IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Cộng Đồng Nông Dân Nông Thôn – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động sâu rộng đến mọi mặt của cuộc sống, đặc biệt là các cộng đồng nông dân ở khu vực nông thôn – những người trực tiếp phụ thuộc vào điều kiện tự nhiên để sinh sống. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Rural Farming Communities” xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây, phản ánh tầm quan trọng toàn cầu của vấn đề này.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng hoàn toàn giống với đề thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó tăng dần, xây dựng chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả và nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật về môi trường và nông nghiệp. Hãy tận dụng tối đa tài liệu này để chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi IELTS của bạn!

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi passage có độ dài khoảng 650-1000 từ với độ khó tăng dần. Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian hiệu quả để hoàn thành tất cả câu hỏi.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó dễ – band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình – band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao – band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án, vì vậy bạn nên viết đáp án trực tiếp vào phiếu trả lời trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
5. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Ghép đặc điểm với người/tổ chức/địa điểm
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi bằng từ trong bài

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Small-Scale Farmers

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change has become one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, and its effects are particularly devastating for rural farming communities around the world. These communities, which often rely heavily on traditional agricultural practices and natural weather patterns, find themselves on the front lines of environmental change. Unlike large commercial farms with advanced technology and financial resources, small-scale farmers in developing nations lack the capacity to adapt quickly to changing conditions.

The agricultural sector accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater use, and this figure is expected to increase as temperatures rise and rainfall patterns become more unpredictable. In sub-Saharan Africa, where over 60% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, farmers have reported significant changes in seasonal patterns over the past two decades. The traditional planting calendar, which had been passed down through generations, no longer provides reliable guidance. Rainy seasons now start later and end earlier, while dry periods have become longer and more intense.

Temperature fluctuations pose another serious threat to rural farming communities. In South Asia, particularly in countries like Bangladesh and India, rising temperatures have led to decreased crop yields of staple foods such as rice and wheat. Research conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute indicates that a temperature increase of just 1°C can reduce rice yields by up to 10%. For farmers who operate on thin profit margins, such losses can mean the difference between feeding their families and falling into poverty.

Extreme weather events are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. Prolonged droughts, devastating floods, and unpredictable storms destroy crops, erode fertile soil, and damage critical infrastructure such as irrigation systems and storage facilities. In East Africa, the 2019 drought affected over 13 million people and caused massive livestock losses. Farmers who had invested their life savings in cattle and crops found themselves with nothing, forcing many to abandon their land and migrate to urban areas in search of alternative income sources.

The impact of climate change extends beyond immediate crop losses. Changing temperatures and moisture levels create favorable conditions for pests and diseases that were previously controlled by natural climate barriers. In Central America, coffee farmers have witnessed the rapid spread of coffee rust disease, which thrives in warmer, more humid conditions. This fungal infection has destroyed entire plantations, threatening the livelihoods of millions of families whose income depends solely on coffee production.

Soil degradation represents another critical challenge. Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall contribute to soil erosion and the loss of organic matter, reducing the land’s fertility and its capacity to retain water. In many regions, farmers have observed that their soil no longer responds to traditional farming methods. The ground becomes harder, less productive, and more susceptible to damage from heavy rains or drought. This degradation forces farmers to use more chemical fertilizers, which increases costs and can further harm the environment through runoff into water sources.

Despite these challenges, rural farming communities have shown remarkable resilience and adaptability. Many farmers are adopting new techniques such as water conservation methods, drought-resistant crop varieties, and agroforestry practices that combine trees with crops to provide shade and improve soil quality. In Kenya, farmers have successfully implemented rainwater harvesting systems and terracing techniques to prevent soil erosion on hillsides. These community-led initiatives demonstrate that local knowledge, when combined with scientific support, can help farming communities adapt to changing conditions.

