IELTS Reading: Quản Lý Rủi Ro Biến Đổi Khí Hậu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang trở thành một trong những thách thức lớn nhất của nhân loại trong thế kỷ 21, và chủ đề “What Are The Challenges Of Managing Climate Change-related Risks?” xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong các đề thi IELTS Reading. Đây là một chủ đề học thuật phổ biến, kết hợp kiến thức về môi trường, kinh tế, chính trị và khoa học xã hội, đòi hỏi thí sinh phải có khả năng đọc hiểu sâu và phân tích thông tin phức tạp.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được luyện tập với một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh bao gồm:

• Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, phù hợp với cấu trúc thi thật
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng bài khác nhau giống Cambridge IELTS
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase
• Bảng từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm và cách sử dụng thực tế

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với các dạng bài về chủ đề môi trường và phát triển kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Điểm số sau đó được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)
• Thời gian kiểm tra: 2-3 phút

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian thêm để chép đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
3. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Understanding Climate Change Risks

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change is no longer a distant threat but a present reality affecting communities worldwide. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and shifting agricultural patterns are just some of the visible manifestations of this global challenge. However, understanding and managing the risks associated with climate change presents numerous difficulties for governments, businesses, and individuals alike.

One of the primary challenges in managing climate change risks is the inherent uncertainty surrounding future climate scenarios. While scientists have developed sophisticated models to predict climate patterns, these predictions often come with significant margins of error. The climate system is extraordinarily complex, influenced by countless variables ranging from ocean currents to atmospheric composition. This uncertainty makes it difficult for decision-makers to allocate resources effectively or to develop concrete action plans that will remain relevant decades into the future.

Financial constraints represent another major obstacle. Implementing comprehensive climate adaptation measures requires substantial investment in infrastructure, technology, and education. Developing nations, which are often the most vulnerable to climate impacts, frequently lack the economic capacity to fund necessary adaptations. Even wealthy countries face difficult decisions about how to balance short-term economic priorities with long-term climate resilience. The cost of building flood defenses, upgrading power grids, or relocating communities from high-risk areas can run into billions of dollars.

The temporal disconnect between climate action and its benefits creates additional complications. Many effective climate change strategies require immediate investment but deliver benefits only over extended periods. Politicians facing election cycles of just a few years may be reluctant to champion expensive programs whose success will only become apparent long after they leave office. This political reality often leads to inadequate planning and insufficient action, despite scientific warnings.

Knowledge gaps also hinder effective risk management. While overall climate trends are well understood, predicting specific local impacts remains challenging. A coastal city needs to know not just that sea levels are rising globally but exactly how much rise to expect in their specific location and timeframe. Agricultural communities require detailed information about changing rainfall patterns and temperature variations in their region. Without this granular data, it is difficult to design targeted interventions that address local vulnerabilities.

Coordination problems arise because climate change is a global phenomenon requiring international cooperation, yet most responses occur at national or local levels. Countries may hesitate to implement costly measures if they believe others are not contributing fairly. Different governance structures, priorities, and levels of development make it challenging to create unified strategies. Even within single countries, coordination between different government departments, private sector entities, and community organizations can be remarkably difficult.

Public perception and behavioral change present further challenges. Effective climate risk management often requires individuals to modify their lifestyles, from reducing energy consumption to relocating from vulnerable areas. However, convincing people to change long-established habits or make personal sacrifices for future benefits is notoriously difficult. Misinformation and political polarization surrounding climate science can further complicate efforts to build public support for necessary measures.

Finally, there is the challenge of addressing multiple simultaneous risks. Climate change does not exist in isolation but interacts with other global challenges including economic inequality, political instability, and resource scarcity. Managing climate risks effectively requires considering these interconnections and developing integrated solutions rather than treating each issue separately. This holistic approach demands unprecedented levels of cross-disciplinary collaboration and systems thinking.

Nhà nghiên cứu phân tích bản đồ dữ liệu biến đổi khí hậu và các khu vực rủi ro cao

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, climate change is now considered
   A. a problem for future generations
   B. an immediate challenge
   C. easily manageable
   D. completely predictable

2. The main difficulty with climate models is that they
   A. are too expensive to develop
   B. ignore ocean currents
   C. contain considerable uncertainty
   D. require too many scientists

3. Developing nations struggle with climate adaptation primarily because
   A. they lack technical knowledge
   B. they have insufficient funding
   C. they disagree with climate science
   D. they have different priorities

4. Politicians may avoid long-term climate investments because
   A. the benefits appear after their terms end
   B. voters always oppose such spending
   C. scientists cannot prove effectiveness
   D. other countries refuse to participate

5. The passage suggests that local climate information is
   A. widely available everywhere
   B. unnecessary for planning
   C. often insufficient for specific areas
   D. more accurate than global data

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Climate change affects all countries equally regardless of their wealth.

