IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu và Khan Hiếm Nước – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến nguồn nước ngọt đang trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Với tần suất xuất hiện ngày càng cao trong các bộ đề Cambridge IELTS gần đây, việc nắm vững nội dung này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong phòng thi mà còn mở rộng hiểu biết về các vấn đề môi trường toàn cầu.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, bám sát chuẩn Cambridge IELTS thực tế. Bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi.

Đặc biệt, mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và cách nhận diện đáp án đúng. Bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành về khí hậu và tài nguyên nước được tổng hợp đầy đủ với phiên âm, ví dụ và collocation thực tế.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt là những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-7.5 và muốn làm quen với chủ đề môi trường học thuật.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi passage có độ dài khoảng 700-900 từ và độ khó tăng dần. Điều quan trọng nhất là bạn cần quản lý thời gian hiệu quả để hoàn thành tất cả các câu hỏi.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (câu hỏi 1-13)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (câu hỏi 14-26)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (câu hỏi 27-40)

Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet ngay trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án cho trước
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin trong bài đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đòi hỏi kỹ năng đọc và chiến lược làm bài khác nhau, vì vậy việc luyện tập đa dạng là chìa khóa thành công.

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2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Water Crisis in Rural Communities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time, and its impact on water availability is particularly severe in developing countries. Rural communities across Africa, Asia, and Latin America are experiencing unprecedented water scarcity, transforming the daily lives of millions of people who depend on reliable access to clean water for their survival.

In many developing nations, agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of total water consumption. Smallholder farmers, who make up the majority of the agricultural workforce in these regions, are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain their crops due to erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts. The traditional farming calendar, which has guided planting and harvesting for generations, is no longer reliable. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, the rainy season now starts later and ends earlier than it did just two decades ago, reducing the growing season by several crucial weeks.

The situation is further exacerbated by rising temperatures, which increase evaporation rates from soil, rivers, and reservoirs. Scientists have observed that for every one-degree Celsius increase in temperature, the atmosphere can hold approximately 7% more water vapor. This means that even when rainfall occurs, less water reaches the ground because more evaporates before it can percolate into the soil. Consequently, groundwater reserves, which many communities rely on as their primary water source, are being depleted at alarming rates.

Women and children bear the disproportionate burden of water scarcity in developing countries. In rural areas, it is typically women who are responsible for collecting water for household use, often walking several kilometers to the nearest well or river. As water sources become more scarce and distant, women spend increasingly more time on this task, sometimes up to six hours per day. This time could otherwise be spent on education, income-generating activities, or rest. Young girls frequently miss school to help their mothers collect water, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting their future opportunities.

The health implications of water scarcity are equally concerning. When freshwater sources dry up, communities are forced to use contaminated water from unsafe sources, leading to waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water, with the majority living in developing countries. Children under five are particularly vulnerable, and diarrheal diseases caused by unsafe water remain one of the leading causes of child mortality in these regions.

Infrastructure limitations in developing countries make adapting to climate-induced water scarcity even more challenging. Many rural areas lack the water storage facilities, irrigation systems, and water treatment plants needed to efficiently manage available water resources. Even when rainfall is adequate, the absence of proper storage means that much of the water is lost to runoff or evaporation. Investing in infrastructure requires substantial financial resources that many developing nations simply do not have, creating a vicious cycle where poverty prevents adaptation, and climate impacts deepen poverty.

Some communities have begun implementing innovative solutions to address water scarcity. Rainwater harvesting systems, which collect and store rainwater from rooftops and other surfaces, are becoming increasingly popular in water-stressed regions. In India, traditional water conservation techniques such as building small check dams and reviving ancient stepwells are being rediscovered and modernized. Drip irrigation systems, which deliver water directly to plant roots, can reduce agricultural water consumption by up to 60% compared to traditional flood irrigation methods.

International organizations and governments are also taking action. The United Nations has made access to clean water and sanitation one of its Sustainable Development Goals, with specific targets for improving water quality and increasing water-use efficiency globally. Development agencies are funding projects to build wells, install water purification systems, and train communities in water management practices. However, experts warn that these efforts, while important, are not sufficient to address the scale of the crisis without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to slow climate change itself.

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Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Agriculture uses the majority of water resources in developing countries.
2. The rainy season in sub-Saharan Africa has become shorter over the past twenty years.
3. Higher temperatures cause more rainfall to evaporate before reaching the ground.
4. Men and women share equal responsibility for water collection in rural areas.
5. All developing countries have received funding from the United Nations for water projects.