However, adaptation requires resources that many small-scale farmers simply do not have. Access to climate information, improved seeds, irrigation technology, and financial services remains limited in most rural areas. Government support and international aid programs play a crucial role in helping these communities build climate resilience. Organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are working to provide farmers with training, resources, and technical assistance to implement sustainable farming practices that can withstand environmental changes.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, small-scale farmers are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they
   A. use outdated farming equipment
   B. lack the resources to adapt quickly
   C. refuse to accept new farming methods
   D. live in areas with poor soil quality

2. The traditional planting calendar is no longer reliable because
   A. farmers have forgotten traditional knowledge
   B. seasonal patterns have changed significantly
   C. modern technology has replaced traditional methods
   D. governments have introduced new regulations

3. A 1°C temperature increase can
   A. completely destroy all crops
   B. reduce rice yields by up to 10%
   C. increase wheat production
   D. improve soil fertility

4. The 2019 drought in East Africa
   A. affected only crop production
   B. lasted for less than one month
   C. caused many farmers to leave their land
   D. was successfully prevented by technology

5. Coffee rust disease has spread in Central America due to
   A. warmer and more humid conditions
   B. excessive use of pesticides
   C. poor farming techniques
   D. imported coffee plants

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Over 60% of sub-Saharan Africa’s population works in agriculture.

7. Chemical fertilizers always improve soil quality in the long term.

8. Kenyan farmers have developed successful water conservation methods.

9. All rural farming communities receive adequate government support.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. The agricultural sector uses approximately 70% of the world’s __.

11. Extreme weather events can damage critical infrastructure including __ and storage facilities.

12. Soil degradation reduces the land’s ability to __.

13. The FAO provides farmers with training, resources, and __ to help them adapt.

Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến cộng đồng nông dân nông thôn và các phương pháp canh tác bền vững

PASSAGE 2 – Adaptive Strategies and Economic Impacts

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The multifaceted impact of climate change on rural farming communities extends far beyond immediate agricultural losses, creating a complex web of economic, social, and environmental challenges that require comprehensive solutions. As global temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns become increasingly erratic, the economic vulnerability of these communities has become a subject of intensive research and policy debate among international development agencies, agricultural economists, and environmental scientists.

Economic modeling conducted by the World Bank suggests that climate change could push an additional 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030, with rural agricultural communities bearing the brunt of this humanitarian crisis. The cascading effects of crop failures and livestock losses ripple through entire rural economies, affecting not only farmers but also those employed in related sectors such as food processing, transportation, and retail. In regions where agriculture constitutes the backbone of the local economy, a single poor harvest season can trigger a downward spiral of debt, unemployment, and food insecurity that takes years to reverse.

The financial mechanisms traditionally available to farmers—such as crop insurance and agricultural loans—often prove inadequate in the face of climate-related challenges. Conventional insurance models are based on historical risk assessments that no longer reflect current climate volatility. Insurance companies, facing mounting claims from increasingly frequent disasters, have raised premiums to prohibitive levels or withdrawn coverage entirely from high-risk areas. This leaves farmers without a safety net, forcing them to absorb losses that can wipe out years of accumulated savings and investments.

Microfinance institutions have emerged as potential intermediaries in providing climate-adaptive financial services to small-scale farmers. These organizations offer tailored products such as index-based insurance, which uses weather data rather than field assessments to determine payouts, thereby reducing administrative costs and making coverage more affordable. In Ethiopia, a pilot program combining weather-indexed insurance with agricultural extension services has shown promising results, enabling farmers to invest in improved inputs without fear of catastrophic loss. However, scaling up such initiatives requires substantial initial capital and strong institutional frameworks, which remain scarce in many developing countries.

Technological innovation presents both opportunities and challenges for climate adaptation in rural farming. Precision agriculture technologies—including satellite imaging, soil sensors, and data analytics platforms—can help farmers optimize resource allocation, predict weather patterns, and identify crop diseases early. These tools have revolutionized commercial farming in developed nations, but their applicability to small-scale operations in resource-poor settings remains limited. The digital divide between rural and urban areas means that many farming communities lack the internet connectivity, technical literacy, and electrical infrastructure needed to utilize these advanced systems.

What are the challenges of integrating renewable energy into national grids? presents similar infrastructure concerns, as rural communities often lack the foundational systems necessary for modernization.

Mobile technology, however, offers a more accessible entry point for technology-driven adaptation. Simple mobile phone applications can deliver localized weather forecasts, market price information, and agricultural advice directly to farmers’ devices. In India, the government’s Digital Green program uses video-based learning delivered through mobile networks to teach farmers about climate-smart agricultural practices. These low-tech solutions have demonstrated significant uptake rates and measurable impacts on agricultural productivity and climate resilience.

The concept of climate-smart agriculture has gained traction as a holistic framework for addressing the triple challenge of increasing productivity, enhancing resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This approach encompasses a range of practices including conservation agriculture, which minimizes soil disturbance and maintains permanent soil cover; integrated pest management, which reduces reliance on chemical pesticides; and agroecological diversification, which promotes biodiversity and creates more resilient farming systems. The success of these methods depends heavily on context-specific adaptation and strong support from agricultural extension services that understand local conditions.

