IELTS Reading: Tác Động Của Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Đến Ngành Công Nghiệp Đánh Bắt Cá – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động sâu rộng đến mọi lĩnh vực của cuộc sống, và ngành công nghiệp đánh bắt cá là một trong những ngành chịu ảnh hưởng trực tiếp nhất. Chủ đề “Impact Of Climate Change On Fishing Industries” xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây, phản ánh tầm quan trọng toàn cầu của vấn đề này.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng cấu trúc thi thật, từ mức độ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được thực hành với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng bài khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích, giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận và kỹ thuật paraphrase trong IELTS Reading.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, với độ khó tăng dần giúp bạn làm quen với áp lực thời gian và yêu cầu của kỳ thi thực tế. Ngoài ra, bạn sẽ được trang bị một kho từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến khí hậu, môi trường biển và ngành thủy sản – những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Academic.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Điểm số được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 0-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi tương đối dễ tìm thông tin)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase tốt)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, cần phân tích và suy luận)

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet, đảm bảo không có lỗi chính tả hay bỏ sót câu nào.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
5. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm tương ứng
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Changing Seas: How Climate Affects Traditional Fishing Communities

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

For centuries, coastal communities around the world have depended on fishing as their primary source of income and food. From the tropical waters of Southeast Asia to the cold currents of the North Atlantic, fishing has shaped cultures, economies, and ways of life. However, these traditional practices are now facing unprecedented challenges due to climate change, which is altering the very foundation of marine ecosystems.

One of the most visible impacts of climate change on fishing industries is the warming of ocean temperatures. Scientists have recorded that the average surface temperature of the world’s oceans has increased by approximately 0.13 degrees Celsius per decade over the past century. While this might seem like a small change, it has profound consequences for marine life. Many fish species are highly sensitive to temperature changes and are now migrating towards cooler waters, typically moving towards the poles or into deeper ocean areas. This phenomenon, known as poleward migration, has been observed in species ranging from commercial fish like cod and haddock to smaller species that form the base of the marine food chain.

The fishing communities in countries such as Norway, Iceland, and Canada have experienced both positive and negative effects from these changes. Some areas have seen new species arriving in their waters, creating unexpected opportunities for fishermen who had never caught these types of fish before. For instance, mackerel populations have expanded northward into Icelandic waters, providing additional income for local fishermen. However, this has also led to international disputes over fishing rights and quotas, as different nations claim access to these migrating fish stocks.

In contrast, tropical and subtropical fishing communities face more severe challenges. The warming waters in these regions often lead to coral bleaching, which destroys the habitats where many fish species breed and live. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, one of the world’s most biodiverse marine ecosystems, has suffered multiple bleaching events in recent years, resulting in significant declines in fish populations. Local fishermen report catching fewer fish and having to travel greater distances from shore to find adequate fishing grounds.

Ocean acidification, another consequence of climate change, occurs when the ocean absorbs excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This process makes the water more acidic, which affects shell-forming organisms such as oysters, clams, and certain types of plankton. These organisms form a crucial part of the marine food web, and their decline has ripple effects throughout the ecosystem. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, oyster hatcheries have reported dramatic decreases in larval survival rates, directly impacting both the wild populations and the commercial shellfish industry.

The timing of seasonal events in the ocean, known as phenology, is also changing. Many fish species have evolved to breed and migrate according to specific temperature cues and the availability of food. However, as ocean temperatures become more unpredictable, these natural cycles are being disrupted. For example, if plankton blooms occur earlier in the year due to warmer temperatures, but fish spawning does not adjust accordingly, the young fish may hatch when there is insufficient food available, leading to higher mortality rates.

Extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change, pose additional risks to fishing communities. Hurricanes, typhoons, and severe storms can destroy fishing vessels, damage coastal infrastructure, and make fishing operations dangerous or impossible for extended periods. In Bangladesh and Myanmar, where many families depend on small-scale fishing, these extreme events can devastate livelihoods and push communities deeper into poverty.

