Xe điện đang trở thành xu hướng tất yếu trong ngành công nghiệp ô tô toàn cầu, mang lại nhiều lợi ích về môi trường và kinh tế nhưng cũng đối mặt với không ít thách thức. Chủ đề về phương tiện giao thông xanh, đặc biệt là xe điện, thường xuyên xuất hiện trong đề thi IELTS Reading với tần suất khoảng 2-3 lần mỗi năm, thuộc nhóm chủ đề Môi trường và Công nghệ.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được luyện tập với một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Đề thi bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu. Bạn cũng sẽ được trang bị vốn từ vựng quan trọng về chủ đề xe điện và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả.
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật một cách bài bản.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là bài thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)
Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian và chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet. Không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án như phần Listening.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Vehicles
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The automotive industry is experiencing a revolutionary transformation as electric vehicles (EVs) become increasingly popular among consumers worldwide. Unlike traditional cars that run on petrol or diesel, electric vehicles use rechargeable batteries to power an electric motor, producing zero direct emissions. This shift towards cleaner transportation is driven by growing concerns about climate change, air pollution, and the depletion of fossil fuels.
The history of electric vehicles dates back to the 19th century, but they only recently began to gain mainstream acceptance. In the early days, EVs were considered impractical due to their limited range and long charging times. However, technological advances in battery technology, particularly the development of lithium-ion batteries, have dramatically improved the performance and affordability of electric cars. Modern EVs can now travel over 300 miles on a single charge, making them viable alternatives to conventional vehicles for most daily driving needs.
One of the most significant advantages of electric vehicles is their environmental impact. Traditional cars emit harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which contribute to global warming and cause serious health problems. In contrast, electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, resulting in cleaner air, especially in urban areas where traffic congestion is common. Studies have shown that even when accounting for the electricity generation required to charge EVs, they typically produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions over their lifetime compared to petrol or diesel vehicles.
The economic benefits of electric vehicles are also becoming more apparent. Although EVs generally have a higher upfront cost than traditional cars, owners can save money in the long run through reduced fuel expenses and lower maintenance costs. Electric motors have fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines, meaning there is less wear and tear and fewer components that need regular servicing or replacement. Additionally, many governments offer financial incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants to encourage people to purchase electric vehicles.
The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles has expanded rapidly in recent years. Public charging stations are now available in shopping centres, car parks, and along major highways in many countries. There are different types of charging options available: slow charging at home using a standard electrical outlet, which typically takes 8-12 hours for a full charge; fast charging at public stations, which can charge a battery to 80% in about 30-60 minutes; and rapid charging stations that can provide significant charge in just 15-20 minutes. The growth of this charging network has helped to address one of the main concerns potential buyers had about electric vehicles: range anxiety, or the fear of running out of power before reaching a charging point.
Despite these advantages, electric vehicles still face several challenges. The limited driving range compared to petrol cars remains a concern for some buyers, particularly those who frequently take long journeys. While new models are constantly improving, most electric vehicles still cannot match the 400-500 mile range typical of modern diesel cars. Furthermore, even with fast charging technology, recharging an EV takes considerably longer than refuelling a conventional car, which can be inconvenient for people on long trips.
The production of batteries for electric vehicles also raises environmental concerns. Manufacturing lithium-ion batteries requires rare earth minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which must be extracted through mining operations that can cause environmental damage and raise ethical questions about working conditions. Additionally, the question of how to dispose of or recycle old batteries remains a challenge for the industry. However, researchers are working on developing more sustainable battery technologies and improving recycling processes to address these issues.
Looking to the future, many experts believe that electric vehicles will eventually replace traditional cars as the dominant form of personal transportation. Major car manufacturers have announced plans to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles over the next two decades, and some countries have set target dates for banning the sale of new fossil fuel vehicles. As battery technology continues to improve and production costs decrease, electric vehicles are expected to reach price parity with conventional cars within the next few years, making them accessible to a broader range of consumers.
Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
-
What is the main power source for electric vehicles?
- A. Petrol engines
- B. Diesel fuel
- C. Rechargeable batteries
- D. Solar panels
-
According to the passage, when did electric vehicles first appear?
- A. In the 21st century
- B. In the 19th century
- C. In the 20th century
- D. In the 18th century
-
What type of battery has improved EV performance significantly?
- A. Lead-acid batteries
- B. Nickel-metal hydride batteries
- C. Lithium-ion batteries
- D. Alkaline batteries
-
How far can modern electric vehicles typically travel on one charge?
- A. Over 100 miles
- B. Over 200 miles
- C. Over 300 miles
- D. Over 500 miles
-
What is one reason why electric vehicles have lower maintenance costs?
