IELTS Reading: Đô Thị Hóa Và Tác Động Đến Hệ Sinh Thái Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Đô thị hóa và tác động của nó lên hệ sinh thái toàn cầu là một chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các đề thi từ năm 2018 đến nay. Chủ đề này không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng phát triển đương đại mà còn đòi hỏi người học phải nắm vững từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường, sinh thái và quy hoạch đô thị.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng format Cambridge IELTS. Đề thi bao gồm 40 câu hỏi với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5), Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Mỗi passage được thiết kế tỉ mỉ với các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể.

Bạn cũng sẽ học được các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả, cách paraphrase từ vựng, và những chiến lược quản lý thời gian tối ưu. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt là những ai đang chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi IELTS Academic trong vòng 1-3 tháng tới.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính là 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai. Đề thi được thiết kế với độ khó tăng dần, trong đó Passage 1 là dễ nhất và Passage 3 là khó nhất.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian và chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet. Không có thời gian bổ sung cho việc này như trong Listening Test.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice Questions – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng/sai của thông tin
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
4. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Matching Features – Nối đặc điểm với danh mục
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đều yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau: scanning (tìm thông tin cụ thể), skimming (nắm ý chính), và detailed reading (đọc kỹ để phân tích).

Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading với chủ đề đô thị hóa và hệ sinh thái toàn cầu

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Growth of Modern Cities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Over the past century, the world has witnessed an unprecedented transformation in how humans live and organize their societies. Urbanization, the process by which rural areas develop into cities and towns, has accelerated dramatically since the Industrial Revolution. Today, more than half of the global population resides in urban areas, and this figure is projected to reach nearly 70% by 2050 according to the United Nations.

The expansion of cities brings numerous benefits to human civilization. Urban centers serve as hubs of innovation, economic activity, and cultural exchange. They offer better access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Metropolitan areas typically generate higher incomes and provide modern infrastructure that improves quality of life. Cities also enable more efficient use of resources through shared services and compact living arrangements. Public transportation systems, for instance, reduce the need for individual car ownership, potentially lowering per capita carbon emissions.

However, this rapid urban growth comes with significant environmental challenges. As cities expand, they consume vast amounts of land that was previously occupied by natural habitats. Forests are cleared, wetlands are drained, and agricultural lands are converted into residential and commercial developments. This process, known as habitat loss, is considered one of the primary drivers of biodiversity decline worldwide. Species that once thrived in these areas are forced to relocate, adapt, or face extinction.

The physical structure of cities creates what scientists call the “urban heat island effect”. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and retain heat more effectively than natural landscapes. Concrete and asphalt surfaces can be significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas, sometimes by as much as 5-7 degrees Celsius. This temperature difference affects local weather patterns, increases energy consumption for cooling, and can pose health risks during heat waves. The effect is particularly pronounced in densely built areas with limited green space.

Water systems are profoundly impacted by urbanization. Cities require enormous quantities of water for residential, commercial, and industrial use. Natural waterways are often modified, redirected, or covered over to accommodate urban development. Rivers may be channeled through concrete systems, and streams disappear underground. These modifications disrupt the natural flow patterns that many aquatic species depend upon. Additionally, urban areas generate substantial amounts of runoff water during rainstorms. Unlike natural soil, which absorbs rainfall, impervious surfaces like roads and parking lots cause water to flow rapidly into drainage systems, often carrying pollutants directly into rivers and oceans.

Air quality in urban environments presents another critical concern. Vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and energy consumption contribute to elevated levels of pollutants including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. These substances not only affect human health but also impact surrounding ecosystems. Acid rain, formed when pollutants interact with atmospheric moisture, can damage forests and aquatic environments dozens or even hundreds of kilometers from urban sources.

Despite these challenges, many cities are implementing strategies to minimize their ecological footprint. Green infrastructure initiatives include creating parks, green roofs, and urban forests that provide habitat for wildlife while offering recreation spaces for residents. Some cities have established wildlife corridors that allow animals to move safely through urban areas. Singapore, for example, has developed an extensive network of elevated bridges and underpasses specifically designed for animal movement, connecting fragmented habitats across the city-state.