7. International cooperation on climate change is complicated by different national priorities.

8. Most people find it easy to change their habits for climate benefits.

9. Climate organizations have successfully reduced all misinformation about climate science.

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Scientists have created __ to forecast climate patterns, but these contain margins of error.

11. The climate system is influenced by many factors including __ and atmospheric composition.

12. Effective climate strategies need immediate investment but deliver __ only over long periods.

13. Managing climate risks successfully requires __ and the ability to think about interconnected systems.

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Risk Management

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The management of climate change-related risks represents one of the most formidable challenges confronting contemporary society, not merely because of the scientific complexities involved, but due to the profound economic and social dimensions that underpin every aspect of this crisis. As climate impacts intensify, the difficulties associated with developing and implementing effective risk management strategies have become increasingly apparent, revealing fundamental tensions between immediate needs and long-term sustainability.

A. From an economic perspective, the challenge of valuing future climate risks against present costs creates significant analytical difficulties. Traditional economic models typically apply discount rates that make future damages appear less significant when compared to current expenditures. However, climate change operates on unprecedented timescales and involves potentially catastrophic yet uncertain outcomes. The standard cost-benefit framework struggles to adequately capture risks such as irreversible ecosystem collapse or cascading system failures that could fundamentally alter human civilization. Economists grapple with questions of how to assign monetary value to species extinction, cultural heritage loss, or the suffering of future generations who cannot participate in today’s decisions.

B. The insurance industry provides a revealing case study of climate risk management challenges. Insurance functions by pooling risks across many policyholders and using historical data to predict future claims. Climate change fundamentally disrupts this model by making historical patterns increasingly unreliable as predictors of future events. Areas that were once considered safe may become high-risk zones, while the frequency and severity of insurable events like floods, hurricanes, and wildfires are changing in ways that historical data cannot adequately capture. Some insurers have responded by withdrawing coverage from vulnerable regions, leaving residents and businesses exposed. Others have dramatically increased premiums, making insurance economically inaccessible to those who need it most. This creates a vicious cycle where reduced insurance coverage leads to inadequate recovery after disasters, increasing long-term vulnerability.

C. Social inequality profoundly shapes climate risk management challenges. Marginalized communities often face disproportionate climate impacts while possessing the fewest resources for adaptation. They may live in flood-prone areas, have limited access to climate-controlled spaces during heat waves, or depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods like subsistence farming. Yet these same communities typically have minimal representation in decision-making processes and may lack the political capital necessary to advocate effectively for protective measures. This environmental injustice means that climate risk management strategies may inadvertently reinforce existing inequalities unless deliberately designed to address distributional concerns.

D. The psychological dimensions of climate risk present additional management difficulties. Humans have evolved cognitive biases that make it challenging to respond appropriately to threats that are gradual, probabilistic, and delayed. The psychological distance people feel from climate impacts—perceiving them as affecting distant places, future times, or other species—reduces the sense of urgency needed to motivate action. Additionally, the sheer scale of climate change can induce feelings of helplessness that paradoxically reduce engagement rather than inspiring action. Risk communication must navigate these psychological barriers while avoiding either complacency or despair, a delicate balance that many public campaigns fail to achieve.

E. Institutional fragmentation creates further obstacles. Climate risk management requires coordination across multiple governmental jurisdictions and sectors, yet most institutions are organized around specific functions or geographical areas. A comprehensive approach to coastal flood risk, for example, might require collaboration between national environmental agencies, regional planning authorities, local governments, emergency services, and private developers. Each entity operates under different legal frameworks, responds to different political pressures, and possesses different technical capacities and institutional cultures. Creating coherent strategies across these fragmented landscapes demands innovative governance mechanisms that often do not yet exist.

F. The challenge of managing compound and cascading risks has emerged as particularly problematic. Climate change rarely produces isolated impacts; rather, it generates interconnected threats that can amplify one another in unexpected ways. A drought might lead to agricultural failures, which trigger food price increases, which cause social unrest, which diverts government resources from climate adaptation, which increases vulnerability to future climate impacts. These feedback loops and non-linear dynamics make comprehensive risk assessment extremely difficult. Traditional risk management frameworks, which typically examine risks in isolation, prove inadequate when confronting these complex interdependencies.