- A. They use cheaper fuel
- B. They have fewer moving parts
- C. They never break down
- D. They are smaller in size
-
What does “range anxiety” refer to?
- A. Fear of driving too fast
- B. Fear of running out of power
- C. Fear of traffic congestion
- D. Fear of high electricity costs
Questions 7-10: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Electric vehicles produce no emissions when being driven.
- All electric vehicles can travel further than diesel cars on a single charge.
- Charging an electric vehicle at home takes longer than using a rapid charging station.
- All countries have banned the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles.
Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The extraction of minerals for EV batteries can cause __ and raise ethical concerns.
- Many governments provide __ such as tax credits to promote electric vehicle adoption.
- Researchers are developing more __ to make battery production more environmentally friendly.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Infrastructure Challenges of Electric Vehicle Adoption
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The transition to electric vehicles represents one of the most significant technological shifts in the automotive sector, but the path to widespread adoption is fraught with complex economic and infrastructural challenges that extend far beyond the vehicles themselves. While environmental advocates and policymakers champion EVs as essential tools in combating climate change, the reality of transforming an entire transportation system built around fossil fuels requires substantial investment, coordinated planning, and innovative solutions to overcome numerous barriers.
A The financial implications of shifting to electric vehicles affect multiple stakeholders differently. For consumers, the initial purchase price remains a significant deterrent, with electric vehicles typically costing $10,000 to $15,000 more than comparable petrol-powered models, even after accounting for government subsidies. This price premium stems largely from the high cost of battery production, which can represent up to 40% of an electric vehicle’s total price. Although battery costs have fallen dramatically from approximately $1,100 per kilowatt-hour in 2010 to around $137 per kilowatt-hour in 2020, they must decrease further to reach the crucial threshold of $100 per kilowatt-hour, at which point EVs are expected to achieve cost competitiveness with traditional vehicles without subsidies. Industry analysts predict this milestone will be reached between 2023 and 2025, potentially triggering a dramatic acceleration in EV adoption rates.
B The total cost of ownership (TCO) calculation presents a more nuanced picture than simple sticker price comparisons. Electric vehicles offer substantial savings on fuel costs, with electricity typically costing the equivalent of $1.00 to $1.50 per gallon of petrol, compared to the fluctuating but generally higher prices of fossil fuels. Moreover, EVs require less maintenance due to simpler mechanical systems, potentially saving owners $4,500 to $6,000 over a vehicle’s lifetime. However, these long-term savings fail to convince many budget-conscious consumers who lack the upfront capital or cannot wait years to recoup their investment. The depreciation rates of electric vehicles also remain uncertain, with concerns about battery degradation affecting resale values and making potential buyers hesitant.
C The development of adequate charging infrastructure presents perhaps the most formidable challenge to EV adoption. Unlike petrol stations, which took decades to establish but now provide convenient refuelling options every few miles, charging networks remain patchy and inconsistent across most regions. Urban areas require dense networks of public charging stations to serve apartment dwellers who lack private parking spaces for home charging. Suburban and rural regions need strategically placed fast chargers along major routes to enable long-distance travel. Installing this infrastructure demands enormous capital investment, with estimates suggesting that Europe alone requires €20 billion in charging infrastructure by 2025, while the United States needs similar investment levels to support projected EV adoption targets.
D The technical specifications and standardization of charging systems complicate infrastructure development further. Different manufacturers have developed competing charging standards, creating compatibility issues that frustrate consumers and complicate infrastructure planning. The Combined Charging System (CCS) has emerged as the dominant standard in Europe and North America, while CHAdeMO remains popular in Japan, and Tesla maintains its proprietary connector system in many markets. This fragmentation means that charging stations must often support multiple standards, increasing installation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, the power requirements for fast charging place significant demands on local electrical grids, potentially requiring expensive upgrades to transmission and distribution systems in areas with high concentrations of electric vehicles.
E The impact on electrical power generation and grid stability constitutes another critical consideration. If millions of vehicles begin charging simultaneously during peak demand periods, existing power systems could face severe strain, potentially leading to blackouts or requiring costly emergency power purchases. Load management systems that incentivize off-peak charging through variable electricity pricing can help mitigate this problem, but implementing such systems requires smart grid technology and consumer cooperation. Some analysts view this challenge as an opportunity, suggesting that EV batteries could serve as distributed energy storage, feeding power back to the grid during peak demand periods in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems. However, V2G technology remains largely experimental, and questions about battery wear from frequent charge-discharge cycles must be resolved before it becomes commercially viable.
F The automotive industry’s transformation creates significant economic disruption for workers and communities. Traditional internal combustion engine manufacturing employs millions of people globally in jobs related to engine production, transmission systems, exhaust components, and fuel injection systems. Electric vehicles’ simpler powertrains require approximately 30% fewer workers to manufacture, threatening substantial job losses in automotive manufacturing regions. Conversely, EV production creates new employment opportunities in battery manufacturing, power electronics, and software development, but these jobs often require different skills and may emerge in different geographic locations, leaving traditional automotive workers and communities vulnerable to economic hardship.
G Government policy plays a crucial role in shaping the pace and nature of the electric vehicle transition. Many countries have implemented multifaceted policy frameworks combining direct purchase incentives, tax benefits, infrastructure investment, and eventual phase-out dates for fossil fuel vehicle sales. Norway, which offers generous subsidies and exemptions from various fees for EV owners, has achieved the world’s highest EV adoption rate, with electric vehicles accounting for over 54% of new car sales in 2020. However, such aggressive policies require substantial public funding and may face political resistance, particularly in countries where automotive industry jobs represent significant portions of the economy or where fossil fuel interests wield considerable political influence.
Questions 14-19: Matching Headings
The passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
- i. Government intervention and policy frameworks
- ii. Consumer purchasing power and vehicle pricing
- iii. Employment effects on traditional manufacturing
- iv. Electricity grid capacity concerns
- v. The inconsistency of charging networks
- vi. Long-term financial benefits for owners
- vii. Technical incompatibility between systems
- viii. Environmental benefits of electric vehicles
- ix. Battery technology improvements
- Paragraph A
- Paragraph B
- Paragraph C
- Paragraph D
- Paragraph E
- Paragraph F
Questions 20-23: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- The price difference between electric and petrol vehicles will disappear when battery costs fall below $100 per kilowatt-hour.
- All consumers understand that electric vehicles offer better total cost of ownership than traditional cars.
- The fragmentation of charging standards benefits consumers by providing more choices.
- Vehicle-to-grid technology could transform electric vehicles into energy storage solutions.
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Electric vehicles can save owners significant money on fuel and maintenance, but many consumers lack the 24.__ needed to purchase an EV initially. The uncertain 25.__ of electric vehicles, affected by concerns about battery life, also makes buyers cautious. Additionally, the transition to electric vehicles threatens job losses in traditional engine manufacturing, though new positions will emerge in areas like battery production and 26.__.
PASSAGE 3 – The Multidimensional Impact of Electric Vehicle Integration on Modern Society
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The proliferation of electric vehicles extends far beyond a mere substitution of powertrains, representing instead a fundamental reconceptualization of personal mobility that intersects with broader societal transformations in energy systems, urban planning, digital connectivity, and environmental sustainability. As this technology matures and achieves greater market penetration, its ramifications cascade through multiple domains, creating both synergistic opportunities and unforeseen complications that challenge established paradigms across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Understanding these multifaceted interactions requires examining not only the direct effects of vehicle electrification but also the complex adaptive systems within which this transition unfolds.
The integration of electric vehicles into existing urban environments necessitates a holistic reimagining of infrastructure that encompasses far more than charging stations. Cities must consider how EV adoption affects parking requirements, building codes, urban density patterns, and the spatial distribution of energy infrastructure. The installation of charging equipment in multi-unit residential buildings poses particular challenges, as older structures lack adequate electrical capacity, and retrofit installations can be prohibitively expensive. Furthermore, the equitable distribution of charging infrastructure raises social justice concerns, as lower-income neighborhoods often receive less investment in public charging stations, potentially creating a two-tier system where wealthier residents with private charging access enjoy the benefits of EV ownership while others face barriers to adoption. This spatial inequality mirrors broader patterns of environmental injustice, wherein disadvantaged communities have historically borne disproportionate burdens from pollution while receiving fewer benefits from technological solutions.
The environmental credentials of electric vehicles, while generally superior to fossil fuel alternatives, demand more nuanced assessment than simple zero-emission rhetoric suggests. The lifecycle environmental impact encompasses raw material extraction, manufacturing processes, operational energy consumption, and end-of-life disposal, each presenting distinct challenges. Lithium mining in South American salt flats consumes enormous quantities of water in arid regions, threatening local ecosystems and indigenous communities’ livelihoods. Cobalt extraction in the Democratic Republic of Congo has been associated with hazardous working conditions and child labor. The energy-intensive nature of battery production means that an EV’s carbon footprint can exceed that of a conventional vehicle during manufacturing, a deficit that must be offset through cleaner operational emissions over the vehicle’s lifetime. The carbon intensity of the electrical grid thus becomes critical; in regions relying heavily on coal-fired power generation, the greenhouse gas reduction benefits of EVs diminish substantially compared to areas with renewable energy dominance.
Phân tích tác động môi trường của xe điện trong vòng đời sử dụng
The convergence of electric vehicles with autonomous driving technology and shared mobility platforms portends even more profound transformations in transportation systems. Many analysts envision a future where fleets of autonomous electric vehicles provide on-demand transportation services, potentially reducing private car ownership and the associated parking infrastructure that currently consumes valuable urban space. This mobility-as-a-service paradigm could enhance accessibility for populations unable to drive, reduce traffic congestion through optimized routing, and lower transportation costs through improved vehicle utilization rates. However, such systems also raise concerns about data privacy, algorithmic bias in service provision, potential job losses among professional drivers, and the risk of increased vehicle miles traveled if autonomous vehicles make commuting more comfortable, encouraging longer trips and urban sprawl.
The economic implications of widespread EV adoption extend to macroeconomic considerations affecting national economies and international trade patterns. Countries heavily dependent on petroleum exports face potentially catastrophic revenue losses as global oil demand declines, necessitating economic diversification strategies that may prove politically and practically challenging. Conversely, nations controlling reserves of lithium, cobalt, and other battery materials may emerge as new resource powers, though the geopolitical dynamics of battery material supply differ from those of oil, given the potential for recycling to eventually reduce primary material demand. The shift in automotive value chains, with batteries and software becoming increasingly central to vehicle worth rather than mechanical engineering, advantages different companies and countries than those that dominated the internal combustion era, potentially reshuffling competitive positions within the global automotive industry.
The electrical grid integration challenge transcends simple capacity questions to encompass fundamental questions about energy system architecture. The bidirectional power flow capabilities of vehicle-to-grid systems could transform EVs into crucial components of smart grid ecosystems, providing load balancing services, frequency regulation, and distributed storage that facilitate greater renewable energy integration. Wind and solar power generation’s intermittent nature creates challenges for grid operators; large numbers of intelligently managed EV batteries could absorb excess renewable generation and discharge power during high-demand periods, effectively serving as a vast distributed energy resource. However, realizing this potential requires sophisticated communication protocols, appropriate regulatory frameworks establishing compensation mechanisms for services provided, and consumer acceptance of vehicles being used for grid support functions. The depreciation of battery capacity through additional charge-discharge cycles must be fairly compensated, and consumers must retain ultimate control over their vehicles’ availability and charge levels to ensure personal mobility needs remain paramount.
The psychological and cultural dimensions of the electric vehicle transition deserve equal attention alongside technical and economic factors. Automobiles occupy powerful symbolic positions in many cultures, representing freedom, status, and identity. The sensory characteristics of electric vehicles, including their near-silent operation, instant torque delivery, and different maintenance rhythms, create a fundamentally different relationship between driver and machine. Enthusiasts of traditional performance cars often express visceral attachment to engine sounds and mechanical sensations that EVs cannot replicate, viewing electrification as a loss of automotive authenticity. Conversely, others welcome the smooth, quiet operation and perceive EVs as representing technological progress and environmental responsibility. These cultural perceptions influence adoption decisions in ways that purely rational cost-benefit analyses cannot capture, suggesting that successful EV integration requires attention to marketing, community building, and narrative construction alongside infrastructure and policy interventions.
The regulatory landscape surrounding electric vehicles continues evolving rapidly as policymakers grapple with unprecedented questions. How should road infrastructure funding adapt as fuel tax revenues decline? Should building codes mandate EV-ready parking spaces? What safety standards apply to high-voltage battery systems? How can regulators ensure cybersecurity for increasingly connected vehicles? Different jurisdictions adopt varying approaches to these questions, creating a patchwork regulatory environment that complicates manufacturers’ planning and potentially disadvantages regions with less supportive policies. International coordination on standards could facilitate more efficient market development, yet national sovereignty concerns and differing policy priorities complicate such efforts, particularly regarding data governance and privacy standards for connected vehicles.
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
- According to the passage, what is the main challenge for installing charging equipment in older apartment buildings?
- A. Lack of parking spaces
- B. Insufficient electrical capacity
- C. Resident opposition
- D. High maintenance costs
- The passage suggests that the environmental benefits of EVs are reduced when:
- A. Vehicles are driven in urban areas
- B. The electrical grid relies heavily on coal
- C. Batteries are recycled properly
- D. Manufacturing occurs in developed countries
- What does the passage say about mobility-as-a-service?
- A. It will definitely reduce traffic congestion
- B. It is currently widely implemented
- C. It could potentially increase vehicle miles traveled
- D. It eliminates all privacy concerns
- According to the passage, countries that control battery material reserves:
- A. Will definitely become more powerful than oil-producing nations
- B. Face no risks from material recycling
- C. May emerge as new resource powers
- D. Should stop exporting these materials
- What does the passage indicate about vehicle-to-grid systems?
- A. They are currently operating at full capacity globally
- B. They require complex communication and regulatory frameworks
- C. They eliminate the need for other energy storage solutions
- D. They have no effect on battery lifespan
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match the following concepts (A-H) with the statements below (Questions 32-36). You may use any letter more than once.
Concepts:
- A. Environmental justice
- B. Lifecycle environmental impact
- C. Autonomous driving convergence
- D. Economic diversification
- E. Smart grid ecosystems
- F. Cultural perceptions
- G. Regulatory landscape
- H. Resource geopolitics
- Lower-income areas receiving less charging infrastructure investment
- The need for oil-exporting countries to develop alternative revenue sources
- EVs serving as distributed energy storage for renewable power integration
- Different sensory experiences affecting consumer adoption decisions
- Raw material extraction through end-of-life disposal assessment
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- What two specific minerals mentioned are associated with problematic extraction practices?
- What type of energy generation creates challenges for grid operators due to its variable nature?
- What kind of tax revenue may decline as electric vehicle adoption increases?
- What security concern is mentioned regarding increasingly connected vehicles?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- C
- B
- C
- C
- B
- B
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- environmental damage
- financial incentives
- sustainable battery technologies
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- ii
- vi
- v
- vii
- iv
- iii
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- NO
- YES
- upfront capital
- depreciation rates
- software development
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- C
- C
- B
- A
- D
- E
- F
- B
- lithium, cobalt (hoặc cobalt, lithium)
- renewable energy (hoặc wind, solar)
- fuel tax
- cybersecurity
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: C (Rechargeable batteries)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main power source, electric vehicles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Câu “electric vehicles use rechargeable batteries to power an electric motor” nói rõ xe điện sử dụng pin sạc làm nguồn năng lượng chính. Đáp án A và B là nhiên liệu truyền thống, D không được đề cập trong bài.
Câu 2: B (In the 19th century)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: when, first appear
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “The history of electric vehicles dates back to the 19th century”, cho thấy xe điện xuất hiện từ thế kỷ 19.
Câu 3: C (Lithium-ion batteries)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: type of battery, improved EV performance
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn đề cập “the development of lithium-ion batteries, have dramatically improved the performance” – pin lithium-ion đã cải thiện đáng kể hiệu suất.
Câu 4: C (Over 300 miles)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: how far, modern electric vehicles, one charge
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “Modern EVs can now travel over 300 miles on a single charge”, chỉ rõ quãng đường trên 300 dặm.
Câu 5: B (They have fewer moving parts)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: lower maintenance costs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Câu “Electric motors have fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines, meaning there is less wear and tear” giải thích lý do chi phí bảo dưỡng thấp hơn.
Câu 6: B (Fear of running out of power)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: range anxiety
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết định nghĩa “range anxiety, or the fear of running out of power before reaching a charging point”.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: no emissions, when being driven
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Câu “electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions” khẳng định xe điện không thải khí độc hại khi vận hành.
Câu 8: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all electric vehicles, travel further, diesel cars
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “most electric vehicles still cannot match the 400-500 mile range typical of modern diesel cars”, cho thấy hầu hết xe điện chưa đi xa hơn xe diesel.
Câu 9: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: charging at home, longer, rapid charging station
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết so sánh “slow charging at home…takes 8-12 hours” với “rapid charging stations…in just 15-20 minutes”.
Câu 10: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all countries, banned, petrol and diesel vehicles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói “some countries have set target dates for banning”, không phải tất cả các nước.
Câu 11: environmental damage
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: extraction of minerals, cause
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Câu “mining operations that can cause environmental damage and raise ethical questions” cung cấp đáp án.
Câu 12: financial incentives
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: governments provide, tax credits
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “governments offer financial incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants”.
Câu 13: sustainable battery technologies
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: researchers, developing, environmentally friendly
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Câu “researchers are working on developing more sustainable battery technologies” là nguồn thông tin.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: ii (Consumer purchasing power and vehicle pricing)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn A
- Giải thích: Đoạn A tập trung vào vấn đề giá mua ban đầu, chi phí pin, và việc đạt được tính cạnh tranh về giá với xe truyền thống.
Câu 15: vi (Long-term financial benefits for owners)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Đoạn B thảo luận về total cost of ownership, tiết kiệm nhiên liệu và bảo dưỡng dài hạn, nhưng cũng đề cập đến thách thức về vốn ban đầu.
Câu 16: v (The inconsistency of charging networks)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn C
- Giải thích: Đoạn C mô tả tình trạng “patchy and inconsistent” của mạng lưới sạc và sự khác biệt giữa khu vực đô thị và nông thôn.
Câu 17: vii (Technical incompatibility between systems)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn D
- Giải thích: Đoạn D tập trung vào các tiêu chuẩn sạc khác nhau, vấn đề tương thích và sự phân mảnh của hệ thống.
Câu 18: iv (Electricity grid capacity concerns)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn E
- Giải thích: Đoạn E thảo luận về tác động lên lưới điện, nguy cơ mất điện và công nghệ vehicle-to-grid.
Câu 19: iii (Employment effects on traditional manufacturing)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Đoạn F
- Giải thích: Đoạn F tập trung vào việc mất việc làm trong sản xuất động cơ truyền thống và việc làm mới trong sản xuất pin.
Câu 20: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: price difference, disappear, $100 per kilowatt-hour
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “at which point EVs are expected to achieve cost competitiveness with traditional vehicles without subsidies” khi đạt $100/kWh.
Câu 21: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all consumers understand, better total cost of ownership
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập TCO calculation và long-term savings, không nói về việc tất cả người tiêu dùng có hiểu hay không.
Câu 22: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: fragmentation, charging standards, benefits consumers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “This fragmentation means that charging stations must often support multiple standards, increasing installation and maintenance costs”, cho thấy đây là vấn đề chứ không phải lợi ích.
Câu 23: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: vehicle-to-grid, energy storage solutions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “EV batteries could serve as distributed energy storage, feeding power back to the grid”.
Câu 24: upfront capital
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: consumers lack, purchase EV initially
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5
- Giải thích: Câu “budget-conscious consumers who lack the upfront capital” cung cấp đáp án.
Câu 25: depreciation rates
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: uncertain, electric vehicles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “The depreciation rates of electric vehicles also remain uncertain”.
Câu 26: software development
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: new positions, battery production
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “new employment opportunities in battery manufacturing, power electronics, and software development”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B (Insufficient electrical capacity)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: challenge, older apartment buildings
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “older structures lack adequate electrical capacity, and retrofit installations can be prohibitively expensive”.
Câu 28: B (The electrical grid relies heavily on coal)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: environmental benefits reduced
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Câu “in regions relying heavily on coal-fired power generation, the greenhouse gas reduction benefits of EVs diminish substantially” giải thích rõ điều này.
Câu 29: C (It could potentially increase vehicle miles traveled)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: mobility-as-a-service
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “the risk of increased vehicle miles traveled if autonomous vehicles make commuting more comfortable”.
Câu 30: C (May emerge as new resource powers)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: countries, battery material reserves
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Câu “nations controlling reserves of lithium, cobalt, and other battery materials may emerge as new resource powers” là đáp án chính xác.
Câu 31: B (They require complex communication and regulatory frameworks)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: vehicle-to-grid systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “realizing this potential requires sophisticated communication protocols, appropriate regulatory frameworks”.
Câu 32: A (Environmental justice)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Câu “lower-income neighborhoods often receive less investment in public charging stations” liên quan đến environmental justice được đề cập trong đoạn.
Câu 33: D (Economic diversification)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói về “Countries heavily dependent on petroleum exports…necessitating economic diversification strategies”.
Câu 34: E (Smart grid ecosystems)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn mô tả “bidirectional power flow capabilities…could transform EVs into crucial components of smart grid ecosystems”.
Câu 35: F (Cultural perceptions)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết thảo luận về “The sensory characteristics of electric vehicles…create a fundamentally different relationship between driver and machine”.
Câu 36: B (Lifecycle environmental impact)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Câu “The lifecycle environmental impact encompasses raw material extraction, manufacturing processes…and end-of-life disposal” mô tả chính xác khái niệm này.
Câu 37: lithium, cobalt (hoặc cobalt, lithium)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: two minerals, problematic extraction
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Lithium mining…threatening local ecosystems” và “Cobalt extraction…associated with hazardous working conditions”.
Câu 38: renewable energy (wind, solar hoặc wind and solar cũng được chấp nhận)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: energy generation, challenges, variable nature
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: Câu “Wind and solar power generation’s intermittent nature creates challenges for grid operators”.
Câu 39: fuel tax
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: tax revenue, decline
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết đặt câu hỏi “How should road infrastructure funding adapt as fuel tax revenues decline?”
Câu 40: cybersecurity
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Từ khóa: security concern, connected vehicles
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4
- Giải thích: Câu “How can regulators ensure cybersecurity for increasingly connected vehicles?” chỉ ra mối quan tâm về an ninh mạng.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| automotive industry | n | /ˌɔːtəˈməʊtɪv ˈɪndəstri/ | ngành công nghiệp ô tô | The automotive industry is experiencing a revolutionary transformation | automotive sector, automotive manufacturing |
| rechargeable batteries | n | /riːˈtʃɑːdʒəbl ˈbætəriz/ | pin sạc được | Electric vehicles use rechargeable batteries to power an electric motor | rechargeable power source, battery capacity |
| fossil fuels | n | /ˈfɒsl fjuːəlz/ | nhiên liệu hóa thạch | Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuels | fossil fuel consumption, fossil fuel reserves |
| mainstream acceptance | n | /ˈmeɪnstriːm əkˈseptəns/ | sự chấp nhận rộng rãi | They only recently began to gain mainstream acceptance | achieve mainstream acceptance, reach mainstream |
| lithium-ion batteries | n | /ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪən ˈbætəriz/ | pin lithium-ion | Development of lithium-ion batteries | lithium-ion technology, battery cell |
| viable alternatives | n | /ˈvaɪəbl ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪvz/ | lựa chọn khả thi | Making them viable alternatives to conventional vehicles | viable option, practical alternative |
| environmental impact | n | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động môi trường | One of the most significant advantages is their environmental impact | reduce environmental impact, minimize impact |
| greenhouse gas emissions | n | /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | khí thải nhà kính | They produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions | reduce emissions, carbon emissions |
| upfront cost | n | /ˈʌpfrʌnt kɒst/ | chi phí ban đầu | EVs generally have a higher upfront cost | initial cost, upfront payment |
| charging infrastructure | n | /ˈtʃɑːdʒɪŋ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/ | cơ sở hạ tầng sạc | The charging infrastructure has expanded rapidly | build infrastructure, charging network |
| range anxiety | n | /reɪndʒ æŋˈzaɪəti/ | lo lắng về phạm vi hoạt động | This has helped to address range anxiety | overcome range anxiety, reduce anxiety |
| rare earth minerals | n | /reə ɜːθ ˈmɪnərəlz/ | khoáng sản đất hiếm | Requires rare earth minerals such as lithium | extract minerals, mineral resources |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| widespread adoption | n | /ˈwaɪdspred əˈdɒpʃən/ | sự chấp nhận rộng rãi | The path to widespread adoption | achieve widespread adoption, rapid adoption |
| substantial investment | n | /səbˈstænʃəl ɪnˈvestmənt/ | đầu tư lớn | Requires substantial investment | make substantial investment, require investment |
| initial purchase price | n | /ɪˈnɪʃəl ˈpɜːtʃəs praɪs/ | giá mua ban đầu | The initial purchase price remains a significant deterrent | purchase price, initial cost |
| price premium | n | /praɪs ˈpriːmiəm/ | phần giá cao hơn | This price premium stems from battery costs | pay a premium, premium pricing |
| cost competitiveness | n | /kɒst kəmˈpetɪtɪvnəs/ | tính cạnh tranh về giá | Expected to achieve cost competitiveness | gain competitiveness, competitive advantage |
| total cost of ownership | n | /ˈtəʊtl kɒst əv ˈəʊnəʃɪp/ | tổng chi phí sở hữu | The total cost of ownership calculation | calculate total cost, ownership costs |
| recoup investment | v | /rɪˈkuːp ɪnˈvestmənt/ | hoàn vốn đầu tư | Cannot wait years to recoup their investment | recoup costs, recover investment |
| depreciation rates | n | /dɪˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən reɪts/ | tỷ lệ khấu hao | The depreciation rates remain uncertain | depreciation value, rate of depreciation |
| formidable challenge | n | /fɔːˈmɪdəbl ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ | thách thức lớn | Presents perhaps the most formidable challenge | face formidable challenges, major challenge |
| patchy and inconsistent | adj | /ˈpætʃi ənd ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/ | rời rạc và không đồng đều | Charging networks remain patchy and inconsistent | patchy coverage, inconsistent service |
| competing standards | n | /kəmˈpiːtɪŋ ˈstændədz/ | các tiêu chuẩn cạnh tranh | Manufacturers have developed competing standards | competing technologies, standards competition |
| load management systems | n | /ləʊd ˈmænɪdʒmənt ˈsɪstəmz/ | hệ thống quản lý tải | Load management systems can help mitigate this problem | manage load, load balancing |
| economic disruption | n | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪsˈrʌpʃən/ | gián đoạn kinh tế | Creates significant economic disruption | cause disruption, market disruption |
| multifaceted policy frameworks | n | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd ˈpɒləsi ˈfreɪmwɜːks/ | khung chính sách đa chiều | Implemented multifaceted policy frameworks | policy framework, regulatory framework |
| aggressive policies | n | /əˈɡresɪv ˈpɒləsiz/ | chính sách mạnh mẽ | Such aggressive policies require substantial funding | aggressive strategy, aggressive approach |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/ | sự phổ biến, lan rộng | The proliferation of electric vehicles | rapid proliferation, nuclear proliferation |