The relationship between urbanization and ecosystems is complex and multifaceted. While cities undeniably transform natural environments, they also concentrate human populations in smaller geographic areas, potentially reducing pressure on surrounding regions. The key to sustainable urban development lies in thoughtful planning that balances human needs with environmental preservation. As urban populations continue to grow, finding this balance becomes increasingly crucial for the health of both human societies and the planet’s ecosystems.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. More than 50% of people worldwide currently live in cities and towns.
2. Urban areas always produce more carbon emissions per person than rural areas.
3. The urban heat island effect can cause temperature differences of up to 7 degrees Celsius.
4. All rivers in urban areas have been completely covered over with concrete.
5. Acid rain produced in cities can affect ecosystems far from the pollution source.
6. Singapore has created special pathways to help animals move through the city.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. Cities function as __ of innovation, bringing together economic and cultural activities.
8. The process of __ occurs when natural areas are destroyed to make way for urban development.
9. Urban surfaces such as concrete and asphalt are described as __ because they prevent water absorption.
10. Many cities are now implementing __ __ that include parks and green roofs to support wildlife.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

11. According to the passage, what is expected to happen by 2050?

    • A. Cities will stop expanding
    • B. Nearly 70% of people will live in urban areas
    • C. Urbanization will reverse
    • D. Rural populations will increase

12. What does the passage suggest about the relationship between cities and ecosystems?

    • A. It is entirely negative
    • B. It is simple and direct
    • C. It is complicated with both positive and negative aspects
    • D. It has no significant impact

13. The main purpose of wildlife corridors mentioned in the passage is to:

    • A. Provide recreation for city residents
    • B. Reduce urban temperatures
    • C. Allow animals to move through fragmented habitats
    • D. Improve air quality

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PASSAGE 2 – Ecological Consequences of Urban Sprawl

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The phenomenon of urban sprawl represents one of the most significant environmental challenges of the modern era. Unlike compact urban development, which concentrates populations and infrastructure within defined boundaries, sprawl describes the low-density expansion of cities into surrounding rural and natural areas. This pattern of development, particularly prevalent in North America and increasingly common in developing nations, generates cascading effects throughout ecological systems that extend far beyond the immediate footprint of construction.

Habitat fragmentation emerges as perhaps the most insidious consequence of sprawling development patterns. As cities spread outward in dispersed configurations, they dissect continuous natural landscapes into isolated patches. These fragments, while potentially retaining some of their original vegetation, function very differently from intact ecosystems. Research conducted by conservation biologists has demonstrated that edge effects—the altered environmental conditions that occur at habitat boundaries—penetrate deep into remaining fragments. Species requiring large, contiguous territories find themselves without sufficient space, while edge-adapted species, often generalists or invasives, proliferate. The result is a fundamental restructuring of ecological communities, with specialists and endemic species particularly vulnerable to local extinction.

The hydrological alterations associated with urban sprawl prove equally profound. Traditional urban planning treated stormwater as a waste product to be removed as quickly as possible through engineered drainage systems. Consequently, the replacement of permeable surfaces with roads, parking lots, and buildings dramatically alters the water cycle. A forested watershed might absorb 50-60% of rainfall through infiltration, with another 30-40% returning to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration, leaving only 10% as surface runoff. By contrast, a heavily developed watershed might generate 55% surface runoff, with infiltration dropping to 15%. This shift has multifaceted ramifications: groundwater supplies diminish, stream flows become more erratic and erosive, and water quality degrades as runoff carries accumulated pollutants from urban surfaces.

Beyond these direct impacts, sprawling development patterns necessitate extensive transportation networks, perpetuating automobile dependency and its associated environmental costs. The average American living in a low-density suburban development drives approximately 30% more kilometers annually than someone in a compact urban neighborhood. This difference translates into substantial increases in greenhouse gas emissions, air pollutant generation, and noise pollution. Moreover, the road networks themselves fragment habitats and create barriers to animal movement. Wildlife-vehicle collisions represent a significant source of mortality for many species, while the cumulative effect of countless roads creates an impermeable matrix that isolates populations and prevents genetic exchange.

The impact on biogeochemical cycles, particularly carbon and nitrogen, deserves special attention. Natural ecosystems function as significant carbon sinks, with forests, grasslands, and wetlands storing carbon in both biomass and soil. Urban sprawl converts these sequestration zones into sources of emissions—not only through the immediate release of stored carbon during development but also through the ongoing emissions associated with increased energy consumption and transportation. Simultaneously, the concentration of human activities disrupts nitrogen cycles through fertilizer application, wastewater discharge, and atmospheric deposition from combustion processes. The resulting eutrophication of water bodies triggers algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and the creation of dead zones where most aquatic life cannot survive.

Interestingly, certain species demonstrate remarkable adaptability to urban environments, sometimes achieving higher densities in cities than in natural habitats. These “urban exploiters“—including crows, pigeons, rats, and various insect species—often display behavioral plasticity and dietary flexibility that enables them to capitalize on human-provided resources. However, their success should not be interpreted as evidence that urbanization poses no threat to biodiversity. Rather, it represents a homogenization of ecological communities, with a small number of cosmopolitan species replacing diverse assemblages of specialists. This biotic homogenization reduces ecosystem resilience and functional diversity, potentially compromising the ecosystem services that support human wellbeing.