Questions 6-9

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

6. For each degree Celsius of warming, the atmosphere can retain about 7% more __.
7. Women in rural areas may spend up to __ daily collecting water.
8. Approximately __ people globally do not have access to safely managed drinking water.
9. __ deliver water directly to the roots of plants and can significantly reduce water use.

Questions 10-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

10. According to the passage, smallholder farmers are facing difficulties because:

• A. They lack modern farming equipment
• B. Rainfall patterns have become unpredictable
• C. Government policies restrict their water use
• D. International trade has reduced crop prices

11. The main reason groundwater reserves are decreasing is:

• A. Increased industrial water consumption
• B. Population growth in urban areas
• C. Higher evaporation rates due to warming
• D. Excessive use for agricultural irrigation

12. The passage suggests that water scarcity affects girls’ education because:

• A. Schools are located far from water sources
• B. They must help collect water instead of attending school
• C. Contaminated water causes illness
• D. Their families cannot afford school fees

13. What does the passage suggest about current efforts to address water scarcity?

• A. They are completely ineffective
• B. They are well-funded but poorly managed
• C. They are helpful but insufficient without climate action
• D. They focus too much on urban areas

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PASSAGE 2 – Climate Change and the Global Water Cycle

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The relationship between climate change and water scarcity in developing nations is far more complex than a simple reduction in rainfall. The global water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is being fundamentally altered by rising temperatures and changing atmospheric conditions, with cascading effects that disproportionately impact the world’s most vulnerable populations. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is essential for developing effective adaptation strategies and allocating resources where they are most needed.

A. Precipitation Pattern Shifts

One of the most significant impacts of climate change on water availability is the alteration of precipitation patterns worldwide. Climate models consistently predict that wet regions will generally become wetter, while dry regions will become drier, a phenomenon scientists call “precipitation intensification.” However, this global pattern masks considerable regional variability. In developing countries, many of which are located in tropical and subtropical zones, the changes are particularly pronounced. Monsoon systems, which billions of people depend on for water and agriculture, are becoming less predictable. Research from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that the South Asian monsoon, which provides water for over 1.5 billion people, has weakened by approximately 10% since the 1950s, though the total annual rainfall has not decreased significantly. Instead, the rain comes in more intense bursts separated by longer dry periods, making it harder for soil to absorb water and increasing both flooding and drought risks.

B. Glacial Melt and Water Security

Mountain glaciers, often called “water towers,” provide crucial freshwater storage for approximately 2 billion people living downstream in developing countries. The Hindu Kush Himalayan region, the Andes, and African mountains are experiencing accelerated glacial retreat due to warming temperatures. Initially, this melting increases river flows, but as glaciers shrink, they lose their capacity to regulate water supply throughout the year. Studies show that Himalayan glaciers have lost roughly 390 billion tonnes of ice since the 1970s, and by 2050, these glaciers could lose up to 80% of their current volume under high-emission scenarios. This threatens the water security of countries like Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and China, where glacial meltwater feeds major rivers including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, and Yangtze. The loss of this natural reservoir will dramatically increase water stress during dry seasons, when glacier melt traditionally supplements river flows.

C. Groundwater Depletion

Groundwater represents the largest store of liquid freshwater on Earth and serves as the primary water source for billions of people in developing countries. However, climate change is affecting groundwater resources through multiple pathways. Rising temperatures increase evapotranspiration – the combined water loss from soil evaporation and plant transpiration – reducing the amount of water available to recharge aquifers. Simultaneously, decreased precipitation in many semi-arid regions means less water percolates through soil into underground water stores. Aquifer depletion is particularly severe in areas where groundwater extraction exceeds natural recharge rates, a situation worsened by climate impacts. The Indus Basin Aquifer in Pakistan and India, for example, is being depleted at a rate of approximately 54 cubic kilometers per year, making it the second-most overstressed aquifer globally. When groundwater levels drop significantly, the costs of extraction increase, putting clean water beyond the reach of poor communities.

D. Water Quality Deterioration

Climate change affects not only the quantity but also the quality of available water. Higher water temperatures in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs promote the growth of harmful algal blooms and pathogenic bacteria, making water unsafe for consumption without extensive treatment. In coastal regions of developing countries, rising sea levels cause saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, contaminating drinking water sources and rendering agricultural land infertile. The Mekong Delta in Vietnam, which produces roughly half of the country’s rice, faces increasing salinization that threatens both food security and drinking water supplies for 17 million people. Furthermore, intense rainfall events, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change, cause increased runoff that carries pollutants, sediments, and pathogens into water sources, overwhelming the limited water treatment infrastructure in many developing nations.

E. Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities

The impact of climate-induced water scarcity on developing countries is amplified by socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Many of these nations have agrarian economies where a large proportion of the population depends directly on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. When water becomes scarce, crop yields decline, food prices rise, and rural incomes plummet, pushing families deeper into poverty. Water scarcity also exacerbates existing inequalities. Wealthy households can afford to install private wells, purchase bottled water, or invest in water storage systems, while poor communities have no such options. Urban areas typically receive priority in water allocation, leaving rural populations to cope with increasingly unreliable supplies. Women and marginalized groups face additional barriers in accessing water resources due to social norms and discriminatory practices.

F. The Path Forward

Addressing water scarcity in developing countries requires a multifaceted approach that combines climate mitigation, adaptation measures, and sustainable water management. Nature-based solutions, such as watershed restoration, wetland conservation, and reforestation, can improve water retention in landscapes while providing additional benefits like carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. Upgrading infrastructure to capture and store water more efficiently, investing in water-efficient technologies, and improving governance frameworks for water allocation are all essential components of adaptation. However, experts emphasize that without substantial efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming, even the most comprehensive adaptation strategies will ultimately prove insufficient.

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Questions 14-19

The passage has six sections, A-F. Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F.

14. Information about how wealthy and poor people have different access to water resources
15. An explanation of how climate change affects the cleanliness of water supplies
16. Details about the role of mountain ice in providing water to populations
17. A description of changes in seasonal rainfall systems that affect billions of people
18. Information about water stored beneath the Earth’s surface
19. Suggestions for addressing water scarcity through various methods

Questions 20-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Mountain glaciers act as 20. __ that store water for approximately 2 billion people. As these glaciers melt due to rising temperatures, they initially increase river flows, but eventually lose their ability to 21. __ throughout the year. The 22. __ region has lost about 390 billion tonnes of ice since the 1970s. This glacial retreat particularly threatens countries where 23. __ feeds major river systems during dry periods.

Questions 24-26

Choose THREE letters, A-G.

Which THREE of the following are mentioned in the passage as effects of climate change on water resources?

A. Decreased water temperature in rivers and lakes
B. Changes in the timing and intensity of monsoons
C. Increased flooding in urban areas only
D. Salt contamination of freshwater sources in coastal areas
E. Growth of harmful organisms in warm water
F. Reduced need for water treatment facilities
G. Lower costs for groundwater extraction

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PASSAGE 3 – Hydrogeopolitics and Climate-Induced Water Stress

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The nexus between climate change, water scarcity, and geopolitical stability in developing nations represents one of the most formidable challenges facing the international community in the 21st century. As anthropogenic climate change progressively alters the spatiotemporal distribution of freshwater resources, the potential for resource-based conflicts, mass displacement, and state fragility increases exponentially, particularly in regions where hydrological systems transcend political boundaries and where institutional capacity to manage water resources remains nascent or compromised by governance deficits.

The concept of “hydropolitics” – the systematic study of conflict and cooperation over water resources – has gained considerable scholarly attention as climate projections indicate that water stress will intensify across multiple developing regions. Transboundary river basins, which account for approximately 60% of global freshwater flows and provide water to over 40% of the world’s population, are particularly vulnerable to climate-induced tensions. The Nile Basin, shared by eleven countries, exemplifies the complexity of transboundary water governance under conditions of increasing scarcity. Egypt, which depends on the Nile for approximately 97% of its renewable water resources, has historically claimed rights to the river’s waters through colonial-era treaties that upstream nations like Ethiopia and Uganda now contest. Ethiopia’s construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which became partially operational in 2020, has dramatically escalated tensions, with Egypt viewing the dam as an existential threat to its water security, while Ethiopia positions it as essential for its economic development and electrification goals. Climate change complicates this already contentious situation by introducing greater variability in river flows, making equitable water allocation even more challenging and increasing the likelihood of unilateral actions that could trigger interstate conflict.

Similar dynamics are evident in South Asia, where the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, despite surviving multiple wars since 1960, faces unprecedented stress from climate change. The treaty, which allocates waters from six rivers between the two nuclear-armed neighbors, was negotiated based on historical flow data that no longer accurately reflects current or projected hydrological conditions. Accelerated glacial melt in the Himalayas, changing precipitation patterns, and increased water demand from growing populations mean that the treaty’s provisions may become untenable in the coming decades. Both nations have engaged in dam construction and water diversion projects that the other perceives as threatening, with nationalist rhetoric around water access intensifying in recent years. The strategic significance of water in this context extends beyond mere resource access; it becomes intertwined with national identity, sovereignty, and security considerations.