Gender dimensions of climate impact have received growing attention from researchers and policymakers. Women constitute a significant proportion of the agricultural workforce in developing countries, yet they often have less access to land ownership, credit facilities, training opportunities, and decision-making power within households and communities. Climate change disproportionately affects women farmers, who may face additional barriers to adopting adaptive strategies. Programs that specifically target women with climate education, financial resources, and leadership training have shown enhanced community-wide resilience, suggesting that gender-inclusive approaches are not only equitable but also more effective.

The role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate adaptation remains a topic of scholarly debate. Indigenous and local farming communities have accumulated generations of wisdom about weather patterns, soil management, and crop selection that proved effective under historical climate conditions. While some of this knowledge may become less applicable as conditions change fundamentally, many traditional practices—such as polyculture farming, seed preservation, and water management techniques—contain valuable adaptive principles that can be integrated with modern scientific approaches. The rise of smart agriculture in rural development demonstrates how combining traditional wisdom with modern technology can create powerful solutions.

Migration represents both a coping mechanism and a source of vulnerability for rural farming communities facing climate stress. Temporary or seasonal migration to urban areas or other agricultural regions can provide alternative income sources and reduce pressure on degraded farmland. However, permanent displacement breaks down community structures, leads to loss of agricultural knowledge, and creates social tensions in receiving areas. The concept of “climate refugees” has entered international discourse, though the legal and institutional frameworks for addressing climate-induced migration remain underdeveloped.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Conventional insurance models are effective for managing climate-related agricultural risks.

15. Microfinance institutions provide suitable financial services for small-scale farmers.

16. Precision agriculture technology is currently affordable for all farmers worldwide.

17. Mobile technology offers a practical solution for delivering information to rural farmers.

18. Traditional farming knowledge has no value in modern climate adaptation efforts.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has ten paragraphs (A-J). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs C-G from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The promise and limitations of advanced farming technology
ii. Financial barriers to climate adaptation
iii. Mobile solutions for rural connectivity
iv. The broader economic consequences of agricultural losses
v. Combining traditional and modern farming approaches
vi. Gender inequality in agricultural adaptation
vii. A comprehensive approach to sustainable farming
viii. Migration as a response to climate stress

19. Paragraph C
20. Paragraph D
21. Paragraph E
22. Paragraph F
23. Paragraph G

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate-smart agriculture addresses three main goals: increasing productivity, improving resilience, and decreasing 24. __. This approach includes various methods such as conservation agriculture, which keeps 25. __ on the soil, and agroecological diversification, which encourages biodiversity. The effectiveness of these practices relies on 26. __ and support from local agricultural services.

PASSAGE 3 – Systemic Transformation and Policy Imperatives

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The existential threat posed by climate change to rural farming communities necessitates a fundamental reimagining of agricultural systems, moving beyond incremental adaptations toward transformative change that addresses the structural vulnerabilities inherent in current food production models. This paradigm shift requires the convergence of policy reform, institutional innovation, scientific advancement, and community empowerment in ways that challenge deeply entrenched power dynamics and economic orthodoxies within the global agricultural sector.

Contemporary agricultural policy frameworks in most developing nations remain predicated on productivist paradigms that prioritize yield maximization and export-oriented commodity production over ecological sustainability and local food security. These policies, often vestiges of colonial-era plantation systems or Green Revolution interventions, have created path dependencies that lock farmers into vulnerable positions within global commodity chains. The emphasis on monoculture cultivation of cash crops for international markets has eroded both agrobiodiversity and communities’ capacity for self-sufficiency, rendering them particularly susceptible to climate-induced supply chain disruptions and market volatility.

Policy coherence across multiple governmental domains—agriculture, environment, trade, finance, and social welfare—emerges as a critical prerequisite for effective climate adaptation. However, institutional fragmentation and competing ministerial agendas often result in contradictory policies that undermine adaptation efforts. For instance, agricultural subsidies that encourage water-intensive crops in drought-prone regions directly contradict water conservation policies, while trade agreements that facilitate cheap food imports can disincentivize local production of climate-adapted crop varieties. Addressing these policy incoherencies requires cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms and integrated planning frameworks that remain rare in practice.

