Giải thích: Đoạn G nói về việc “integration of knowledge systems” và traditional knowledge “complement scientific research” – không bị bỏ qua.
Câu 18: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Climate adaptation funds, adequately supporting, all fishing communities
- Giải thích: Đoạn H đề cập về các quỹ thích ứng khí hậu nhưng không nói liệu chúng có đủ hay không để hỗ trợ tất cả cộng đồng.
Câu 19: iii (Following fish to new waters)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn B thảo luận về “geographical relocation of fishing operations” và fishing fleets “following them into new territories”.
Câu 20: vi (Using computers and satellites to find fish)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn C mô tả “Advanced forecasting systems”, “satellite imagery” và “acoustic sensors” để tìm cá.
Câu 21: iv (Growing fish instead of catching them)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn D nói về “aquaculture” (nuôi trồng thủy sản) như một phản ứng thích ứng.
Câu 22: v (Not putting all eggs in one basket)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn E thảo luận về “Diversification strategies” và “portfolio approach to fishing”.
Câu 23: vii (Rules that change with conditions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn F đề cập “Dynamic quota systems” và “adaptive management approaches” có thể thay đổi theo điều kiện hiện tại.
Câu 24: i (The importance of traditional knowledge)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn G tập trung vào “traditional ecological knowledge” và vai trò của nó trong các chiến lược thích ứng.
Câu 25: E (historical)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Passage nói “Dynamic quota systems, which adjust allowable catch levels based on current stock assessments rather than historical averages.”
Câu 26: D (monitoring)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Such adaptive management approaches require substantial investment in monitoring and research infrastructure.”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C (40%)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: tropical regions, catch potential declines, 2050
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “tropical regions…are projected to experience the most severe declines in fisheries catch potential—estimated at up to 40% by 2050.”
Câu 28: C ($401 billion)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: global fisheries industry, valued
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Global fisheries represent a $401 billion industry.”
Câu 29: C (3.3 billion people)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: fish provides, 20%, animal protein intake
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Passage nói “Fish provides approximately 3.3 billion people with at least 20% of their average per capita animal protein intake.”
Câu 30: D (47%)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: women, fisheries labour force, post-harvest activities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “women constitute approximately 47% of the fisheries labour force when post-harvest activities are included.”
Câu 31: B (a complete breakdown of cooperative management)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: mackerel wars, North Atlantic
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Passage nêu rõ “led to a complete breakdown of cooperative management between 2010 and 2014.”
Câu 32: D (Tropical regions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Đoạn 2 nói “tropical regions…are projected to experience the most severe declines in fisheries catch potential.”
Câu 33: E (Pacific Island nations)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Đoạn 4 đề cập “In many Pacific Island nations, fish contributes more than 50% of animal protein consumption.”
Câu 34: B (Women in fisheries)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Đoạn 6 nói “Women are disproportionately represented in shore-based processing and marketing.”
Câu 35: C (Small-scale fishers)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Đoạn 8 đề cập “Certification schemes…may inadvertently disadvantage small-scale fishers.”
Câu 36: A (Small Island Developing States)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Đoạn 2 nói “Small Island Developing States (SIDS)…face existential threats as the fish species…migrate beyond their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).”
Câu 37: Adaptive capacity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Passage nói “Adaptive capacity…enables communities and institutions to respond effectively to unpredictable changes.”
Câu 38: Social capital
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Social capital…appears to be a critical determinant of adaptive capacity in fishing communities.”
Câu 39: Mitigation and adaptation
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Passage nêu “integrated governance frameworks that can simultaneously address the twin challenges of climate mitigation and adaptation.”
Câu 40: Small pelagic fish
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “many of the most nutrient-rich species—including small pelagic fish such as sardines and anchovies—are particularly susceptible to climate-related changes in upwelling systems.”
