Trong bối cảnh công nghệ số phát triển mạnh mẽ, Blockchain For Healthcare Data Security (công nghệ blockchain bảo mật dữ liệu y tế) đã trở thành một chủ đề nóng bỏng và xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này thuộc nhóm Technology & Healthcare – hai lĩnh vực thường xuyên được khai thác trong các đề thi IELTS chính thức từ Cambridge, IDP và British Council.
Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn kỳ thi thật, bao gồm:
- Đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
- 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng bài khác nhau giống thi thực tế
- Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tìm thông tin và paraphrase
- Từ vựng chuyên ngành về blockchain và y tế kèm phiên âm, ví dụ và collocation
- Chiến lược làm bài thực chiến từ kinh nghiệm giảng dạy 20 năm
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với văn phong học thuật và rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu để đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Điểm số được tính dựa trên số câu trả lời đúng, không bị trừ điểm khi sai.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, cần làm nhanh để dành thời gian cho phần sau)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần đọc kỹ hơn)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, yêu cầu phân tích sâu)
- Thời gian chép đáp án: 2-3 phút cuối (kiểm tra chính tả, đếm từ)
Lưu ý quan trọng:
- Đọc kỹ instructions để biết số từ tối đa được viết
- Viết đúng chính tả, sai 1 chữ cái cũng không được điểm
- Trả lời theo thứ tự câu hỏi, không bỏ qua câu nào
- Không được viết quá số từ quy định (ví dụ: NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Bộ đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ A/B/C/D
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thiện câu với từ trong bài
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Digital Revolution in Healthcare Records
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The healthcare industry has always been at the forefront of adopting new technologies to improve patient care and operational efficiency. In recent years, one of the most significant challenges facing healthcare providers worldwide has been the secure management of patient data. Traditional paper-based systems have proven to be cumbersome, error-prone, and vulnerable to loss or damage. Even electronic health records (EHRs), while representing a major step forward, still face critical issues related to data breaches, interoperability, and patient control over personal information.
Blockchain technology, originally developed as the underlying architecture for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has emerged as a promising solution to many of these healthcare data security challenges. At its core, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that allows data to be stored across multiple computers in a network, making it nearly impossible to alter or hack. Each piece of information, or “block,” is linked to the previous one, creating an immutable chain of records that can be transparently verified by all authorized parties.
The application of blockchain in healthcare offers several compelling advantages. First and foremost, it provides enhanced security through its decentralized nature. Unlike traditional databases that store information in a single location, making them vulnerable to cyberattacks, blockchain distributes data across many nodes. To successfully breach a blockchain system, a hacker would need to compromise more than half of all nodes simultaneously, which is practically impossible in a well-designed network.
Another significant benefit is improved data integrity. Once information is recorded on a blockchain, it cannot be altered without leaving a clear audit trail. This feature is particularly valuable in healthcare, where the accuracy of medical records can be a matter of life and death. Doctors can trust that the patient information they access has not been tampered with, and patients can have confidence that their medical history is accurate and complete. Việc tích hợp công nghệ này có nhiều điểm tương đồng với cách blockchain cải thiện xác minh danh tính kỹ thuật số, đặc biệt trong việc đảm bảo tính xác thực của thông tin.
Patient empowerment is another crucial aspect of blockchain implementation in healthcare. Currently, medical records are typically controlled by hospitals, clinics, or insurance companies, making it difficult for patients to access their own health information or share it with new healthcare providers. Blockchain technology can give patients direct control over their medical data through secure digital wallets. Patients can grant or revoke access to their records instantly, choosing exactly what information to share and with whom. This level of control was previously unimaginable in traditional healthcare systems.
Interoperability—the ability of different computer systems to exchange and make use of information—has long been a significant problem in healthcare. Different hospitals and clinics often use incompatible systems, making it difficult to share patient information efficiently. Blockchain provides a standardized platform where healthcare providers can access the same information regardless of their internal systems. This can dramatically reduce administrative burdens, eliminate duplicate tests, and ensure that doctors have access to a patient’s complete medical history when making treatment decisions.
Several pilot projects around the world have demonstrated the potential of blockchain in healthcare. In Estonia, a small Baltic nation known for its digital innovation, nearly all health records are secured using blockchain technology. Patients can see exactly who has accessed their records and when, providing unprecedented transparency. Similarly, in the United States, several healthcare organizations have begun experimenting with blockchain-based systems for managing prescription records, aiming to combat the opioid crisis by making it more difficult for patients to obtain multiple prescriptions from different doctors.
However, implementing blockchain in healthcare is not without challenges. The technology requires substantial investment in infrastructure and training. Healthcare workers must learn to use new systems, and organizations must ensure that blockchain solutions comply with strict healthcare regulations such as HIPAA in the United States or GDPR in Europe. There are also questions about scalability—whether blockchain networks can handle the massive volume of transactions generated by large healthcare systems. Despite these obstacles, many experts believe that blockchain represents the future of healthcare data management, offering a level of security, transparency, and patient control that was previously unattainable.
Công nghệ blockchain bảo mật dữ liệu y tế trong hệ thống bệnh viện hiện đại
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, what is the main problem with traditional paper-based healthcare systems?
A. They are too expensive to maintain
B. They are prone to errors and can be easily damaged
C. They require too much storage space
D. They cannot be accessed by multiple users
2. Blockchain technology was originally created for:
A. Healthcare data management
B. Government record keeping
C. Digital currencies
D. Military communications
3. What makes blockchain systems difficult to hack?
A. They use complex passwords
B. They require special access cards
C. Data is spread across many computers
D. They are monitored 24 hours a day
4. How does blockchain help with patient empowerment?
A. By making healthcare cheaper
B. By allowing patients to control their own medical records
C. By providing better treatment options
D. By reducing waiting times at hospitals
5. The passage mentions Estonia as an example of:
A. A country with healthcare problems
B. A nation successfully using blockchain for health records
C. A place where blockchain has failed
D. A country with expensive healthcare
Questions 6-10: True/False/Not Given
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Electronic health records have completely solved all healthcare data security problems.
7. In a blockchain system, changing one piece of information would be immediately visible.
8. Patients currently find it easy to share their medical records with new doctors.
9. Different hospitals often use systems that cannot communicate with each other.
10. All healthcare workers support the implementation of blockchain technology.
Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11. Blockchain creates an _____ of records that can be verified by authorized parties.
12. The ability of different computer systems to share information is called _____.
13. Healthcare organizations must ensure blockchain systems comply with strict _____.
PASSAGE 2 – Blockchain Architecture and Healthcare Data Management
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The integration of blockchain technology into healthcare data management systems represents a paradigm shift in how medical information is stored, accessed, and safeguarded. To fully appreciate the transformative potential of this technology, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that make blockchain particularly well-suited for addressing the multifaceted challenges inherent in healthcare data security. Unlike conventional centralized databases, which operate on a hierarchical trust model where a single entity controls data access and authentication, blockchain employs a distributed consensus mechanism that eliminates the need for a central authority.
The technical architecture of blockchain-based healthcare systems typically consists of several interconnected layers. At the foundation lies the cryptographic layer, which utilizes advanced encryption algorithms to secure data. Each transaction or data entry is encrypted using public-key cryptography, a method where users have both a public key (known to everyone) and a private key (known only to the owner). When a patient’s medical record is added to the blockchain, it is encrypted with the patient’s public key, ensuring that only someone with the corresponding private key—presumably the patient—can decrypt and access the information. This cryptographic protection provides a level of security far exceeding that of traditional database systems.
Above the cryptographic layer sits the consensus layer, which is responsible for validating new transactions before they are added to the blockchain. Various consensus protocols exist, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Proof of Work (PoW), the mechanism used by Bitcoin, requires network participants to solve complex mathematical problems, but its energy-intensive nature makes it impractical for healthcare applications. Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA) offer more energy-efficient alternatives and are increasingly favored in permissioned blockchain networks—systems where only authorized participants can validate transactions. In a healthcare context, these validators might be trusted institutions such as hospitals, insurance companies, or regulatory bodies.
The concept of smart contracts represents one of blockchain’s most innovative features for healthcare applications. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements with the terms of the contract directly written into code. In healthcare, smart contracts can automate various processes that currently require manual intervention and are thus susceptible to delays and errors. For instance, insurance claims processing—typically a bureaucratic and time-consuming procedure—can be automated through smart contracts. When a patient receives treatment, the relevant data is automatically recorded on the blockchain. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến cách blockchain ảnh hưởng đến quản lý danh tính số toàn cầu, việc ứng dụng smart contracts trong xác thực bệnh nhân là một ví dụ điển hình. The smart contract then verifies whether the treatment is covered by the patient’s insurance policy and automatically initiates payment, drastically reducing processing time from weeks to potentially minutes.