| fundamental reconceptualization | n | /ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˌriːkɒnseptʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | sự tái khái niệm hóa căn bản | Representing a fundamental reconceptualization | fundamental change, reconceptualization process |
| market penetration | n | /ˈmɑːkɪt ˌpenɪˈtreɪʃən/ | thâm nhập thị trường | As this technology achieves greater market penetration | market penetration rate, penetration strategy |
| synergistic opportunities | n | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk ˌɒpəˈtjuːnətiz/ | cơ hội hiệp đồng | Creating both synergistic opportunities | synergistic effect, synergistic relationship |
| holistic reimagining | n | /həˈlɪstɪk ˌriːɪˈmædʒɪnɪŋ/ | sự tái tưởng tượng toàn diện | Necessitates a holistic reimagining of infrastructure | holistic approach, holistic view |
| spatial inequality | n | /ˈspeɪʃəl ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/ | bất bình đẳng về không gian | This spatial inequality mirrors broader patterns | spatial distribution, inequality gap |
| environmental injustice | n | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ | bất công môi trường | Broader patterns of environmental injustice | environmental justice, social injustice |
| lifecycle environmental impact | n | /ˈlaɪfsaɪkl ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động môi trường trong vòng đời | The lifecycle environmental impact encompasses | lifecycle analysis, environmental footprint |
| carbon footprint | n | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | dấu chân carbon | An EV’s carbon footprint can exceed conventional vehicles | reduce carbon footprint, carbon emissions |
| carbon intensity | n | /ˈkɑːbən ɪnˈtensəti/ | cường độ carbon | The carbon intensity of the electrical grid | carbon intensity levels, intensity reduction |
| mobility-as-a-service | n | /məʊˈbɪləti əz ə ˈsɜːvɪs/ | dịch vụ di chuyển | This mobility-as-a-service paradigm | mobility solutions, service model |
| algorithmic bias | n | /ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈbaɪəs/ | thiên lệch thuật toán | Raise concerns about algorithmic bias | algorithmic fairness, bias detection |
| urban sprawl | n | /ˈɜːbən sprɔːl/ | sự lan rộng đô thị | Encouraging urban sprawl | urban expansion, suburban sprawl |
| macroeconomic considerations | n | /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃənz/ | các xem xét kinh tế vĩ mô | Economic implications extend to macroeconomic considerations | macroeconomic policy, macroeconomic factors |
| geopolitical dynamics | n | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl daɪˈnæmɪks/ | động lực địa chính trị | The geopolitical dynamics of battery material supply | geopolitical tensions, geopolitical risks |
| bidirectional power flow | n | /ˌbaɪdɪˈrekʃənl ˈpaʊə fləʊ/ | dòng điện hai chiều | The bidirectional power flow capabilities | power flow management, energy flow |
| distributed energy resource | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈenədʒi rɪˈsɔːs/ | nguồn năng lượng phân tán | Serving as a vast distributed energy resource | distributed generation, energy resources |
| visceral attachment | n | /ˈvɪsərəl əˈtætʃmənt/ | sự gắn bó sâu sắc | Enthusiasts express visceral attachment to engine sounds | emotional attachment, strong attachment |
| regulatory landscape | n | /ˈreɡjələtəri ˈlændskeɪp/ | bối cảnh quy định | The regulatory landscape continues evolving rapidly | regulatory environment, regulatory framework |
| patchwork regulatory environment | n | /ˈpætʃwɜːk ˈreɡjələtəri ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ | môi trường quy định đan vá | Creating a patchwork regulatory environment | patchwork system, regulatory complexity |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề xe điện với những lợi ích và thách thức của nó là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm làm bài hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy đến Medium và Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thật.
Cả 40 câu hỏi trong đề thi đã bao gồm đầy đủ 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu. Điều này giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng mà còn hiểu rõ cách tìm thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.
Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với hơn 45 từ và cụm từ quan trọng, hoàn chỉnh với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ minh họa và collocations thường gặp. Đây là vốn từ vựng học thuật quý giá mà bạn có thể áp dụng không chỉ cho bài thi Reading mà còn cho Writing và Speaking.
Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ các giải thích đáp án và học thuộc từ vựng để nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của bạn. Tương tự như How electric vehicles are reducing the global carbon footprint, chủ đề về công nghệ xanh và phát triển bền vững ngày càng trở nên quan trọng trong các kỳ thi IELTS. Để hiểu rõ hơn về bối cảnh rộng lớn hơn, bạn cũng nên tìm hiểu về Smart cities and their impact on modern living và Impact of green energy on global economies, những chủ đề liên quan mật thiết đến xu hướng giao thông xanh hiện nay.
Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