Despite these challenges, many fishing communities are demonstrating remarkable resilience and adaptability. Some fishermen are diversifying their catch, learning to target new species that have moved into their waters. Others are investing in aquaculture (fish farming) as a more predictable alternative to wild fishing. Technological advances, such as improved weather forecasting and fish-finding equipment, are helping fishermen work more efficiently and safely. Additionally, there is growing recognition of the need for sustainable fishing practices and international cooperation to manage shared fish stocks in a changing climate.

Governments and international organizations are also taking action to support fishing communities. Marine protected areas are being established to help fish populations recover and adapt to changing conditions. Financial assistance programs provide support for fishermen during poor seasons or after extreme weather events. Scientific research continues to improve our understanding of how climate change affects marine ecosystems, informing better management strategies. The impact of climate change on global migration patterns không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến con người mà còn tác động đến sự di cư của các loài sinh vật biển, tạo ra những thách thức mới cho ngành đánh bắt cá toàn cầu.

The future of fishing industries in a changing climate remains uncertain, but it is clear that adaptation will be essential. Communities that can successfully adjust to new conditions, adopt sustainable practices, and receive adequate support will be better positioned to maintain their traditional livelihoods while protecting marine ecosystems for future generations.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, ocean surface temperatures have increased by:
   A. 0.13°C per year
   B. 0.13°C per decade
   C. 1.3°C per century
   D. 0.13°C per century

2. The movement of fish towards cooler waters is called:
   A. ocean migration
   B. poleward migration
   C. temperature migration
   D. climate migration

3. Which country has experienced mackerel populations moving into its waters?
   A. Norway
   B. Canada
   C. Iceland
   D. Australia

4. Ocean acidification primarily affects:
   A. large predatory fish
   B. tropical fish species
   C. shell-forming organisms
   D. deep-sea fish

5. In the Pacific Northwest, oyster hatcheries have reported problems with:
   A. adult oyster survival
   B. water temperature
   C. larval survival rates
   D. food availability

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. All fishing communities have experienced negative effects from warming ocean temperatures.
7. Coral bleaching occurs when water temperatures become too warm.
8. The Great Barrier Reef has experienced multiple bleaching events in recent years.
9. Climate change has made fishing completely impossible in Bangladesh.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Many fish species breed and migrate based on specific __ and food availability.
11. Young fish may experience higher __ when they hatch at the wrong time.
12. Some fishermen are investing in __ as an alternative to catching wild fish.
13. Governments are establishing __ to help fish populations recover.

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Ecological Dimensions of Climate-Induced Fisheries Transformation

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The intricate relationship between climate change and global fisheries represents one of the most complex environmental and economic challenges of the twenty-first century. While the immediate manifestations of warming oceans and shifting fish stocks are increasingly well-documented, the broader implications for food security, economic stability, and ecological integrity require more nuanced examination. The fishing industry, which provides livelihoods for approximately 260 million people worldwide and supplies protein to over 3 billion individuals, stands at a critical juncture where environmental pressures intersect with socioeconomic vulnerabilities.

Marine ecosystems operate as finely tuned systems where temperature, oxygen levels, salinity, and nutrient availability maintain a delicate equilibrium. Climate change is fundamentally disrupting this balance through multiple concurrent mechanisms. The stratification of ocean layers, caused by differential warming rates between surface and deep waters, reduces the mixing that brings nutrients from the deep ocean to surface waters where photosynthesis occurs. This diminished productivity at the base of the food web cascades upward, affecting fish populations at all trophic levels. Research published in leading oceanographic journals indicates that primary productivity in some ocean regions has declined by as much as 20% over the past four decades, with projected further decreases as warming continues.

The concept of “climate velocity” has emerged as a crucial metric for understanding how quickly marine species must move to maintain their preferred environmental conditions. Studies utilizing satellite data and oceanographic models have calculated that in some regions, particularly in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, climate velocity exceeds 200 kilometers per decade. This rapid pace far surpasses the adaptive capacity of many species, particularly those with limited mobility or specific habitat requirements. The mismatch between environmental change and species response creates ecological disruptions that reverberate through entire food webs.

Economically, the redistribution of fish stocks across national boundaries has created unprecedented governance challenges. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) extending 200 nautical miles from coastlines, granting nations sovereign rights over marine resources within these areas. However, this static framework was designed for relatively stable fish populations. As species migrate in response to changing conditions, they move between jurisdictions, leading to contentious negotiations over access rights and catch allocations. The mackerel wars between Iceland, the European Union, Norway, and the Faroe Islands exemplify how climate-induced migration can trigger international disputes, with each party claiming legitimate rights to expanded stocks in their waters.

Developing nations face disproportionate impacts from these changes. Many tropical countries depend heavily on fishing for both nutrition and economic activity, yet they possess limited capacity for monitoring, enforcement, and adaptation. Small island developing states (SIDS) are particularly vulnerable, as their economies are often dominated by fishing and tourism, both of which are highly sensitive to environmental changes. Research conducted in the Western Pacific has documented that some island nations could see their tuna catches decline by up to 50% by mid-century as these highly migratory species shift eastward. Given that tuna fisheries contribute up to 40% of government revenue in some Pacific nations, such declines pose existential threats to national economies. Để hiểu rõ hơn về impact of climate change on global economic stability, chúng ta cần nhìn nhận mối liên hệ giữa sự suy giảm nguồn lợi thủy sản và tính bền vững kinh tế của các quốc gia.

The phenomenon of “tropicalization” describes the increasing presence of tropical species in temperate waters as these regions warm. While this might initially appear to create opportunities for temperate fishing fleets, the reality is more complicated. Tropical species often have lower nutritional value and different market demands compared to traditional temperate species. Additionally, the ecological consequences of tropicalization can be severe. In the Mediterranean Sea, the arrival of warm-water species has been accompanied by outbreaks of toxic algal blooms and the expansion of invasive species that disrupt native ecosystems. The lionfish invasion in the Caribbean, while not directly caused by climate change, has been exacerbated by warming waters that allow these voracious predators to expand their range and devastate native fish populations.

Technological innovations are providing some pathways for adaptation. Satellite-based monitoring systems now track ocean conditions in near real-time, allowing fishing fleets to identify productive areas more efficiently. Genetic studies are helping scientists understand which fish populations possess traits that may allow them to tolerate changing conditions, informing selective breeding programs for aquaculture. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are being deployed to predict fish movements and optimize fishing strategies, potentially reducing fuel consumption and bycatch while improving catch rates.

However, technology alone cannot solve the fundamental ecological challenges posed by climate change. The impact of global trade agreements on environmental sustainability cho thấy rằng các chính sách thương mại và môi trường cần được kết nối chặt chẽ hơn. Ecosystem-based management approaches, which consider the interconnections between species and their environment rather than managing single species in isolation, are increasingly recognized as essential. These approaches require comprehensive data collection, interdisciplinary collaboration, and adaptive management frameworks that can respond to rapid environmental changes. The implementation of such systems, however, demands substantial investment in scientific capacity and institutional development, resources that are often scarce in the regions most affected by change.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent another critical tool for building resilience in fishing communities and ecosystems. By restricting fishing in certain areas, MPAs allow fish populations to recover and maintain genetic diversity, which is crucial for adaptation to changing conditions. Studies from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and other large MPAs demonstrate that protected populations serve as source populations, replenishing nearby fishing grounds through the spillover of adults and dispersal of larvae. However, the effectiveness of MPAs in a changing climate remains uncertain, as the areas protected today may not coincide with the areas where species will be found tomorrow.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. The current framework for managing international fishing rights is adequate for dealing with climate-induced fish migration.
15. Tropical fish species generally have lower nutritional value than temperate species.
16. Technology can completely solve the problems caused by climate change in fishing industries.
17. Marine protected areas may become less effective as fish populations shift to new locations.
18. Developing nations have sufficient resources to adapt to changes in fish populations.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of artificial intelligence in modern fishing
ii. How ocean stratification affects marine food chains
iii. International conflicts over migrating fish stocks
iv. The vulnerabilities of small island nations
v. Tropical species moving into temperate waters
vi. The speed at which marine species must relocate
vii. The benefits of traditional fishing methods
viii. Technology-based solutions for adaptation

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Marine protected areas help fishing industries by allowing fish populations to recover and maintain 24. __, which helps them adapt to new conditions. Protected populations act as 25. __, helping to replenish fishing areas through the movement of adult fish and larvae. However, the 26. __ of MPAs in future climate conditions is uncertain.

Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến ngành đánh bắt cá trên toàn cầu và các giải pháp thích ứng

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PASSAGE 3 – Synergistic Stressors and the Future of Global Fisheries in an Era of Anthropogenic Climate Change

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The confluence of anthropogenic climate change and overexploitation of marine resources represents a synergistic threat to global fisheries that transcends simple additive effects. Contemporary scientific discourse increasingly recognizes that the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors—including warming, acidification, deoxygenation, pollution, and overfishing—create nonlinear responses in marine ecosystems that are substantially more damaging than would be predicted by examining each factor in isolation. This paradigmatic shift in understanding necessitates a fundamental reconceptualization of fisheries management frameworks and highlights the inadequacy of conventional regulatory approaches that fail to account for the complex interdependencies between anthropogenic pressures and ecological resilience.

The biogeochemical alterations wrought by climate change extend far beyond the straightforward thermal effects that dominate popular discourse. Hypoxic zones, colloquially termed “dead zones,” have proliferated in coastal waters worldwide, driven by the dual mechanisms of nutrient pollution-induced eutrophication and climate-driven stratification that inhibits vertical mixing and oxygen replenishment. The Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and coastal areas of East Asia exemplify regions where hypoxia has intensified, with profound implications for demersal fish species and benthic communities. Predictive models suggest that ocean deoxygenation could reduce the metabolic scope available to fish—the difference between minimum metabolic requirements and maximum sustainable activity levels—by 15-30% in some regions by century’s end, constraining both population sizes and individual growth rates.

The phenological decoupling between trophic levels—a temporal mismatch between the availability of prey and the nutritional requirements of predators—exemplifies the subtle yet devastating ways climate change disrupts marine food webs. Plankton blooms, driven by photoperiod and temperature, are advancing by several weeks in many temperate regions, yet the spawning cycles of fish species, which are often cued by photoperiod rather than temperature, may not adjust correspondingly. This asynchrony means that larval fish emerge after peak plankton abundance, resulting in nutritional deficits during critical developmental windows. Longitudinal studies from the North Sea demonstrate that such mistiming can reduce recruitment success—the survival of young fish to reproductive age—by orders of magnitude, with cascading effects on population viability.

The spatial dynamics of climate impacts reveal pronounced heterogeneity that challenges uniform management approaches. While high-latitude regions may experience transient increases in fishery productivity as sub-Arctic and Arctic waters warm, these gains are often ephemeral and come at the expense of ecosystem stability. The Barents Sea, for instance, has seen northward expansions of commercially valuable species such as cod and haddock, yet simultaneously experiences destabilization of indigenous food webs as boreal species encroach upon Arctic endemics with limited adaptive capacity. Moreover, the melting of sea ice opens previously inaccessible areas to industrial fishing, raising concerns about exploitation of pristine ecosystems before adequate baseline data and regulatory frameworks can be established. What are the effects of climate change on global fisheries? là câu hỏi mà cộng đồng khoa học đang tìm kiếm câu trả lời toàn diện để xây dựng các chiến lược quản lý bền vững.

The socioeconomic ramifications of fisheries transformation disproportionately burden the most vulnerable populations, exacerbating existing inequities within and between nations. Subsistence fishers in developing regions lack the capital, mobility, and institutional support necessary to adapt to rapidly changing conditions. Gender dimensions of vulnerability merit particular attention; in many cultures, artisanal fishing and post-harvest processing are gendered activities, with women predominating in shore-based operations that are acutely sensitive to changes in local availability of target species. The erosion of traditional ecological knowledge compounds these challenges, as indigenous fishing practices evolved over millennia become increasingly maladapted to novel environmental regimes that fall outside the range of historical experience.

Governance architecture for transboundary fish stocks remains woefully inadequate for addressing climate-driven redistribution. Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), established to coordinate management of shared stocks, often operate with cumbersome decision-making processes that cannot keep pace with rapid environmental changes. The allocation formulas used to distribute catch quotas typically rely on historical catch data, creating path dependency that fails to reflect contemporary stock distributions. Attempts to renegotiate these allocations invariably generate friction, as nations are loath to relinquish what they perceive as established rights. The absence of robust mechanisms for conflict resolution and equitable burden-sharing threatens to transform scientific and ecological challenges into geopolitical flashpoints.