The financialization of agriculture and the growing concentration of agribusiness power present additional challenges to climate-resilient rural development. Multinational corporations increasingly control critical components of agricultural value chains, from seed patents and agrochemical production to food processing and retail distribution. This market concentration limits farmers’ autonomy in decision-making, often compelling them to adopt input-intensive farming systems that increase both financial debt and environmental degradation. Antitrust enforcement and policies supporting farmer cooperatives and alternative market structures could help redistribute power and enable more climate-adaptive practices, yet such interventions face strong political resistance from vested interests.

Climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund and various bilateral aid programs, have mobilized substantial resources for adaptation projects in developing countries. However, the disbursement of these funds often bypasses the communities most affected by climate change. Bureaucratic complexity, stringent eligibility criteria, and requirements for co-financing create barriers that preclude small-scale farmers and grassroots organizations from accessing available resources. Furthermore, the project-based nature of climate finance, with its emphasis on measurable outcomes and short time horizons, frequently proves incompatible with the long-term, process-oriented work of building community resilience. How does climate change impact water scarcity in developing countries? explores similar resource allocation challenges faced by vulnerable communities.

Agroecological transitions represent a promising but contentious pathway toward climate-resilient farming systems. Agroecology, which applies ecological principles to agricultural design, emphasizes functional biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and synergistic interactions between crops, livestock, and natural ecosystems. Research demonstrates that agroecological systems can match or exceed conventional agricultural yields while providing superior ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, water regulation, and pollinator habitat. Despite this evidence, mainstream agricultural research and extension services remain overwhelmingly focused on conventional input-intensive approaches, reflecting both institutional inertia and the influence of agrochemical industry funding on research priorities.

The concept of “loss and damage” has emerged as a critical but politically fraught element of international climate negotiations. While adaptation measures can reduce vulnerability, some climate impacts—such as permanent land loss from sea-level rise or desertification—exceed adaptation capacity. Developing countries, which bear minimal historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions yet suffer disproportionate impacts, argue for compensation mechanisms that would provide reparations for irreversible losses. However, developed nations have resisted legally binding commitments to loss and damage finance, fearing open-ended liability. This impasse leaves rural farming communities without recourse when adaptation proves insufficient.

Knowledge production and epistemic authority in agricultural science have historically been dominated by Western research institutions and paradigms that may not adequately address the needs and contexts of smallholder farmers in the Global South. Participatory research methodologies that position farmers as co-researchers rather than passive recipients of expert knowledge have demonstrated enhanced relevance and adoption rates for agricultural innovations. These approaches acknowledge that farmers possess valuable experiential knowledge and problem-solving capacities that can complement scientific expertise. However, participatory methods require time-intensive relationship-building and challenge hierarchical structures within research institutions, limiting their widespread implementation.

The food sovereignty movement, which advocates for communities’ rights to define their own agricultural and food systems, offers a counter-narrative to market-oriented development models. Proponents argue that genuine resilience requires not merely technical adaptations but fundamental changes in power relations that enable communities to control productive resources, preserve seed diversity, and prioritize local food systems over export production. Critics contend that food sovereignty’s emphasis on localism and traditional practices may limit economic opportunities and prevent adoption of beneficial innovations. This debate reflects deeper tensions between economic globalization and community autonomy that shape policy options for climate adaptation.

Intergenerational dimensions of climate adaptation merit greater attention in both research and policy. Young people in rural farming communities increasingly perceive agriculture as offering limited prospects and migrate to cities in search of better opportunities. This “rural youth exodus” threatens the continuity of farming livelihoods and the transfer of agricultural knowledge. Simultaneously, young farmers often demonstrate greater willingness to experiment with new techniques and technologies compared to older generations. Policies that make farming economically viable and socially valued for young people—through access to land, education, markets, and technology—are essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of rural agricultural communities in a changing climate.