Contemporary urban planning increasingly recognizes the need to reconcile development with ecological preservation. Smart growth principles advocate for compact, walkable communities with mixed land uses, preserving agricultural lands and natural areas from development. Green infrastructure approaches integrate natural systems into urban design through bioswales, rain gardens, and constructed wetlands that manage stormwater while providing habitat. Some cities have designated conservation easements and established greenbelt systems that maintain ecological connectivity across metropolitan regions. While these initiatives represent positive steps, their effectiveness depends on implementation at scales sufficient to maintain viable populations and ecological processes.

The trajectory of global urbanization suggests that humanity’s relationship with natural systems will be increasingly mediated through urban environments. Understanding and mitigating the ecological consequences of different development patterns therefore constitutes not merely an environmental concern but a fundamental challenge for sustaining both human societies and the biosphere upon which they ultimately depend.

Questions 14-18

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Urban sprawl creates serious problems for natural habitats. When development spreads outward, it causes (14) __ __, dividing continuous landscapes into separated pieces. The altered conditions at the boundaries of these fragments are called (15) __ __. Species that need large, connected territories suffer, while (16) __ species that prefer boundaries tend to increase in number. The changes to water systems are also significant. While natural forests allow most rain to soak into the ground through (17) __, developed areas create much more surface runoff. This change leads to declining groundwater and more (18) __ stream flows.

Questions 19-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

19. According to the passage, what makes habitat fragmentation particularly harmful?

    • A. It completely removes all vegetation
    • B. It creates isolated patches that function differently from intact ecosystems
    • C. It only affects large animals
    • D. It increases the total area of natural habitats

20. The passage states that people living in low-density suburban areas:

    • A. Drive less than those in compact neighborhoods
    • B. Generate fewer emissions than city dwellers
    • C. Drive approximately 30% more kilometers per year
    • D. Prefer walking to driving

21. What does the passage say about “urban exploiter” species?

    • A. They indicate that urbanization is not harmful
    • B. They reduce biodiversity by replacing specialist species
    • C. They improve ecosystem services
    • D. They only exist in natural habitats

22. The term “dead zones” in the passage refers to:

    • A. Areas where development is prohibited
    • B. Regions with no human population
    • C. Water bodies where most aquatic life cannot survive
    • D. Parks within urban areas

23. According to the passage, smart growth principles aim to:

    • A. Maximize urban sprawl
    • B. Create compact communities while preserving natural areas
    • C. Eliminate all urban development
    • D. Increase automobile dependency

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. The environmental impact of urban sprawl is limited to the immediate area of construction.
25. Green infrastructure approaches can help manage stormwater while providing wildlife habitat.
26. All cities in North America have successfully implemented conservation easements.

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PASSAGE 3 – Synergistic Interactions Between Urbanization and Climate Change in Reshaping Biomes

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The confluence of accelerating urbanization and anthropogenic climate change represents an unprecedented ecological perturbation, one whose effects transcend the additive impacts of either phenomenon in isolation. Contemporary research in urban ecology and conservation biology increasingly recognizes that these megatrends interact in synergistic ways, producing emergent properties and feedback loops that fundamentally alter the trajectory of ecosystem change. Understanding these complex interactions requires moving beyond reductionist frameworks that treat urbanization and climate as independent variables, toward more integrative paradigms that acknowledge their co-evolutionary dynamics and reciprocal influences on biotic and abiotic systems.

Urban environments function as microcosms of accelerated climate change, with the urban heat island effect creating temperature regimes that approximate projected future climates for surrounding regions. This spatiotemporal mismatch generates what ecologists term “climate analogs“—present-day urban conditions that parallel anticipated future conditions in non-urban areas. Species that successfully colonize urban habitats may therefore represent pre-adapted lineages capable of persisting under climate change, potentially serving as source populations for future range expansions. Conversely, the physiological tolerances and behavioral adaptations required for urban persistence may differ substantially from those needed to cope with climate change in situ, limiting the predictive value of urban populations as climate change analogs.

The phenological disruptions induced by both urbanization and climate change exemplify their interactive effects. Many organisms rely on photoperiod—day length—as a reliable cue for timing critical life history events such as migration, reproduction, and dormancy. However, temperature serves as a proximate cue that fine-tunes the timing of these events within broader photoperiodic constraints. Urban heat islands and climate warming both advance the timing of temperature-dependent processes, creating phenological shifts that may decouple trophic interactions. Herbivorous insects may emerge before their host plants leaf out, or migratory birds may arrive after peak insect abundance. Such temporal mismatches reduce reproductive success and can destabilize food webs. The compounding effects of urban temperature elevation and regional climate warming may push phenological shifts beyond the adaptive capacity of affected species, particularly those with limited phenotypic plasticity or constrained evolutionary potential.