G. Finally, the challenge of maladaptation—actions taken in response to climate risks that inadvertently create new vulnerabilities—deserves careful attention. For instance, air conditioning provides immediate relief from heat waves but increases energy consumption, potentially worsening climate change. Seawalls may protect one coastal area while redirecting erosion to neighboring communities. Groundwater extraction might help farmers cope with drought but depletes aquifers for future generations. Avoiding maladaptation requires systems-level thinking and careful consideration of long-term consequences, yet the pressure to show immediate results often encourages quick fixes that store up problems for later.

Cộng đồng ven biển đối mặt với nguy cơ ngập lụt do nước biển dâng và biến đổi khí hậu

Questions 14-20

The passage has seven sections, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The problem of unequal climate impacts across society
ii. Difficulties in calculating long-term climate costs
iii. How climate change affects different age groups
iv. The insurance sector’s struggle with changing risk patterns
v. Solutions that accidentally create new problems
vi. Psychological obstacles to climate action
vii. The role of technology in climate adaptation
viii. Coordination difficulties between organizations
ix. Interconnected climate threats and their complexity
x. Public attitudes toward renewable energy

14. Section A
15. Section B
16. Section C
17. Section D
18. Section E
19. Section F
20. Section G

Questions 21-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

21. According to the passage, traditional economic models have difficulty with climate risks because
    A. they are too expensive to implement
    B. they make future damages seem less important
    C. they require too much historical data
    D. they focus only on present benefits

22. The insurance industry faces challenges because climate change
    A. makes all historical data completely useless
    B. increases the number of insurance companies
    C. makes past patterns less reliable for predictions
    D. reduces the number of people seeking insurance

23. The passage suggests that maladaptation occurs when
    A. governments refuse to fund climate projects
    B. solutions create unintended new vulnerabilities
    C. communities reject adaptation measures
    D. scientists provide incorrect recommendations

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate risk management faces numerous psychological challenges. Humans have developed 24. __ that make responding to gradual threats difficult. The 25. __ people feel from climate impacts reduces urgency, while the enormous scale can cause 26. __ that actually decreases rather than increases engagement with the problem.

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PASSAGE 3 – Governance, Technology, and the Future of Climate Risk Management

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The multifaceted challenge of managing climate change-related risks extends far beyond purely technical or scientific domains, encompassing complex intersections of governance structures, technological innovation, socioeconomic dynamics, and ethical considerations that collectively determine humanity’s capacity to navigate an increasingly precarious planetary future. As climate science has matured and projections have grown more refined, the discrepancy between what is scientifically advisable and what is politically or economically feasible has become starkly apparent, revealing profound structural impediments to effective risk management that challenge conventional approaches to global problems.

One of the most intractable obstacles lies in the temporal asymmetry between democratic political cycles and the extended timeframes over which climate risks materialize and compound. Representative democracies typically operate on electoral cycles of two to six years, creating powerful incentives for policymakers to prioritize immediately visible achievements over investments whose benefits may only become apparent decades hence. This structural myopia is exacerbated by the cognitive limitations of both leaders and constituents in conceptualizing threats that unfold gradually rather than catastrophically. The rational actor model underpinning much political economy theory assumes that enlightened self-interest will motivate precautionary action, yet empirical evidence suggests that psychological discounting of future risks, institutional inertia, and the political economy of fossil fuel dependence create formidable barriers to the timely implementation of adequate risk management measures.

The technological dimension of climate risk management presents a paradoxical duality. On one hand, technological innovation offers potential pathways to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance adaptive capacity—from renewable energy systems and carbon capture technologies to advanced climate modeling and precision agriculture. Proponents of technology-centric approaches argue that human ingenuity and market mechanisms will generate breakthrough solutions that make climate risk manageable without requiring fundamental restructuring of economic systems or dramatic lifestyle changes. However, critics contend that this technological optimism represents a form of moral hazard, potentially delaying essential behavioral and systemic changes by fostering unrealistic expectations about techno-fixes. Moreover, many proposed technological solutions carry their own risks and uncertainties. Geoengineering schemes, such as stratospheric aerosol injection or ocean iron fertilization, might produce unintended consequences that rival or exceed the problems they aim to solve, yet growing desperation about climate trajectories is making such controversial interventions increasingly contemplated.

The governance architecture required for effective climate risk management remains woefully underdeveloped. Climate change represents a quintessential collective action problem, wherein individual rational behavior produces collectively irrational outcomes—what economists term a “tragedy of the commons” on a planetary scale. International frameworks such as the Paris Agreement represent incremental progress toward coordinated action, yet they suffer from enforcement limitations inherent in a system of sovereign states. No supranational authority possesses the power to compel compliance with emissions reductions or adaptation requirements, and the voluntary nature of national commitments creates opportunities for free-riding, wherein countries benefit from others’ climate actions without bearing proportionate costs themselves. The persistent tension between principles of equity (demanding that wealthy nations, which have historically contributed disproportionately to cumulative emissions, bear greater responsibility) and principles of effectiveness (requiring major current emitters, regardless of historical responsibility, to drastically reduce emissions) has consistently impeded the negotiation of more robust international agreements.

