IELTS Reading: What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters? – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề What Are The Economic Impacts Of Climate-related Disasters? ngày càng xuất hiện dày đặc trong các tài liệu IELTS Reading thực tế vì tính thời sự và hàm lượng học thuật cao. Từ các nguồn uy tín như Cambridge IELTS, British Council, IDP đến ieltsliz.com, bài đọc về tác động kinh tế của bão, lũ, hạn hán, cháy rừng… thường khai thác góc nhìn chi phí trực tiếp, gián tiếp, bảo hiểm, chuỗi cung ứng và tăng trưởng dài hạn. Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ luyện một bộ đề IELTS Reading đầy đủ gồm 3 passages (Easy → Medium → Hard) bám sát format thi thật, có đa dạng dạng câu hỏi, đáp án chi tiết, từ vựng chủ điểm và kỹ thuật làm bài. Nội dung phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0+, giúp bạn nâng trình kỹ năng skimming, scanning, phân tích paraphrase và quản lý thời gian. Đây là bài luyện mục tiêu: IELTS Reading test – chủ đề kinh tế khí hậu, đúng định hướng đề thi hiện nay và tối ưu cho người học Việt Nam.

Biểu đồ tác động kinh tế thiên tai khí hậu cho IELTS Reading practice

1. Hướng dẫn dàm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

• Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages
• Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
• Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
  • Passage 1: 15-17 phút
  • Passage 2: 18-20 phút
  • Passage 3: 23-25 phút

Chiến Lược Làm Bài Hiệu Quả

• Đọc câu hỏi trước, sau đó đọc passage (skimming để lấy ý chính, scanning để tìm chi tiết).
• Chú ý từ khóa và paraphrase (ví dụ: cost = expenditure, losses; disaster = hazard; climate-related = weather-induced).
• Quản lý thời gian chặt chẽ, bám trật tự câu hỏi.
• Không bỏ trống câu nào; đoán có cơ sở nếu cần.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

• Multiple Choice
• True/False/Not Given
• Sentence Completion
• Yes/No/Not Given
• Matching Headings
• Summary/Note Completion
• Matching Features/Sentence Endings
• Short-answer Questions

Chiến lược IELTS Reading: skimming scanning quản lý thời gian và paraphrase

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2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Counting the Costs: How Floods Affect Local Economies

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Floods are no longer rare events for the riverside town of Riverford. In the past decade, three major floods have struck the community, each leaving behind a trail of damaged homes, closed shops, and disrupted lives. Yet the true economic story of these floods is not only about broken windows and muddy floors. It is about the hidden and cumulative costs that stretch far beyond the day the water recedes. When people ask, “What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters?”, Riverford offers a clear answer: they include both direct losses and indirect consequences, with ripple effects that touch almost everyone.

The direct costs are the most visible. Streets fill with water; electrical systems short out; small appliances and inventory are ruined. The local council spends on emergency services, pumps, and temporary shelters. Families pay for repairs and replacements. These are the expenses that find their way into insurance claims and newspaper headlines. Because they are immediate and measurable, they often attract attention and aid. However, focusing only on direct costs can be misleading, as it obscures a more complex reality.

Indirect costs accumulate quietly. When the main supermarket closes for two weeks, people drive to the next town, and the money that would have stayed in Riverford flows elsewhere. The bakery that usually supplies schools and offices loses orders. A nearby electronics assembly workshop cannot receive parts on time because regional roads are damaged, and clients switch to another supplier. In this way, a single flood triggers a chain of supply disruptions and lost opportunities. The longer the network takes to recover, the greater the losses become.

Tourism, once a bright spot in Riverford’s economy, suffers too. Although the historic bridge and riverside market remain intact, images of flooded streets deter visitors for months. Hotels report fewer bookings; restaurants cut staff hours. Even after repairs are completed, the perception of risk lingers. This is one reason why city leaders are increasingly interested in resilience planning: the idea that communities should not only respond to disasters but also prepare their systems to withstand them.

Resilience investments come in many forms. Riverford has raised the height of its flood barriers by fifty centimeters, upgraded drainage capacity, and established a small-business emergency grant that can be paid within 72 hours of a disaster. While these measures have upfront costs, they can reduce the size and duration of economic losses. For example, keeping the supermarket open during a moderate flood prevents the outflow of spending. Allowing the bakery to restart quickly protects its contracts. In the long run, this can be more cost-effective than repeated repairs. Notably, well-communicated resilience plans can improve the town’s image and shorten the tourism slump.