Precipitation patterns, already substantially modified by urbanization through hydrological alterations, face additional changes from anthropogenic climate forcing. Climate models project increases in extreme precipitation events—intense rainfall concentrated in shorter periods—across many regions. Urban areas, with their extensive impervious surfaces and overburdened drainage infrastructure, prove particularly vulnerable to these intensified storms. The resulting flood pulses can overwhelm remnant habitats, causing both direct mortality and longer-term degradation through sedimentation and contamination. Simultaneously, many regions face extended drought periods between extreme rainfall events. Urban water demands may intensify competition for diminishing water resources, potentially compromising the environmental flows necessary to sustain riparian ecosystems and downstream habitats.

The biogeographic implications of urbanization under climate change warrant particular attention. Urban areas create dispersal barriers that may impede species’ capacity to track shifting climate envelopes. As isotherms migrate poleward and upward in elevation, species must move to maintain suitable temperature regimes. However, cities fragment the landscape into discontinuous habitat patches, creating inhospitable matrices that many species cannot traverse. This “urban filter” may selectively facilitate the movement of mobile, generalist species while blocking habitat specialists and poor dispersers. The resulting biotic sorting could reconfigure regional species pools, with downstream ecosystems receiving novel assemblages shaped by differential urban permeability.

Evolutionary responses to urban environments further complicate projections of climate change impacts. Mounting evidence demonstrates that urban populations can evolve rapidly in response to novel selective pressures, including altered predation regimes, different resource availability, and modified abiotic conditions. These evolutionary trajectories may enhance or diminish species’ capacity to cope with climate change. Urban white-footed mice, for instance, have evolved higher basal metabolic rates compared to their rural conspecifics, potentially affecting their thermal tolerance and resource requirements under warming scenarios. Such evolutionary divergence between urban and rural populations raises questions about genetic rescue and the potential for urban-adapted genotypes to introgress into natural populations, either enhancing adaptive capacity or introducing maladaptive traits for non-urban contexts.

The implications for conservation strategy prove profound. Traditional protected area networks were designed under assumptions of relatively stable climate and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. However, the dual pressures of urban expansion and climate change render these static conservation approaches increasingly inadequate. Forward-looking strategies must embrace dynamic conservation frameworks that anticipate future rather than preserve past conditions. This may include establishing climate corridors that facilitate species migrations, assisted colonization to establish populations in areas of projected suitability, and adaptive management protocols that respond to emerging conditions rather than historical baselines.

Urban ecology is undergoing a paradigmatic shift from viewing cities as ecological sacrifices—areas where nature has been irreversibly supplanted by human infrastructure—toward recognizing them as novel ecosystems that, while transformed, retain ecological functions and biodiversity value. This reconceptualization suggests that thoughtfully designed urban environments could contribute to climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation rather than invariably opposing these goals. Greening initiatives, habitat restoration within urban matrices, and biomimetic design approaches that integrate natural processes into built environments represent promising avenues for reconciling urbanization with ecological sustainability.

The trajectory of the Anthropocene—the current geological epoch defined by dominant human influence on Earth systems—will be substantially determined by how societies navigate the converging challenges of urbanization and climate change. Neither phenomenon can be fully understood or effectively addressed in isolation from the other. The ecological consequences of their interaction will shape not only the future distribution and abundance of species but also the provisioning of ecosystem services upon which human civilization depends. As urban populations continue their inexorable growth and climate change accelerates, the imperative to develop integrated solutions that simultaneously address both challenges becomes ever more urgent.

Sự tương tác phức tạp giữa đô thị hóa và biến đổi khí hậu ảnh hưởng đến hệ sinh thái toàn cầu

Questions 27-31

Choose FIVE letters, A-H.

Which FIVE of the following points are mentioned by the writer as effects of the interaction between urbanization and climate change?

A. Urban areas create temperature conditions similar to future predicted climates
B. All species can easily adapt to both urban environments and climate change
C. Timing mismatches occur between species and their food sources
D. Cities completely prevent any species movement across landscapes
E. Urban populations of animals may evolve differently from rural populations
F. Traditional conservation approaches may no longer be adequate
G. Urban environments have no conservation value whatsoever
H. Extreme weather events pose greater challenges in cities with extensive pavement

Questions 32-36

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.