Financial architecture for climate risk management presents additional systemic challenges. The scale of investment required for comprehensive adaptation and mitigation is estimated in the trillions of dollars annually—far exceeding current resource mobilization. Developing nations, which often face the most acute climate vulnerabilities yet possess the least fiscal capacity, require substantial financial transfers from wealthier countries to fund necessary adaptations. However, promised climate finance has consistently fallen short of stated commitments, and debates persist about whether funding should take the form of grants, concessional loans, or market-rate financing, each carrying different implications for debt sustainability and development trajectories. Furthermore, mainstream financial systems remain inadequately calibrated to climate risks. Asset valuations, credit ratings, and investment decisions often fail to incorporate climate considerations adequately, creating systemic financial vulnerabilities as climate impacts intensify. The concept of “stranded assets”—fossil fuel reserves and associated infrastructure that may become economically unviable as climate policies tighten—poses potential macroeconomic disruptions that financial regulators are only beginning to grapple with.

The knowledge-action gap represents another vexing challenge. Despite mounting scientific evidence and increasingly sophisticated understanding of climate risks, this knowledge often fails to translate into commensurate action. This disjuncture stems partly from institutional barriers—scientific knowledge generated in academic contexts may not be packaged in formats accessible to decision-makers facing immediate practical choices. It also reflects deeper epistemological tensions between scientific and political modes of reasoning. Science proceeds through probabilistic statements, acknowledgment of uncertainties, and provisional conclusions subject to revision, while political discourse often demands certainty, simplicity, and definitive answers. The weaponization of scientific uncertainty by interests opposed to climate action—manufacturing doubt about well-established findings to delay regulatory action—has proven remarkably effective in some jurisdictions, demonstrating how asymmetries in required evidence standards (definitive proof of harm versus proof of safety) can systematically favor inaction.

Ethical dimensions of climate risk management raise profound questions without clear resolution. Intergenerational justice demands consideration of how present actions affect future generations who cannot participate in current decisions yet will inherit the consequences. Intragenerational justice requires addressing how climate impacts and adaptation costs are distributed across contemporary populations marked by vast disparities in wealth, power, and vulnerability. The ethical frameworks traditionally employed in policy analysis—whether utilitarian approaches maximizing aggregate welfare, rights-based frameworks emphasizing inviolable protections, or communitarian perspectives stressing shared values—each yield different conclusions about appropriate responses, and no consensus exists on which framework should take precedence. Questions about responsibility for historical emissions, obligations to climate refugees, and the moral status of potential future people add layers of ethical complexity that resist technocratic resolution.

Finally, the challenge of managing deep uncertainty pervades all aspects of climate risk management. While general climate trajectories are well understood, specific outcomes depend on myriad variables including future emissions pathways, ecosystem responses, technological developments, political decisions, and potential tipping points that could produce abrupt, non-linear changes. Decision-making frameworks traditionally assume that risks can be quantified probabilistically, yet climate change involves “Knightian uncertainty” where even probability distributions may be unknown. This deep uncertainty challenges conventional risk management, which relies on actuarial data and historical precedent, neither of which adequately informs unprecedented future conditions. Adaptive management approaches that emphasize flexibility, learning, and iterative adjustment offer potential methodological responses, yet implementing such approaches requires institutional cultures that embrace experimentation and accept the inevitability of course corrections—qualities often at odds with political pressures for decisive action and accountability.

Hội nghị quốc tế về hợp tác quản lý rủi ro biến đổi khí hậu và phát triển bền vững

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, the main reason democratic political systems struggle with climate risk is
    A. voters are generally uninformed about climate science
    B. political cycles are shorter than climate change timeframes
    C. democratic governments lack technical expertise
    D. climate scientists refuse to advise politicians

28. The passage describes technological optimism as potentially creating moral hazard because it
    A. encourages governments to invest too much in research
    B. makes scientists overconfident about their abilities
    C. may delay necessary behavioral and systemic changes
    D. causes companies to develop dangerous technologies

29. What does the passage identify as a fundamental weakness of international climate agreements?
    A. They cost too much to implement
    B. They lack enforcement mechanisms
    C. They ignore scientific recommendations
    D. They focus only on wealthy nations

30. The concept of “stranded assets” refers to
    A. financial resources lost during natural disasters
    B. infrastructure damaged by climate impacts
    C. fossil fuel resources that may become economically unviable
    D. investments in renewable energy that fail

31. The passage suggests that the knowledge-action gap exists partly because
    A. scientists deliberately hide important information
    B. scientific and political reasoning operate differently
    C. there is insufficient climate research available
    D. politicians always reject scientific advice

Questions 32-36

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.

