IELTS Reading: Năng Lượng Tái Tạo Và Ổn định Kinh Tế - Đề Thi Mẫu Có đáp án » IELTS.NET

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Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và tác động của nó đối với các quốc đảo nhỏ là một trong những đề tài quan trọng thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng toàn cầu hóa và vấn đề biến đổi khí hậu ngày càng trở nên cấp thiết, Cambridge và IDP đã đưa các bài đọc liên quan đến năng lượng bền vững vào đề thi với tần suất ngày càng cao, đặc biệt trong các bộ đề từ Cambridge IELTS 14 trở đi.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần, phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên. Bạn sẽ học được:

Bộ đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages về năng lượng tái tạo và ổn định kinh tế ở các quốc đảo nhỏ
40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng khác nhau giống thi thật 100%
Đáp án chính xác kèm giải thích chi tiết từng câu
Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm và ví dụ thực tế
Kỹ thuật làm bài và chiến lược quản lý thời gian hiệu quả

Đây là tài liệu luyện tập chất lượng cao giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu sai. Độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi – độ khó Easy)
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi – độ khó Medium)
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi – độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn phải tự chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet trong 60 phút, không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được nhắc đến
Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả
Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Solar Revolution in Pacific Island Nations

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The Pacific island nations, scattered across millions of square kilometers of ocean, face unique challenges when it comes to energy supply. For decades, these small countries have relied heavily on imported diesel fuel to generate electricity, which has created significant economic burdens on their limited budgets. However, a remarkable transformation is now taking place across the region as more islands embrace renewable energy technologies, particularly solar power.

The Cook Islands, a nation of fifteen small islands with a population of just 17,000 people, provides an excellent example of this energy transition. Until 2010, the country imported over 3 million liters of diesel annually, spending approximately 12% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on fuel. This heavy dependence on fossil fuels made the economy extremely vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations. When international oil prices spiked in 2008, the Cook Islands government spent nearly 15% of GDP on diesel imports, forcing cuts to essential services like education and healthcare.

Recognizing the unsustainable nature of this situation, the Cook Islands government partnered with international development organizations to invest in solar energy infrastructure. By 2015, the main island of Rarotonga had installed over 1 megawatt of solar photovoltaic panels across various sites, including government buildings, schools, and private businesses. The results were immediate and impressive. Diesel consumption dropped by 20% in the first year alone, saving the government approximately $2 million annually. These savings were redirected into public services, improving schools and upgrading medical facilities.

The success in the Cook Islands has inspired similar initiatives across the Pacific region. Tokelau, one of the world’s smallest territories with just 1,500 inhabitants, made history in 2012 by becoming the first nation to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable sources. The territory installed three solar power systems with battery storage capacity, completely eliminating its previous consumption of 200 liters of diesel per day. This achievement not only reduced Tokelau’s carbon footprint but also stabilized energy costs, as the territory no longer faced unpredictable fuel price increases.

The economic benefits of renewable energy for island nations extend beyond simple fuel cost savings. Energy independence has allowed these countries to better predict and manage their national budgets. Previously, governments had to maintain large financial reserves to buffer against sudden oil price increases. Now, with fixed solar infrastructure costs, budget planning has become more straightforward and reliable. This financial predictability enables governments to make longer-term investments in development projects.

Moreover, the renewable energy sector has created new employment opportunities in island communities. Installation and maintenance of solar systems require trained technicians, and many islands have established vocational training programs to develop local expertise. In Samoa, the renewable energy sector now employs over 200 people directly, with hundreds more involved in related services. These jobs pay well compared to traditional island occupations like fishing and agriculture, helping to reduce youth unemployment and slow the migration of young people to larger countries seeking better opportunities.

The environmental advantages also contribute to economic stability in less obvious ways. Many Pacific island nations depend heavily on tourism, which accounts for 30-60% of their GDP. Tourists are increasingly drawn to destinations that demonstrate environmental responsibility. Islands that have successfully transitioned to clean energy can market themselves as eco-friendly destinations, attracting environmentally conscious travelers willing to pay premium prices. Fiji has effectively used its renewable energy initiatives as a key component of its tourism marketing strategy, contributing to a 15% increase in tourist arrivals between 2016 and 2019.

However, the transition to renewable energy is not without challenges. The initial capital costs for solar installations are substantial, often requiring international loans or grants. Small island nations must carefully manage this debt to ensure it doesn’t create new economic vulnerabilities. Additionally, solar systems require regular maintenance and eventual replacement of components like batteries, which can be expensive in remote locations. Some islands have struggled with the technical aspects of maintaining complex systems, leading to periods of reduced efficiency or system failures.

Despite these challenges, the overall trend is clear: renewable energy is transforming the economic outlook for Pacific island nations. As technology improves and costs continue to decline, more islands are making the transition. The International Renewable Energy Agency predicts that by 2030, over 80% of Pacific island nations could generate the majority of their electricity from renewable sources, fundamentally reshaping their economic stability and reducing their vulnerability to external economic shocks.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

What was the main problem with diesel fuel dependency for Pacific island nations?
A. It caused environmental pollution
B. It made their economies vulnerable to price changes
C. It required too many workers to manage
D. It was difficult to transport
How much did the Cook Islands save annually after installing solar panels by 2015?
A. $1 million
B. $2 million
C. $3 million
D. $5 million
What significant achievement did Tokelau accomplish in 2012?
A. It reduced diesel use by 50%
B. It became the first nation with 100% renewable electricity
C. It installed the largest solar system in the Pacific
D. It attracted more tourists than ever before
According to the passage, how has energy independence helped island governments?
A. It allowed them to increase taxes
B. It made budget planning more predictable
C. It helped them borrow more money
D. It reduced the need for government workers
What percentage increase in tourist arrivals did Fiji experience between 2016 and 2019?
A. 10%
B. 15%
C. 20%
D. 30%

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

The Cook Islands spent more on diesel imports in 2008 than in 2010.
All solar systems in Pacific islands include battery storage capacity.
Samoa’s renewable energy sector employs more than 500 people in total.
Solar panel prices have decreased significantly in recent years.