Insurance plays a practical role. Households with adequate coverage receive payouts that speed up reconstruction. Businesses with business interruption policies can pay staff and rent while they rebuild. But insurance has limits. Some low-income residents cannot afford full coverage, and some policies exclude flood damage. Moreover, if premiums rise after repeated claims, more people drop coverage. Without affordable options, recovery slows and inequality widens, as wealthier families repair faster and poorer ones fall behind.

Another layer of impact is psychological and social. After a second or third flood, a few families decide to leave permanently. Skilled workers moving away weaken the local tax base, and schools struggle with fluctuating enrolment. Property values may stagnate. These shifts feed back into the economy: if fewer people live and spend locally, small enterprises face a harder time meeting fixed costs. Yet, Riverford’s community groups and volunteer networks have countered some of these effects by organizing cleanup days and neighborhood support funds, which help residents return more quickly.

Resilience is not only about walls and pumps; it is also about information. Clear warnings allow people to move their cars, lift furniture, and shift inventory. Training local businesses to create backup supplier lists and keep off-site data can cut downtime. The town’s new early-warning app sends tailored alerts to shop owners and residents. Since its launch, average closure time for small shops after a minor flood has dropped from six days to three—saving revenue and preserving jobs.

Riverford’s experience shows that the economics of climate-related disasters are multidimensional. There are immediate, countable damages, and there are slower, dispersed losses. There are financial tools like insurance, and public measures like grants and barriers. Above all, there is a choice: to treat each flood as an isolated emergency or to plan for the next one. While no town can eliminate risk entirely, investing in resilience can protect livelihoods, keep money circulating locally, and offer a more stable future in a changing climate.

Lưu ý: Từ vựng khó và cấu trúc đáng chú ý đã được in đậm.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, focusing only on direct costs is misleading because
   A. direct costs are usually underestimated
   B. indirect costs are often larger and longer-lasting
   C. insurance covers all direct costs anyway
   D. direct costs cannot be measured accurately

2. What caused the electronics workshop to lose clients?
   A. Flooded factory floors
   B. Staff shortages
   C. Damaged regional roads delaying parts
   D. Lack of insurance coverage

3. One benefit of resilience investments mentioned is
   A. eliminating the need for insurance
   B. permanently preventing floods
   C. shortening tourism downturns
   D. raising property taxes

4. The early-warning app has helped small shops by
   A. compensating them for lost sales
   B. cutting their closure time by half
   C. offering free insurance
   D. moving their inventory automatically

Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write True if the statement agrees with the information.
Write False if the statement contradicts the information.
Write Not Given if there is no information on this.

5. The supermarket in Riverford never closed during floods.
6. Some insurance policies do not include flood damage.
7. Low-income residents are more likely to abandon the town than wealthy residents.
8. Volunteer groups have helped reduce recovery times.
9. Property values in Riverford have increased after each flood.

Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Tourism declines partly due to the lasting __ of risk.
11. Faster insurance payouts help businesses keep paying staff through __ policies.
12. Maintaining spending within Riverford helps __ money locally.
13. The town’s strategy highlights the importance of investing in __.

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PASSAGE 2 – Insurance, Incentives, and the Price of Climate Risk

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

In many countries, climate-related disasters no longer register as rare “acts of God” but as recurring systemic shocks. As losses accumulate, societies seek mechanisms to distribute and reduce risk. Chief among these is insurance, a financial technology that, at its best, signals and prices risk while enabling recovery. Yet the interaction between risk pricing, public subsidies, and private incentives is fraught with contradictions. If we ask, “What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters?”, we must also ask how insurance markets shape behavior before and after calamity.

In principle, insurance premiums should reflect underlying hazard. Where floods are frequent, premiums rise; where exposure is lower, they fall. This risk-based pricing simultaneously discourages unsafe development and rewards mitigation. However, political pressure often leads to premium caps, cross-subsidies, or publicly underwritten pools. These arrangements can improve affordability, but they may also distort signals: when premiums are artificially suppressed, developers may build in high-risk areas, and households may underinvest in retrofits.

The role of the state is thus paradoxical. On one hand, governments are expected to ensure that coverage remains accessible; on the other, they must maintain incentives for risk reduction. One solution is conditional subsidies: public support that is contingent on adopting protective measures, such as elevating homes or installing flood vents. Another is revising land-use rules so that construction is steered away from floodplains. Such policies reinforce the alignment between private decisions and social resilience.

When disasters strike, the speed and reliability of payouts can determine the trajectory of recovery. Firms that receive timely compensation maintain payroll, retain suppliers, and avoid credit crunches. Conversely, delays propagate distress through local networks: contractors stall, inventories decay, and skilled workers depart. Research shows that regions with high insurance penetration tend to exhibit faster rebounds in employment and tax receipts. The effect is not purely mechanical; confidence matters. If businesses and households expect a credible safety net, they are less likely to trigger precautionary cutbacks that deepen recessions.

Internationally, the situation is even more complex. Lower-income countries often face hazards without deep insurance markets. To address this, parametric insurance—which pays out based on measurable triggers like wind speed or rainfall—has gained traction. Because it avoids lengthy damage assessments, it can disburse funds quickly. Yet parametric products carry basis risk: the possibility that a community suffers heavy losses while the trigger is not met. Managing this trade-off requires careful calibration and transparent governance.

There is also the problem of correlated risk. Climate-related disasters tend to strike many policyholders simultaneously, threatening the solvency of insurers. Reinsurance and catastrophe bonds provide a backstop by transferring risk to global capital markets. While this disperses losses, it also exposes recovery finance to fluctuations in investor sentiment. If a sequence of extreme events coincides with broader market stress, the cost of reinsurance can spike, pushing premiums higher and reawakening the affordability dilemma.

Crucially, insurance is not a substitute for adaptation. It can smooth consumption and sustain businesses through shocks, but it does not reduce hazard. In fact, poorly designed coverage can entrench vulnerability, as rebuilding efforts reproduce exposure’s original pattern. To prevent this, some insurers now offer premium discounts for verified risk reduction, require elevated foundations, or refuse to cover properties that fail to meet new standards. Meanwhile, governments invest in nature-based solutions—restored wetlands, mangrove belts—that absorb storm surges while providing co-benefits for biodiversity and tourism.

In the long run, aligning finance with risk is essential. If capital flows—mortgages, municipal bonds, corporate loans—price climate risk accurately, they will favor safer locations and resilient infrastructure. This is not merely an accounting exercise; it is a reconfiguration of economic geography. The challenge is to transition without triggering sudden asset repricing that destabilizes communities. A gradual, rules-based approach—phased zoning changes, predictable premium adjustments, and targeted support for vulnerable households—can maintain fairness while preserving the discipline that markets ought to impose.

Ultimately, the economic impacts of climate-related disasters are mediated by institutions. Insurance, reinsurance, and public policy can either amplify damage through moral hazard and delay or attenuate it by rewarding foresight. The difference lies in design: whether incentives are clear, timelines are credible, and protections are equitable. A system that learns, prices, and adapts will not eliminate storms or fires, but it can ensure that economies bend without breaking.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the writer’s claims in the passage?
Write Yes if the statement agrees with the writer’s claims.
Write No if the statement contradicts the writer’s claims.
Write Not Given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

14. Politically imposed premium caps may encourage development in risky areas.
15. Parametric insurance always matches local losses perfectly.
16. High insurance penetration can speed up regional employment recovery.
17. Nature-based solutions provide only environmental benefits, not economic ones.
18. Sudden asset repricing could harm community stability.

Questions 19-22
Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–D from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The paradox of affordable coverage
ii Correlated risk and global finance
iii The limits of insurance as adaptation
iv Pricing risk to shape behavior
v International lessons from high-income countries

Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D

(A = second paragraph beginning “In principle, insurance premiums…”)
(B = third paragraph “The role of the state…”)
(C = fifth paragraph “There is also the problem…”)
(D = sixth paragraph “Crucially, insurance is not a substitute…”)

Questions 23-26
Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

When disasters occur, rapid and reliable insurance payouts help firms avoid 23 ____, keep paying staff, and sustain suppliers. In poorer nations, 24 ____ has emerged to provide quick disbursement based on objective triggers, although it introduces 25 ____, where losses may occur without a payout. To reduce exposure over time, both insurers and governments promote risk reduction by offering 26 ____ for verified protective measures and investing in nature-based solutions.

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PASSAGE 3 – Macro Shocks, Hidden Spillovers, and Long-Run Growth under a Warming Climate

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

Economists have long catalogued the visible damage from climate-related disasters—capital destruction, crop losses, and business interruption. Yet the macroeconomic ledger is more intricate than the sum of insurance claims and reconstruction budgets. The question “What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters?” invites attention to dynamic margins: how shocks reverberate through productivity, human capital, innovation, and the allocation of risk over time. These channels are subtle, their signals often confounded by concurrent trends, and their magnitudes highly heterogeneous across regions and sectors.

Consider productivity. In the aftermath of severe floods or cyclones, measured output may rebound as rebuilding surges. However, when firms replace equipment with older or mismatched capital, total factor productivity (TFP) can stagnate. Supply-chain re-wiring—switching suppliers, altering logistics—entails learning costs and coordination failures. On the other hand, disasters can catalyze creative destruction: obsolete plants exit, and newer, more efficient facilities enter. The net effect depends on financial constraints, insurance design, and the option value of waiting; when uncertainty is high, firms defer investment, dampening the diffusion of superior technologies.

Human capital exhibits a similarly dual response. Schools may close temporarily; migration disrupts peer networks; health outcomes deteriorate due to contaminated water or smoke. Early-life exposure to shocks has been linked to lower cognitive attainment and lifetime earnings. Yet reconstruction booms can pull workers into higher-wage trades, upgrading skills through learning-by-doing. Whether these gains offset the losses hinges on the duration and quality of re-employment and the inclusiveness of recovery finance.

Public finance translates shocks into macro persistence. Disasters widen deficits as revenues fall and expenditures rise. Governments face an intertemporal choice: cut other services, raise taxes, or borrow. When debt markets doubt long-run solvency, the cost of capital increases, crowding out private investment. Conversely, credible fiscal frameworks—contingency funds, countercyclical buffers, disaster-linked bonds—can stabilize expectations. The architecture of risk-sharing matters: if insurance penetration is low and households self-insure by cutting consumption, aggregate demand weakens, prolonging downturns.

International spillovers magnify local shocks. Supply disruptions in agricultural hubs transmit through trade, lifting food prices and compressing real incomes elsewhere. Tourism collapses in one region reduce air traffic demand globally. Conversely, capital inflows seeking catastrophe-linked yield can soften domestic financing constraints after major events. Yet these flows are fickle: risk-on episodes can be followed by sudden stops, particularly when disasters coincide with tighter global monetary conditions.

A further dimension is the mismeasurement of adaptation. Traditional accounting records post-disaster reconstruction as output, but fails to impute the foregone growth that would have occurred had resources been allocated to productivity-enhancing investments instead of repairs. Similarly, when firms devote managerial bandwidth to emergency planning and compliance, there is an opportunity cost to innovation. Economists therefore urge a shift from measuring “recovery” to estimating counterfactual trajectories, comparing observed outcomes to the path that would have prevailed in a no-disaster state.

The spatial distribution of risk is changing as climate baselines shift. Migration toward relatively safer regions can yield agglomeration gains—thicker labor markets, knowledge spillovers—that raise productivity. But uncontrolled inflows strain housing and infrastructure, generating congestion externalities and political frictions. Zoning reforms and elastic housing supply can convert adaptation-induced migration into a growth dividend; otherwise, the process sows inequality, with low-income households trapped in deteriorating, high-risk zones.

Finally, the temporal profile of risk matters. Slow-onset phenomena—chronic drought, recurrent heatwaves—do not announce themselves with dramatic headlines, yet they erode capital and human health stealthily. Heat stress reduces labor productivity in outdoor sectors; persistent drought depletes aquifers, forcing costlier extraction or crop switching. Over decades, these pressures reshape comparative advantage and alter the composition of economies. Policymakers face a portfolio problem: how much to spend on near-term protection versus long-horizon transformation, including R&D in heat-resilient crops, distributed cooling, and grid modernization to accommodate demand spikes.

What then should a macroeconomist conclude? First, climate disasters are not merely transitory deviations; they interact with investment, finance, and demographics to shape long-run growth. Second, the quality of institutions—insurance architecture, fiscal rules, land-use policy—mediates whether shocks trigger vicious cycles of underinvestment or virtuous cycles of renewal. Third, measurement must evolve to capture hidden losses and option values. Only with such a lens can we compare policies not by short-run GDP bumps, but by their capacity to lift the counterfactual growth path under a warming climate.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. The passage suggests that measured output may rebound after disasters mainly because
    A. productivity permanently increases
    B. reconstruction activity temporarily boosts production
    C. supply chains fully recover immediately
    D. firms invest in superior technologies without delay

28. Which factor can cause firms to postpone investment after a disaster?
    A. Abundant credit
    B. High uncertainty increasing the option value of waiting
    C. Government subsidies
    D. Rapid technology diffusion

29. According to the text, low insurance penetration can lead households to
    A. increase discretionary spending
    B. borrow more from global markets
    C. self-insure by cutting consumption
    D. relocate to safer regions immediately

30. International capital flows after major events are described as
    A. stable and predictable
    B. unrelated to global monetary conditions
    C. helpful but potentially subject to sudden stops
    D. irrelevant to domestic financing constraints

31. The author argues that traditional accounting fails to capture
    A. the cost of insurance premiums
    B. foregone growth when resources are diverted to repairs
    C. agglomeration gains from migration
    D. the value of tourism

Questions 32-36
Matching Sentence Endings
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A–F below.
Write the correct letter A–F.

32. Agglomeration gains can arise when migrants move to safer regions, leading to
33. Without zoning reforms and elastic housing supply, adaptation-induced migration may
34. Slow-onset climate phenomena such as heatwaves tend to
35. Investing managerial time in emergency planning can
36. Effective institutions can determine whether shocks produce

A. reduce innovation by reallocating attention from R&D
B. higher productivity via thicker labor markets
C. sudden stops in capital flows
D. inequality, with low-income households left behind
E. vicious cycles of underinvestment or virtuous cycles of renewal
F. stealthily erode health and capital over time

Questions 37-40
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. Which productivity metric might stagnate when equipment is replaced suboptimally?
38. What type of buffers can stabilize expectations in public finance?
39. Which groundwater sources are depleted by persistent drought?
40. What kind of growth path should policies aim to lift under a warming climate?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. False
6. True
7. Not Given
8. True
9. False
10. perception
11. business interruption
12. keep
13. resilience

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. Yes
15. No
16. Yes
17. No
18. Yes
19. iv
20. i
21. ii
22. iii
23. credit crunches
24. parametric insurance
25. basis risk
26. premium discounts

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. D
34. F
35. A
36. E
37. TFP
38. countercyclical
39. aquifers
40. counterfactual growth path

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

• Câu 1: B

  • Dạng: Multiple Choice
  • Từ khóa: “focusing only on direct costs can be misleading”
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 2
  • Giải thích: Bài nêu indirect costs accumulate quietly và kéo dài; do đó chỉ nhìn direct costs là sai lệch.

• Câu 2: C

  • Dạng: Multiple Choice
  • Từ khóa: electronics assembly; roads damaged; clients switch
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 3
  • Giải thích: Đường khu vực hỏng gây chậm linh kiện khiến mất khách hàng.

• Câu 4: B

  • Dạng: Multiple Choice
  • Từ khóa: early-warning app; closure time dropped from six days to three
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 8
  • Giải thích: App giúp giảm thời gian đóng cửa khoảng một nửa.

• Câu 6: True

  • Dạng: T/F/NG
  • Từ khóa: some policies exclude flood damage
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 6
  • Giải thích: Nêu rõ một số hợp đồng loại trừ flood damage.

• Câu 10: perception

  • Dạng: Sentence Completion
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 4
  • Giải thích: Tourism declines due to the perception of risk.

• Câu 13: resilience

  • Dạng: Sentence Completion
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 9 kết luận
  • Giải thích: Đầu tư vào resilience được nhấn mạnh là chiến lược bảo vệ sinh kế.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

• Câu 14: Yes

  • Dạng: Y/N/NG
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 2
  • Giải thích: Premiums artificially suppressed → developers may build in high-risk areas.

• Câu 16: Yes

  • Vị trí: Đoạn 4
  • Giải thích: High insurance penetration → faster rebounds in employment and tax receipts.

• Câu 18: Yes

  • Vị trí: Đoạn 8
  • Giải thích: Sudden asset repricing could destabilize communities.

• Câu 21: ii (Paragraph C)

  • Dạng: Matching Headings
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 6
  • Giải thích: Nói về correlated risk, reinsurance, catastrophe bonds → global finance.

• Câu 25: basis risk

  • Dạng: Summary Completion
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 5
  • Giải thích: Parametric có basis risk: lỗ xảy ra nhưng trigger không đạt.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

• Câu 27: B

  • Dạng: MCQ
  • Vị trí: Đoạn 2
  • Giải thích: Measured output rebound do reconstruction; không phải tăng năng suất dài hạn.

• Câu 29: C

  • Vị trí: Đoạn 4
  • Giải thích: Low insurance penetration → households self-insure by cutting consumption.

• Câu 31: B

  • Vị trí: Đoạn 6
  • Giải thích: Traditional accounting không tính foregone growth do chuyển nguồn lực sang sửa chữa.

• Câu 32-36: Matching Endings

  • 32-B: Agglomeration gains → thicker labor markets → productivity
  • 33-D: Thiếu cải cách → bất bình đẳng
  • 34-F: Slow-onset → stealthily erode
  • 35-A: Managerial time → reduce innovation
  • 36-E: Institutions → vicious or virtuous cycles

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
direct costs	n	/dɪˈrekt kɔːsts/	chi phí trực tiếp	The direct costs are the most visible	direct costs/losses
indirect costs	n	/ˌɪndɪˈrekt kɔːsts/	chi phí gián tiếp	Indirect costs accumulate quietly	indirect consequences
inventory	n	/ˈɪnvənˌtɔːri/	hàng tồn kho	appliances and inventory are ruined	damaged/ruined inventory
supply disruptions	n	/səˈplaɪ dɪsˈrʌpʃənz/	gián đoạn chuỗi cung ứng	a chain of supply disruptions	severe/temporary disruptions
perception (of risk)	n	/pərˈsepʃən/	nhận thức (rủi ro)	perception of risk lingers	public/media perception
resilience	n	/rɪˈzɪliəns/	khả năng chống chịu	investing in resilience	resilience planning
drainage capacity	n	/ˈdreɪnɪdʒ kəˈpæsəti/	khả năng thoát nước	upgraded drainage capacity	increase/improve capacity
business interruption	n	/ˈbɪznəs ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃən/	gián đoạn kinh doanh	business interruption policies	interruption cover
tax base	n	/tæks beɪs/	cơ sở thuế	weaken the local tax base	broaden/shrink tax base
early-warning	adj	/ˌɜːrli ˈwɔːrnɪŋ/	cảnh báo sớm	early-warning app	early-warning system
withstand	v	/wɪðˈstænd/	chịu đựng	prepare systems to withstand	withstand shocks
affordable	adj	/əˈfɔːrdəbl/	hợp túi tiền	affordable options	affordable coverage

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa	Ví dụ	Collocation
systemic shocks	n	/sɪˈstemɪk ʃɒks/	cú sốc hệ thống	recurring systemic shocks	systemic risk
fraught	adj	/frɔːt/	đầy rẫy (khó khăn)	fraught with contradictions	fraught with risk
risk-based pricing	n	/rɪsk beɪst ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá theo rủi ro	risk-based pricing discourages unsafe development	adopt/apply pricing
premium caps	n	/ˈpriːmiəm kæps/	trần phí bảo hiểm	political pressure leads to premium caps	impose/remove caps
retrofits	n	/ˈretrəʊfɪts/	nâng cấp cải tạo	underinvest in retrofits	seismic/flood retrofits
alignment	n	/əˈlaɪnmənt/	sự đồng bộ	reinforce the alignment	alignment with incentives
credit crunches	n	/ˈkrɛdɪt krʌntʃɪz/	thắt chặt tín dụng	avoid credit crunches	severe credit crunch
tax receipts	n	/tæks rɪˈsiːts/	thu thuế	rebounds in tax receipts	falling/rising receipts
parametric insurance	n	/ˌpærəˈmɛtrɪk ɪnˈʃʊərəns/	bảo hiểm tham số	parametric insurance has basis risk	parametric triggers
basis risk	n	/ˈbeɪsɪs rɪsk/	rủi ro sai lệch	introduces basis risk	manage/hedge basis risk
catastrophe bonds	n	/kəˈtæstrəfi bɒndz/	trái phiếu thảm họa	reinsurance and catastrophe bonds	issue/buy cat bonds
resilient infrastructure	n	/rɪˈzɪliənt ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃər/	hạ tầng bền bỉ	favor resilient infrastructure	invest in infrastructure
asset repricing	n	/ˈæsɛt ˌriːˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá lại tài sản	sudden asset repricing	prevent/smooth repricing
discipline	n	/ˈdɪsəplɪn/	kỷ luật (thị trường)	preserve the discipline	market discipline
nature-based solutions	n	/ˈneɪtʃər beɪst səˈluːʃənz/	giải pháp dựa vào tự nhiên	invest in nature-based solutions	coastal/mangrove solutions

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa	Ví dụ	Collocation
confounded	adj	/kənˈfaʊndɪd/	bị nhiễu bởi	signals often confounded	confounded effects
heterogeneous	adj	/ˌhetərəˈdʒiːniəs/	không đồng nhất	magnitudes heterogeneous	heterogeneous impacts
total factor productivity (TFP)	n	/ˈtoʊtl ˈfæktər prɒdʌkˈtɪvɪti/	năng suất nhân tố tổng hợp	TFP can stagnate	stagnating/rising TFP
re-wiring	n	/ˌriːˈwaɪrɪŋ/	tái cấu trúc	supply-chain re-wiring	costly re-wiring
creative destruction	n	/kriːˈeɪtɪv dɪsˈtrʌkʃən/	hủy diệt sáng tạo	disasters catalyze creative destruction	catalyze/trigger
option value	n	/ˈɒpʃən ˈvæljuː/	giá trị quyền chờ	option value of waiting	high option value
cognitive attainment	n	/ˈkɒgnɪtɪv əˈteɪnmənt/	thành tựu nhận thức	lower cognitive attainment	improve attainment
intertemporal	adj	/ˌɪntərˈtɛmpərəl/	liên thời kỳ	intertemporal choice	intertemporal trade-off
countercyclical	adj	/ˌkaʊntərˈsɪklɪkəl/	nghịch chu kỳ	countercyclical buffers	build buffers
catastrophe-linked yield	n	/kəˈtæstrəfi lɪŋkt jiːld/	lợi suất gắn thảm họa	capital seeking catastrophe-linked yield	attract yield
sudden stops	n	/ˈsʌdn stɒps/	dừng đột ngột	followed by sudden stops	risk of sudden stops
foregone growth	n	/fɔːˈgɒn groʊθ/	tăng trưởng bị đánh mất	fails to impute foregone growth	estimate foregone growth
counterfactual trajectories	n	/ˌkaʊntərˈfæktʃuəl trəˈdʒɛktəriz/	quỹ đạo phản sự kiện	estimate counterfactual trajectories	model trajectories
agglomeration	n	/əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən/	tập trung kinh tế	agglomeration gains	urban agglomeration
congestion externalities	n	/kənˈdʒestʃən ˌekstɜːˈnælɪtiz/	ngoại ứng tắc nghẽn	generate congestion externalities	mitigate externalities
aquifers	n	/ˈækwɪfərz/	tầng ngầm chứa nước	drought depletes aquifers	deep/shallow aquifers
composition (of economies)	n	/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/	cơ cấu	alter the composition	sectoral composition
grid	n	/ɡrɪd/	lưới điện	grid modernization	modernize the grid
vicious/virtuous cycles	n	/ˈvɪʃəs/ˈvɜːtʃuəs saɪklz/	vòng luẩn quẩn/tích cực	trigger vicious cycles	break/ignite cycles

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6. Kỹ Thuật Làm Bài Theo Từng Dạng Câu Hỏi

Multiple Choice

• Cách làm:
  • Đọc kỹ stem, gạch chân từ khóa, dự đoán loại thông tin.
  • Đối chiếu từng option với câu gốc, dùng phương pháp loại trừ.
  • Tìm paraphrase: shorten = cut, rebound = recover, outflow of spending = money flows elsewhere.
• Lỗi thường gặp:
  • Chọn đáp án lặp từ khóa y chang (trap).
  • Không kiểm tra toàn bộ options.
• Ví dụ: P1-Q1 “focusing only on direct costs can be misleading” → option B nói về indirect, paraphrase rõ ràng.