Beyond interstate tensions, climate-induced water scarcity is driving internal displacement and migration on an unprecedented scale, creating what researchers term “climate refugees” or “environmental migrants.” The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimates that water-related disasters, including floods and droughts exacerbated by climate change, displaced an average of 20 million people annually between 2008 and 2018, with the vast majority in developing countries. In the Sahel region of Africa, prolonged droughts and desertification have forced pastoral communities to migrate in search of water and grazing lands, frequently bringing them into conflict with settled agricultural communities. The violence in Darfur, Sudan, while often characterized as primarily ethnic or political, had significant environmental dimensions, with competition over diminishing water and land resources serving as a key conflict driver. Similarly, in Somalia, recurrent droughts have undermined livelihoods, weakened governance structures, and created conditions that extremist groups exploit for recruitment and control.

The relationship between water scarcity and migration is mediated by multiple factors, including economic opportunities, social networks, and political stability. While water stress alone rarely causes migration, it acts as a “threat multiplier,” exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and reducing communities’ resilience to other shocks. Rural-to-urban migration driven partly by agricultural failures due to water scarcity places immense pressure on urban water infrastructure in developing countries, most of which was not designed to accommodate rapidly expanding populations. Cities like Dhaka, Lagos, and Lima already face chronic water shortages, and climate change will intensify these challenges. Urban water scarcity can trigger social unrest, as evidenced by protests in cities from Bolivia to India when water supplies become unreliable or when privatization efforts are perceived as making water unaffordable for poor residents.

The adaptive capacity of developing nations to climate-induced water stress is fundamentally constrained by structural inequalities in the global economic system. Many developing countries carry substantial debt burdens, limiting their ability to invest in water infrastructure, climate adaptation, and sustainable water management systems. The cost of adaptation is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars annually, yet climate finance from developed nations has consistently fallen short of commitments. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities,” enshrined in international climate agreements, recognizes that developed nations bear greater historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions and should therefore provide financial and technical support to developing countries. However, the operationalization of this principle remains contentious, with disputes over funding levels, delivery mechanisms, and whether adaptation assistance should be provided as grants or loans.

Innovative governance approaches are emerging in some contexts to address the challenges of water management under climate change. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) frameworks attempt to coordinate water allocation across different sectors and stakeholders while accounting for environmental sustainability. Some transboundary basins have established joint management commissions that facilitate information sharing and cooperative planning, though their effectiveness varies considerably. The Mekong River Commission, for example, has promoted dialogue among member states but lacks enforcement mechanisms, and its authority has been undermined by unilateral dam construction by China, which controls the river’s upstream flows but is not a member of the commission. More promising are basin-level adaptation strategies that acknowledge climate change explicitly and incorporate scenario planning for different climatic futures.

Technological innovations offer some hope for alleviating water stress, though their applicability in developing countries is often limited by cost and technical requirements. Desalination technology, which removes salt from seawater, is expanding rapidly, particularly in water-scarce Gulf states, but remains energy-intensive and expensive, putting it beyond reach for most developing nations. Water recycling and wastewater treatment can significantly expand usable water supplies in urban areas, yet require substantial infrastructure investment. Advanced irrigation technologies, such as precision agriculture systems that optimize water use through sensors and data analytics, can dramatically improve agricultural water efficiency but require capital investment and technical expertise that smallholder farmers typically lack. Bridging this “technology gap” requires not only financial transfers but also capacity building, knowledge sharing, and adaptation of technologies to local contexts.

Ultimately, addressing climate-induced water scarcity in developing countries demands a paradigm shift in how water is valued, governed, and managed. Water must be recognized not merely as an economic commodity but as a fundamental human right and a finite resource requiring stewardship for future generations. This necessitates moving beyond supply-side solutions focused solely on increasing water availability through dams and wells, toward demand management strategies that promote conservation, efficiency, and equitable allocation. It requires strengthening institutions, ensuring inclusive governance that gives voice to marginalized communities, and fostering cooperation rather than competition over shared water resources. Most fundamentally, it requires the international community to take meaningful action on climate change mitigation, recognizing that no amount of adaptation will be sufficient if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trajectory and global temperatures rise beyond manageable thresholds.