32. Principles of equity demand that
33. Developing nations require
34. Financial systems currently fail to
35. The weaponization of scientific uncertainty
36. Adaptive management approaches require

A. substantial financial transfers from wealthier countries for adaptation.
B. institutional cultures that accept experimentation and course corrections.
C. wealthy nations bear greater responsibility due to historical emissions.
D. immediate action without considering future consequences.
E. has been effective in delaying regulatory action in some regions.
F. complete certainty before any policies are implemented.
G. adequately incorporate climate considerations into valuations and decisions.
H. simpler approaches that ignore scientific complexity.

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of uncertainty, where even probability distributions are unknown, does climate change involve?

38. What two qualities does the passage say adaptive management requires that often conflict with political pressures?

39. What term describes the situation where rational individual behavior produces collectively irrational outcomes?

40. According to the passage, what kind of changes do some critics argue are essential despite technological solutions?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. sophisticated models
11. ocean currents
12. benefits
13. cross-disciplinary collaboration

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. ii
15. iv
16. i
17. vi
18. viii
19. ix
20. v
21. B
22. C
23. B
24. cognitive biases
25. psychological distance
26. feelings of helplessness

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. B
32. C
33. A
34. G
35. E
36. B
37. Knightian uncertainty
38. flexibility (and) learning
39. tragedy of the commons
40. behavioral (and) systemic (changes)

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate change, now considered
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên nói rõ “Climate change is no longer a distant threat but a present reality” – biến đổi khí hậu không còn là mối đe dọa xa vời mà là thực tế hiện tại. Đây là paraphrase của “immediate challenge” trong đáp án B.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main difficulty, climate models
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “these predictions often come with significant margins of error” – các dự đoán thường có biên sai số đáng kể, tức là có độ không chắc chắn cao (considerable uncertainty).

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: developing nations, struggle
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Developing nations…frequently lack the economic capacity to fund necessary adaptations” chỉ rõ các quốc gia đang phát triển thiếu nguồn lực kinh tế (insufficient funding).

Câu 4: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: politicians, avoid, long-term investments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Politicians…may be reluctant to champion expensive programs whose success will only become apparent long after they leave office” – lợi ích chỉ xuất hiện sau khi họ rời nhiệm sở.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: local climate information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “predicting specific local impacts remains challenging” và “Without this granular data” cho thấy thông tin địa phương thường không đủ cho các khu vực cụ thể.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: affects all countries equally
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài nói developing nations “lack the economic capacity” trong khi wealthy countries có thể đưa ra quyết định khó khăn, chứng tỏ tác động không bình đẳng.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: international cooperation, complicated
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Different governance structures, priorities, and levels of development make it challenging to create unified strategies” khớp với việc các ưu tiên quốc gia khác nhau gây khó khăn.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: people, easy to change habits
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “convincing people to change long-established habits…is notoriously difficult” – ngược lại với “easy”.

Câu 9: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate organizations, reduced misinformation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập “Misinformation…can further complicate efforts” nhưng không nói về việc organizations có thành công trong việc giảm misinformation hay không.

Câu 10: sophisticated models

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: scientists, created, forecast climate patterns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “scientists have developed sophisticated models to predict climate patterns”

Câu 11: ocean currents

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: climate system, influenced by, atmospheric composition
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “influenced by countless variables ranging from ocean currents to atmospheric composition”

Câu 12: benefits

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: immediate investment, deliver, long periods
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “require immediate investment but deliver benefits only over extended periods”

Câu 13: cross-disciplinary collaboration

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: managing climate risks, requires, systems thinking
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “demands unprecedented levels of cross-disciplinary collaboration and systems thinking”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: ii (Difficulties in calculating long-term climate costs)

• Vị trí: Section A
• Giải thích: Đoạn A tập trung vào “challenge of valuing future climate risks against present costs” và vấn đề của discount rates với “unprecedented timescales”. Đây chính là khó khăn trong tính toán chi phí dài hạn.

Câu 15: iv (The insurance sector’s struggle with changing risk patterns)

• Vị trí: Section B
• Giải thích: Toàn bộ đoạn B bàn về “The insurance industry provides a revealing case study” và cách climate change “disrupts this model by making historical patterns increasingly unreliable”.

Câu 16: i (The problem of unequal climate impacts across society)

• Vị trí: Section C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C bắt đầu với “Social inequality profoundly shapes climate risk management” và nói về “Marginalized communities” với “disproportionate climate impacts”.