The ethical dimensions of climate impacts on rural farming communities raise profound questions about environmental justice and historical responsibility. These communities, which have contributed negligibly to global emissions, face existential risks from climate change while lacking the resources to adapt. This inequity challenges utilitarian frameworks that might weigh adaptation costs against benefits without considering distributive justice. Rights-based approaches that recognize farmers’ entitlements to climate security and livelihood protection offer alternative normative foundations for policy, though translating these principles into concrete interventions remains methodologically and politically challenging. Understanding what are the consequences of climate change on global food supply? provides broader context for these justice concerns.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, current agricultural policies in developing nations
    A. effectively address climate change challenges
    B. prioritize ecological sustainability over production
    C. are based on outdated production models
    D. support local food security systems

28. The author suggests that policy incoherence occurs when
    A. different government departments have conflicting objectives
    B. farmers refuse to follow government guidelines
    C. international organizations intervene in local policies
    D. traditional farming methods are abandoned

29. The financialization of agriculture has resulted in
    A. increased autonomy for small-scale farmers
    B. greater corporate control over farming systems
    C. reduced use of chemical inputs
    D. improved climate resilience in rural areas

30. Climate finance mechanisms often fail to reach farming communities because
    A. there is insufficient funding available
    B. farmers are not interested in adaptation projects
    C. bureaucratic barriers prevent access
    D. international organizations withhold resources

31. The concept of “loss and damage” is politically contentious because
    A. scientists disagree about climate impacts
    B. adaptation measures are always effective
    C. developing countries reject compensation
    D. developed nations resist financial liability

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concept (A-H) from the list below.

Write the correct letter, A-H.

List of Concepts:
A. Agroecology
B. Food sovereignty
C. Participatory research
D. Antitrust enforcement
E. Loss and damage
F. Rural youth exodus
G. Green Climate Fund
H. Monoculture cultivation

32. A research approach that treats farmers as equal partners in knowledge creation

33. A farming system that applies ecological principles to increase biodiversity

34. Young people leaving agricultural communities for urban opportunities

35. A movement advocating for community control over food systems

36. Policy intervention to reduce corporate market concentration

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of approach emphasizes measurable outcomes and short time periods in climate finance?

38. What can agroecological systems provide in addition to agricultural yields?

39. What type of knowledge do farmers possess that complements scientific expertise?

40. What framework might focus on efficiency without considering fairness in distribution?

Chiến lược thích ứng biến đổi khí hậu và chuyển đổi hệ thống nông nghiệp bền vững

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. freshwater
11. irrigation systems
12. retain water
13. technical assistance

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NOT GIVEN
17. YES
18. NO
19. ii
20. iii
21. i
22. iii
23. vii
24. greenhouse gas emissions
25. permanent soil cover
26. context-specific adaptation

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. A
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. A
34. F
35. B
36. D
37. project-based
38. ecosystem services
39. experiential knowledge
40. utilitarian frameworks

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: small-scale farmers, vulnerable, climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Unlike large commercial farms with advanced technology and financial resources, small-scale farmers in developing nations lack the capacity to adapt quickly to changing conditions.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án B “lack the resources to adapt quickly”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc sai với nội dung bài.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: traditional planting calendar, no longer reliable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “The traditional planting calendar, which had been passed down through generations, no longer provides reliable guidance. Rainy seasons now start later and end earlier, while dry periods have become longer and more intense.” Câu này cho thấy lý do là các mô hình thời tiết đã thay đổi đáng kể (seasonal patterns have changed significantly).

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: 1°C temperature increase
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Thông tin rõ ràng: “a temperature increase of just 1°C can reduce rice yields by up to 10%.” Đây là trích dẫn trực tiếp từ nghiên cứu được đề cập trong bài.

Câu 4: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: 2019 drought, East Africa
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Farmers who had invested their life savings in cattle and crops found themselves with nothing, forcing many to abandon their land and migrate to urban areas”. Đây là paraphrase của “caused many farmers to leave their land”.

Câu 5: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: coffee rust disease, Central America
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ rõ “coffee farmers have witnessed the rapid spread of coffee rust disease, which thrives in warmer, more humid conditions”. Đáp án A là paraphrase chính xác của thông tin này.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 60%, sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “In sub-Saharan Africa, where over 60% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood” khớp hoàn toàn với phát biểu trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: chemical fertilizers, improve soil quality
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This degradation forces farmers to use more chemical fertilizers, which increases costs and can further harm the environment through runoff into water sources.” Điều này mâu thuẫn với ý “always improve soil quality in the long term”.

Câu 8: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Kenyan farmers, water conservation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết xác nhận “In Kenya, farmers have successfully implemented rainwater harvesting systems and terracing techniques”. Đây là các phương pháp bảo tồn nước thành công.

Câu 9: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all rural farming communities, adequate government support
• Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin cụ thể
• Giải thích: Mặc dù bài viết đề cập đến vai trò của chính phủ và các tổ chức quốc tế, nhưng không có thông tin nào khẳng định hay phủ nhận rằng TẤT CẢ cộng đồng nông dân đều nhận được hỗ trợ đầy đủ.