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Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, transboundary river basins are particularly vulnerable to climate-induced tensions because:

• A. They provide water for less than half the global population
• B. Water systems cross political borders and scarcity is increasing
• C. Developing countries refuse to cooperate on water management
• D. Colonial-era treaties still govern all international rivers

28. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has created tensions between Ethiopia and Egypt because:

• A. It violates international environmental regulations
• B. Egypt depends heavily on the Nile and sees the dam as a threat
• C. Ethiopia is using the dam to generate nuclear power
• D. The dam has completely stopped water flow to Egypt

29. What does the passage suggest about the Indus Water Treaty?

• A. It was signed after climate change began affecting the region
• B. It has been regularly updated to reflect current water conditions
• C. It may become unworkable due to changing hydrological conditions
• D. It has successfully prevented all water-related disputes

30. The passage indicates that climate-induced water scarcity:

• A. Is the sole cause of most migration in developing countries
• B. Acts as a factor that worsens existing vulnerabilities
• C. Only affects rural areas and not urban centers
• D. Has no connection to social or political conflicts

31. According to the passage, developed nations’ support for adaptation in developing countries is:

• A. Exceeding all commitments and expectations
• B. Unnecessary due to technological innovations
• C. Falling short of promised levels
• D. Being rejected by recipient countries

Questions 32-36

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

32. The term “hydropolitics” refers to the study of conflict and __ over water resources.
33. Water-related disasters displaced an average of __ people per year between 2008 and 2018.
34. In the Sahel region, droughts have caused pastoral communities to come into conflict with __.
35. The principle of __ states that developed nations have greater historical responsibility for emissions.
36. The passage suggests water should be seen as a fundamental human right rather than simply an __.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. The Mekong River Commission has been completely effective in preventing unilateral dam construction.
38. Desalination technology is currently too expensive for most developing nations to implement widely.
39. Precision agriculture systems are already being used by the majority of smallholder farmers in developing countries.
40. Meaningful action on climate change mitigation is necessary because adaptation alone will be insufficient.

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN
6. water vapor
7. six hours
8. 2 billion people
9. Drip irrigation systems
10. B
11. C
12. B
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. E
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. F
20. water towers
21. regulate water supply
22. Hindu Kush Himalayan
23. glacial meltwater
24. B
25. D
26. E

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. cooperation
33. 20 million people
34. agricultural communities
35. common but differentiated responsibilities
36. economic commodity
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Agriculture, majority, water resources, developing countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of total water consumption” trong các nước đang phát triển. 70% tức là majority (đa số), vì vậy câu này đúng với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: rainy season, sub-Saharan Africa, shorter, twenty years
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết cho biết “the rainy season now starts later and ends earlier than it did just two decades ago, reducing the growing season by several crucial weeks”. “Two decades” = twenty years, và “starts later and ends earlier” nghĩa là shorter (ngắn hơn).

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Higher temperatures, rainfall evaporate, ground
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài đọc giải thích “even when rainfall occurs, less water reaches the ground because more evaporates before it can percolate into the soil”, điều này xảy ra do nhiệt độ cao hơn làm tăng evaporation rates.

Câu 4: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Men and women, equal responsibility, water collection
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Women and children bear the disproportionate burden” và “it is typically women who are responsible for collecting water”. Điều này trái ngược với việc nam và nữ chia sẻ trách nhiệm ngang nhau.

Câu 5: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: All developing countries, received funding, United Nations, water projects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: Mặc dù bài viết đề cập đến việc các tổ chức quốc tế và UN có các mục tiêu và dự án liên quan đến nước, nhưng không có thông tin về việc TẤT CẢ các nước đang phát triển đều nhận được tài trợ.

Câu 6: water vapor

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: degree Celsius, atmosphere, 7%
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “the atmosphere can hold approximately 7% more water vapor”. Cần điền “water vapor” để hoàn thành câu.

Câu 7: six hours

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: women, rural areas, daily, collecting water
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “women spend increasingly more time on this task, sometimes up to six hours per day”.

Câu 8: 2 billion people

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: globally, not have access, safely managed drinking water
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water”.

Câu 9: Drip irrigation systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: deliver water, plant roots, reduce water use
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả “Drip irrigation systems, which deliver water directly to plant roots, can reduce agricultural water consumption by up to 60%”.

Câu 10: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: smallholder farmers, difficulties
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ farmers gặp khó khăn do “erratic rainfall patterns” và “prolonged droughts”, tức là rainfall patterns have become unpredictable (không thể dự đoán).