Câu 17: vi (Psychological obstacles to climate action)

• Vị trí: Section D
• Giải thích: Đoạn D thảo luận “The psychological dimensions” bao gồm “cognitive biases”, “psychological distance” và “feelings of helplessness”.

Câu 18: viii (Coordination difficulties between organizations)

• Vị trí: Section E
• Giải thích: Đoạn E nói về “Institutional fragmentation” và sự cần thiết của “coordination across multiple governmental jurisdictions and sectors”.

Câu 19: ix (Interconnected climate threats and their complexity)

• Vị trí: Section F
• Giải thích: Đoạn F bàn về “compound and cascading risks” và “interconnected threats that can amplify one another”.

Câu 20: v (Solutions that accidentally create new problems)

• Vị trí: Section G
• Giải thích: Đoạn G tập trung vào “maladaptation—actions taken in response to climate risks that inadvertently create new vulnerabilities”.

Câu 21: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: traditional economic models, difficulty
• Vị trí trong bài: Section A, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Traditional economic models typically apply discount rates that make future damages appear less significant when compared to current expenditures.”

Câu 22: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: insurance industry, challenges
• Vị trí trong bài: Section B, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Climate change fundamentally disrupts this model by making historical patterns increasingly unreliable as predictors of future events.”

Câu 23: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: maladaptation, occurs when
• Vị trí trong bài: Section G, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “maladaptation—actions taken in response to climate risks that inadvertently create new vulnerabilities”

Câu 24: cognitive biases

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: humans, developed, gradual threats difficult
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Humans have evolved cognitive biases that make it challenging to respond appropriately to threats”

Câu 25: psychological distance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: people feel from climate impacts, reduces urgency
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “The psychological distance people feel from climate impacts…reduces the sense of urgency”

Câu 26: feelings of helplessness

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: enormous scale, decreases engagement
• Vị trí trong bài: Section D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “the sheer scale of climate change can induce feelings of helplessness that paradoxically reduce engagement”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: democratic political systems, struggle
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “temporal asymmetry between democratic political cycles and the extended timeframes” – chu kỳ chính trị ngắn hơn khung thời gian của biến đổi khí hậu.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: technological optimism, moral hazard
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “this technological optimism represents a form of moral hazard, potentially delaying essential behavioral and systemic changes”

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: fundamental weakness, international climate agreements
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “they suffer from enforcement limitations” và “No supranational authority possesses the power to compel compliance”

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: stranded assets, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “stranded assets—fossil fuel reserves and associated infrastructure that may become economically unviable”

Câu 31: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: knowledge-action gap, exists partly because
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “It also reflects deeper epistemological tensions between scientific and political modes of reasoning”

Câu 32: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “principles of equity (demanding that wealthy nations, which have historically contributed disproportionately to cumulative emissions, bear greater responsibility)”

Câu 33: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Developing nations…require substantial financial transfers from wealthier countries to fund necessary adaptations”

Câu 34: G

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “mainstream financial systems remain inadequately calibrated to climate risks. Asset valuations, credit ratings, and investment decisions often fail to incorporate climate considerations adequately”

Câu 35: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “The weaponization of scientific uncertainty…has proven remarkably effective in some jurisdictions” (delaying regulatory action)

Câu 36: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “implementing such approaches requires institutional cultures that embrace experimentation and accept the inevitability of course corrections”

Câu 37: Knightian uncertainty

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: uncertainty, probability distributions unknown
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “climate change involves ‘Knightian uncertainty’ where even probability distributions may be unknown”

Câu 38: flexibility (and) learning

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: adaptive management, two qualities, conflict with political pressures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 7
• Giải thích: “Adaptive management approaches that emphasize flexibility, learning, and iterative adjustment”

Câu 39: tragedy of the commons

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: rational individual behavior, collectively irrational outcomes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “individual rational behavior produces collectively irrational outcomes—what economists term a ‘tragedy of the commons'”