True/False/Not Given

• Cách phân biệt:
  • True: ý khớp hoàn toàn (có thể paraphrase).
  • False: mâu thuẫn với bài.
  • Not Given: bài không nói tới hoặc thiếu yếu tố quyết định.
• Lỗi thường gặp:
  • Suy diễn theo kiến thức ngoài.
  • Nhầm NG với False khi thông tin thiếu.
• Ví dụ: P1-Q7 về “low-income residents more likely to abandon town” không được nêu → Not Given.

Yes/No/Not Given

• Khác với T/F/NG ở chỗ xét quan điểm tác giả.
• Mẹo:
  • Tìm động từ thái độ: argue, suggest, claim.
  • Kiểm tra câu phủ định/ngoại lệ.
• Ví dụ: P2-Q14 tác giả chỉ ra premium suppression khuyến khích xây ở vùng rủi ro → Yes.

Matching Headings

• Cách làm:
  • Đọc câu đầu-cuối đoạn để nắm main idea.
  • So sánh keywords trừu tượng: paradox, limits, correlated risk.
  • Loại bỏ heading không khớp.
• Mẹo:
  • Đừng bị dẫn dắt bởi ví dụ chi tiết giữa đoạn.
• Ví dụ: P2-Paragraph C nói về reinsurance, cat bonds, correlated risk → Heading ii.

Summary/Note Completion

• Cách làm:
  • Nhận diện loại từ cần điền (noun/verb/adj).
  • So khớp paraphrase: rapid payouts → avoid credit crunches.
  • Tuân thủ giới hạn từ.
• Lỗi thường gặp:
  • Điền quá số từ.
  • Bỏ mạo từ khi không cần.

Matching Sentence Endings

• Cách làm:
  • Xác định mệnh đề chính mang ý nghĩa cốt lõi.
  • Chọn ending tạo logic nguyên nhân-kết quả tương ứng.
• Ví dụ: “Agglomeration gains” → “thicker labor markets” → B.

Short-answer Questions

• Cách làm:
  • Xác định câu hỏi là “what/which/where…”
  • Quét đúng vị trí, trả lời NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
• Lỗi:
  • Viết dài hơn giới hạn.
  • Sai hình thức số ít/số nhiều nếu passage có chỉ dẫn.

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7. Chiến Lược Đạt Band Cao

Band 6.0-6.5: Nền Tảng

• Nắm ý chính từng đoạn bằng skimming.
• Đạt 23-26/40 câu.
• Tập trung tối đa vào Passage 1 và 2, không sa lầy chi tiết khó.

Band 7.0-7.5: Trung Cấp Cao

• Nhận diện paraphrase phức tạp và quan điểm tác giả.
• Đạt 30-32/40 câu.
• Làm chắc Passage 3 với quản lý thời gian tốt, note keywords.

Band 8.0-9.0: Nâng Cao

• Đọc nhanh và sâu, suy luận ngầm, theo dõi lập luận học thuật.
• Đạt 35-40/40 câu.
• Không mắc lỗi cẩu thả; đánh dấu bẫy lặp từ khóa.

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Kết bài

Tóm Tắt

What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters? không chỉ là chi phí sửa chữa trước mắt mà còn là chuỗi tác động gián tiếp, bảo hiểm – tái bảo hiểm, tín hiệu giá rủi ro và tăng trưởng dài hạn. Bộ đề IELTS Reading hôm nay tái hiện cấu trúc thi thật với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, đa dạng dạng câu hỏi và đáp án chi tiết để bạn tự đánh giá. Hãy review kỹ từ vựng học thuật, luyện skimming – scanning và chiến lược quản lý thời gian để nâng band điểm IELTS Reading. Đừng quên kết hợp luyện thêm đề cùng chủ đề kinh tế – khí hậu và chính sách công để làm quen paraphrase học thuật.