32. Species that successfully adapt to urban environments _____
33. The urban heat island effect combined with climate warming _____
34. Urban infrastructure like roads and buildings _____
35. Evolutionary changes in urban populations _____
36. Climate corridors and assisted colonization _____

A. may intensify phenological shifts beyond species’ adaptive capacity.
B. completely solve all conservation problems.
C. might serve as source populations for future climate conditions.
D. have no impact on ecosystem functioning.
E. create barriers preventing species from moving to track suitable climates.
F. represent new approaches for dynamic conservation strategies.
G. could affect whether urban-adapted traits benefit or harm natural populations.
H. always increase biodiversity in all contexts.
I. eliminate the need for protected areas.

Questions 37-40

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term do ecologists use to describe present-day urban conditions that resemble anticipated future conditions elsewhere?
38. What reliable signal do many organisms use for timing important life events like reproduction?
39. What type of conservation framework is suggested as necessary to replace static approaches?
40. What is the name given to the current geological epoch defined by human influence on Earth systems?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. hubs
8. habitat loss
9. impervious surfaces
10. green infrastructure
11. B
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. habitat fragmentation
15. edge effects
16. edge-adapted
17. infiltration
18. erratic
19. B
20. C
21. B
22. C
23. B
24. NO
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27-31. A, C, E, F, H (in any order)
32. C
33. A
34. E
35. G
36. F
37. climate analogs
38. photoperiod
39. dynamic conservation
40. Anthropocene

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: more than 50%, people worldwide, live in cities and towns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “more than half of the global population resides in urban areas” – nghĩa là hơn 50% dân số sống ở khu vực đô thị. Statement đúng với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: urban areas, always produce, more carbon emissions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ đề cập “potentially lowering per capita carbon emissions” (có khả năng giảm lượng khí thải bình quân đầu người) nhưng không khẳng định chắc chắn hoặc so sánh “always” như trong câu hỏi.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: urban heat island effect, temperature differences, up to 7 degrees
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Passage ghi rõ “sometimes by as much as 5-7 degrees Celsius” – khớp với thông tin “up to 7 degrees” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 4: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all rivers, completely covered over, concrete
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ nói “Rivers may be channeled through concrete systems, and streams disappear underground” – sử dụng “may” (có thể) chứ không phải “all” (tất cả). Câu hỏi dùng từ “all” và “completely” nên là FALSE.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: acid rain, cities, affect ecosystems, far from pollution source
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “can damage forests and aquatic environments dozens or even hundreds of kilometers from urban sources” – xác nhận acid rain có thể ảnh hưởng đến hệ sinh thái xa nguồn gây ô nhiễm.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Singapore, special pathways, animals move through city
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Passage đề cập Singapore “has developed an extensive network of elevated bridges and underpasses specifically designed for animal movement” – chính xác là các pathways đặc biệt cho động vật.

Câu 7: hubs

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: function as, innovation, economic and cultural activities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Urban centers serve as hubs of innovation, economic activity, and cultural exchange” – từ cần điền là “hubs”.

Câu 8: habitat loss

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: process, natural areas destroyed, urban development
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “This process, known as habitat loss” – đây là thuật ngữ mô tả quá trình mất môi trường sống tự nhiên.

Câu 9: impervious surfaces

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: urban surfaces, concrete and asphalt, prevent water absorption
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 7-8
• Giải thích: “impervious surfaces like roads and parking lots” – impervious có nghĩa là không thấm nước.

Câu 10: green infrastructure

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: cities implementing, parks and green roofs, support wildlife
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Green infrastructure initiatives include creating parks, green roofs, and urban forests” – cụm từ cần điền là “green infrastructure”.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: by 2050, expected to happen
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “this figure is projected to reach nearly 70% by 2050” – dự đoán gần 70% dân số sẽ sống ở khu vực đô thị vào năm 2050. Đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: relationship between cities and ecosystems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “The relationship between urbanization and ecosystems is complex and multifaceted” – mối quan hệ phức tạp và đa chiều, không chỉ tiêu cực. Đáp án C đúng.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main purpose, wildlife corridors
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “wildlife corridors that allow animals to move safely through urban areas” – mục đích chính là cho phép động vật di chuyển an toàn qua khu vực đô thị. Đáp án C.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14-18: Summary Completion

• Câu 14: habitat fragmentation (đoạn 2, câu đầu)
• Câu 15: edge effects (đoạn 2, dòng 5)
• Câu 16: edge-adapted (đoạn 2, dòng 7)
• Câu 17: infiltration (đoạn 3, dòng 5)
• Câu 18: erratic (đoạn 3, dòng 9)

Giải thích chung: Summary này tóm tắt hai đoạn đầu của Passage 2, tập trung vào habitat fragmentation và hydrological alterations. Các từ cần điền đều xuất hiện trong văn cảnh tương ứng với câu tóm tắt.

Câu 19: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: habitat fragmentation, particularly harmful
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “These fragments… function very differently from intact ecosystems” – các mảnh môi trường sống bị cô lập hoạt động khác hẳn so với hệ sinh thái nguyên vẹn. Đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 20: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: low-density suburban areas, drive
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “drives approximately 30% more kilometers annually than someone in a compact urban neighborhood” – rõ ràng đáp án C đúng.

Câu 21: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: urban exploiter species
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: “it represents a homogenization of ecological communities, with a small number of cosmopolitan species replacing diverse assemblages of specialists” – loài thích nghi đô thị thay thế các loài chuyên biệt, giảm đa dạng sinh học. Đáp án B.

Câu 22: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: dead zones, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “the creation of dead zones where most aquatic life cannot survive” – vùng nước mà hầu hết sinh vật không thể sống. Đáp án C.

Câu 23: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: smart growth principles, aim to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “advocate for compact, walkable communities with mixed land uses, preserving agricultural lands and natural areas” – tạo cộng đồng gọn gàng trong khi bảo tồn vùng tự nhiên. Đáp án B.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: environmental impact, limited to immediate area
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ urban sprawl “generates cascading effects throughout ecological systems that extend far beyond the immediate footprint” – tác động vượt xa khu vực trực tiếp. Writer không đồng ý với quan điểm này, nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: green infrastructure, manage stormwater, wildlife habitat
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Green infrastructure approaches integrate natural systems into urban design through bioswales, rain gardens, and constructed wetlands that manage stormwater while providing habitat” – writer đồng ý quan điểm này. Đáp án YES.

Câu 26: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all cities in North America, successfully implemented, conservation easements
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Passage chỉ đề cập “Some cities have designated conservation easements” nhưng không nói “all cities” hay “successfully”. Không có thông tin về việc tất cả các thành phố ở Bắc Mỹ đã thực hiện thành công. Đáp án NOT GIVEN.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27-31: Multiple Selection (ACEFH)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Chọn 5 trong 8 đáp án
• Từ khóa: effects, interaction, urbanization, climate change

Giải thích từng đáp án:

A. TRUE – “Urban environments function as microcosms of accelerated climate change” (đoạn 2, câu đầu) – đô thị tạo điều kiện nhiệt độ giống khí hậu tương lai.

B. FALSE – Không có thông tin nào cho thấy tất cả loài đều dễ dàng thích nghi. Trái lại, passage đề cập nhiều loài gặp khó khăn.

C. TRUE – “phenological shifts that may decouple trophic interactions” (đoạn 3) – sự không khớp về thời gian giữa các loài và nguồn thức ăn.

D. FALSE – Passage nói cities “create dispersal barriers” nhưng không “completely prevent” – chỉ cản trở chứ không hoàn toàn ngăn cản.

E. TRUE – “urban populations can evolve rapidly in response to novel selective pressures” (đoạn 6) – quần thể đô thị tiến hóa khác với quần thể nông thôn.

F. TRUE – “Traditional protected area networks… render these static conservation approaches increasingly inadequate” (đoạn 7) – phương pháp bảo tồn truyền thống không còn đủ.

G. FALSE – Passage nói “recognizing them as novel ecosystems that… retain ecological functions and biodiversity value” – đô thị vẫn có giá trị bảo tồn.

H. TRUE – “Urban areas, with their extensive impervious surfaces and overburdened drainage infrastructure, prove particularly vulnerable to these intensified storms” (đoạn 4) – thời tiết cực đoan gây thách thức lớn hơn ở đô thị.

Câu 32: C

• Từ khóa: species successfully adapt to urban environments
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “may therefore represent pre-adapted lineages capable of persisting under climate change, potentially serving as source populations” – loài thích nghi đô thị có thể là nguồn gen cho điều kiện khí hậu tương lai.

Câu 33: A

• Từ khóa: urban heat island effect, climate warming
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 8-10
• Giải thích: “The compounding effects of urban temperature elevation and regional climate warming may push phenological shifts beyond the adaptive capacity” – hiệu ứng kết hợp có thể đẩy sự thay đổi vượt khả năng thích nghi.

Câu 34: E

• Từ khóa: urban infrastructure, roads and buildings
• Vị trí: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Urban areas create dispersal barriers that may impede species’ capacity to track shifting climate envelopes” – cơ sở hạ tầng đô thị tạo rào cản ngăn loài di chuyển theo khí hậu phù hợp.