Câu 40: behavioral (and) systemic (changes)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
• Từ khóa: critics argue, essential, despite technological solutions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “potentially delaying essential behavioral and systemic changes by fostering unrealistic expectations”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
manifestation	n	/ˌmænɪfeˈsteɪʃən/	biểu hiện, sự thể hiện	visible manifestations of this global challenge	physical manifestation, clear manifestation
inherent	adj	/ɪnˈhɪrənt/	vốn có, cố hữu	inherent uncertainty surrounding future climate scenarios	inherent risk, inherent problem
sophisticated	adj	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/	phức tạp, tinh vi	sophisticated models to predict climate patterns	sophisticated technology, sophisticated approach
allocate	v	/ˈæləkeɪt/	phân bổ, phân chia	allocate resources effectively	allocate funds, allocate budget
constraint	n	/kənˈstreɪnt/	hạn chế, ràng buộc	Financial constraints represent another major obstacle	budget constraint, time constraint
vulnerable	adj	/ˈvʌlnərəbl/	dễ bị tổn thương	most vulnerable to climate impacts	vulnerable population, vulnerable to attack
temporal	adj	/ˈtempərəl/	thuộc về thời gian	temporal disconnect between action and benefits	temporal pattern, temporal relationship
reluctant	adj	/rɪˈlʌktənt/	miễn cưỡng, do dự	reluctant to champion expensive programs	reluctant to accept, reluctant participant
inadequate	adj	/ɪnˈædɪkwət/	không đầy đủ	inadequate planning and insufficient action	inadequate resources, inadequate preparation
granular	adj	/ˈɡrænjələr/	chi tiết, tỉ mỉ	granular data about local conditions	granular information, granular level
intervention	n	/ˌɪntərˈvenʃən/	sự can thiệp	design targeted interventions	military intervention, policy intervention
holistic	adj	/həʊˈlɪstɪk/	toàn diện, tổng thể	holistic approach to risk management	holistic view, holistic treatment

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
formidable	adj	/ˈfɔːrmɪdəbl/	đáng gờm, khó khăn lớn	formidable challenges confronting society	formidable opponent, formidable task
intensify	v	/ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/	tăng cường, gia tăng	As climate impacts intensify	intensify efforts, intensify competition
fundamental	adj	/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/	cơ bản, căn bản	fundamental tensions between needs	fundamental principle, fundamental change
grapple with	v phrase	/ˈɡræpl wɪð/	vật lộn với, đối phó với	Economists grapple with questions	grapple with problems, grapple with issues
assign	v	/əˈsaɪn/	gán, chỉ định	assign monetary value to extinction	assign tasks, assign responsibility
disrupt	v	/dɪsˈrʌpt/	làm gián đoạn, phá vỡ	fundamentally disrupts this model	disrupt operations, disrupt the market
withdraw	v	/wɪðˈdrɔː/	rút lui, thu hồi	withdrawing coverage from vulnerable regions	withdraw support, withdraw funds
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənət/	không cân xứng, không tương xứng	disproportionate climate impacts	disproportionate effect, disproportionate share
advocate	v	/ˈædvəkeɪt/	ủng hộ, biện hộ	advocate effectively for protective measures	advocate for change, advocate reform
inadvertently	adv	/ˌɪnədˈvɜːrtəntli/	vô tình, không chủ ý	inadvertently reinforce existing inequalities	inadvertently cause, inadvertently create
probabilistic	adj	/ˌprɒbəbɪˈlɪstɪk/	mang tính xác suất	threats that are gradual, probabilistic	probabilistic model, probabilistic approach
fragmentation	n	/ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃən/	sự phân mảnh	Institutional fragmentation creates obstacles	market fragmentation, social fragmentation
compound	adj	/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/	phức hợp, kết hợp	compound and cascading risks	compound problem, compound effect
amplify	v	/ˈæmplɪfaɪ/	khuếch đại, tăng cường	interconnected threats that amplify one another	amplify sound, amplify concerns
maladaptation	n	/ˌmæləˌdæpˈteɪʃən/	sự thích nghi sai	the challenge of maladaptation	avoid maladaptation, risk of maladaptation

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa diện	multifaceted challenge of managing risks	multifaceted problem, multifaceted approach
encompass	v	/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/	bao gồm, bao trùm	encompassing complex intersections	encompass all aspects, broadly encompass
precarious	adj	/prɪˈkeəriəs/	bấp bênh, không ổn định	increasingly precarious planetary future	precarious position, precarious situation
discrepancy	n	/dɪsˈkrepənsi/	sự khác biệt, sự không phù hợp	discrepancy between what is advisable and feasible	discrepancy between data, statistical discrepancy
intractable	adj	/ɪnˈtræktəbl/	khó giải quyết	intractable obstacles in management	intractable problem, intractable conflict
asymmetry	n	/eɪˈsɪmətri/	sự không cân xứng	temporal asymmetry between political cycles	information asymmetry, power asymmetry
materialize	v	/məˈtɪəriəlaɪz/	hiện thực hóa, xuất hiện	timeframes over which risks materialize	plans materialize, threats materialize
myopia	n	/maɪˈəʊpiə/	thiển cận, hẹp hòi	structural myopia in planning	political myopia, strategic myopia
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng thêm	myopia is exacerbated by cognitive limitations	exacerbate problems, exacerbate tensions
conceptualize	v	/kənˈseptʃuəlaɪz/	khái niệm hóa	limitations in conceptualizing threats	conceptualize ideas, conceptualize solutions
paradoxical	adj	/ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/	nghịch lý	paradoxical duality in technology	paradoxical situation, paradoxical effect
proponent	n	/prəˈpəʊnənt/	người ủng hộ	Proponents of technology-centric approaches	proponent of theory, strong proponent
ingenuity	n	/ˌɪndʒəˈnuːəti/	sự khéo léo, tài năng	human ingenuity and market mechanisms	demonstrate ingenuity, creative ingenuity
geoengineering	n	/ˌdʒiːəʊˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ/	kỹ thuật địa chất	Geoengineering schemes like aerosol injection	geoengineering projects, geoengineering research
quintessential	adj	/ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃl/	tiêu biểu nhất	quintessential collective action problem	quintessential example, quintessential feature
supranational	adj	/ˌsuːprəˈnæʃənl/	siêu quốc gia	No supranational authority exists	supranational organization, supranational body
compel	v	/kəmˈpel/	bắt buộc, ép buộc	compel compliance with emissions reductions	compel action, compel obedience
free-riding	n	/ˈfriː ˌraɪdɪŋ/	ăn theo, hưởng lợi không đóng góp	creates opportunities for free-riding	free-riding problem, prevent free-riding
fiscal	adj	/ˈfɪskl/	thuộc tài khóa	least fiscal capacity for adaptation	fiscal policy, fiscal year
concessional	adj	/kənˈseʃənl/	ưu đãi, nhượng bộ	concessional loans or market-rate financing	concessional terms, concessional funding
stranded	adj	/ˈstrændɪd/	mắc cạn, bị bỏ lại	stranded assets in fossil fuels	stranded resources, leave stranded
vexing	adj	/ˈveksɪŋ/	làm phiền, gây khó chịu	vexing challenge of knowledge-action gap	vexing question, vexing problem
disjuncture	n	/dɪsˈdʒʌŋktʃər/	sự gián đoạn, sự tách rời	disjuncture stems from institutional barriers	disjuncture between theory and practice
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc nhận thức luận	epistemological tensions between modes	epistemological framework, epistemological approach
provisional	adj	/prəˈvɪʒənl/	tạm thời, dự kiến	provisional conclusions subject to revision	provisional government, provisional agreement
weaponization	n	/ˌwepənaɪˈzeɪʃən/	vũ khí hóa	weaponization of scientific uncertainty	weaponization of information, data weaponization
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl/	giữa các thế hệ	Intergenerational justice demands consideration	intergenerational equity, intergenerational transfer
utilitarian	adj	/ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteəriən/	công lợi chủ nghĩa	utilitarian approaches maximizing welfare	utilitarian ethics, utilitarian philosophy
communitarian	adj	/kəˌmjuːnɪˈteəriən/	cộng đồng chủ nghĩa	communitarian perspectives stressing values	communitarian approach, communitarian ideals
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	quỹ đạo, xu hướng	future emissions trajectories	development trajectory, career trajectory
tipping point	n	/ˈtɪpɪŋ pɔɪnt/	điểm bùng phát, điểm chuyển đổi	potential tipping points producing changes	reach tipping point, climate tipping point
actuarial	adj	/ˌæktʃuˈeəriəl/	thuộc thống kê bảo hiểm	relies on actuarial data	actuarial calculations, actuarial science
iterative	adj	/ˈɪtərətɪv/	lặp lại, lặp đi lặp lại	iterative adjustment over time	iterative process, iterative approach

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề quản lý rủi ro biến đổi khí hậu là một trong những chủ đề học thuật quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn một trải nghiệm luyện tập toàn diện với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc và yêu cầu của bài thi thực tế.

Ba passages đã đưa bạn đi qua hành trình từ những thách thức cơ bản trong việc hiểu và quản lý rủi ro khí hậu, đến các khía cạnh kinh tế và xã hội phức tạp hơn, và cuối cùng là những vấn đề quản trị và đạo đức sâu sắc nhất. Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Sentence Completion và nhiều dạng khác, bạn đã được thực hành toàn bộ các kỹ năng cần thiết cho phần thi Reading.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không đúng. Đây là yếu tố quan trọng giúp bạn hiểu cách làm bài một cách có phương pháp và cải thiện điểm số.

Bảng từ vựng với hơn 50 từ quan trọng kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocations sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật cần thiết không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho cả bài thi IELTS nói chung.

Hãy sử dụng bộ đề này như một công cụ đánh giá năng lực hiện tại và xác định những điểm cần cải thiện. Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đầy đủ như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn và đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới.