IELTS Reading: Chiến Dịch Sức Khỏe Cộng Đồng và Tỷ Lệ Cai Thuốc Lá – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Chủ đề về các chiến dịch sức khỏe cộng đồng ảnh hưởng đến tỷ lệ cai thuốc lá là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến trong IELTS Reading, thường xuất hiện ở các đề thi chính thức với tần suất khá cao. Đây là chủ đề giao thoa giữa y tế, hành vi xã hội và chính sách công, đòi hỏi người học phải hiểu sâu về paraphrasing và suy luận logic.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật. Mỗi passage được thiết kế cẩn thận để phản ánh đúng cấu trúc và độ khó của kỳ thi IELTS chính thức, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-7.5. Bạn sẽ học được cách xác định thông tin trong bài, làm quen với từ vựng học thuật về sức khỏe cộng đồng, và rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian hiệu quả. Hãy dành đủ 60 phút để hoàn thành toàn bộ bài thi trong điều kiện tương tự kỳ thi thật để đánh giá chính xác trình độ của mình.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần, với Passage 1 thường là bài dễ nhất và Passage 3 là bài khó nhất.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi)

Lưu ý rằng bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì giám thị không nhắc nhở khi chuyển passage. Nên dành 2-3 phút cuối để kiểm tra và chuyển đáp án vào phiếu trả lời.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

• Multiple Choice: Chọn đáp án đúng từ các phương án A, B, C, D
• True/False/Not Given: Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được đề cập
• Yes/No/Not Given: Xác định ý kiến của tác giả đồng ý, không đồng ý hay không được đề cập
• Matching Headings: Ghép tiêu đề phù hợp với từng đoạn văn
• Sentence Completion: Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
• Summary Completion: Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
• Matching Features: Ghép thông tin với các đặc điểm hoặc người được nhắc đến

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Evolution of Anti-Smoking Campaigns

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Public health campaigns against smoking have undergone significant transformations over the past six decades. In the early 1960s, when the first warnings about smoking’s dangers were issued, anti-smoking messages were relatively simple and relied heavily on factual information about health risks. These initial campaigns focused primarily on educating the public about the link between smoking and lung cancer, using straightforward slogans and basic statistics.

By the 1980s, campaign strategies had become more sophisticated. Health authorities began to understand that simply providing information was not enough to change behaviour. They started to incorporate emotional appeals and graphic imagery to make their messages more impactful. Television advertisements showed the devastating effects of smoking-related diseases, featuring real patients suffering from emphysema or undergoing chemotherapy. This shift towards emotional resonance proved more effective in capturing public attention than earlier fact-based approaches.

The 1990s saw the introduction of targeted campaigns aimed at specific demographics. Recognising that different groups respond to different messages, health organisations developed tailored programmes for teenagers, pregnant women, and low-income communities. For young people, campaigns emphasised the social consequences of smoking, such as bad breath and stained teeth, rather than long-term health risks that seemed too distant to be relevant. These age-appropriate messages were delivered through channels that teenagers actually used, including music videos, concerts, and later, social media platforms.

Sự phát triển của các chiến dịch chống hút thuốc lá từ thập niên 1960 đến nay

Comprehensive strategies emerged in the 2000s, combining multiple intervention methods simultaneously. Governments began implementing package warning labels with graphic health warnings, raising tobacco taxes significantly, banning smoking in public places, and restricting tobacco advertising. Australia’s plain packaging legislation, introduced in 2012, removed all branding from cigarette packets and covered them with standardised health warnings. This multi-pronged approach recognised that changing smoking behaviour required addressing the issue from various angles rather than relying on a single method.

The role of mass media campaigns has been extensively studied by public health researchers. A landmark study conducted across 28 countries found that sustained media campaigns led to a 4-8% reduction in smoking prevalence when combined with other tobacco control measures. The research highlighted that campaigns needed to run for at least six months to achieve measurable impact, with shorter campaigns showing minimal effect on actual behaviour change.

Digital technology has revolutionised how anti-smoking messages reach audiences in recent years. Mobile apps now offer personalised support for people trying to quit, tracking their progress and providing encouragement during difficult moments. Social media platforms enable health organisations to engage directly with smokers through interactive content, peer support groups, and real-time responses to questions. These digital interventions can be delivered at a fraction of the cost of traditional media campaigns while reaching millions of people simultaneously.

However, challenges remain in making campaigns effective across all population segments. Research indicates that educational attainment strongly influences how people respond to health messages. Individuals with higher education levels are more likely to absorb and act upon anti-smoking information, while those with limited education may find complex health messages difficult to understand or may be more sceptical of official health advice. This has created a situation where smoking rates have declined dramatically among educated populations but remain stubbornly high among disadvantaged groups.