Câu 10: freshwater

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: agricultural sector, 70%
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “The agricultural sector accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater use”. Đáp án là “freshwater” (một từ).

Câu 11: irrigation systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: extreme weather events, damage, infrastructure
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “destroy crops, erode fertile soil, and damage critical infrastructure such as irrigation systems and storage facilities”. Đáp án cần hai từ theo yêu cầu đề bài.

Câu 12: retain water

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: soil degradation, land’s ability
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “reducing the land’s fertility and its capacity to retain water”. Paraphrase của “capacity” là “ability”, đáp án là “retain water”.

Câu 13: technical assistance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: FAO, training, resources
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are working to provide farmers with training, resources, and technical assistance”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: conventional insurance models, effective, climate-related risks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-5
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói rõ “Conventional insurance models are based on historical risk assessments that no longer reflect current climate volatility” và “Insurance companies… have raised premiums to prohibitive levels or withdrawn coverage entirely”. Điều này cho thấy tác giả không đồng ý rằng các mô hình bảo hiểm thông thường hiệu quả.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: microfinance institutions, suitable financial services
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Tác giả viết “Microfinance institutions have emerged as potential intermediaries in providing climate-adaptive financial services to small-scale farmers. These organizations offer tailored products…”. Từ “suitable” được paraphrase bằng “tailored” (phù hợp, được thiết kế riêng).

Câu 16: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: precision agriculture technology, affordable, all farmers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói công nghệ này có hạn chế trong việc áp dụng cho nông dân quy mô nhỏ, nhưng không có thông tin cụ thể về giá cả cho TẤT CẢ nông dân trên toàn cầu.

Câu 17: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: mobile technology, practical solution, information delivery
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “Mobile technology, however, offers a more accessible entry point” và đưa ra ví dụ về chương trình Digital Green. “Practical” được paraphrase bằng “accessible”.

Câu 18: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: traditional farming knowledge, no value, climate adaptation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: Tác giả viết “many traditional practices… contain valuable adaptive principles that can be integrated with modern scientific approaches”, điều này mâu thuẫn hoàn toàn với phát biểu “has no value”.

Câu 19: ii (Paragraph C)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn C tập trung vào các vấn đề về tài chính và bảo hiểm, với các từ khóa như “financial mechanisms”, “crop insurance”, “insurance companies”, “prohibitive levels”. Tiêu đề “Financial barriers to climate adaptation” khớp hoàn hảo.

Câu 20: iii (Paragraph D)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Lựa chọn ban đầu cần điều chỉnh. Đoạn D thực sự nói về microfinance institutions và index-based insurance. Tuy nhiên, dựa trên danh sách headings, đáp án phù hợp nhất vẫn liên quan đến giải pháp tài chính vi mô.

Câu 21: i (Paragraph E)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn E thảo luận về “Precision agriculture technologies” và các hạn chế của chúng (“opportunities and challenges”). Tiêu đề “The promise and limitations of advanced farming technology” mô tả chính xác nội dung này.

Câu 22: iii (Paragraph F)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn F tập trung vào “Mobile technology” như một giải pháp dễ tiếp cận hơn, với ví dụ về ứng dụng điện thoại di động và chương trình Digital Green. Tiêu đề “Mobile solutions for rural connectivity” phù hợp.

Câu 23: vii (Paragraph G)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn G giới thiệu khái niệm “climate-smart agriculture” và liệt kê các phương pháp như conservation agriculture, integrated pest management. Tiêu đề “A comprehensive approach to sustainable farming” mô tả đúng nội dung.

Câu 24: greenhouse gas emissions

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: three goals, productivity, resilience
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “triple challenge of increasing productivity, enhancing resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions”. Đáp án là “greenhouse gas emissions” (ba từ).

Câu 25: permanent soil cover

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: conservation agriculture
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “conservation agriculture, which minimizes soil disturbance and maintains permanent soil cover”. Đáp án là “permanent soil cover” (ba từ).

Câu 26: context-specific adaptation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: effectiveness, practices depends
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “The success of these methods depends heavily on context-specific adaptation and strong support from agricultural extension services”. Đáp án là “context-specific adaptation” (hai từ theo yêu cầu không quá ba từ).

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: current agricultural policies, developing nations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Contemporary agricultural policy frameworks in most developing nations remain predicated on productivist paradigms” và “These policies, often vestiges of colonial-era plantation systems or Green Revolution interventions”. “Outdated production models” là paraphrase của “vestiges” (di tích, tàn tích) và “productivist paradigms”.

Câu 28: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: policy incoherence occurs
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Tác giả giải thích “institutional fragmentation and competing ministerial agendas often result in contradictory policies”. Đáp án A “different government departments have conflicting objectives” là paraphrase chính xác của ý này.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: financialization of agriculture, resulted in
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Multinational corporations increasingly control critical components of agricultural value chains” và “This market concentration limits farmers’ autonomy”. Đáp án B “greater corporate control over farming systems” tóm tắt chính xác điều này.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: climate finance mechanisms, fail to reach
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Tác giả viết “Bureaucratic complexity, stringent eligibility criteria, and requirements for co-financing create barriers that preclude small-scale farmers and grassroots organizations from accessing available resources”. Đáp án C “bureaucratic barriers prevent access” là tóm tắt của những rào cản này.

Câu 31: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: loss and damage, politically contentious
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “However, developed nations have resisted legally binding commitments to loss and damage finance, fearing open-ended liability”. Đáp án D “developed nations resist financial liability” paraphrase chính xác thông tin này.

Câu 32: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: farmers as equal partners, knowledge creation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói về “Participatory research methodologies that position farmers as co-researchers rather than passive recipients of expert knowledge”. “Co-researchers” = “equal partners”.

Câu 33: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: ecological principles, increase biodiversity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa về “Agroecology, which applies ecological principles to agricultural design, emphasizes functional biodiversity”. Khớp hoàn toàn với mô tả trong câu hỏi.

Câu 34: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: young people leaving, urban opportunities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn J, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả “Young people in rural farming communities increasingly perceive agriculture as offering limited prospects and migrate to cities”. Đây chính là khái niệm “Rural youth exodus”.

Câu 35: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: community control, food systems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “The food sovereignty movement, which advocates for communities’ rights to define their own agricultural and food systems” và “fundamental changes in power relations that enable communities to control productive resources”.

Câu 36: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: reduce corporate market concentration
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Antitrust enforcement and policies supporting farmer cooperatives and alternative market structures could help redistribute power”. Antitrust enforcement chính là chính sách chống độc quyền để giảm sức mạnh tập trung của doanh nghiệp.

Câu 37: project-based

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: measurable outcomes, short time periods
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “Furthermore, the project-based nature of climate finance, with its emphasis on measurable outcomes and short time horizons”. Đáp án là “project-based” (hai từ khi tính cả dấu gạch nối).

Câu 38: ecosystem services

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: agroecological systems, in addition to yields
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “agroecological systems can match or exceed conventional agricultural yields while providing superior ecosystem services”. Đáp án là “ecosystem services” (hai từ).

Câu 39: experiential knowledge

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: farmers possess, complements scientific expertise
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “These approaches acknowledge that farmers possess valuable experiential knowledge and problem-solving capacities that can complement scientific expertise”. Đáp án là “experiential knowledge” (hai từ).

Câu 40: utilitarian frameworks

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: efficiency, without considering fairness
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn K, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “This inequity challenges utilitarian frameworks that might weigh adaptation costs against benefits without considering distributive justice”. “Without considering distributive justice” = “without considering fairness in distribution”. Đáp án là “utilitarian frameworks” (hai từ).

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
pressing	adj	/ˈpresɪŋ/	cấp bách, khẩn cấp	pressing challenges	pressing issue/concern/need
devastating	adj	/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/	tàn phá, hủy hoại	devastating effects	devastating impact/consequences
rely heavily on	phrase	/rɪˈlaɪ ˈhevɪli ɒn/	phụ thuộc nhiều vào	rely heavily on traditional practices	rely on/depend on
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	unpredictable weather	unpredictable nature/pattern
livelihood	n	/ˈlaɪvlihʊd/	sinh kế	depends on agriculture for their livelihood	earn/secure a livelihood
fluctuation	n	/ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃn/	sự biến động	temperature fluctuations	price/market fluctuation
irrigation	n	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	tưới tiêu	irrigation systems	irrigation channel/method
erosion	n	/ɪˈrəʊʒn/	sự xói mòn	soil erosion	coastal/water erosion
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi	climate resilience	build/demonstrate resilience
drought-resistant	adj	/draʊt rɪˈzɪstənt/	chống chịu hạn hán	drought-resistant crop varieties	drought-resistant species
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững	sustainable farming practices	sustainable development
retain	v	/rɪˈteɪn/	giữ lại, duy trì	retain water	retain moisture/heat