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: groundwater reserves, decreasing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích rõ ràng rằng rising temperatures làm tăng evaporation rates, dẫn đến less water percolates into the soil và groundwater reserves bị depleted.

Câu 12: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: water scarcity, girls’ education
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “Young girls frequently miss school to help their mothers collect water” – girls phải giúp thu thập nước thay vì đi học.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: current efforts, water scarcity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết kết luận “these efforts, while important, are not sufficient to address the scale of the crisis without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions”.

Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading về chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và khan hiếm nước tại nhà

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: wealthy and poor people, different access, water resources
• Vị trí trong bài: Section E – Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities
• Giải thích: Section E thảo luận chi tiết về sự khác biệt giữa hộ gia đình giàu có (“can afford to install private wells”) và cộng đồng nghèo (“have no such options”).

Câu 15: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: climate change affects, cleanliness, water supplies
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D – Water Quality Deterioration
• Giải thích: Toàn bộ Section D tập trung vào việc climate change ảnh hưởng đến water quality thông qua harmful algal blooms, saltwater intrusion, và pollution.

Câu 16: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: mountain ice, providing water, populations
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B – Glacial Melt and Water Security
• Giải thích: Section B nói về mountain glaciers như “water towers” cung cấp nước cho “approximately 2 billion people living downstream”.

Câu 17: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: changes in seasonal rainfall systems, affect billions
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A – Precipitation Pattern Shifts
• Giải thích: Section A mô tả monsoon systems “which billions of people depend on” đang trở nên “less predictable”.

Câu 18: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: water stored beneath Earth’s surface
• Vị trí trong bài: Section C – Groundwater Depletion
• Giải thích: Section C bắt đầu với “Groundwater represents the largest store of liquid freshwater on Earth” và thảo luận về aquifers underground.

Câu 19: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: suggestions, addressing water scarcity, various methods
• Vị trí trong bài: Section F – The Path Forward
• Giải thích: Section F đưa ra các giải pháp như nature-based solutions, infrastructure upgrades, và water-efficient technologies.

Câu 20: water towers

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Mountain glaciers act as
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Mountain glaciers, often called ‘water towers'” – đây là paraphrase trực tiếp từ bài.

Câu 21: regulate water supply

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: lose their ability to… throughout the year
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “they lose their capacity to regulate water supply throughout the year”.

Câu 22: Hindu Kush Himalayan

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: region, lost 390 billion tonnes
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Himalayan glaciers have lost roughly 390 billion tonnes of ice” – trong ngữ cảnh của Hindu Kush Himalayan region được đề cập trước đó.

Câu 23: glacial meltwater

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: feeds major river systems, dry periods
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “where glacial meltwater feeds major rivers” và “glacier melt traditionally supplements river flows” during dry seasons.

Câu 24: B, 25: D, 26: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (Choose THREE)
• Giải thích:
  • B (YES): Section A nói về “Monsoon systems… are becoming less predictable” và rain comes in “more intense bursts”
  • D (YES): Section D đề cập “saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers” ở coastal regions
  • E (YES): Section D nói “Higher water temperatures… promote the growth of harmful algal blooms and pathogenic bacteria”
  • A (NO): Ngược lại, higher water temperatures được đề cập
  • C (NO): Không chỉ urban areas
  • F (NO): Infrastructure needs increase, không giảm
  • G (NO): Costs increase khi groundwater levels drop

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: transboundary river basins, vulnerable, climate-induced tensions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích rằng “Transboundary river basins… are particularly vulnerable” vì “hydrological systems transcend political boundaries” và scarcity đang intensify.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, tensions, Ethiopia, Egypt
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 8-12
• Giải thích: “Egypt, which depends on the Nile for approximately 97% of its renewable water resources” và Egypt viewing the dam as “an existential threat to its water security”.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Indus Water Treaty
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: “was negotiated based on historical flow data that no longer accurately reflects current or projected hydrological conditions” và “the treaty’s provisions may become untenable in the coming decades”.

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate-induced water scarcity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “water stress alone rarely causes migration” nhưng “it acts as a ‘threat multiplier,’ exacerbating existing vulnerabilities”.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: developed nations’ support, adaptation, developing countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “climate finance from developed nations has consistently fallen short of commitments”.

Câu 32: cooperation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: hydropolitics, study of conflict
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “hydropolitics – the systematic study of conflict and cooperation over water resources”.

Câu 33: 20 million people

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: water-related disasters, displaced, per year, 2008-2018
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “displaced an average of 20 million people annually between 2008 and 2018”.