The measurement of campaign effectiveness has also become more sophisticated. Early evaluations simply tracked awareness of campaign messages, but modern assessments examine actual behaviour change, including quit attempts, calls to quit-lines, and sustained abstinence rates. Cost-effectiveness analyses now compare the expense of running campaigns against the healthcare savings generated by reduced smoking rates, helping policymakers allocate resources more efficiently.

Looking ahead, public health experts emphasise the need for culturally sensitive approaches that respect diverse communities while delivering consistent health messages. Indigenous populations, ethnic minorities, and other marginalised groups often have higher smoking rates and may require specially designed campaigns that acknowledge their unique cultural contexts and address specific barriers to quitting. The most successful future campaigns will likely be those that combine broad population-level messages with targeted interventions for high-risk groups, delivered through both traditional and digital channels.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Early anti-smoking campaigns in the 1960s used complex emotional strategies to change behaviour.

2. Campaigns in the 1980s included showing actual patients suffering from smoking-related illnesses.

3. Teenagers responded better to messages about immediate social consequences than long-term health risks.

4. Australia was the first country in the world to introduce plain packaging for cigarettes.

5. Mass media campaigns need to run for at least six months to have a measurable effect on smoking behaviour.

6. Mobile apps for smoking cessation are more expensive to operate than traditional media campaigns.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. In the 2000s, governments used a __ approach that included multiple methods to reduce smoking.

8. People with higher levels of __ are more likely to respond positively to anti-smoking messages.

9. Modern campaign evaluations focus on actual __ rather than just measuring message awareness.

10. Future successful campaigns will need to be __ to respect different community cultures.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

11. According to the passage, what was the main limitation of 1960s anti-smoking campaigns?

• A) They were too expensive to implement widely
• B) They only provided factual information without emotional appeal
• C) They targeted the wrong demographic groups
• D) They used inappropriate media channels

12. The passage suggests that plain packaging legislation:

• A) Was rejected by most countries
• B) Only removed brand logos from packets
• C) Was part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy
• D) Had no measurable effect on smoking rates

13. What does the passage indicate about smoking rates among different populations?

• A) They have declined equally across all groups
• B) They remain higher among disadvantaged communities
• C) They have increased among educated populations
• D) They are no longer monitored by health authorities

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PASSAGE 2 – Psychological Mechanisms Behind Campaign Success

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

Understanding why some public health campaigns succeed while others fail requires examining the psychological mechanisms that drive human behaviour change. The field of health communication research has identified several key principles that determine whether anti-smoking messages will resonate with audiences and ultimately influence their decisions about tobacco use.

The Health Belief Model, developed in the 1950s, remains one of the most influential frameworks for understanding health behaviour. This model proposes that people are more likely to change their behaviour when they perceive a serious health threat, believe they are personally susceptible to that threat, and are confident that taking action will reduce the risk at an acceptable cost. Effective anti-smoking campaigns leverage these perceptions by making the consequences of smoking feel immediate and personal rather than abstract and distant. For instance, campaigns that show young smokers how their appearance deteriorates create a sense of personal vulnerability that statistics about lung cancer decades in the future cannot match.

Cognitive dissonance theory offers another powerful explanation for campaign effectiveness. This psychological principle suggests that people experience mental discomfort when their behaviours contradict their beliefs or values. Smokers who view themselves as responsible parents, for example, may experience dissonance when confronted with messages about secondhand smoke harming their children. Well-designed campaigns exploit this dissonance by highlighting the contradiction between smokers’ self-image and their behaviour, creating psychological pressure to resolve the inconsistency by quitting.

The concept of social norms has become increasingly central to anti-smoking campaign design. Humans are fundamentally social creatures who look to others for cues about appropriate behaviour. When smoking was socially acceptable and even glamorous, portrayed in films and advertisements featuring attractive, successful people, these social norms encouraged tobacco use. Modern campaigns have worked to denormalise smoking by portraying it as an outdated habit practiced by a declining minority. The “truth” campaign in the United States successfully reframed smoking as rebellion against manipulative tobacco companies rather than rebellion against authority, appealing to teenagers’ desire for authenticity and independence.

Các nguyên lý tâm lý học trong thiết kế chiến dịch sức khỏe cộng đồng chống hút thuốc

Emotional framing significantly impacts how messages are received and processed. Research has demonstrated that negatively framed messages—emphasising what will be lost by continuing to smoke—often prove more motivating than positively framed messages about benefits of quitting, particularly for people who are not yet contemplating change. However, the optimal balance between fear-arousing content and empowering information remains contentious among researchers. Messages that provoke too much fear without offering a clear path to behaviour change can lead to defensive reactions where audiences dismiss or avoid the message entirely to reduce their anxiety.