Questions 10-13: Matching Information

Match each statement with the correct island nation (A-D).

You may use any letter more than once.

A. Cook Islands
B. Tokelau
C. Samoa
D. Fiji

Used renewable energy success in tourism marketing
Previously consumed 200 liters of diesel daily
Spent nearly 15% of GDP on fuel in 2008
Created over 200 direct jobs in the renewable energy sector

PASSAGE 2 – Economic Resilience Through Distributed Energy Systems

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The concept of economic resilience has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly for small island developing states (SIDS) that face multiple interconnected vulnerabilities. These nations, often characterized by their geographic isolation, limited natural resources, and small populations, have historically struggled with economic instability stemming from external factors beyond their control. Among the various strategies being employed to enhance resilience, the adoption of distributed renewable energy systems has emerged as a particularly promising approach, offering benefits that extend far beyond simple energy provision.

Traditional centralized power generation systems, typically based on diesel generators located at a single site, create what economists call “single point of failure” vulnerabilities. When a diesel power plant experiences mechanical problems or fuel supply disruptions, entire islands can face prolonged blackouts. These outages have cascading economic consequences: businesses lose revenue, perishable goods in cold storage spoil, tourism operations suffer, and productivity declines across all sectors. Research conducted by the Pacific Community in 2018 estimated that power outages cost small island economies between 1-3% of annual GDP, with individual businesses experiencing losses up to 20% of their annual revenue during major disruptions.

In contrast, distributed energy systems – which incorporate multiple solar installations, wind turbines, and battery storage units spread across different locations – provide inherent redundancy. If one component fails, others continue operating, minimizing the economic impact of technical problems. The island nation of Vanuatu offers a compelling case study of this approach. After Cyclone Pam devastated the country in 2015, destroying the main diesel power plant on several islands, communities with distributed solar systems maintained partial power supply, enabling critical communications and refrigeration for medicine. The economic recovery in these communities was significantly faster, with businesses reopening within days rather than weeks.

Beyond system redundancy, distributed renewable energy facilitates the development of what economists term “productive use applications” – economic activities enabled or enhanced by reliable electricity access. In many Pacific islands, inconsistent power supply had previously limited the viability of small-scale manufacturing, food processing, and technology-based services. With stable renewable energy, entrepreneurs are establishing new businesses in areas such as ice production for fishing fleets, carpentry workshops using electric tools, and digital services including computer training centers and online business operations.

The Solomon Islands provides an illustrative example of this phenomenon. Prior to 2016, the small island of Taro, with a population of approximately 1,000 people, experienced electricity only 4-6 hours per evening from a diesel generator. This limited availability constrained economic activity to daytime hours and traditional occupations. Following the installation of a 24-hour solar-battery system in 2017, the island experienced remarkable economic diversification. A cold storage facility enabled local fishermen to store their catch and negotiate better prices with buyers rather than selling immediately at low rates. A small sawmill operation processing timber from sustainable forestry began operating, creating fifteen new jobs. Most significantly, several residents established small retail businesses that could operate extended hours with reliable lighting and refrigeration, collectively generating over $150,000 in annual revenue that previously flowed to larger neighboring islands.

The macroeconomic implications of renewable energy adoption in SIDS extend to international trade balances and foreign exchange reserves. Many small island nations import 100% of their fossil fuel requirements, creating persistent trade deficits that constrain economic development. The funds spent on fuel imports represent opportunity costs – resources that could otherwise be invested in education, healthcare, infrastructure, or productive industries. When the Marshall Islands reduced its diesel consumption by 30% through renewable energy implementation between 2015 and 2020, the nation’s trade deficit decreased by approximately $8 million annually. This improvement in the current account balance strengthened the country’s foreign exchange position, reducing vulnerability to currency fluctuations and improving creditworthiness with international lenders.

Financial institutions and international development agencies have increasingly recognized the bankability of renewable energy projects in island contexts. Unlike diesel generators, which provide no collateral value once installed, solar systems and wind turbines can be structured as productive assets that generate measurable cash flows through energy savings or sales. This has enabled new financing mechanisms specifically designed for island contexts, including performance-based contracts where private companies install and maintain renewable energy systems in exchange for a share of the energy cost savings. Such arrangements reduce the upfront capital burden on island governments while ensuring professional system maintenance.

However, the relationship between renewable energy and economic stability is not uniformly positive, and several mediating factors influence outcomes. The technical capacity of local institutions to manage complex energy systems plays a crucial role. Islands with well-trained technicians and strong regulatory frameworks experience smoother transitions and better long-term results. Conversely, locations lacking technical expertise may face system degradation, reducing the anticipated economic benefits. The island nation of Kiribati has struggled with this challenge, where some solar installations have operated below optimal capacity due to insufficient maintenance, limiting their economic impact.

Grid integration presents another technical and economic challenge. As renewable energy capacity increases, islands must develop sophisticated grid management systems to handle the variable output from solar and wind sources. Without proper integration, the intermittency of renewable sources can paradoxically reduce grid stability, potentially causing economic disruptions. Advanced solutions involving smart grid technology and substantial battery storage can address these issues but require significant additional investment. Tonga’s experience illustrates this complexity: while renewable energy reduced fuel costs by 25%, the government had to invest $4 million in grid upgrades to maintain system stability, partially offsetting the fuel savings in the short term.

Despite these challenges, the consensus among development economists is that strategic investment in renewable energy infrastructure represents one of the most effective pathways to enhanced economic resilience for small island nations. The multidimensional benefits – reduced import dependency, stable energy costs, new business opportunities, improved trade balances, and enhanced disaster resilience – collectively contribute to more robust and self-sufficient island economies, better positioned to navigate the uncertainties of the global economic system.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Centralized power systems create more economic vulnerabilities than distributed systems.
All small island nations should immediately replace diesel systems with renewable energy.
Distributed energy systems completely eliminate the risk of power outages.
Technical capacity and regulatory frameworks influence the success of renewable energy transitions.
Smart grid technology is too expensive for most small island nations to implement.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has nine paragraphs (paragraphs 1-9). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. New business opportunities enabled by reliable power
ii. The vulnerability of traditional power systems
iii. Financial structures supporting renewable projects
iv. Solar energy as a tourist attraction
v. Challenges in system maintenance and grid integration
vi. International trade improvements through reduced imports
vii. A case study of economic diversification
viii. The future of renewable energy in islands
ix. Strategic investment for long-term economic stability
x. Environmental benefits of clean energy

Paragraph 2
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 9

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

The Marshall Islands reduced diesel use by 30%, which decreased its 24)__ by about $8 million annually. This improved the nation’s 25)__ position and reduced exposure to 26)__. Such improvements also enhanced the country’s creditworthiness with international lenders.

PASSAGE 3 – Renewable Energy Transition and Socioeconomic Transformation in Microstates

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The paradigmatic shift from fossil fuel dependency to renewable energy sources in small island nations represents far more than a mere technological substitution; it constitutes a fundamental restructuring of socioeconomic relationships, institutional frameworks, and development trajectories. Contemporary scholarship in ecological economics and development studies increasingly recognizes that energy transitions in microstates – defined as nations with populations under 500,000 – generate complex, nonlinear effects on economic stability that transcend conventional metrics such as GDP growth or trade balances. Understanding these multifaceted dynamics requires examining the intricate interplay between energy systems, social structures, political institutions, and economic organization within the unique geopolitical context of small island developing states.

Theoretical frameworks analyzing energy transitions traditionally emphasized supply-side factors: resource availability, technological feasibility, and capital requirements. However, recent empirical research from Pacific and Caribbean island contexts reveals that demand-side dynamics and institutional variables exert equally significant influence on both the pace of transition and its economic consequences. The concept of “sociotechnical transition”, developed by scholars such as Frank Geels and Johan Schot, provides a more nuanced analytical lens, recognizing that energy systems are embedded within broader societal configurations encompassing regulatory regimes, cultural practices, professional competencies, and infrastructural networks. When renewable energy technologies are introduced into island contexts, they don’t simply replace existing systems but rather trigger cascading transformations across these interconnected domains.

The economic implications of this systemic perspective become evident when examining specific case studies through longitudinal analysis. Consider the case of Barbados, which implemented an ambitious renewable energy mandate in 2010, targeting 65% renewable electricity generation by 2030. Econometric analysis conducted by the Caribbean Development Bank in 2021, utilizing panel data spanning the period 2010-2020, identified several unexpected economic effects beyond the anticipated fuel import reduction. First, the proliferation of distributed solar systems created what economists call “network effects” – situations where the value of participation increases with the number of participants. As more households and businesses installed solar panels with net metering capabilities, the collective grid stabilization improved, reducing the frequency and duration of power disruptions that had previously cost the economy an estimated $45 million annually. This represented an externality – an economic benefit not captured in private installation decisions – that only became significant once a critical threshold of approximately 25% renewable grid penetration was achieved.

Second, the renewable energy transition stimulated innovation spillovers into adjacent economic sectors. The development of local technical expertise in solar installation and maintenance created a knowledge base that entrepreneurs leveraged to establish businesses in related fields, including energy-efficient building design, smart home technology integration, and agricultural applications of solar power such as water pumping and crop drying. This phenomenon, which economic geographers term “related diversification”, enhanced the economic complexity of Barbados’s economy, making it less vulnerable to shocks in any single sector. The Economic Complexity Index, developed by researchers at Harvard’s Center for International Development, showed Barbados improving from a score of -0.35 in 2010 to -0.08 in 2020, indicating enhanced productive capabilities and knowledge sophistication.

Third, and perhaps most significantly, the energy transition influenced institutional evolution in ways that reinforced broader economic stability. The establishment of a renewable energy regulatory authority with technical credentialing requirements for installers created quality standards that reduced system failures and built public confidence in the technology. This institutional development then served as a template for regulatory modernization in other sectors, including telecommunications and water services, creating spillover governance improvements that strengthened the overall investment climate. Foreign direct investment into Barbados increased by 34% between 2015 and 2019, with investor surveys citing improved regulatory clarity and institutional capacity as key factors, though attributing precise causation to energy sector reforms remains methodologically challenging.

The relationship between renewable energy adoption and economic stability in island nations also operates through financial system channels that conventional analyses often overlook. The transition creates new asset classes and investment vehicles that can deepen and diversify island financial systems, which are typically characterized by limited sophistication and high concentration in traditional sectors like real estate and government bonds. In Mauritius, the development of a renewable energy project bond market starting in 2014 provided domestic pension funds and insurance companies with new investment opportunities offering attractive risk-adjusted returns. By 2020, renewable energy securities comprised 8% of total domestic bond market capitalization, providing portfolio diversification benefits that reduced systemic financial risk. Moreover, the predictable cash flows from solar and wind projects, based on long-term power purchase agreements, created low-volatility assets particularly valuable for risk-averse institutional investors, further stabilizing the financial system.

However, the economic impacts of renewable energy transitions are not uniformly positive, and several countervailing dynamics merit careful consideration. The capital intensity of renewable infrastructure, while ultimately cost-effective over system lifetimes, creates temporal mismatches between expenditure and savings that can strain public finances and balance of payments in the short to medium term. Small island nations typically lack domestic capital markets of sufficient depth to finance large-scale renewable projects, necessitating external borrowing that increases sovereign debt levels and debt service obligations. For highly indebted island nations, this can trigger fiscal sustainability concerns among credit rating agencies, potentially raising borrowing costs across all government activities.

The case of Grenada illustrates this fiscal dilemma. Following Hurricane Ivan’s devastation in 2004, the country accumulated substantial debt, reaching 108% of GDP by 2013. When the government sought to invest in renewable energy infrastructure as part of its reconstruction strategy, it faced borrowing constraints due to poor credit ratings. The ultimate solution involved complex multilateral financing arrangements with concessional terms from development banks, but the negotiation process delayed implementation by nearly three years, during which the economy continued suffering from expensive diesel dependence. This experience underscores how pre-existing fiscal conditions can mediate the feasibility and timing of renewable transitions, with path-dependent implications for economic trajectories.

Another often-overlooked complexity involves the distributional consequences of renewable energy transitions – how costs and benefits are allocated across different socioeconomic groups within island societies. While aggregate economic indicators may improve, the transition can create winners and losers, with potential implications for social cohesion and political stability that indirectly affect economic outcomes. Upfront capital requirements for residential solar systems, even with subsidies or financing programs, often exceed the means of low-income households, potentially creating a two-tier energy system where wealthier households reduce their electricity costs while poorer households continue bearing high utility expenses. If not addressed through progressive policy design, such distributional inequities can generate social tensions that undermine the political consensus necessary for sustained economic reform programs.

Furthermore, the optimal pace and sequencing of renewable energy transitions involve trade-offs that existing theoretical frameworks inadequately address. Rapid deployment maximizes near-term fuel savings and climate benefits but may overwhelm institutional capacity for system management and regulation, leading to technical failures and suboptimal performance. Gradual implementation allows for institutional learning and capacity building but prolongs expensive fossil fuel dependence and forgoes potential economic benefits. The most effective approaches appear to be context-specific, depending on factors including existing technical capacity, institutional quality, fiscal space, and the availability of external technical assistance. Recent research by the International Renewable Energy Agency suggests that successful transitions typically involve phased approaches with clear sequencing: initial pilot projects to build experience, followed by policy framework development, then scaled deployment supported by continuous monitoring and adaptive management.

The emerging consensus among development economists studying small island nations is that renewable energy transitions, when properly designed and implemented, can indeed enhance economic stability through multiple interconnected pathways: reducing import dependency and external vulnerability, enabling new productive activities, improving trade balances, deepening financial markets, and strengthening institutional capacity. However, realizing these benefits requires sophisticated policy design that addresses financing constraints, builds technical capacity, ensures equitable distribution of costs and benefits, and sequences implementation to match institutional capabilities. The transition process itself, rather than any particular technological endpoint, represents the critical determinant of economic outcomes, with successful cases characterized by adaptive governance, stakeholder engagement, and continuous learning rather than rigid adherence to predetermined plans.

Hệ thống năng lượng mặt trời phân tán trên các đảo nhỏ Thái Bình Dương giúp tăng cường ổn định kinh tế

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, the sociotechnical transition framework recognizes that energy systems are:
A. Primarily determined by technological advancement
B. Embedded within broader societal configurations
C. Independent of cultural and regulatory factors
D. Only influenced by economic considerations
What unexpected economic effect was identified in Barbados through econometric analysis?
A. Reduced tourism revenue
B. Increased unemployment in traditional sectors
C. Network effects from distributed solar systems
D. Declining foreign investment
The Economic Complexity Index for Barbados between 2010 and 2020:
A. Declined from -0.08 to -0.35
B. Remained unchanged
C. Improved from -0.35 to -0.08
D. Increased to above zero
According to the passage, what challenge did Grenada face after Hurricane Ivan?
A. Complete destruction of all energy infrastructure
B. High debt levels limiting renewable energy investment
C. Lack of technical expertise for solar installation
D. Opposition from local communities to renewable energy
The passage suggests that the optimal pace for renewable energy transitions should be:
A. As rapid as possible to maximize fuel savings
B. Very gradual to avoid any institutional stress
C. Context-specific depending on various factors
D. Determined solely by international donors

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each consequence or feature (Questions 32-36) with the correct island nation (A-D).

You may use any letter more than once.

Island Nations:
A. Barbados
B. Mauritius
C. Grenada
D. None of the above

Developed a renewable energy project bond market
Achieved 25% renewable grid penetration as a critical threshold
Faced borrowing constraints due to poor credit ratings
Experienced a 34% increase in foreign direct investment between 2015 and 2019
Required multilateral financing arrangements with concessional terms

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What term describes situations where the value increases with the number of participants?
What did the renewable energy regulatory authority in Barbados establish to ensure quality?
What type of investors particularly value low-volatility assets from renewable projects?
What does the passage identify as the critical determinant of economic outcomes in energy transitions?

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
B
B
B
B
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
D
B
A
C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

YES
NOT GIVEN
NO
YES
NOT GIVEN
ii
i
vii
iii
ix
trade deficit
foreign exchange
currency fluctuations

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
C
B
C
B
A
C
A
C
network effects
quality standards / credentialing requirements
risk-averse institutional investors
transition process

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: main problem, diesel fuel dependency
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “This heavy dependence on fossil fuels made the economy extremely vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations” – sự phụ thuộc nặng nề vào nhiên liệu hóa thạch khiến nền kinh tế cực kỳ dễ bị tổn thương trước biến động giá dầu toàn cầu. Đáp án B “It made their economies vulnerable to price changes” paraphrase chính xác ý này.

Câu 2: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Cook Islands, save annually, 2015
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: “Diesel consumption dropped by 20% in the first year alone, saving the government approximately $2 million annually” – tiêu thụ dầu diesel giảm 20%, giúp chính phủ tiết kiệm khoảng 2 triệu đô la mỗi năm.

Câu 3: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Tokelau, achievement, 2012
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “Tokelau…made history in 2012 by becoming the first nation to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable sources” – Tokelau tạo nên lịch sử khi trở thành quốc gia đầu tiên phát 100% điện năng từ nguồn tái tạo.

Câu 4: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: energy independence, helped island governments
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: “Now, with fixed solar infrastructure costs, budget planning has become more straightforward and reliable. This financial predictability enables governments to make longer-term investments” – việc lập kế hoạch ngân sách trở nên dễ dàng và đáng tin cậy hơn.

Câu 5: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Fiji, tourist arrivals, 2016-2019
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “contributing to a 15% increase in tourist arrivals between 2016 and 2019” – góp phần tăng 15% lượng khách du lịch.

Câu 6: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Cook Islands, diesel imports, 2008, 2010
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3 và dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Until 2010, the country imported over 3 million liters of diesel annually, spending approximately 12% of its gross domestic product” và “When international oil prices spiked in 2008, the Cook Islands government spent nearly 15% of GDP on diesel imports” – năm 2008 chi 15% GDP trong khi thông thường chi 12% GDP, do đó chi phí năm 2008 cao hơn 2010.

Câu 7: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: all solar systems, battery storage
Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin xác nhận
Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ đề cập Tokelau có “solar power systems with battery storage capacity” nhưng không nói tất cả hệ thống đều có pin dự trữ.

Câu 8: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Samoa, renewable energy sector, 500 people
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “In Samoa, the renewable energy sector now employs over 200 people directly, with hundreds more involved in related services” – hơn 200 người làm trực tiếp, thêm hàng trăm người trong các dịch vụ liên quan. “Hundreds more” có nghĩa là dưới 1000, nên tổng cộng dưới 500 người là sai.

Câu 10: D (Fiji)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-7
Giải thích: “Fiji has effectively used its renewable energy initiatives as a key component of its tourism marketing strategy”

Câu 11: B (Tokelau)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4
Giải thích: “completely eliminating its previous consumption of 200 liters of diesel per day”

Câu 12: A (Cook Islands)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: “the Cook Islands government spent nearly 15% of GDP on diesel imports”

Câu 13: C (Samoa)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4
Giải thích: “In Samoa, the renewable energy sector now employs over 200 people directly”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: centralized power systems, economic vulnerabilities
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn đoạn
Giải thích: Tác giả nêu rõ “Traditional centralized power generation systems…create what economists call ‘single point of failure’ vulnerabilities” và so sánh với “distributed energy systems…provide inherent redundancy”. Đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả.

Câu 15: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: all small island nations, immediately replace
Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
Giải thích: Tác giả không đưa ra quan điểm về việc tất cả các quốc đảo nên thay thế ngay lập tức. Bài viết chỉ trình bày lợi ích và thách thức.

Câu 16: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: distributed energy systems, completely eliminate
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Tác giả nói “minimize the economic impact” và “maintained partial power supply” – giảm thiểu chứ không phải loại bỏ hoàn toàn. Từ “completely eliminate” trong câu hỏi không đúng với quan điểm tác giả.

Câu 17: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: technical capacity, regulatory frameworks, success
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-4
Giải thích: “The technical capacity of local institutions…plays a crucial role. Islands with well-trained technicians and strong regulatory frameworks experience smoother transitions” – đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả.

Câu 19: ii (The vulnerability of traditional power systems)

Vị trí: Đoạn 2 tập trung mô tả “single point of failure vulnerabilities” và hậu quả kinh tế của mất điện từ hệ thống tập trung.

Câu 20: i (New business opportunities enabled by reliable power)

Vị trí: Đoạn 4 nói về “productive use applications” và các hoạt động kinh tế được kích hoạt nhờ điện ổn định.

Câu 21: vii (A case study of economic diversification)

Vị trí: Đoạn 5 trình bày chi tiết trường hợp Solomon Islands với sự đa dạng hóa kinh tế sau khi có điện 24 giờ.

Câu 22: iii (Financial structures supporting renewable projects)

Vị trí: Đoạn 7 thảo luận về “bankability”, “financing mechanisms” và “performance-based contracts”.

Câu 23: ix (Strategic investment for long-term economic stability)

Vị trí: Đoạn 9 kết luận về “strategic investment” và “multidimensional benefits” dẫn đến “robust and self-sufficient island economies”.

Câu 24: trade deficit

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “the nation’s trade deficit decreased by approximately $8 million annually”

Câu 25: foreign exchange

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 7-8
Giải thích: “This improvement in the current account balance strengthened the country’s foreign exchange position”

Câu 26: currency fluctuations

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 8
Giải thích: “reducing vulnerability to currency fluctuations”

Hệ thống pin lưu trữ năng lượng mặt trời quy mô lớn tại các đảo nhỏ đảm bảo cung cấp điện ổn định

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: sociotechnical transition framework, energy systems
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: “The concept of ‘sociotechnical transition’…recognizing that energy systems are embedded within broader societal configurations encompassing regulatory regimes, cultural practices, professional competencies, and infrastructural networks”

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Barbados, econometric analysis, unexpected effect
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
Giải thích: “Econometric analysis…identified several unexpected economic effects…First, the proliferation of distributed solar systems created what economists call ‘network effects'”

Câu 29: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Economic Complexity Index, Barbados, 2010-2020
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 7-8
Giải thích: “The Economic Complexity Index…showed Barbados improving from a score of -0.35 in 2010 to -0.08 in 2020”

Câu 30: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Grenada, challenge, Hurricane Ivan
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-5
Giải thích: “Following Hurricane Ivan’s devastation in 2004, the country accumulated substantial debt, reaching 108% of GDP by 2013. When the government sought to invest in renewable energy infrastructure…it faced borrowing constraints due to poor credit ratings”

Câu 31: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: optimal pace, renewable energy transitions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1-6
Giải thích: “Furthermore, the optimal pace and sequencing of renewable energy transitions involve trade-offs…The most effective approaches appear to be context-specific, depending on factors including existing technical capacity, institutional quality, fiscal space”

Câu 32: B (Mauritius)

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “In Mauritius, the development of a renewable energy project bond market starting in 2014”

Câu 33: A (Barbados)

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 8-10
Giải thích: “This represented an externality…that only became significant once a critical threshold of approximately 25% renewable grid penetration was achieved”

Câu 34: C (Grenada)

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-5
Giải thích: “When the government sought to invest in renewable energy infrastructure…it faced borrowing constraints due to poor credit ratings”

Câu 35: A (Barbados)

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “Foreign direct investment into Barbados increased by 34% between 2015 and 2019”

Câu 36: C (Grenada)

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: “The ultimate solution involved complex multilateral financing arrangements with concessional terms from development banks”

Câu 37: network effects

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: “As more households and businesses installed solar panels…the collective grid stabilization improved…This represented what economists call ‘network effects’ – situations where the value of participation increases with the number of participants”

Câu 38: quality standards / credentialing requirements

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “The establishment of a renewable energy regulatory authority with technical credentialing requirements for installers created quality standards”

Câu 39: risk-averse institutional investors

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 8-9
Giải thích: “Moreover, the predictable cash flows…created low-volatility assets particularly valuable for risk-averse institutional investors”

Câu 40: transition process

Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “The transition process itself, rather than any particular technological endpoint, represents the critical determinant of economic outcomes”

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
imported diesel fuel	noun phrase	/ɪmˈpɔːtɪd ˈdiːzəl fjuːəl/	nhiên liệu diesel nhập khẩu	These small countries have relied heavily on imported diesel fuel	rely on imported fuel
economic burden	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈbɜːdən/	gánh nặng kinh tế	which has created significant economic burdens on their limited budgets	create/impose an economic burden
renewable energy	noun phrase	/rɪˈnjuːəbəl ˈenədʒi/	năng lượng tái tạo	more islands embrace renewable energy technologies	renewable energy sources/technology
energy transition	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi trænˈzɪʃən/	chuyển đổi năng lượng	provides an excellent example of this energy transition	undergo an energy transition
gross domestic product	noun phrase	/ɡrəʊs dəˈmestɪk ˈprɒdʌkt/	tổng sản phẩm quốc nội	spending approximately 12% of its gross domestic product on fuel	percentage of GDP
heavy dependence	noun phrase	/ˈhevi dɪˈpendəns/	sự phụ thuộc nặng nề	This heavy dependence on fossil fuels	heavy dependence on something
global oil price fluctuations	noun phrase	/ˈɡləʊbəl ɔɪl praɪs ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃənz/	biến động giá dầu toàn cầu	extremely vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations	vulnerable to price fluctuations
unsustainable nature	noun phrase	/ˌʌnsəˈsteɪnəbəl ˈneɪtʃə/	bản chất không bền vững	Recognizing the unsustainable nature of this situation	unsustainable practice/model
solar photovoltaic panels	noun phrase	/ˈsəʊlə ˌfəʊtəʊvɒlˈteɪɪk ˈpænəlz/	tấm pin quang điện mặt trời	installed over 1 megawatt of solar photovoltaic panels	install solar panels
carbon footprint	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/	dấu chân carbon	reduced Tokelau’s carbon footprint	reduce carbon footprint
energy independence	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/	độc lập năng lượng	Energy independence has allowed these countries	achieve energy independence
financial predictability	noun phrase	/faɪˈnænʃəl prɪˌdɪktəˈbɪləti/	khả năng dự đoán tài chính	This financial predictability enables governments	provide financial predictability
vocational training programs	noun phrase	/vəʊˈkeɪʃənəl ˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈprəʊɡræmz/	chương trình đào tạo nghề	many islands have established vocational training programs	establish training programs

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
economic resilience	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi kinh tế	The concept of economic resilience has gained considerable attention	build/enhance economic resilience
geographic isolation	noun phrase	/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪk ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/	sự cô lập về địa lý	often characterized by their geographic isolation	suffer from geographic isolation
distributed renewable energy systems	noun phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd rɪˈnjuːəbəl ˈenədʒi ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống năng lượng tái tạo phân tán	the adoption of distributed renewable energy systems	implement distributed systems
centralized power generation	noun phrase	/ˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈpaʊə ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/	phát điện tập trung	Traditional centralized power generation systems	centralized power plant
single point of failure	noun phrase	/ˈsɪŋɡəl pɔɪnt əv ˈfeɪljə/	điểm suy sụp duy nhất	create what economists call “single point of failure” vulnerabilities	avoid single point of failure
prolonged blackouts	noun phrase	/prəˈlɒŋd ˈblækaʊts/	mất điện kéo dài	entire islands can face prolonged blackouts	experience prolonged blackouts
cascading economic consequences	noun phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/	hậu quả kinh tế dây chuyền	These outages have cascading economic consequences	cascading effects/impact
inherent redundancy	noun phrase	/ɪnˈhɪərənt rɪˈdʌndənsi/	sự dự phòng vốn có	distributed energy systems provide inherent redundancy	provide redundancy
productive use applications	noun phrase	/prəˈdʌktɪv juːs ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃənz/	ứng dụng sử dụng năng suất	economic activities enabled by productive use applications	productive use of energy
inconsistent power supply	noun phrase	/ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt ˈpaʊə səˈplaɪ/	nguồn cung cấp điện không ổn định	inconsistent power supply had previously limited viability	suffer from inconsistent supply
trade deficits	noun phrase	/treɪd ˈdefɪsɪts/	thâm hụt thương mại	creating persistent trade deficits	reduce/eliminate trade deficits
foreign exchange reserves	noun phrase	/ˈfɒrɪn ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ rɪˈzɜːvz/	dự trữ ngoại hối	macroeconomic implications…to foreign exchange reserves	build foreign exchange reserves
opportunity costs	noun phrase	/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti kɒsts/	chi phí cơ hội	The funds spent on fuel imports represent opportunity costs	consider opportunity costs
bankability	noun	/ˌbæŋkəˈbɪləti/	khả năng vay vốn ngân hàng	Financial institutions have increasingly recognized the bankability	improve bankability
performance-based contracts	noun phrase	/pəˈfɔːməns beɪst ˈkɒntræks/	hợp đồng dựa trên hiệu suất	including performance-based contracts	negotiate performance-based contracts

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigmatic shift	noun phrase	/ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk ʃɪft/	sự chuyển dịch mô hình	The paradigmatic shift from fossil fuel dependency	undergo a paradigmatic shift
fundamental restructuring	noun phrase	/ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ˌriːˈstrʌktʃərɪŋ/	tái cấu trúc căn bản	it constitutes a fundamental restructuring	require fundamental restructuring
institutional frameworks	noun phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung thể chế	of socioeconomic relationships, institutional frameworks	establish institutional frameworks
ecological economics	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/	kinh tế sinh thái	Contemporary scholarship in ecological economics	principles of ecological economics
microstates	noun	/ˈmaɪkrəʊsteɪts/	các tiểu quốc	energy transitions in microstates	challenges facing microstates
complex, nonlinear effects	noun phrase	/ˈkɒmpleks nɒnˈlɪniə ɪˈfekts/	các hiệu ứng phức tạp, phi tuyến	generate complex, nonlinear effects	produce nonlinear effects
multifaceted dynamics	noun phrase	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực đa diện	Understanding these multifaceted dynamics	multifaceted approach/nature
intricate interplay	noun phrase	/ˈɪntrɪkət ˈɪntəpleɪ/	sự tương tác phức tạp	examining the intricate interplay between energy systems	intricate interplay of factors
geopolitical context	noun phrase	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈkɒntekst/	bối cảnh địa chính trị	within the unique geopolitical context	consider the geopolitical context
theoretical frameworks	noun phrase	/ˌθɪəˈretɪkəl ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung lý thuyết	Theoretical frameworks analyzing energy transitions	develop theoretical frameworks
supply-side factors	noun phrase	/səˈplaɪ saɪd ˈfæktəz/	các yếu tố phía cung	traditionally emphasized supply-side factors	focus on supply-side factors
empirical research	noun phrase	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl rɪˈsɜːtʃ/	nghiên cứu thực nghiệm	However, recent empirical research	conduct empirical research
demand-side dynamics	noun phrase	/dɪˈmɑːnd saɪd daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực phía cầu	demand-side dynamics and institutional variables	demand-side management
sociotechnical transition	noun phrase	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˈteknɪkəl trænˈzɪʃən/	chuyển đổi kỹ thuật xã hội	The concept of “sociotechnical transition”	facilitate sociotechnical transition
nuanced analytical lens	noun phrase	/ˈnjuːɑːnst ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl lenz/	lăng kính phân tích tinh tế	provides a more nuanced analytical lens	nuanced understanding/perspective
regulatory regimes	noun phrase	/ˈreɡjələtəri reɪˈʒiːmz/	các chế độ quy định	encompassing regulatory regimes	establish regulatory regimes
cascading transformations	noun phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃənz/	các chuyển đổi dây chuyền	they trigger cascading transformations	cascading effects/changes
econometric analysis	noun phrase	/ˌiːkɒnəʊˈmetrɪk əˈnæləsɪs/	phân tích kinh tế lượng	Econometric analysis conducted by the Caribbean Development Bank	conduct econometric analysis
panel data	noun phrase	/ˈpænəl ˈdeɪtə/	dữ liệu bảng	utilizing panel data spanning the period 2010-2020	analyze panel data
network effects	noun phrase	/ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng mạng lưới	created what economists call “network effects”	generate network effects
grid stabilization	noun phrase	/ɡrɪd ˌsteɪbəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	ổn định lưới điện	the collective grid stabilization improved	ensure grid stabilization
externality	noun	/ˌekstɜːˈnæləti/	yếu tố ngoại sinh	This represented an externality	positive/negative externality
critical threshold	noun phrase	/ˈkrɪtɪkəl ˈθreʃhəʊld/	ngưỡng tới hạn	once a critical threshold of approximately 25%	reach a critical threshold
innovation spillovers	noun phrase	/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən ˈspɪləʊvəz/	lan tỏa đổi mới	the renewable energy transition stimulated innovation spillovers	generate innovation spillovers
related diversification	noun phrase	/rɪˈleɪtɪd daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	đa dạng hóa liên quan	This phenomenon, which economic geographers term “related diversification”	pursue related diversification
economic complexity	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk kəmˈpleksəti/	độ phức tạp kinh tế	enhanced the economic complexity	increase economic complexity
productive capabilities	noun phrase	/prəˈdʌktɪv ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlətiz/	năng lực sản xuất	indicating enhanced productive capabilities	develop productive capabilities
institutional evolution	noun phrase	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl ˌiːvəˈluːʃən/	tiến hóa thể chế	the energy transition influenced institutional evolution	institutional evolution/change
spillover governance improvements	noun phrase	/ˈspɪləʊvə ˈɡʌvənəns ɪmˈpruːvmənts/	cải thiện quản trị lan tỏa	creating spillover governance improvements	spillover benefits/effects
methodologically challenging	adjective phrase	/ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒɪkəli ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/	khó khăn về mặt phương pháp luận	though attributing precise causation remains methodologically challenging	methodologically sound/rigorous
asset classes	noun phrase	/ˈæset ˈklɑːsɪz/	các loại tài sản	The transition creates new asset classes	diversify across asset classes
investment vehicles	noun phrase	/ɪnˈvestmənt ˈviːɪkəlz/	phương tiện đầu tư	new asset classes and investment vehicles	alternative investment vehicles
risk-adjusted returns	noun phrase	/rɪsk əˈdʒʌstɪd rɪˈtɜːnz/	lợi nhuận đã điều chỉnh rủi ro	offering attractive risk-adjusted returns	maximize risk-adjusted returns
portfolio diversification	noun phrase	/pɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	đa dạng hóa danh mục đầu tư	providing portfolio diversification benefits	portfolio diversification strategy
systemic financial risk	noun phrase	/sɪˈstemɪk faɪˈnænʃəl rɪsk/	rủi ro tài chính hệ thống	that reduced systemic financial risk	mitigate systemic risk
countervailing dynamics	noun phrase	/ˌkaʊntəˈveɪlɪŋ daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực đối trọng	several countervailing dynamics merit careful consideration	countervailing forces/pressures
capital intensity	noun phrase	/ˈkæpɪtəl ɪnˈtensəti/	cường độ vốn	The capital intensity of renewable infrastructure	capital-intensive projects
temporal mismatches	noun phrase	/ˈtempərəl ˈmɪsmætʃɪz/	sự không khớp về thời gian	creates temporal mismatches between expenditure and savings	temporal mismatch problem
fiscal sustainability	noun phrase	/ˈfɪskəl səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	tính bền vững tài khóa	this can trigger fiscal sustainability concerns	ensure fiscal sustainability
credit rating agencies	noun phrase	/ˈkredɪt ˈreɪtɪŋ ˈeɪdʒənsiz/	các cơ quan xếp hạng tín dụng	fiscal sustainability concerns among credit rating agencies	major credit rating agencies
debt service obligations	noun phrase	/det ˈsɜːvɪs ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃənz/	nghĩa vụ thanh toán nợ	increases sovereign debt levels and debt service obligations	meet debt service obligations
concessional terms	noun phrase	/kənˈseʃənəl tɜːmz/	điều khoản ưu đãi	with concessional terms from development banks	negotiate concessional terms
path-dependent implications	noun phrase	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənt ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/	ý nghĩa phụ thuộc vào lộ trình	with path-dependent implications for economic trajectories	path-dependent process
distributional consequences	noun phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/	hậu quả phân phối	involves the distributional consequences	distributional impacts/effects
social cohesion	noun phrase	/ˈsəʊʃəl kəʊˈhiːʒən/	sự gắn kết xã hội	with potential implications for social cohesion	strengthen social cohesion
two-tier energy system	noun phrase	/tuː tɪə ˈenədʒi ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống năng lượng hai tầng	potentially creating a two-tier energy system	two-tier structure/system
progressive policy design	noun phrase	/prəˈɡresɪv ˈpɒləsi dɪˈzaɪn/	thiết kế chính sách tiến bộ	If not addressed through progressive policy design	progressive taxation/policy
distributional inequities	noun phrase	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl ɪnɪˈkwɪtiz/	sự bất bình đẳng phân phối	such distributional inequities can generate social tensions	address distributional inequities
adaptive governance	noun phrase	/əˈdæptɪv ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị thích ứng	successful cases characterized by adaptive governance	adaptive governance approach
stakeholder engagement	noun phrase	/ˈsteɪkhəʊldə ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/	sự tham gia của các bên liên quan	characterized by adaptive governance, stakeholder engagement	stakeholder engagement process
rigid adherence	noun phrase	/ˈrɪdʒɪd ədˈhɪərəns/	sự tuân thủ cứng nhắc	rather than rigid adherence to predetermined plans	rigid adherence to rules