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | unprecedented changes | unprecedented levels, unprecedented scale |
| profound | adj | /prəˈfaʊnd/ | sâu sắc, to lớn | profound effects | profound impact, profound influence |
| sustainable | adj | /səˈsteɪnəbl/ | bền vững | sustainable fishing practices | sustainable development, sustainable growth |
| metabolism | n | /məˈtæbəlɪzəm/ | trao đổi chất | affect their metabolism | metabolic rate, slow metabolism |
| acidification | n | /əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự axit hóa | ocean acidification | acidification process, increasing acidification |
| cascading | adj | /kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/ | dây chuyền, lan tỏa | cascading effects | cascading impacts, cascading failures |
| disruption | n | /dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ | sự gián đoạn | any disruption in plankton | cause disruption, major disruption |
| fragile | adj | /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ | mong manh, dễ vỡ | Arctic ecosystems are particularly fragile | fragile environment, fragile balance |
| resilience | n | /rɪˈzɪliəns/ | khả năng phục hồi | build resilience | climate resilience, economic resilience |
| viability | n | /ˌvaɪəˈbɪləti/ | tính khả thi | long-term viability | economic viability, commercial viability |
| fuel-efficient | adj | /ˈfjuːəl ɪˈfɪʃnt/ | tiết kiệm nhiên liệu | fuel-efficient vessels | fuel-efficient vehicles, fuel-efficient technology |
| monitoring | n | /ˈmɒnɪtərɪŋ/ | sự theo dõi | Continued monitoring | environmental monitoring, close monitoring |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| critical juncture | n phrase | /ˈkrɪtɪkl ˈdʒʌŋktʃə/ | thời điểm quan trọng | at a critical juncture | reach a critical juncture |
| contending with | v phrase | /kənˈtendɪŋ wɪð/ | đương đầu với | contending with the consequences | contend with challenges |
| far-reaching | adj | /fɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ/ | ảnh hưởng sâu rộng | far-reaching consequences | far-reaching implications, far-reaching effects |
| spatial redistribution | n phrase | /ˈspeɪʃl ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | sự phân bổ lại không gian | spatial redistribution of fishing effort | spatial distribution, geographic redistribution |
| geopolitical | adj | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/ | địa chính trị | geopolitical challenges | geopolitical tensions, geopolitical factors |
| oceanographic | adj | /ˌəʊʃənəˈɡræfɪk/ | thuộc hải dương học | oceanographic data | oceanographic research, oceanographic conditions |
| precision fishing | n phrase | /prɪˈsɪʒn ˈfɪʃɪŋ/ | đánh cá chính xác | Such precision fishing | precision agriculture, precision targeting |
| aquaculture | n | /ˈækwəkʌltʃə/ | nuôi trồng thủy sản | shift towards aquaculture | aquaculture systems, aquaculture industry |
| recirculating | adj | /ˌriːˈsɜːkjəleɪtɪŋ/ | tuần hoàn lại | Recirculating aquaculture systems | recirculating system, recirculating water |
| diversification | n | /daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự đa dạng hóa | Diversification strategies | economic diversification, portfolio diversification |
| dynamic quota | n phrase | /daɪˈnæmɪk ˈkwəʊtə/ | hạn ngạch linh hoạt | Dynamic quota systems | quota system, fishing quota |
| ecological knowledge | n phrase | /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ | kiến thức sinh thái | traditional ecological knowledge | local knowledge, indigenous knowledge |
| adaptive management | n phrase | /əˈdæptɪv ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ | quản lý thích ứng | adaptive management approaches | adaptive strategies, adaptive capacity |
| hybrid forecasting | n phrase | /ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈfɔːkɑːstɪŋ/ | dự báo lai ghép | hybrid forecasting systems | hybrid approach, hybrid model |
| outstripping | v | /aʊtˈstrɪpɪŋ/ | vượt quá | outstripping the ability | outstrip demand, outstrip supply |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nexus | n | /ˈneksəs/ | mối liên hệ | the nexus between climate change | nexus between, nexus of |
| encompassing | v | /ɪnˈkʌmpəsɪŋ/ | bao gồm | encompassing profound dimensions | encompass a range, encompass all |
| reverberate | v | /rɪˈvɜːbəreɪt/ | lan tỏa, vang dội | reverberate through communities | reverberate across, reverberate throughout |
| anthropogenic | adj | /ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/ | do con người gây ra | anthropogenic climate forcing | anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts |
| precipitating | v | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪtɪŋ/ | gây ra, thúc đẩy | precipitating a complex web | precipitate a crisis, precipitate change |
| multifaceted | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ | nhiều mặt, đa diện | multifaceted responses | multifaceted approach, multifaceted problem |
| subsistence | n | /səbˈsɪstəns/ | sinh kế | whose subsistence depends | subsistence farming, subsistence fishing |
| distributional | adj | /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl/ | về phân phối | distributional consequences | distributional effects, distributional impacts |
| inequitable | adj | /ɪnˈekwɪtəbl/ | bất công | inherently inequitable | inequitable distribution, inequitable access |
| disproportionately | adv | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃnətli/ | không cân xứng | disproportionately concentrated | disproportionately affected, disproportionately high |
| existential threat | n phrase | /ˌegzɪˈstenʃl θret/ | mối đe dọa hiện hữu | face existential threats | pose an existential threat |
| thermal stress | n phrase | /ˈθɜːml stres/ | áp lực nhiệt | due to thermal stress | thermal tolerance, thermal adaptation |
| volatility | n | /ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/ | tính biến động | Climate-driven volatility | market volatility, price volatility |
| ramifications | n | /ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/ | hệ quả | economic ramifications | have ramifications, far-reaching ramifications |
| downstream | adj | /ˌdaʊnˈstriːm/ | ở phía sau chuỗi | downstream industries | downstream effects, downstream sector |
| exacerbated | v | /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪtɪd/ | làm trầm trọng thêm | The problem is exacerbated | exacerbate tensions, exacerbate the situation |
| occupational mobility | n phrase | /ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃənl məʊˈbɪləti/ | tính di động nghề nghiệp | Occupational mobility out of fishing | social mobility, career mobility |
| intergenerational | adj | /ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl/ | giữa các thế hệ | intergenerational knowledge | intergenerational transfer, intergenerational equity |
| post-harvest | adj | /pəʊst ˈhɑːvɪst/ | sau thu hoạch | post-harvest activities | post-harvest processing, post-harvest losses |
| intersectional | adj | /ˌɪntəˈsekʃənl/ | giao thoa | Intersectional vulnerabilities | intersectional analysis, intersectional approach |
| non-stationarity | n | /nɒn ˌsteɪʃəˈnærəti/ | tính không ổn định | the non-stationarity introduced | statistical non-stationarity |
| transboundary | adj | /trænzˈbaʊndəri/ | xuyên biên giới | Transboundary fish stocks | transboundary cooperation, transboundary issues |
| proliferate | v | /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ | gia tăng nhanh | may proliferate | proliferate rapidly, proliferate across |
| market-based mechanisms | n phrase | /ˈmɑːkɪt beɪst ˈmekənɪzəmz/ | cơ chế thị trường | Market-based mechanisms | market-based solutions, market-based approach |
| cognitive biases | n phrase | /ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈbaɪəsɪz/ | thiên kiến nhận thức | cognitive biases and institutional inertia | cognitive limitations, unconscious biases |
| institutional inertia | n phrase | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ɪˈnɜːʃə/ | sự trì trệ thể chế | cognitive biases and institutional inertia | organizational inertia, bureaucratic inertia |
| adaptive capacity | n phrase | /əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/ | năng lực thích ứng | building adaptive capacity | enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen adaptive capacity |
| social capital | n phrase | /ˈsəʊʃl ˈkæpɪtl/ | vốn xã hội | Social capital…appears to be critical | build social capital, strong social capital |
| social cohesion | n phrase | /ˈsəʊʃl kəʊˈhiːʒn/ | sự gắn kết xã hội | strong social cohesion | promote social cohesion, maintain social cohesion |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên nghề cá toàn cầu không chỉ là một trong những đề tài quan trọng trong khoa học môi trường mà còn thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được luyện tập với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ mức độ cơ bản đến nâng cao, phản ánh đúng cấu trúc của bài thi IELTS thực tế.
Passage 1 giới thiệu những khái niệm cơ bản về sự nóng lên của đại dương, axit hóa, và các tác động trực tiếp lên quần thể cá với từ vựng và cấu trúc câu dễ hiểu. Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các chiến lược thích ứng của ngành công nghiệp đánh cá, yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu và suy luận cao hơn. Passage 3 phân tích các khía cạnh kinh tế-xã hội phức tạp với ngôn ngữ học thuật và yêu cầu người đọc có khả năng hiểu các ý tưởng trừu tượng.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định thông tin trong bài, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và phương pháp làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Bảng từ vựng phân chia theo passage cung cấp những từ học thuật quan trọng nhất mà bạn có thể áp dụng không chỉ trong Reading mà còn trong Writing và Speaking.
Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất trong IELTS Reading, hãy:
- Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề
- Phân tích kỹ các câu trả lời sai để hiểu lý do
- Xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật theo chủ đề
- Rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian
- Làm quen với tất cả các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến
Hãy tiếp tục luyện tập với đề thi này nhiều lần, mỗi lần tập trung vào một kỹ năng cụ thể, và bạn sẽ thấy sự tiến bộ rõ rệt trong khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật. Chúc bạn đạt band điểm cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