Interoperability challenges have long plagued the healthcare industry, with different institutions using disparate systems that cannot easily communicate. Blockchain addresses this through standardized data formats and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that allow diverse systems to interact with the blockchain. The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard, developed by HL7 International, provides a framework for exchanging healthcare information electronically. When combined with blockchain, FHIR enables seamless data exchange while maintaining security and patient control. A patient’s complete medical history—including diagnoses, treatments, prescriptions, and test results—can be accessed by any authorized provider, regardless of where the original treatment occurred.
Privacy concerns remain paramount in healthcare data management, and blockchain’s transparency might initially seem contradictory to privacy requirements. However, blockchain systems designed for healthcare implement sophisticated privacy-preserving techniques. Zero-knowledge proofs, for example, allow one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. In practical terms, a patient could prove to a new doctor that they have a particular allergy without revealing their entire medical history. Additionally, off-chain storage solutions are often employed where sensitive medical data is stored in secure, traditional databases, while only cryptographic hashes—unique digital fingerprints of the data—are recorded on the blockchain. This approach combines blockchain’s security and immutability with the flexibility of conventional storage systems.
The economic implications of blockchain adoption in healthcare are substantial. According to research by BIS Research, the healthcare industry could save up to $100-150 billion annually by 2025 through blockchain implementation, primarily through reductions in data breach costs, IT expenses, operational inefficiencies, and insurance fraud. Data breaches in healthcare are particularly costly; the Ponemon Institute reports that healthcare data breaches cost an average of $408 per stolen record—nearly three times the cross-industry average. By providing enhanced security, blockchain could dramatically reduce these costs while simultaneously improving patient outcomes through better data accuracy and accessibility.
Despite these promising prospects, several technical and regulatory hurdles must be overcome before blockchain can achieve widespread adoption in healthcare. Scalability remains a persistent challenge; traditional blockchain networks like Bitcoin can only process a limited number of transactions per second, far below what would be required for a national or global healthcare system. Layer-2 solutions and sharding techniques are being developed to address this limitation, but they are not yet fully mature. Một ví dụ chi tiết về blockchain nâng cao quyền riêng tư dữ liệu sức khỏe toàn cầu cho thấy những tiến bộ đáng kể trong việc giải quyết các thách thức về mở rộng quy mô này. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks have not kept pace with technological innovation; clear guidelines are needed regarding data ownership, liability, and cross-border data transfer in blockchain-based healthcare systems.
Kiến trúc blockchain phân tán quản lý hồ sơ bệnh án điện tử an toàn
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. Blockchain technology completely eliminates the need for human oversight in healthcare data management.
15. Public-key cryptography provides better security than traditional database systems.
16. Proof of Work is the most suitable consensus mechanism for healthcare blockchain applications.
17. Smart contracts can significantly reduce the time needed to process insurance claims.
18. All countries have established clear regulations for blockchain use in healthcare.
Questions 19-23: Matching Information
Match each statement with the correct concept (A-H).
You may use any letter more than once.
A. Cryptographic layer
B. Consensus layer
C. Smart contracts
D. Zero-knowledge proofs
E. Off-chain storage
F. FHIR standard
G. Proof of Authority
H. Layer-2 solutions
19. Allows patients to prove medical facts without revealing complete records
20. Automatically executes agreements when conditions are met
21. Uses trusted institutions to validate transactions
22. Provides a framework for different healthcare systems to share information
23. Addresses the problem of limited transaction processing speed
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Blockchain could save the healthcare industry significant amounts of money by 2025. According to the Ponemon Institute, healthcare data breaches are particularly expensive, costing approximately $408 per (24) , which is nearly three times higher than other industries. These costs, combined with reductions in IT expenses and (25) , could result in annual savings of $100-150 billion. However, before widespread implementation, challenges such as (26) _____ need to be addressed, as current blockchain networks cannot process enough transactions for large healthcare systems.
PASSAGE 3 – The Future Landscape of Blockchain-Enabled Healthcare Ecosystems
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The convergence of blockchain technology with healthcare data management has precipitated a fundamental reconceptualization of how medical information ecosystems might evolve in the coming decades. This technological amalgamation extends far beyond mere incremental improvements in data security; rather, it portends a wholesale transformation of the relationships between patients, healthcare providers, researchers, insurers, and pharmaceutical companies, fundamentally altering the dynamics of trust, transparency, and value exchange within the healthcare domain. As we stand at this technological inflection point, it becomes imperative to examine not only the immediate practical applications but also the broader philosophical and societal implications of decentralized healthcare data architectures.
The notion of patient sovereignty over personal health data represents perhaps the most profound ideological shift enabled by blockchain technology. Traditional healthcare systems have operated under a paternalistic model where medical institutions custodian patient information, ostensibly for the patient’s benefit but in practice often restricting patient access and control. Blockchain inverts this paradigm by positioning patients as the ultimate arbiters of their medical data. Through cryptographically secured digital identities, patients can maintain a comprehensive, lifelong health record that transcends institutional boundaries. This shift has far-reaching ramifications for medical research, clinical trials, and personalized medicine. When patients possess true ownership of their data, they can choose to monetize it by selectively granting access to pharmaceutical companies or research institutions, creating a novel economic model where individuals are compensated for contributing to medical advancement. This democratization of health data could accelerate research while simultaneously addressing ethical concerns about exploitation of patient information.
The intersection of blockchain with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in healthcare presents both extraordinary opportunities and formidable challenges. AI algorithms require vast amounts of high-quality, diverse medical data to train predictive models for disease diagnosis, treatment optimization, and drug discovery. However, the sensitivity of health information and stringent privacy regulations have historically impeded the creation of large, comprehensive datasets. Blockchain offers a potential solution through federated learning architectures, where AI models are trained across decentralized networks without centralizing the underlying data. In this approach, the algorithm travels to where the data resides—on secure blockchain nodes controlled by individual patients or institutions—learns from that data, and then aggregates insights without ever exposing the raw information. Điều này có điểm tương đồng với cách blockchain ảnh hưởng đến phát triển kinh tế toàn cầu thông qua việc tạo ra các mô hình kinh tế phi tập trung mới. This paradigm preserves privacy while enabling the development of more accurate diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions.
The pharmaceutical industry, which has long grappled with counterfeit medications and opaque supply chains, stands to benefit substantially from blockchain integration. The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 10% of medications in low- and middle-income countries are substandard or falsified, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths annually and undermining public trust in healthcare systems. Blockchain-based supply chain tracking creates an immutable record of a medication’s journey from manufacturer to patient, making counterfeiting virtually impossible. Each transaction—from raw material sourcing through manufacturing, distribution, and dispensation—is recorded on the blockchain, allowing anyone to verify a medication’s authenticity and provenance. Several pilot programs in countries such as Nigeria and India have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, showing significant reductions in counterfeit medications in areas where blockchain tracking has been implemented.
Clinical trials, which are fundamental to medical progress but notoriously plagued by issues of data integrity, patient recruitment, and regulatory compliance, represent another domain ripe for blockchain transformation. Current trial systems suffer from several systematic problems: data manipulation by biased stakeholders, difficulty in recruiting appropriate participants, lack of transparency in result reporting, and challenges in ensuring informed consent. Blockchain addresses these issues through immutable record-keeping that makes data tampering immediately evident, smart contracts that automatically verify patient eligibility and manage consent, and transparent protocols that ensure all trial results—including negative findings—are publicly recorded. Furthermore, blockchain can facilitate patient recruitment by allowing individuals to register their interest in participating in trials relevant to their conditions while maintaining anonymity until they choose to reveal their identity. Để hiểu rõ hơn về cách blockchain được sử dụng để cải thiện cung cấp dịch vụ y tế, các thử nghiệm lâm sàng sử dụng công nghệ này là một ví dụ minh họa xuất sắc.
The concept of healthcare as a commons—a shared resource managed collectively for mutual benefit—finds new expression through blockchain technology. Traditional health systems create data silos where information is hoarded by individual institutions, resulting in inefficiencies, duplicated efforts, and missed opportunities for collective learning. Blockchain enables the creation of health data commons where information is shared securely and transparently while respecting individual privacy. This collaborative approach could prove particularly valuable in pandemic response, where rapid information sharing is critical. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of interoperable data systems hampered efforts to track disease spread, identify effective treatments, and allocate resources efficiently. A blockchain-based global health data commons could enable real-time surveillance and coordinated response to future health crises while maintaining individual privacy through advanced cryptographic techniques.
Genomic data, perhaps the most sensitive and valuable form of health information, presents unique challenges and opportunities for blockchain applications. The declining cost of genome sequencing has made personalized medicine increasingly feasible, but concerns about genetic privacy and discrimination have limited widespread adoption. Blockchain can address these concerns by giving individuals granular control over who accesses their genetic information and for what purposes. Moreover, blockchain-based genomic data marketplaces are emerging, where individuals can sell access to their genetic data directly to researchers or pharmaceutical companies, receiving compensation while advancing scientific knowledge. This model contrasts sharply with current practices, where companies like 23andMe collect genetic data from millions of customers and then profit from selling aggregate data to researchers without directly compensating the individuals whose DNA provides the value.
However, the path toward blockchain-enabled healthcare ecosystems is fraught with obstacles that extend beyond mere technical challenges. Socioeconomic disparities in technology access could exacerbate existing health inequities if blockchain systems become the dominant paradigm for health data management. Digital literacy, reliable internet access, and the financial resources to maintain blockchain wallets are not universally available, potentially creating a two-tiered system where affluent individuals exercise full control over their health data while disadvantaged populations remain dependent on traditional paternalistic systems. Furthermore, the environmental impact of blockchain technology—particularly energy-intensive consensus mechanisms—raises questions about the sustainability of widespread adoption. While newer consensus protocols are more energy-efficient, the aggregate energy consumption of a global blockchain healthcare infrastructure would still be substantial, conflicting with imperatives to reduce carbon emissions.
Regulatory and legal frameworks constitute perhaps the most formidable barriers to blockchain adoption in healthcare. Existing regulations such as HIPAA in the United States and GDPR in Europe were designed for centralized data management systems and do not neatly accommodate the distributed nature of blockchain. Questions of legal liability—who is responsible when incorrect medical information on a blockchain leads to harm?—remain largely unresolved. The immutability that makes blockchain secure also creates problems: GDPR’s “right to be forgotten” seems incompatible with a technology designed to make data permanent and unalterable. Sophisticated legal and technical solutions, such as off-chain storage with on-chain pointers that can be deleted, are being developed, but comprehensive regulatory clarity remains elusive.
Looking forward, the successful integration of blockchain into healthcare will require not merely technological innovation but also collaborative governance models that balance competing interests of patients, providers, researchers, and industry. The technology’s potential to transform healthcare is immense, but realizing this potential demands thoughtful consideration of ethical, social, and practical implications. As blockchain-enabled healthcare ecosystems evolve, ongoing dialogue among technologists, clinicians, ethicists, policymakers, and patients themselves will be essential to ensure that this powerful technology serves to enhance rather than undermine the fundamental human right to health and the social solidarity upon which effective healthcare systems ultimately depend.
Tương lai hệ sinh thái y tế kết nối bởi công nghệ blockchain toàn cầu
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, the main ideological shift enabled by blockchain in healthcare is:
A. Making healthcare more affordable
B. Giving patients control over their own health data
C. Allowing doctors to access information faster
D. Reducing the cost of medical research
28. Federated learning architectures in blockchain systems:
A. Centralize all medical data in one location
B. Train AI models by moving algorithms to where data is stored
C. Require patients to share all their medical information
D. Replace the need for artificial intelligence
29. The World Health Organization estimates that what percentage of medications in low- and middle-income countries are counterfeit?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20%
30. The passage suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic:
A. Blockchain was successfully used worldwide
B. Lack of interoperable data systems created problems
C. Privacy concerns prevented data sharing
D. All countries had effective tracking systems
31. The “right to be forgotten” in GDPR conflicts with blockchain because:
A. Blockchain is too expensive
B. Blockchain data is designed to be permanent
C. Blockchain is not secure enough
D. Blockchain cannot store personal information
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept (32-36) with the correct benefit or challenge (A-H).
List of concepts:
32. Patient data monetization
33. Genomic data marketplaces
34. Digital literacy requirements
35. Energy-intensive consensus mechanisms
36. Smart contracts in clinical trials
List of benefits/challenges:
A. Could exacerbate health inequities
B. Ensures transparent reporting of trial results
C. Creates environmental concerns
D. Allows individuals to profit from their genetic information
E. Reduces the cost of healthcare administration
F. Provides compensation for contributing to research
G. Eliminates the need for medical professionals
H. Increases prescription medication costs
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of model have traditional healthcare systems operated under regarding patient data?
38. What term describes the shared resource approach to healthcare enabled by blockchain?
39. Which two companies are mentioned as examples of organizations that collect genetic data?
40. Besides technologists and clinicians, which other groups does the passage say must be involved in dialogue about blockchain healthcare?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- C
- B
- B
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- immutable chain
- interoperability
- healthcare regulations
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NO
- YES
- NO
- D
- C
- G
- F
- H
- stolen record
- insurance fraud
- scalability
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- B
- B
- B
- F
- D
- A
- C
- B
- paternalistic model
- healthcare commons / health data commons
- 23andMe (chỉ cần 1 tên)
- ethicists, policymakers, patients (bất kỳ 2 trong số này)
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional paper-based healthcare systems, main problem
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “Traditional paper-based systems have proven to be cumbersome, error-prone, and vulnerable to loss or damage” (các hệ thống giấy tờ truyền thống đã được chứng minh là cồng kềnh, dễ xảy ra lỗi và dễ bị mất hoặc hư hỏng). Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “prone to errors and can be easily damaged”.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Blockchain technology, originally created
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Blockchain technology, originally developed as the underlying architecture for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin” cho thấy blockchain ban đầu được tạo ra cho tiền điện tử (cryptocurrencies), được paraphrase thành “digital currencies”.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: blockchain systems, difficult to hack
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “Unlike traditional databases that store information in a single location… blockchain distributes data across many nodes” và “To successfully breach a blockchain system, a hacker would need to compromise more than half of all nodes simultaneously”. Điều này được paraphrase thành “Data is spread across many computers”.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Electronic health records, completely solved, security problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Even electronic health records (EHRs), while representing a major step forward, still face critical issues related to data breaches, interoperability, and patient control”. Từ “still face critical issues” mâu thuẫn với “completely solved”, do đó đáp án là FALSE.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: blockchain system, changing information, immediately visible
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “Once information is recorded on a blockchain, it cannot be altered without leaving a clear audit trail” có nghĩa là bất kỳ thay đổi nào đều để lại dấu vết rõ ràng, tức là “immediately visible”.
Câu 11: immutable chain
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: creates, records, verified by authorized parties
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “creating an immutable chain of records that can be transparently verified by all authorized parties” – cụm từ chính xác trong bài là “immutable chain”.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: completely eliminates, human oversight
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-9
- Giải thích: Mặc dù blockchain tự động hóa nhiều quy trình, bài viết không hề đề cập đến việc hoàn toàn loại bỏ sự giám sát của con người. Thực tế, đoạn 3 nói về “trusted institutions” và “regulatory bodies” vẫn đóng vai trò validators, cho thấy con người vẫn cần thiết.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Public-key cryptography, better security, traditional database systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 9-12
- Giải thích: “This cryptographic protection provides a level of security far exceeding that of traditional database systems” – tác giả rõ ràng khẳng định public-key cryptography cung cấp bảo mật tốt hơn hệ thống cơ sở dữ liệu truyền thống.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Proof of Work, most suitable, healthcare blockchain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “Proof of Work (PoW)… its energy-intensive nature makes it impractical for healthcare applications” – tác giả nói rõ PoW không thực tế cho ứng dụng y tế, trái ngược với câu phát biểu.
Câu 19: D (Zero-knowledge proofs)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: prove medical facts, without revealing complete records
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-6
- Giải thích: “Zero-knowledge proofs… allow one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. In practical terms, a patient could prove to a new doctor that they have a particular allergy without revealing their entire medical history.”
Câu 24: stolen record
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: $408, Ponemon Institute
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “the Ponemon Institute reports that healthcare data breaches cost an average of $408 per stolen record” – cụm từ chính xác là “stolen record”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main ideological shift, blockchain in healthcare
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
- Giải thích: “The notion of patient sovereignty over personal health data represents perhaps the most profound ideological shift enabled by blockchain technology” và “Blockchain inverts this paradigm by positioning patients as the ultimate arbiters of their medical data” – rõ ràng sự thay đổi chính là trao quyền kiểm soát dữ liệu cho bệnh nhân.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Federated learning architectures
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-11
- Giải thích: “In this approach, the algorithm travels to where the data resides—on secure blockchain nodes controlled by individual patients or institutions—learns from that data, and then aggregates insights without ever exposing the raw information” – thuật toán di chuyển đến nơi dữ liệu được lưu trữ, chính xác như đáp án B.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: World Health Organization, percentage, counterfeit medications
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 10% of medications in low- and middle-income countries are substandard or falsified” – con số chính xác là 10%.
Câu 31: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: right to be forgotten, GDPR, conflicts with blockchain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: “The immutability that makes blockchain secure also creates problems: GDPR’s ‘right to be forgotten’ seems incompatible with a technology designed to make data permanent and unalterable” – sự xung đột là do blockchain được thiết kế để làm dữ liệu vĩnh viễn và không thể thay đổi.
Câu 37: paternalistic model
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
- Từ khóa: traditional healthcare systems, operated under, patient data
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Traditional healthcare systems have operated under a paternalistic model where medical institutions custodian patient information” – cụm từ chính xác là “paternalistic model”.
Câu 40: ethicists, policymakers, patients
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Question
- Từ khóa: besides technologists and clinicians, groups, dialogue
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “ongoing dialogue among technologists, clinicians, ethicists, policymakers, and patients themselves” – ngoài technologists và clinicians đã được nhắc trong câu hỏi, còn có ethicists, policymakers, và patients. Cần viết bất kỳ 2 trong 3 nhóm này.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| operational efficiency | n | /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ | hiệu quả hoạt động | adopting new technologies to improve operational efficiency | improve/enhance/maximize operational efficiency |
| cumbersome | adj | /ˈkʌmbəsəm/ | cồng kềnh, rườm rà | Traditional systems have proven to be cumbersome | cumbersome process/system/procedure |
| distributed ledger | n | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈledʒə/ | sổ cái phân tán | blockchain is a distributed ledger technology | distributed ledger technology (DLT) |
| immutable | adj | /ɪˈmjuːtəbl/ | bất biến, không thể thay đổi | creating an immutable chain of records | immutable record/data/chain |
| decentralized | adj | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/ | phi tập trung | it provides enhanced security through its decentralized nature | decentralized network/system/platform |
| cyberattack | n | /ˈsaɪbərətæk/ | tấn công mạng | vulnerable to cyberattacks | suffer/prevent/defend against cyberattacks |
| audit trail | n | /ˈɔːdɪt treɪl/ | dấu vết kiểm toán | without leaving a clear audit trail | maintain/create/follow an audit trail |
| interoperability | n | /ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/ | khả năng tương tác | the ability of different systems to exchange information | ensure/improve/achieve interoperability |
| patient empowerment | n | /ˈpeɪʃənt ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/ | trao quyền cho bệnh nhân | Patient empowerment is another crucial aspect | promote/support patient empowerment |
| digital wallet | n | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈwɒlɪt/ | ví điện tử | through secure digital wallets | secure/create/use a digital wallet |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | providing unprecedented transparency | unprecedented level/access/opportunity |
| scalability | n | /ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/ | khả năng mở rộng quy mô | questions about scalability | improve/address scalability issues |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| paradigm shift | n | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | sự thay đổi mô hình | represents a paradigm shift in how medical information is stored | undergo/experience a paradigm shift |
| cryptographic | adj | /ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk/ | thuộc về mật mã | utilizes advanced encryption algorithms | cryptographic protection/technique/key |
| consensus mechanism | n | /kənˈsensəs ˈmekənɪzəm/ | cơ chế đồng thuận | employs a distributed consensus mechanism | consensus mechanism/protocol/algorithm |
| public-key cryptography | n | /ˈpʌblɪk kiː krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/ | mật mã khóa công khai | encrypted using public-key cryptography | use/implement public-key cryptography |
| energy-intensive | adj | /ˈenədʒi ɪnˈtensɪv/ | tốn nhiều năng lượng | its energy-intensive nature makes it impractical | energy-intensive process/industry |
| smart contract | n | /smɑːt ˈkɒntrækt/ | hợp đồng thông minh | Smart contracts are self-executing agreements | execute/deploy a smart contract |
| susceptible to | adj phrase | /səˈseptəbl tuː/ | dễ bị, nhạy cảm với | processes that are susceptible to delays and errors | susceptible to attack/damage/infection |
| bureaucratic | adj | /ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk/ | quan liêu | typically a bureaucratic procedure | bureaucratic process/system/hurdle |
| disparate | adj | /ˈdɪspərət/ | khác biệt, không đồng nhất | different institutions using disparate systems | disparate systems/sources/elements |
| zero-knowledge proof | n | /ˈzɪərəʊ ˈnɒlɪdʒ pruːf/ | chứng minh không hiểu biết | implement zero-knowledge proofs | use/implement zero-knowledge proofs |
| off-chain storage | n | /ɒf tʃeɪn ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ | lưu trữ ngoài chuỗi | off-chain storage solutions are often employed | use/implement off-chain storage |
| cryptographic hash | n | /ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk hæʃ/ | hàm băm mật mã | only cryptographic hashes are recorded | generate/create/verify cryptographic hash |
| data breach | n | /ˈdeɪtə briːtʃ/ | vi phạm dữ liệu | reductions in data breach costs | prevent/suffer a data breach |
| cross-industry | adj | /krɒs ˈɪndəstri/ | xuyên ngành | nearly three times the cross-industry average | cross-industry standard/comparison |
| regulatory framework | n | /ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ | khung pháp lý | regulatory frameworks have not kept pace | establish/develop a regulatory framework |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| convergence | n | /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ | sự hội tụ | The convergence of blockchain with healthcare | convergence of technologies/interests |
| reconceptualization | n | /ˌriːkənˌseptʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | sự tái khái niệm hóa | precipitated a fundamental reconceptualization | undergo reconceptualization |
| amalgamation | n | /əˌmælɡəˈmeɪʃən/ | sự kết hợp, hợp nhất | This technological amalgamation extends far beyond | amalgamation of ideas/systems |
| wholesale transformation | n | /ˈhəʊlseɪl ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/ | sự chuyển đổi toàn diện | it portends a wholesale transformation | undergo wholesale transformation |
| inflection point | n | /ɪnˈflekʃən pɔɪnt/ | điểm uốn, điểm chuyển biến | stand at this technological inflection point | reach an inflection point |
| patient sovereignty | n | /ˈpeɪʃənt ˈsɒvrənti/ | quyền tự chủ của bệnh nhân | The notion of patient sovereignty over personal health data | ensure/protect patient sovereignty |
| paternalistic model | n | /pəˌtɜːnəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɒdl/ | mô hình gia trưởng | operated under a paternalistic model | paternalistic model/approach/attitude |
| custodian | v/n | /kʌˈstəʊdiən/ | bảo quản, người giám hộ | medical institutions custodian patient information | act as custodian of data |
| invert | v | /ɪnˈvɜːt/ | đảo ngược | Blockchain inverts this paradigm | invert the relationship/order/hierarchy |
| ultimate arbiter | n | /ˈʌltɪmət ˈɑːbɪtə/ | trọng tài tối cao | positioning patients as the ultimate arbiters | serve as ultimate arbiter |
| monetize | v | /ˈmʌnɪtaɪz/ | kiếm tiền từ, thương mại hóa | they can choose to monetize it | monetize data/content/platform |
| democratization | n | /dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | dân chủ hóa | This democratization of health data | democratization of information/access |
| federated learning | n | /ˈfedəreɪtɪd ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | học liên kết | through federated learning architectures | implement federated learning |
| counterfeit | adj/n | /ˈkaʊntəfɪt/ | giả mạo | grappled with counterfeit medications | counterfeit products/goods/medications |
| provenance | n | /ˈprɒvənəns/ | nguồn gốc | verify a medication’s authenticity and provenance | trace/verify provenance |
| genomic data | n | /dʒɪˈnəʊmɪk ˈdeɪtə/ | dữ liệu gen | Genomic data presents unique challenges | collect/analyze genomic data |
| granular control | n | /ˈɡrænjʊlə kənˈtrəʊl/ | kiểm soát chi tiết | giving individuals granular control | provide/exercise granular control |
| fraught with | adj phrase | /frɔːt wɪð/ | đầy rẫy, chứa đựng nhiều | the path is fraught with obstacles | fraught with danger/difficulty/problems |
| socioeconomic disparity | n | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk dɪˈspærəti/ | bất bình đẳng kinh tế xã hội | Socioeconomic disparities in technology access | address/reduce socioeconomic disparities |
| two-tiered system | n | /tuː tɪəd ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống hai tầng | creating a two-tiered system | develop/create a two-tiered system |
| formidable barrier | n | /ˈfɔːmɪdəbl ˈbæriə/ | rào cản lớn | constitute the most formidable barriers | overcome/face formidable barriers |
| elusive | adj | /ɪˈluːsɪv/ | khó nắm bắt, khó đạt được | comprehensive regulatory clarity remains elusive | remain/prove elusive |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề blockchain for healthcare data security không chỉ là một xu hướng công nghệ mà còn là minh chứng cho sự giao thoa giữa khoa học máy tính, y tế và quản trị dữ liệu – những lĩnh vực thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba cấp độ khó với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Information đến Summary Completion và Short-answer Questions.
Ba passages đã cung cấp góc nhìn toàn diện về công nghệ blockchain trong y tế: từ những khái niệm cơ bản và ứng dụng thực tế (Passage 1), đến kiến trúc kỹ thuật và cơ chế hoạt động (Passage 2), cho đến những triển vọng tương lai và thách thức triển khai (Passage 3). Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách xác định thông tin trong bài, nhận diện paraphrase và phân biệt các distractor trong câu hỏi.
Hệ thống từ vựng chuyên ngành với hơn 40 từ quan trọng, kèm phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ thực tế và collocation sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ nâng cao vốn từ mà còn hiểu cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật. Đây là nền tảng vững chắc để bạn tự tin đối mặt với các chủ đề Technology và Healthcare trong kỳ thi IELTS thực tế.
Hãy thực hành với bộ đề này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ các câu hỏi bạn làm sai, và rút ra bài học cho chiến lược làm bài của riêng mình. Chúc bạn đạt band điểm mục tiêu trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