Kết bài

Bộ đề thi IELTS Reading về năng lượng tái tạo và ổn định kinh tế ở các quốc đảo nhỏ đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Chủ đề này không chỉ quan trọng trong bối cảnh toàn cầu hóa và biến đổi khí hậu mà còn thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt từ Cambridge IELTS 14 trở đi.

Qua 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng khác nhau, bạn đã được luyện tập các kỹ năng quan trọng như scanning, skimming, paraphrasing và xác định thông tin chính xác. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ lý do tại sao mỗi đáp án đúng hoặc sai, đồng thời nắm vững các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.

Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt trong lĩnh vực năng lượng, kinh tế và phát triển bền vững. Hãy dành thời gian ôn tập những từ vựng này và thực hành sử dụng chúng trong các ngữ cảnh khác nhau.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất trong IELTS Reading, bạn nên:

Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages
Quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ: 15-17 phút cho Passage 1, 18-20 phút cho Passage 2, 23-25 phút cho Passage 3
Đọc kỹ instructions của từng dạng câu hỏi để tránh sai sót không đáng có
Xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật qua việc đọc nhiều bài báo khoa học và tạp chí uy tín
Tự đánh giá sau mỗi lần làm bài để xác định điểm mạnh và điểm cần cải thiện

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm IELTS Reading như mong muốn. Hãy tiếp tục luyện tập đều đặn và áp dụng những kỹ thuật đã học vào thực tế.

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IELTS Reading: Năng lượng tái tạo và Ổn định Kinh tế – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án

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