Câu 34: agricultural communities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Sahel region, droughts, pastoral communities, conflict
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “forced pastoral communities to migrate… frequently bringing them into conflict with settled agricultural communities”.

Câu 35: common but differentiated responsibilities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: principle, developed nations, greater historical responsibility
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: “The principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’… recognizes that developed nations bear greater historical responsibility”.

Câu 36: economic commodity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: water, fundamental human right, rather than
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Water must be recognized not merely as an economic commodity but as a fundamental human right”.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Mekong River Commission, completely effective, preventing unilateral dam construction
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói commission “lacks enforcement mechanisms” và “its authority has been undermined by unilateral dam construction by China” – điều này trái ngược với “completely effective”.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Desalination technology, too expensive, most developing nations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “remains energy-intensive and expensive, putting it beyond reach for most developing nations” – writer clearly agrees với claim này.

Câu 39: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Precision agriculture systems, majority of smallholder farmers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập precision agriculture “require capital investment and technical expertise that smallholder farmers typically lack” nhưng không nói về việc majority đã sử dụng hay chưa.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: meaningful action, climate change mitigation, necessary, adaptation alone insufficient
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “no amount of adaptation will be sufficient if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trajectory” – writer rõ ràng đồng ý với claim này.

Giải thích chi tiết đáp án IELTS Reading với kỹ thuật paraphrase và vị trí thông tin

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
pressing	adj	/ˈpresɪŋ/	cấp bách, khẩn cấp	pressing environmental challenges	pressing issue, pressing need, pressing matter
severe	adj	/sɪˈvɪə(r)/	nghiêm trọng	impact is particularly severe	severe drought, severe shortage, severe consequences
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	experiencing unprecedented water scarcity	unprecedented levels, unprecedented scale, unprecedented crisis
erratic	adj	/ɪˈrætɪk/	thất thường, không đều	erratic rainfall patterns	erratic behavior, erratic weather, erratic changes
prolonged	adj	/prəˈlɒŋd/	kéo dài	prolonged droughts	prolonged period, prolonged exposure, prolonged conflict
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng thêm	situation is further exacerbated	exacerbate problems, exacerbate tensions, exacerbate inequality
evaporation	n	/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/	sự bốc hơi	increase evaporation rates	water evaporation, evaporation rate, evaporation process
percolate	v	/ˈpɜːkəleɪt/	thấm, ngấm	water can percolate into the soil	percolate through, percolate down, percolate into
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân xứng	disproportionate burden	disproportionate impact, disproportionate share, disproportionate effect
perpetuate	v	/pəˈpetʃueɪt/	kéo dài, duy trì	perpetuating cycles of poverty	perpetuate myths, perpetuate inequality, perpetuate violence
vulnerable	adj	/ˈvʌlnərəbl/	dễ bị tổn thương	children are particularly vulnerable	vulnerable groups, vulnerable population, vulnerable to attack
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng	infrastructure limitations	water infrastructure, build infrastructure, infrastructure development

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
hydrological	adj	/ˌhaɪdrəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc thủy văn	the global hydrological cycle	hydrological conditions, hydrological system, hydrological data
cascading	adj	/kæˈskeɪdɪŋ/	theo chuỗi, dây chuyền	cascading effects	cascading failures, cascading impacts, cascading consequences
precipitation	n	/prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/	lượng mưa	precipitation patterns	annual precipitation, precipitation rate, precipitation levels
intensification	n	/ɪnˌtensɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự tăng cường	precipitation intensification	intensification of conflicts, agricultural intensification
variability	n	/ˌveəriəˈbɪləti/	sự biến đổi	regional variability	climate variability, temperature variability, rainfall variability
monsoon	n	/ˌmɒnˈsuːn/	gió mùa	monsoon systems	monsoon season, summer monsoon, monsoon rains
glacial retreat	n phrase	/ˈɡleɪʃl rɪˈtriːt/	sự thu hẹp băng hà	accelerated glacial retreat	rapid glacial retreat, glacial retreat rate
aquifer	n	/ˈækwɪfə(r)/	tầng chứa nước	recharge aquifers	groundwater aquifer, depleted aquifer, aquifer depletion
evapotranspiration	n	/ɪˌvæpəʊtrænspɪˈreɪʃn/	sự bốc hơi thoát hơi nước	increase evapotranspiration	evapotranspiration rate, potential evapotranspiration
salinization	n	/ˌsælɪnaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự nhiễm mặn	increasing salinization	soil salinization, water salinization, salinization process
contaminating	v	/kənˈtæmɪneɪtɪŋ/	gây ô nhiễm	contaminating drinking water	contaminate soil, contaminate water, heavily contaminated
algal bloom	n phrase	/ˈælɡl bluːm/	hiện tượng nở hoa tảo	harmful algal blooms	toxic algal bloom, algal bloom formation
watershed	n	/ˈwɔːtəʃed/	lưu vực	watershed restoration	watershed management, watershed area, protect watersheds
carbon sequestration	n phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ˌsiːkwesˈtreɪʃn/	cô lập carbon	benefits like carbon sequestration	carbon sequestration capacity, enhance carbon sequestration
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa diện	multifaceted approach	multifaceted problem, multifaceted strategy, multifaceted issue

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	n	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên kết	the nexus between climate change and water scarcity	energy-water nexus, food-water nexus
geopolitical	adj	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/	địa chính trị	geopolitical stability	geopolitical tensions, geopolitical factors, geopolitical implications
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts, anthropogenic activities
spatiotemporal	adj	/ˌspeɪʃiəʊˈtempərəl/	không gian-thời gian	spatiotemporal distribution	spatiotemporal patterns, spatiotemporal variation
transboundary	adj	/trænzˈbaʊndəri/	xuyên biên giới	transboundary river basins	transboundary cooperation, transboundary water, transboundary conflicts
existential threat	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện hữu	viewing dam as existential threat	pose existential threat, face existential threat
electrification	n	/ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự điện khí hóa	electrification goals	rural electrification, electrification program
untenable	adj	/ʌnˈtenəbl/	không thể duy trì	treaty provisions may become untenable	untenable position, untenable situation
sovereignty	n	/ˈsɒvrənti/	chủ quyền	intertwined with sovereignty	national sovereignty, territorial sovereignty, sovereignty rights
displacement	n	/dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/	sự di dời	internal displacement	forced displacement, mass displacement, population displacement
desertification	n	/dɪˌzɜːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự sa mạc hóa	prolonged droughts and desertification	combat desertification, desertification process
threat multiplier	n phrase	/θret ˈmʌltɪplaɪə(r)/	yếu tố nhân đôi mối đe dọa	acts as a threat multiplier	climate as threat multiplier
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi	reduce communities’ resilience	build resilience, climate resilience, resilience capacity
adaptive capacity	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng thích ứng	adaptive capacity is constrained	enhance adaptive capacity, limited adaptive capacity
differentiated responsibilities	n phrase	/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪtɪd rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlətiz/	trách nhiệm khác biệt hóa	common but differentiated responsibilities	principle of differentiated responsibilities
operationalization	n	/ˌɒpərəʃənəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	sự thực thi hóa	operationalization of this principle	operationalization of policies
desalination	n	/diːˌsælɪˈneɪʃn/	sự khử muối	desalination technology	seawater desalination, desalination plants, desalination costs
paradigm shift	n phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình tư duy	demands a paradigm shift	undergo paradigm shift, paradigm shift in thinking
stewardship	n	/ˈstjuːədʃɪp/	sự quản lý có trách nhiệm	requiring stewardship for future generations	environmental stewardship, water stewardship

Bảng tổng hợp từ vựng IELTS Reading chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và khan hiếm nước với phiên âm và ví dụ

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How does climate change impact water scarcity in developing countries” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề nóng trong IELTS Reading hiện nay mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà nhân loại đang đối mặt. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading đầy đủ với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, bám sát chuẩn Cambridge IELTS.

Ba passages đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề: từ tác động trực tiếp đến các cộng đồng nông thôn ở Passage 1, đến những thay đổi phức tạp trong chu trình nước toàn cầu ở Passage 2, và cuối cùng là các khía cạnh địa chính trị và thách thức quản lý nguồn nước ở Passage 3. Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra kỹ năng đọc hiểu của bạn mà còn mở rộng kiến thức về một chủ đề môi trường quan trọng.

Phần đáp án chi tiết với giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách nhận diện đáp án đúng sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ logic làm bài và tự đánh giá năng lực của mình. Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành được tổng hợp đầy đủ với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocation sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc học từ vựng học thuật.

Hãy dành thời gian làm lại đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ những câu trả lời sai, và học thuộc từ vựng quan trọng. Đây là cách hiệu quả nhất để cải thiện band điểm IELTS Reading của bạn. Chúc bạn học tập tốt và đạt được mục tiêu band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!