Adaptive capacity varies dramatically across fishing sectors and regions, influenced by factors including fleet mobility, target species diversity, access to capital, and quality of governance. Industrial fleets with global operating ranges can potentially track shifting stocks, though this raises sustainability concerns regarding displaced fishing pressure and the potential for sequential depletion of newly accessible stocks. Small-scale fisheries, despite their socioeconomic importance—they employ over 90% of the world’s fishers—possess limited adaptive options. Diversification strategies, whether through alternative livelihoods or multi-species fishing, require skills, equipment, and market access that are often unavailable to marginalized communities.

Integrated assessment models that couple ocean-climate projections with ecosystem dynamics and economic considerations represent the cutting edge of efforts to anticipate future changes and inform proactive management. These models, while increasingly sophisticated, confront substantial uncertainties stemming from incomplete knowledge of species interactions, physiological tolerances, and adaptive potential. Furthermore, they must grapple with “deep uncertainty”—situations where even the probability distributions of possible outcomes cannot be reliably estimated. Under such conditions, scenario planning and robust decision-making frameworks that perform reasonably well across a wide range of plausible futures offer more pragmatic approaches than optimization strategies predicated on precise predictions.

The concept of “climate-ready fisheries” has gained traction as a guiding principle for forward-looking management. Such fisheries would exhibit several key attributes: harvest strategies that automatically adjust to changing stock conditions; spatial management that allows for dynamic reconfiguration as species distributions shift; monitoring systems capable of detecting changes in near real-time; governance structures with sufficient flexibility to implement rapid responses; and social safety nets that buffer communities against environmental volatility. Achieving this vision demands transformative changes in institutions, investment patterns, and political will—changes that have proven elusive in the face of entrenched interests and short-term economic imperatives.

Looking forward, the trajectory of global fisheries will be determined not solely by the magnitude of climate change, but equally by humanity’s capacity for collective action, equitable governance, and ecological stewardship. The scientific community bears responsibility for generating actionable knowledge while clearly communicating both certainties and uncertainties. Policymakers must embrace adaptive governance that prioritizes long-term sustainability over immediate political expediency. How does renewable energy impact economic stability in small island nations? cũng là một khía cạnh quan trọng khi xem xét các giải pháp toàn diện cho các quốc đảo phụ thuộc vào đánh bắt cá. Fishing communities themselves, as primary stakeholders, must be meaningfully engaged as co-creators of solutions rather than passive recipients of externally imposed regulations. Only through such integrated, inclusive, and adaptive approaches can global fisheries navigate the unprecedented challenges of the Anthropocene and continue providing livelihoods and nutrition to billions of people worldwide.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, synergistic threats to fisheries are:
    A. equal to the sum of individual threats
    B. more damaging than individual threats combined
    C. less concerning than single stressors
    D. only theoretical concepts

28. Hypoxic zones in oceans are caused by:
    A. temperature changes only
    B. pollution only
    C. both nutrient pollution and climate-driven stratification
    D. overfishing

29. The passage suggests that traditional ecological knowledge is becoming:
    A. more valuable as conditions change
    B. less relevant to current environmental conditions
    C. better documented by scientists
    D. more widely practiced

30. Regional fisheries management organizations are criticized for:
    A. being too flexible
    B. having decision-making processes that are too fast
    C. relying on current stock distributions
    D. having slow decision-making that cannot keep pace with changes

31. Industrial fishing fleets can potentially adapt to climate change by:
    A. reducing their catch quotas
    B. tracking shifting fish stocks globally
    C. focusing on local waters only
    D. converting to small-scale operations

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each statement (32-36) with the correct region (A-F). You may use any letter more than once.

A. Baltic Sea
B. North Sea
C. Barents Sea
D. Gulf of Mexico
E. East Asia
F. Arctic waters

32. This region has experienced northward expansion of cod and haddock.
33. Studies here show that mistiming between plankton and fish spawning reduces recruitment success.
34. This is an example of a region with intensified hypoxic conditions.
35. Melting sea ice in this region is opening new areas to industrial fishing.
36. This region has seen destabilization of indigenous food webs.

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the difference between minimum metabolic requirements and maximum sustainable activity levels in fish?

38. What is the phenomenon called when there is a temporal mismatch between prey availability and predator nutritional needs?

39. What percentage of the world’s fishers are employed in small-scale fisheries?

40. What type of decision-making frameworks are suggested for dealing with situations where probability distributions cannot be reliably estimated?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. temperature cues
11. mortality rates
12. aquaculture
13. marine protected areas

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NO
17. YES
18. NO
19. ii
20. vi
21. iii
22. v
23. viii
24. genetic diversity
25. source populations
26. effectiveness

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. D
31. B
32. C
33. B
34. A (hoặc D hoặc E – các đáp án được liệt kê trong đoạn văn)
35. F
36. C
37. metabolic scope
38. phenological decoupling
39. over 90% (hoặc 90%)
40. robust decision-making

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: ocean surface temperatures, increased
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “the average surface temperature of the world’s oceans has increased by approximately 0.13 degrees Celsius per decade over the past century”. Đáp án A sai vì nói “per year”, C và D sai về giá trị và đơn vị thời gian.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: movement of fish, cooler waters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “This phenomenon, known as poleward migration, has been observed…” Đây là thuật ngữ chuyên ngành được định nghĩa rõ ràng trong passage.

Câu 3: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: mackerel populations, moving into waters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “mackerel populations have expanded northward into Icelandic waters” là thông tin cụ thể và rõ ràng.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all fishing communities, negative effects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “experienced both positive and negative effects”, không phải tất cả đều chịu ảnh hưởng tiêu cực. Một số khu vực thậm chí có “unexpected opportunities”.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: coral bleaching, water temperatures, too warm
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “The warming waters in these regions often lead to coral bleaching” xác nhận mối liên hệ trực tiếp giữa nước ấm và hiện tượng tẩy trắng san hô.

Câu 10: temperature cues

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: fish species, breed and migrate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Many fish species have evolved to breed and migrate according to specific temperature cues and the availability of food.”

Câu 12: aquaculture

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: fishermen, investing, alternative
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “Others are investing in aquaculture (fish farming) as a more predictable alternative to wild fishing.” Lưu ý định nghĩa trong ngoặc giúp làm rõ khái niệm.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: framework, managing international fishing rights, adequate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, toàn đoạn
• Giải thích: Tác giả mô tả framework hiện tại là “static framework” được thiết kế cho “relatively stable fish populations”, và việc cá di cư gây ra “contentious negotiations” và “international disputes”. Điều này thể hiện quan điểm framework KHÔNG đầy đủ.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: tropical fish species, lower nutritional value, temperate species
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Tropical species often have lower nutritional value and different market demands compared to traditional temperate species.” Đây là quan điểm rõ ràng của tác giả.

Câu 16: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: technology, completely solve, problems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “However, technology alone cannot solve the fundamental ecological challenges posed by climate change.” Từ “alone” và “cannot” cho thấy tác giả phản đối ý kiến này.

Câu 19: ii (How ocean stratification affects marine food chains)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph B
• Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào “stratification of ocean layers” và cách nó “reduces the mixing that brings nutrients”, ảnh hưởng đến “primary productivity” và “cascades upward” through food webs.

Câu 20: vi (The speed at which marine species must relocate)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph C
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn giới thiệu khái niệm “climate velocity” – tốc độ các loài phải di chuyển, với con số cụ thể “exceeds 200 kilometers per decade” ở một số khu vực.

Câu 24: genetic diversity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: fish populations, maintain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn I, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “MPAs allow fish populations to recover and maintain genetic diversity, which is crucial for adaptation to changing conditions.”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: synergistic threats
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “cumulative impacts of multiple stressors…create nonlinear responses in marine ecosystems that are substantially more damaging than would be predicted by examining each factor in isolation.” Từ “substantially more damaging” cho thấy hiệu ứng lớn hơn tổng các tác động riêng lẻ.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: hypoxic zones, caused by
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “driven by the dual mechanisms of nutrient pollution-induced eutrophication and climate-driven stratification” – rõ ràng là cả hai nguyên nhân.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: traditional ecological knowledge
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “The erosion of traditional ecological knowledge compounds these challenges, as indigenous fishing practices evolved over millennia become increasingly maladapted to novel environmental regimes” – kiến thức truyền thống đang trở nên kém phù hợp.

Câu 32: C (Barents Sea)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “The Barents Sea, for instance, has seen northward expansions of commercially valuable species such as cod and haddock“

Câu 37: metabolic scope

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: “reduce the metabolic scope available to fish—the difference between minimum metabolic requirements and maximum sustainable activity levels“

Câu 38: phenological decoupling

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “The phenological decoupling between trophic levels—a temporal mismatch between the availability of prey and the nutritional requirements of predators”

Câu 39: over 90%

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Small-scale fisheries…they employ over 90% of the world’s fishers”

Câu 40: robust decision-making

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “robust decision-making frameworks that perform reasonably well across a wide range of plausible futures” – được đề xuất cho các tình huống với “deep uncertainty”

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có, chưa có tiền lệ	facing unprecedented challenges	unprecedented situation, unprecedented scale
profound	adj	/prəˈfaʊnd/	sâu sắc, nghiêm trọng	it has profound consequences	profound effect, profound impact
migration	n	/maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	sự di cư	poleward migration	fish migration, mass migration
bleaching	n	/ˈbliːtʃɪŋ/	sự tẩy trắng (san hô)	coral bleaching	bleaching events, bleaching phenomenon
acidification	n	/əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự axit hóa	ocean acidification	water acidification, soil acidification
mortality rate	n	/mɔːˈtæləti reɪt/	tỷ lệ tử vong	higher mortality rates	infant mortality rate, reduce mortality rate
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng phục hồi	demonstrating remarkable resilience	build resilience, economic resilience
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững	sustainable fishing practices	sustainable development, sustainable growth
diversifying	v	/daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪɪŋ/	đa dạng hóa	fishermen are diversifying their catch	diversifying investments, diversifying income
devastate	v	/ˈdevəsteɪt/	tàn phá	can devastate livelihoods	devastate communities, devastate the economy
spawning	n	/ˈspɔːnɪŋ/	sự sinh sản (cá)	fish spawning does not adjust	spawning season, spawning grounds
aquaculture	n	/ˈækwəkʌltʃə(r)/	nuôi trồng thủy sản	investing in aquaculture	aquaculture industry, marine aquaculture

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, rắc rối	intricate relationship	intricate details, intricate pattern
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	more nuanced examination	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
stratification	n	/ˌstrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự phân tầng	stratification of ocean layers	social stratification, thermal stratification
trophic levels	n	/ˈtrɒfɪk ˈlevlz/	các bậc dinh dưỡng	affecting fish at all trophic levels	higher trophic levels, lower trophic levels
redistribution	n	/ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/	sự phân phối lại	redistribution of fish stocks	wealth redistribution, resource redistribution
jurisdiction	n	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/	quyền tài phán	move between jurisdictions	national jurisdiction, legal jurisdiction
disproportionate	adj	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/	không cân đối	disproportionate impacts	disproportionate effect, disproportionate share
tropicalization	n	/ˌtrɒpɪkəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	nhiệt đới hóa	phenomenon of tropicalization	ongoing tropicalization, climate tropicalization
invasive species	n	/ɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiːʃiːz/	loài xâm lấn	expansion of invasive species	control invasive species, invasive species management
bycatch	n	/ˈbaɪkætʃ/	đánh bắt phụ (không chủ đích)	reducing bycatch	minimize bycatch, bycatch reduction
ecosystem-based	adj	/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm beɪst/	dựa trên hệ sinh thái	ecosystem-based management	ecosystem-based approach, ecosystem-based conservation
spillover	n	/ˈspɪləʊvə(r)/	sự lan tràn	spillover of adults	economic spillover, spillover effect
replenishing	v	/rɪˈplenɪʃɪŋ/	bổ sung, làm đầy lại	replenishing nearby fishing grounds	replenishing stocks, replenishing resources
larvae	n	/ˈlɑːviː/	ấu trùng	dispersal of larvae	fish larvae, larval stage
genetic diversity	n	/dʒəˈnetɪk daɪˈvɜːsəti/	đa dạng di truyền	maintain genetic diversity	preserve genetic diversity, genetic diversity loss

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
synergistic	adj	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk/	hiệp đồng, tổng hợp	synergistic threat	synergistic effects, synergistic interaction
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hội tụ, giao thoa	confluence of climate change	confluence of factors, confluence of events
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impact
biogeochemical	adj	/ˌbaɪəʊdʒiːəʊˈkemɪkl/	sinh địa hóa	biogeochemical alterations	biogeochemical cycles, biogeochemical processes
hypoxic zones	n	/haɪˈpɒksɪk zəʊnz/	vùng thiếu oxy	hypoxic zones have proliferated	expanding hypoxic zones, coastal hypoxic zones
eutrophication	n	/juːˌtrəʊfɪˈkeɪʃn/	phú dưỡng hóa	nutrient pollution-induced eutrophication	coastal eutrophication, water eutrophication
phenological	adj	/ˌfiːnəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	liên quan đến hiện tượng theo mùa	phenological decoupling	phenological shifts, phenological changes
recruitment success	n	/rɪˈkruːtmənt səkˈses/	thành công trong bổ sung quần thể	reduce recruitment success	improve recruitment success, recruitment success rate
heterogeneity	n	/ˌhetərəʊdʒəˈniːəti/	tính không đồng nhất	pronounced heterogeneity	spatial heterogeneity, genetic heterogeneity
ephemeral	adj	/ɪˈfemərəl/	nhất thời, phù du	gains are often ephemeral	ephemeral nature, ephemeral benefits
pristine	adj	/ˈprɪstiːn/	nguyên sơ	exploitation of pristine ecosystems	pristine environment, pristine condition
ramifications	n	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/	hệ quả	socioeconomic ramifications	legal ramifications, political ramifications
artisanal fishing	n	/ˌɑːtɪˈzænl ˈfɪʃɪŋ/	đánh bắt cá thủ công	artisanal fishing practices	small-scale artisanal fishing, traditional artisanal fishing
path dependency	n	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənsi/	sự phụ thuộc vào đường đi	creating path dependency	institutional path dependency, technological path dependency
sequential depletion	n	/sɪˈkwenʃl dɪˈpliːʃn/	sự cạn kiệt tuần tự	potential for sequential depletion	prevent sequential depletion, sequential depletion pattern
adaptive capacity	n	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng thích nghi	adaptive capacity varies dramatically	build adaptive capacity, enhance adaptive capacity
robust decision-making	n	/rəʊˈbʌst dɪˈsɪʒn ˈmeɪkɪŋ/	ra quyết định linh hoạt	robust decision-making frameworks	robust decision-making process, robust decision-making approach
stewardship	n	/ˈstjuːədʃɪp/	quản lý bảo tồn	ecological stewardship	environmental stewardship, responsible stewardship

Luyện tập IELTS Reading chuyên đề biến đổi khí hậu và ngành công nghiệp đánh bắt cá với đề thi mẫu

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Impact of climate change on fishing industries” không chỉ quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS mà còn phản ánh một thực trạng đáng lo ngại trên toàn cầu. Ba passages trong đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện từ cấp độ cơ bản đến chuyên sâu về vấn đề này.

Passage 1 giới thiệu những tác động cơ bản và dễ quan sát của biến đổi khí hậu lên cộng đồng đánh bắt cá truyền thống. Passage 2 đi sâu vào các khía cạnh kinh tế và sinh thái, với từ vựng học thuật và cấu trúc câu phức tạp hơn. Passage 3 đòi hỏi khả năng phân tích cao với những khái niệm khoa học chuyên sâu và lập luận phức tạp.

Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, bạn đã có cơ hội thực hành hầu hết các dạng bài xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading thực tế. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích không chỉ giúp bạn tự đánh giá kết quả mà còn hiểu rõ kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách định vị thông tin trong bài đọc.

Kho từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage cung cấp cho bạn những từ khóa quan trọng liên quan đến môi trường biển, sinh thái và ngành thủy sản – những chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Academic. Hãy ôn tập kỹ những từ này và chú ý cách chúng được sử dụng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật.

Để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading, hãy luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề, phát triển kỹ năng đọc lướt (skimming) và đọc tìm thông tin (scanning), đồng thời xây dựng vốn từ vựng học thuật vững chắc. Chúc bạn thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!