The elaboration likelihood model explains how people process persuasive messages through two different routes. The central route involves careful, thoughtful consideration of message content, while the peripheral route relies on superficial cues such as the attractiveness of the messenger or production quality. For motivated audiences already considering quitting, detailed information about cessation methods and health benefits engages central processing. For less motivated smokers, peripheral cues like celebrity endorsements or emotional music may be more effective in capturing attention and planting seeds for future behaviour change.

Narrative persuasion has emerged as a particularly powerful tool in health communication. Personal stories of smokers who developed serious illnesses or successfully quit create emotional connections that abstract statistics cannot achieve. These narratives work by transporting audiences into the story, reducing their critical resistance and allowing messages to bypass psychological defences. The Australian “Every Cigarette is Doing You Damage” campaign featured real stories of ordinary people suffering from smoking-related diseases, generating strong emotional responses and high recall among viewers.

Cultural factors profoundly influence how psychological mechanisms operate in different populations. Individualistic cultures, which emphasise personal choice and autonomy, may respond better to messages about individual health consequences and personal empowerment. Collectivistic cultures, which prioritise group harmony and family obligations, may be more moved by messages about protecting loved ones from secondhand smoke or setting good examples for children. Effective campaigns must adapt their psychological strategies to align with the cultural values of their target audiences.

The timing and frequency of message exposure also affect campaign success. Mere exposure effect suggests that repeated viewing of messages increases their persuasiveness and perceived validity. However, excessive repetition can lead to wear-out effects where audiences become desensitised or annoyed. Research indicates that rotating multiple executions of the same core message maintains interest while reinforcing key points. Additionally, campaigns achieve greater impact when messages reach audiences during teachable moments—periods when people are particularly receptive to health information, such as after a friend’s diagnosis or during pregnancy.

Self-efficacy, or confidence in one’s ability to successfully quit smoking, represents a critical mediating factor between message exposure and behaviour change. Campaigns that only emphasise the dangers of smoking without building self-efficacy may increase anxiety without producing action. Effective campaigns therefore include empowering elements that demonstrate quitting is achievable, showcase available support resources, and celebrate small victories. Messages like “You can do this” combined with practical quit strategies help transform awareness into action.

Recent neuroscience research has begun examining brain responses to anti-smoking messages, revealing that certain types of content activate regions associated with behaviour change more strongly than others. Neuroimaging studies show that messages emphasising social consequences activate brain areas involved in social cognition and self-awareness, while messages about health risks primarily engage regions processing threat and risk. This emerging field promises to refine our understanding of which message elements produce the neural responses most likely to translate into actual behaviour modification.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

14. According to the Health Belief Model, people are most likely to change behaviour when they:

• A) Have access to free healthcare services
• B) Perceive a serious personal threat that can be reduced
• C) Are forced to by legal regulations
• D) See their friends making the same change

15. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that campaigns work by:

• A) Providing extensive medical information
• B) Offering financial incentives to quit
• C) Highlighting contradictions between behaviour and self-image
• D) Scaring people about future health problems

16. The “truth” campaign was successful because it:

• A) Used famous celebrities as spokespersons
• B) Reframed smoking as rebellion against tobacco companies
• C) Focused exclusively on health consequences
• D) Was the most expensive campaign ever produced

17. What does the passage say about negatively framed messages?

• A) They never work effectively
• B) They are always better than positive messages
• C) They can be more motivating but may cause defensive reactions
• D) They are only effective for elderly smokers

18. According to the elaboration likelihood model, less motivated smokers respond better to:

• A) Detailed scientific information
• B) Superficial cues like celebrity endorsements
• C) Written pamphlets with statistics
• D) Messages from their doctors

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Personal stories in anti-smoking campaigns work through a process called (19) __, which helps audiences connect emotionally with the message. These narratives reduce people’s (20) __ and allow messages to bypass their psychological defences.

Cultural differences affect campaign effectiveness significantly. Societies with (21) __ cultures respond better to messages about personal health, while those with collectivistic values prefer messages about protecting family members. The timing of message delivery is also important, particularly during (22) __ when people are naturally more open to health information.

Finally, campaigns must build (23) __ by showing that quitting is achievable, not just emphasising smoking dangers.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Fear-based messages are always the most effective way to encourage smokers to quit.

25. Rotating different versions of the same core message helps maintain audience interest.

26. Neuroscience research has completely revolutionised how all anti-smoking campaigns are designed.

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PASSAGE 3 – Evidence, Policy and the Future of Tobacco Control

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The epistemological challenges inherent in evaluating public health campaign effectiveness have long vexed researchers attempting to establish causal relationships between interventions and population-level outcomes. Unlike pharmaceutical trials where randomised controlled methodologies can isolate specific treatment effects, public health campaigns operate within complex social ecosystems where multiple confounding variables interact in ways that defy simple analysis. The question of how public health campaigns influence smoking cessation rates must therefore be addressed through sophisticated quasi-experimental designs and multivariate statistical models that can disentangle campaign effects from concurrent policy changes, economic fluctuations, and broader cultural shifts.