Câu 35: G

• Từ khóa: evolutionary changes, urban populations
• Vị trí: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “either enhancing adaptive capacity or introducing maladaptive traits for non-urban contexts” – thay đổi tiến hóa có thể có lợi hoặc có hại cho quần thể tự nhiên.

Câu 36: F

• Từ khóa: climate corridors, assisted colonization
• Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “This may include establishing climate corridors… and adaptive management protocols” – đây là các phương pháp bảo tồn động mới.

Câu 37: climate analogs

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (max 3 words)
• Từ khóa: term ecologists use, present-day urban conditions, anticipated future conditions
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “what ecologists term ‘climate analogs'” – thuật ngữ chính xác là “climate analogs”.

Câu 38: photoperiod

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (max 3 words)
• Từ khóa: reliable signal, timing important life events, reproduction
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Many organisms rely on photoperiod—day length—as a reliable cue for timing critical life history events” – đáp án là “photoperiod”.

Câu 39: dynamic conservation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (max 3 words)
• Từ khóa: conservation framework, replace static approaches
• Vị trí: Đoạn 7, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “Forward-looking strategies must embrace dynamic conservation frameworks” – đáp án là “dynamic conservation”.

Câu 40: Anthropocene

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer (max 3 words)
• Từ khóa: geological epoch, defined by human influence, Earth systems
• Vị trí: Đoạn 9, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “The trajectory of the Anthropocene—the current geological epoch defined by dominant human influence on Earth systems” – đáp án là “Anthropocene”.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented transformation	unprecedented growth/change
urbanization	n	/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	đô thị hóa	urbanization has accelerated	rapid urbanization
metropolitan	adj	/ˌmetrəˈpɒlɪtən/	thuộc về đô thị lớn	metropolitan areas	metropolitan region/city
biodiversity	n	/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng sinh học	biodiversity decline	biodiversity loss/conservation
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng	modern infrastructure	infrastructure development
habitat loss	n	/ˈhæbɪtæt lɒs/	mất môi trường sống	habitat loss is a primary driver	habitat loss and fragmentation
heat island effect	n	/hiːt ˈaɪlənd ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng đảo nhiệt	urban heat island effect	heat island effect intensity
impervious surfaces	n	/ɪmˈpɜːviəs ˈsɜːfɪsɪz/	bề mặt không thấm	impervious surfaces like roads	impervious surface coverage
runoff	n	/ˈrʌnɒf/	nước chảy tràn	runoff water during rainstorms	surface runoff/storm runoff
pollutants	n	/pəˈluːtənts/	chất gây ô nhiễm	pollutants directly into rivers	air/water pollutants
ecological footprint	n	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈfʊtprɪnt/	dấu chân sinh thái	minimize their ecological footprint	reduce ecological footprint
green infrastructure	n	/ɡriːn ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng xanh	green infrastructure initiatives	green infrastructure planning

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
urban sprawl	n	/ˈɜːbən sprɔːl/	sự lan tỏa đô thị	phenomenon of urban sprawl	urban sprawl development
compact development	n	/kəmˈpækt dɪˈveləpmənt/	phát triển tập trung	unlike compact urban development	compact development patterns
cascading effects	n	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	generates cascading effects	cascading effects throughout
habitat fragmentation	n	/ˈhæbɪtæt ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/	phân mảnh môi trường sống	habitat fragmentation emerges	habitat fragmentation impacts
edge effects	n	/edʒ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng rìa	altered environmental conditions	edge effects penetrate
contiguous territories	n	/kənˈtɪɡjuəs ˈterətəriz/	vùng lãnh thổ liền kề	species requiring large territories	contiguous habitat areas
endemic species	n	/enˈdemɪk ˈspiːʃiːz/	loài đặc hữu	specialists and endemic species	endemic species vulnerability
infiltration	n	/ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn/	sự thấm	absorb rainfall through infiltration	water infiltration rates
evapotranspiration	n	/ɪˌvæpəʊˌtrænspəˈreɪʃn/	sự bốc thoát hơi nước	returning via evapotranspiration	evapotranspiration processes
erratic	adj	/ɪˈrætɪk/	thất thường	stream flows become more erratic	erratic weather patterns
eutrophication	n	/juːˌtrɒfɪˈkeɪʃn/	phú dưỡng hóa	resulting eutrophication of water	eutrophication causes
bioswales	n	/ˈbaɪəʊsweɪlz/	rãnh thoát nước sinh học	integrate through bioswales	bioswales and rain gardens
conservation easements	n	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn ˈiːzments/	quyền bảo tồn	designated conservation easements	conservation easement programs
biotic homogenization	n	/baɪˈɒtɪk həˌmɒdʒənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	đồng nhất hóa sinh học	represents a homogenization	biotic homogenization process
ecosystem resilience	n	/ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi hệ sinh thái	reduces ecosystem resilience	ecosystem resilience capacity

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hợp lưu	confluence of accelerating urbanization	confluence of factors
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic impacts/effects
synergistic	adj	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk/	hiệp đồng	interact in synergistic ways	synergistic interactions
emergent properties	n	/ɪˈmɜːdʒənt ˈprɒpətiz/	tính chất nổi lên	producing emergent properties	emergent properties arise
microcosms	n	/ˈmaɪkrəʊˌkɒzəmz/	tiểu vũ trụ	function as microcosms	microcosms of change
spatiotemporal	adj	/ˌspeɪʃɪəʊˈtempərəl/	không gian thời gian	spatiotemporal mismatch	spatiotemporal patterns
climate analogs	n	/ˈklaɪmət ˈænəlɒɡz/	tương tự khí hậu	what ecologists term climate analogs	climate analog locations
pre-adapted	adj	/priː əˈdæptɪd/	thích nghi trước	pre-adapted lineages	pre-adapted species
phenological	adj	/ˌfiːnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc hiện tượng học	phenological disruptions	phenological shifts/changes
photoperiod	n	/ˈfəʊtəʊˌpɪəriəd/	chu kỳ ánh sáng	rely on photoperiod	photoperiod sensitivity
trophic interactions	n	/ˈtrɒfɪk ˌɪntərˈækʃnz/	tương tác dinh dưỡng	decouple trophic interactions	trophic interaction networks
phenotypic plasticity	n	/ˌfiːnəˈtɪpɪk plæˈstɪsəti/	tính dẻo kiểu hình	limited phenotypic plasticity	phenotypic plasticity response
riparian ecosystems	n	/rɪˈpeəriən ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəmz/	hệ sinh thái ven sông	sustain riparian ecosystems	riparian ecosystem health
isotherms	n	/ˈaɪsəʊθɜːmz/	đường đẳng nhiệt	as isotherms migrate	isotherm movement/shifts
biotic sorting	n	/baɪˈɒtɪk ˈsɔːtɪŋ/	sàng lọc sinh học	resulting biotic sorting	biotic sorting processes
conspecifics	n	/kɒnspəˈsɪfɪks/	cùng loài	compared to their conspecifics	conspecific populations
introgress	v	/ˌɪntrəˈɡres/	thâm nhập gen	urban-adapted genotypes to introgress	introgress into populations
maladaptive traits	n	/ˌmæləˈdæptɪv treɪts/	đặc điểm bất lợi	introducing maladaptive traits	maladaptive trait expression
Anthropocene	n	/ˈænθrəpəʊsiːn/	kỷ Nhân sinh	trajectory of the Anthropocene	Anthropocene epoch

Bảng từ vựng chuyên ngành về đô thị hóa và hệ sinh thái cho IELTS Reading

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề đô thị hóa và tác động lên hệ sinh thái toàn cầu không chỉ phản ánh những thách thức môi trường đương đại mà còn là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Việc nắm vững chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong phòng thi mà còn mở rộng kiến thức về các vấn đề toàn cầu quan trọng.

Bộ đề thi mẫu trên đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) qua Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Mỗi passage được thiết kế tỉ mỉ với các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật, bao gồm True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Sentence Completion, Matching và Short-answer Questions. Điều này giúp bạn làm quen với format đề thi chính thức và rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài toàn diện.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể đã chỉ ra vị trí thông tin trong passage, phân tích cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và đoạn văn, giúp bạn hiểu rõ tại sao một đáp án là đúng và các đáp án khác là sai. Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và collocations sẽ là tài liệu quý giá cho việc mở rộng vốn từ học thuật của bạn.

Đối với những ai đang chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi IELTS, việc luyện tập đều đặn với các đề thi mẫu như thế này là vô cùng quan trọng. Hãy áp dụng các chiến lược quản lý thời gian đã đề xuất, chú ý đến kỹ thuật scanning và skimming, và đặc biệt là rèn luyện khả năng nhận diện paraphrase – kỹ năng then chốt để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading. Với chủ đề đô thị hóa và hệ sinh thái, bạn cũng có thể tìm hiểu thêm về What are the implications of climate change on water management? để nắm vững các khía cạnh liên quan đến quản lý nguồn nước trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu, hoặc khám phá Impact of urbanization on wildlife conservation để hiểu sâu hơn về tác động của đô thị hóa lên bảo tồn động vật hoang dã.

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!