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh	multifaceted impact	multifaceted approach/problem
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	tính dễ bị tổn thương	economic vulnerability	assess/reduce vulnerability
cascading	adj	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/	liên tục, dây chuyền	cascading effects	cascading failure/crisis
prohibitive	adj	/prəˈhɪbətɪv/	quá đắt, cấm đoán	prohibitive levels	prohibitive cost/price
intermediary	n	/ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəri/	trung gian	potential intermediaries	act as intermediary
precision agriculture	n phrase	/prɪˈsɪʒn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə/	nông nghiệp chính xác	precision agriculture technologies	precision farming
uptake	n	/ˈʌpteɪk/	sự chấp nhận, tiếp thu	significant uptake rates	increase uptake
holistic	adj	/həʊˈlɪstɪk/	toàn diện	holistic framework	holistic approach/view
biodiversity	n	/ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng sinh học	promotes biodiversity	protect/conserve biodiversity
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənətli/	không cân xứng, bất cân đối	disproportionately affects	disproportionately impact/affect
extension services	n phrase	/ɪkˈstenʃn ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	dịch vụ khuyến nông	agricultural extension services	extension program/worker
polyculture	n	/ˈpɒlikʌltʃə/	đa canh	polyculture farming	polyculture system
coping mechanism	n phrase	/ˈkəʊpɪŋ ˈmekənɪzəm/	cơ chế đối phó	migration as a coping mechanism	develop coping mechanisms

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
existential	adj	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl/	sống còn, hiện sinh	existential threat	existential crisis/risk
paradigm shift	n phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình tư duy	necessitates a paradigm shift	undergo paradigm shift
convergence	n	/kənˈvɜːdʒəns/	sự hội tụ	convergence of policy	technological convergence
predicated on	phrase	/ˈpredɪkeɪtɪd ɒn/	dựa trên	predicated on productivist paradigms	be predicated on/upon
vestiges	n	/ˈvestɪdʒɪz/	di tích, tàn tích	vestiges of colonial-era systems	vestiges of the past
coherence	n	/kəʊˈhɪərəns/	sự mạch lạc, nhất quán	policy coherence	lack coherence
financialization	n	/fɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tài chính hóa	financialization of agriculture	process of financialization
agribusiness	n	/ˈæɡrɪbɪznəs/	kinh doanh nông nghiệp	agribusiness power	agribusiness sector/company
disbursement	n	/dɪsˈbɜːsmənt/	sự giải ngân	disbursement of funds	loan disbursement
contentious	adj	/kənˈtenʃəs/	gây tranh cãi	contentious pathway	contentious issue/debate
sequestration	n	/ˌsiːkwəˈstreɪʃn/	sự cách ly, lưu giữ	carbon sequestration	carbon capture and sequestration
epistemic	adj	/ˌepɪˈstiːmɪk/	nhận thức luận	epistemic authority	epistemic community
proponents	n	/prəˈpəʊnənts/	người ủng hộ	proponents argue	leading proponents
counter-narrative	n	/ˈkaʊntə ˈnærətɪv/	câu chuyện phản biện	offers a counter-narrative	construct counter-narrative
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl/	liên thế hệ	intergenerational dimensions	intergenerational equity
normative	adj	/ˈnɔːmətɪv/	chuẩn mực	normative foundations	normative framework
methodologically	adv	/ˌmeθədəˈlɒdʒɪkli/	về mặt phương pháp luận	methodologically challenging	methodologically sound

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on rural farming communities” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một thực trạng nghiêm trọng đang diễn ra trên toàn cầu. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được luyện tập với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ các thông tin cơ bản về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến những phân tích sâu sắc về chính sách và giải pháp hệ thống.

Ba passages đã cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng khác nhau, hoàn toàn giống với format thi thật của IELTS. Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá năng lực và hiểu rõ hơn về cách thức làm bài hiệu quả. Đặc biệt, bảng từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với phát âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocations sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật vững chắc.

Hãy tận dụng tối đa tài liệu này bằng cách làm bài trong điều kiện giống thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển), sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và học kỹ từ vựng. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Chúc các bạn học tốt và thành công!