Meta-analytic reviews synthesising decades of campaign research reveal a nuanced picture of effectiveness that defies simplistic generalisations. A comprehensive Cochrane review examining 11 studies involving over 2 million participants found that mass media campaigns can reduce smoking prevalence, but effect sizes vary considerably depending on campaign intensity, duration, and the policy environment in which they operate. Campaigns implemented in conjunction with comprehensive tobacco control policies—including taxation, smoke-free legislation, and cessation support services—demonstrate substantially greater impact than those operating in policy vacuums. This finding underscores a crucial insight: campaigns function not as standalone interventions but as components of integrated public health strategies whose effectiveness derives from synergistic interactions among multiple policy instruments.

The temporal dynamics of campaign effects present particular analytical challenges. Simple pre-post comparisons of smoking rates before and after campaigns cannot account for underlying secular trends in tobacco use that may have occurred regardless of intervention. Interrupted time series analyses, which examine whether the trajectory of smoking rates changed following campaign implementation, offer more robust evidence of campaign impact. Such analyses of Australia’s National Tobacco Campaign revealed significant accelerations in the rate of decline in smoking prevalence coinciding with periods of high campaign activity, suggesting genuine campaign effects beyond existing trends. However, these effects appear to attenuate over time, raising questions about the sustainability of campaign-induced behaviour change and the need for ongoing investment in messaging.

Phương pháp phân tích hiệu quả của các chiến dịch sức khỏe cộng đồng về thuốc lá

Socioeconomic gradients in campaign responsiveness constitute one of the most troubling dimensions of intervention effectiveness. While overall smoking rates have declined dramatically in high-income countries—from approximately 35% in the 1980s to below 15% in many nations today—these aggregate statistics obscure profound disparities. Individuals with tertiary education now have smoking rates below 10% in most developed countries, whereas those without secondary school completion often maintain rates exceeding 30%. This divergent pattern raises ethical questions about whether campaigns, despite their population-level success, may inadvertently exacerbate health inequalities by being disproportionately effective among already advantaged groups. Some researchers argue that campaigns employing sophisticated messaging that requires high literacy and numeracy to fully comprehend may create “information ghettos” where critical health knowledge fails to penetrate disadvantaged communities.

The political economy of tobacco control profoundly shapes campaign implementation and effectiveness. Tobacco industry interference remains a formidable obstacle to evidence-based policy in many jurisdictions, with companies deploying strategic communications, funding ostensibly independent research, and supporting political candidates to protect their commercial interests. The tobacco industry’s internal documents, released through litigation, reveal deliberate efforts to undermine public health campaigns by sowing doubt about health evidence, promoting alternative explanations for disease patterns, and co-opting public relations techniques to neutralise anti-smoking messages. This asymmetric warfare between well-funded corporations and under-resourced public health agencies creates an unlevel playing field where even the most expertly designed campaigns must contend with countervailing messages promoting tobacco use.

Transnational dimensions of tobacco control have become increasingly salient as the tobacco epidemic shifts from high-income to low- and middle-income countries, where 80% of the world’s smokers now reside. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, adopted by the World Health Organisation in 2003, represents an unprecedented attempt to coordinate global tobacco control efforts through legally binding international commitments. Article 12 of the Convention specifically requires parties to implement comprehensive educational and public awareness programmes about tobacco risks. However, implementation remains highly variable, with wealthy nations generally mounting sophisticated campaigns while many low-income countries lack resources for sustained public education. This disparity perpetuates global health inequities, as tobacco companies increasingly target emerging markets with marketing strategies long banned in developed nations.

Methodological innovations in campaign evaluation promise more precise understanding of mechanisms driving effectiveness. Natural experiments—situations where policy changes create quasi-random variation in exposure to interventions—offer opportunities to estimate causal effects with greater confidence than traditional observational studies. When different regions implement campaigns at different times or with varying intensity, researchers can employ difference-in-differences analyses comparing outcomes in exposed versus unexposed populations. Propensity score matching techniques help address selection bias by comparing similar individuals who did and did not receive interventions. Agent-based computational models simulate how individual-level responses to campaigns might aggregate to produce population-level outcomes, allowing researchers to test theoretical predictions about campaign mechanisms.

The future trajectory of anti-smoking campaigns will likely be shaped by emerging technologies and evolving media landscapes. Precision public health approaches using big data analytics and machine learning algorithms could enable hyper-targeted interventions tailored to individual risk profiles, preferences, and readiness to change. Digital phenotyping—using smartphone data to infer behaviour patterns and psychosocial states—might allow just-in-time delivery of cessation support during moments of heightened vulnerability to relapse. However, these technological possibilities raise significant ethical concerns about privacy, consent, and the potential for digital divides to further marginalise populations lacking access to advanced technologies.

Critical perspectives on tobacco control campaigns challenge prevailing assumptions about intervention approaches. Some scholars argue that individual-focused campaigns, even when effective, divert attention from upstream determinants of tobacco use including poverty, stress, and social marginalisation. By framing smoking primarily as an individual behaviour choice requiring personal responsibility to change, campaigns may inadvertently stigmatise smokers while absolving governments of responsibility for addressing structural inequalities that drive tobacco use. These critics advocate for greater emphasis on macroeconomic policies reducing inequality, community development initiatives addressing social determinants of health, and regulatory approaches making tobacco less available and accessible rather than relying predominantly on persuasive communication.

The normative dimensions of campaign design remain contested terrain. Libertarian critics argue that graphic health warnings and emotive messaging constitute unethical manipulation of citizens through fear, violating principles of informed rational decision-making. Communitarian perspectives counter that government has legitimate authority to promote public welfare through persuasive communication when individual behaviours impose substantial externalities on others through healthcare costs and secondhand smoke exposure. Feminist analysts highlight how tobacco control messaging has sometimes relied on gendered stereotypes that reinforce problematic norms about femininity and masculinity. These philosophical debates underscore that campaign design involves not merely technical questions of effectiveness but fundamental values about the appropriate role of government in shaping citizens’ private behaviours.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, why is it difficult to evaluate public health campaign effectiveness?

• A) Researchers cannot access sufficient funding for studies
• B) Multiple confounding variables interact in complex ways
• C) Participants refuse to provide accurate information
• D) The tobacco industry prevents research from being published

28. What did the Cochrane review find about mass media campaigns?

• A) They are completely ineffective at reducing smoking
• B) They only work in developing countries
• C) Their effectiveness varies and is enhanced by comprehensive policies
• D) They are more effective than taxation policies

29. The passage suggests that interrupted time series analyses:

• A) Cannot provide reliable evidence of campaign impact
• B) Are simpler than pre-post comparisons
• C) Show that campaigns have no real effect on smoking rates
• D) Offer more robust evidence than simple before-after comparisons

30. What concern does the passage raise about socioeconomic gradients?

• A) Campaigns may worsen health inequalities between social groups
• B) Poor people smoke more because they watch more television
• C) Wealthy people are not affected by smoking at all
• D) Education has no relationship to smoking behaviour

31. According to the passage, the tobacco industry has:

• A) Completely stopped interfering in tobacco control policy
• B) Funded only legitimate independent research
• C) Deliberately undermined public health campaigns
• D) Supported all government anti-smoking initiatives

Questions 32-36

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

32. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was created to coordinate global efforts through __ commitments.

33. Natural experiments create __ in exposure to interventions that helps researchers estimate causal effects.

34. Precision public health approaches could enable __ that are customised for individual characteristics.

35. Digital phenotyping uses smartphone data to deliver support during moments when people are vulnerable to __.

36. Some critics argue that individual-focused campaigns may divert attention from __ of tobacco use like poverty and stress.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 3?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

37. Campaign effects become stronger and more permanent over long periods of time.

38. Eighty percent of the world’s smokers now live in low- and middle-income countries.

39. All countries that signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have successfully implemented comprehensive campaigns.

40. Some scholars believe that campaigns should focus more on addressing social inequalities rather than individual behaviour.

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. TRUE
6. FALSE
7. multi-pronged
8. educational attainment
9. behaviour change
10. culturally sensitive
11. B
12. C
13. B

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. B
17. C
18. B
19. narrative persuasion
20. critical resistance
21. individualistic
22. teachable moments
23. self-efficacy
24. NO
25. YES
26. NOT GIVEN

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. D
30. A
31. C
32. legally binding international
33. quasi-random variation
34. hyper-targeted interventions
35. relapse
36. upstream determinants
37. FALSE
38. TRUE
39. FALSE
40. TRUE

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Early anti-smoking campaigns, 1960s, complex emotional strategies
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “anti-smoking messages were relatively simple and relied heavily on factual information” – các thông điệp chống hút thuốc tương đối đơn giản và chủ yếu dựa vào thông tin thực tế. Điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với “complex emotional strategies” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 1980s campaigns, actual patients, smoking-related illnesses
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “Television advertisements showed the devastating effects of smoking-related diseases, featuring real patients suffering from emphysema or undergoing chemotherapy.” Đây là paraphrase của “actual patients suffering from smoking-related illnesses”.

Câu 3: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Teenagers, immediate social consequences, long-term health risks
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “campaigns emphasised the social consequences of smoking, such as bad breath and stained teeth, rather than long-term health risks that seemed too distant to be relevant” – nhấn mạnh hậu quả xã hội thay vì rủi ro sức khỏe dài hạn. Điều này hoàn toàn phù hợp với câu hỏi.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Mass media campaigns, six months, measurable effect
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “campaigns needed to run for at least six months to achieve measurable impact” – chiến dịch cần chạy ít nhất sáu tháng để đạt tác động có thể đo lường được.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Mobile apps, more expensive, traditional media campaigns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “can be delivered at a fraction of the cost of traditional media campaigns” – có thể được cung cấp với một phần nhỏ chi phí của các chiến dịch truyền thông truyền thống. Điều này mâu thuẫn với “more expensive” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: multi-pronged

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: 2000s, governments, multiple methods
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “Comprehensive strategies emerged in the 2000s” và “This multi-pronged approach” chỉ rõ cách tiếp cận đa chiều.

Câu 8: educational attainment

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Higher levels, respond positively, anti-smoking messages
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “educational attainment strongly influences how people respond to health messages. Individuals with higher education levels are more likely to absorb and act upon anti-smoking information”.

Câu 11: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn đầu nói rõ các chiến dịch thập niên 1960 “relied heavily on factual information about health risks” – chủ yếu dựa vào thông tin thực tế mà không có yếu tố cảm xúc, phù hợp với đáp án B.

Câu 12: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 đề cập plain packaging trong ngữ cảnh của “comprehensive strategies” và “multi-pronged approach”, cho thấy nó là một phần của chiến lược kiểm soát thuốc lá toàn diện.

Câu 13: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 nói rõ “smoking rates have declined dramatically among educated populations but remain stubbornly high among disadvantaged groups” – tỷ lệ hút thuốc giảm mạnh ở nhóm có học vấn nhưng vẫn cao ở nhóm thiệt thòi.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: “people are more likely to change their behaviour when they perceive a serious health threat, believe they are personally susceptible to that threat, and are confident that taking action will reduce the risk” – mô tả chính xác Health Belief Model.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “Well-designed campaigns exploit this dissonance by highlighting the contradiction between smokers’ self-image and their behaviour” – làm nổi bật mâu thuẫn giữa hình ảnh bản thân và hành vi.

Câu 16: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “The ‘truth’ campaign in the United States successfully reframed smoking as rebellion against manipulative tobacco companies rather than rebellion against authority”.

Câu 19: narrative persuasion

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Narrative persuasion has emerged as a particularly powerful tool” – được nhắc đến như cơ chế hoạt động của câu chuyện cá nhân.

Câu 20: critical resistance

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “These narratives work by transporting audiences into the story, reducing their critical resistance”.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói rằng “the optimal balance between fear-arousing content and empowering information remains contentious” và “Messages that provoke too much fear… can lead to defensive reactions” – cho thấy thông điệp gây sợ hãi không phải lúc nào cũng hiệu quả nhất.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “Research indicates that rotating multiple executions of the same core message maintains interest while reinforcing key points” – tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “public health campaigns operate within complex social ecosystems where multiple confounding variables interact in ways that defy simple analysis” – nhiều biến số gây nhiễu tương tác theo cách phức tạp.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: “effect sizes vary considerably” và “Campaigns implemented in conjunction with comprehensive tobacco control policies demonstrate substantially greater impact” – hiệu quả khác nhau và được tăng cường bởi chính sách toàn diện.

Câu 29: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Interrupted time series analyses… offer more robust evidence of campaign impact” – cung cấp bằng chứng vững chắc hơn so với so sánh đơn giản trước-sau.

Câu 30: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: “This divergent pattern raises ethical questions about whether campaigns… may inadvertently exacerbate health inequalities” – chiến dịch có thể vô tình làm trầm trọng thêm sự bất bình đẳng về sức khỏe.

Câu 32: legally binding international

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “represents an unprecedented attempt to coordinate global tobacco control efforts through legally binding international commitments”.

Câu 37: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: “these effects appear to attenuate over time” – các hiệu ứng có vẻ suy yếu theo thời gian, mâu thuẫn với “stronger and more permanent”.

Câu 38: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “the tobacco epidemic shifts from high-income to low- and middle-income countries, where 80% of the world’s smokers now reside” – khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.

Câu 40: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-5
• Giải thích: “Some scholars argue that individual-focused campaigns… divert attention from upstream determinants of tobacco use including poverty, stress, and social marginalisation” – một số học giả cho rằng nên tập trung vào các yếu tố quyết định như nghèo đói và căng thẳng.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
undergo	v	/ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/	Trải qua, chịu đựng	Public health campaigns have undergone significant transformations	undergo transformation, undergo change
rely on	phrasal v	/rɪˈlaɪ ɒn/	Dựa vào, tin cậy vào	Early campaigns relied heavily on factual information	rely heavily on, rely solely on
sophisticated	adj	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/	Tinh vi, phức tạp	Campaign strategies had become more sophisticated	sophisticated approach, sophisticated technology
devastating	adj	/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/	Tàn phá, tác động mạnh	Showed the devastating effects of smoking	devastating impact, devastating consequences
emotional resonance	n	/ɪˈməʊʃənl ˈrezənəns/	Sự đồng cảm về mặt cảm xúc	This shift towards emotional resonance proved more effective	create emotional resonance
tailored	adj	/ˈteɪləd/	Được thiết kế riêng	Developed tailored programmes for teenagers	tailored approach, tailored intervention
multi-pronged	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈprɒŋd/	Đa chiều, nhiều khía cạnh	This multi-pronged approach recognised	multi-pronged strategy, multi-pronged attack
comprehensive	adj	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/	Toàn diện, bao quát	Comprehensive strategies emerged in the 2000s	comprehensive plan, comprehensive approach
sustained	adj	/səˈsteɪnd/	Liên tục, duy trì	Sustained media campaigns led to reduction	sustained effort, sustained growth
measurable	adj	/ˈmeʒərəbl/	Có thể đo lường được	Achieve measurable impact	measurable results, measurable outcomes
marginalised	adj	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd/	Bị thiệt thòi, lề hóa	Indigenous populations and other marginalised groups	marginalised communities, marginalised people
stubbornly	adv	/ˈstʌbənli/	Một cách cứng đầu, khó thay đổi	Smoking rates remain stubbornly high	stubbornly high, stubbornly resistant

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
psychological mechanism	n	/ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˈmekənɪzəm/	Cơ chế tâm lý	Examining the psychological mechanisms that drive behaviour	underlying mechanism, complex mechanism
resonate with	phrasal v	/ˈrezəneɪt wɪð/	Gây được tiếng vang với	Messages will resonate with audiences	resonate strongly with, resonate deeply with
susceptible	adj	/səˈseptəbl/	Dễ bị ảnh hưởng	Believe they are personally susceptible to that threat	susceptible to influence, highly susceptible
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	Sự dễ bị tổn thương	Create a sense of personal vulnerability	sense of vulnerability, increased vulnerability
cognitive dissonance	n	/ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈdɪsənəns/	Sự bất hòa nhận thức	Cognitive dissonance theory offers explanation	experience cognitive dissonance, reduce cognitive dissonance
social norm	n	/ˈsəʊʃl nɔːm/	Chuẩn mực xã hội	The concept of social norms has become central	establish social norms, challenge social norms
denormalise	v	/diːˈnɔːməlaɪz/	Làm mất tính bình thường	Modern campaigns have worked to denormalise smoking	denormalise behaviour, denormalise practice
manipulative	adj	/məˈnɪpjələtɪv/	Mang tính thao túng	Rebellion against manipulative tobacco companies	manipulative tactics, manipulative behaviour
empowering	adj	/ɪmˈpaʊərɪŋ/	Trao quyền, động viên	Optimal balance between fear and empowering information	empowering message, empowering experience
defensive reaction	n	/dɪˈfensɪv riˈækʃn/	Phản ứng phòng thủ	Messages can lead to defensive reactions	trigger defensive reaction, avoid defensive reaction
narrative persuasion	n	/ˈnærətɪv pəˈsweɪʒn/	Thuyết phục bằng câu chuyện	Narrative persuasion has emerged as a powerful tool	use narrative persuasion, power of narrative persuasion
critical resistance	n	/ˈkrɪtɪkl rɪˈzɪstəns/	Sự phản kháng phê phán	Reducing their critical resistance	overcome critical resistance, bypass critical resistance
self-efficacy	n	/ˌself ˈefɪkəsi/	Tự tin vào khả năng bản thân	Self-efficacy represents a critical mediating factor	build self-efficacy, enhance self-efficacy
teachable moment	n	/ˈtiːtʃəbl ˈməʊmənt/	Thời điểm dễ tiếp thu	Messages reach audiences during teachable moments	identify teachable moments, capitalise on teachable moments
wear-out effect	n	/weər aʊt ɪˈfekt/	Hiệu ứng mỏi mệt (với thông điệp)	Excessive repetition can lead to wear-out effects	avoid wear-out effects, minimize wear-out effects

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	Thuộc về nhận thức luận	The epistemological challenges inherent in evaluating	epistemological issue, epistemological debate
vex	v	/veks/	Làm phiền muộn, gây khó khăn	Long vexed researchers attempting to establish	vexed question, vexed issue
causal relationship	n	/ˈkɔːzl rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/	Mối quan hệ nhân quả	Establish causal relationships between interventions	demonstrate causal relationship, prove causal relationship
confounding variable	n	/kənˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈveəriəbl/	Biến số gây nhiễu	Multiple confounding variables interact	control for confounding variables, identify confounding variables
quasi-experimental	adj	/ˌkwɑːzi ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/	Bán thực nghiệm	Sophisticated quasi-experimental designs	quasi-experimental design, quasi-experimental study
meta-analytic	adj	/ˌmetə ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/	Thuộc về phân tích tổng hợp	Meta-analytic reviews synthesising decades of research	meta-analytic approach, meta-analytic study
synergistic	adj	/ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk/	Có tính hiệp đồng	Effectiveness derives from synergistic interactions	synergistic effect, synergistic relationship
secular trend	n	/ˈsekjələ trend/	Xu hướng dài hạn	Cannot account for underlying secular trends	observe secular trends, control for secular trends
attenuate	v	/əˈtenjueɪt/	Làm suy yếu	These effects appear to attenuate over time	attenuate over time, gradually attenuate
socioeconomic gradient	n	/ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈɡreɪdiənt/	Độ chênh lệch kinh tế xã hội	Socioeconomic gradients in campaign responsiveness	steep socioeconomic gradient, reduce socioeconomic gradient
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	Làm trầm trọng thêm	May inadvertently exacerbate health inequalities	exacerbate inequality, exacerbate problems
formidable	adj	/ˈfɔːmɪdəbl/	Đáng gờm, hùng mạnh	Tobacco industry interference remains a formidable obstacle	formidable challenge, formidable opponent
undermine	v	/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/	Làm suy yếu, phá hoại	Deliberate efforts to undermine public health campaigns	undermine efforts, undermine credibility
asymmetric warfare	n	/ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk ˈwɔːfeə/	Chiến tranh bất đối xứng	This asymmetric warfare between corporations and agencies	engage in asymmetric warfare
transnational	adj	/trænzˈnæʃnəl/	Xuyên quốc gia	Transnational dimensions of tobacco control	transnational cooperation, transnational issue
propensity score	n	/prəˈpensəti skɔː/	Điểm xu hướng (thống kê)	Propensity score matching techniques help address	calculate propensity score, use propensity score
agent-based model	n	/ˈeɪdʒənt beɪst ˈmɒdl/	Mô hình dựa trên tác nhân	Agent-based computational models simulate responses	develop agent-based model, apply agent-based model
digital phenotyping	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈfiːnətaɪpɪŋ/	Phân loại kỹ thuật số	Digital phenotyping using smartphone data	use digital phenotyping, digital phenotyping approach
upstream determinant	n	/ˈʌpstriːm dɪˈtɜːmɪnənt/	Yếu tố quyết định gốc rễ	Divert attention from upstream determinants	address upstream determinants, focus on upstream determinants
stigmatise	v	/ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/	Gây kỳ thị	Campaigns may inadvertently stigmatise smokers	stigmatise behaviour, avoid stigmatising

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề về ảnh hưởng của các chiến dịch sức khỏe cộng đồng đến tỷ lệ cai thuốc lá là một chủ đề phức tạp và đa chiều, thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS Reading chính thức. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba mức độ khó từ Easy đến Hard, với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi bao gồm 7 dạng bài khác nhau giống thi thật.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về chủ đề: từ sự phát triển lịch sử của các chiến dịch chống hút thuốc, đến các cơ chế tâm lý học đằng sau hiệu quả của chiến dịch, và cuối cùng là những thách thức trong việc đánh giá và thực hiện chính sách kiểm soát thuốc lá trên quy mô toàn cầu. Mỗi passage không chỉ giúp bạn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu mà còn mở rộng kiến thức về một vấn đề y tế công cộng quan trọng.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định thông tin trong bài, paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, cũng như chiến lược tiếp cận từng dạng câu hỏi. Bảng từ vựng theo từng passage cung cấp hơn 40 từ và cụm từ quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocation, giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật cần thiết cho kỳ thi IELTS.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, hãy xem lại những câu trả lời sai, phân tích lý do tại sao bạn chọn nhầm, và rút ra bài học cho những lần làm bài tiếp theo. Việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề sẽ giúp bạn làm quen với format bài thi, cải thiện tốc độ đọc và nâng cao khả năng quản lý thời gian – những yếu tố then chốt để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading.