IELTS Reading: Blockchain in Global Healthcare Systems – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Công nghệ blockchain đang dần trở thành một trong những chủ đề công nghệ phổ biến nhất trong các đề thi IELTS Reading những năm gần đây, đặc biệt là ứng dụng của nó trong hệ thống y tế toàn cầu. Chủ đề “Blockchain In Global Healthcare Systems” không chỉ xuất hiện thường xuyên trong phần thi Reading mà còn liên quan mật thiết đến nhiều lĩnh vực khác như công nghệ thông tin, quản lý dữ liệu và an ninh mạng.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như trong kỳ thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài và kỹ thuật paraphrase.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật, rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và nâng cao vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành công nghệ – y tế. Hãy dành đủ 60 phút để hoàn thành toàn bộ bài thi trong điều kiện giống thực tế nhất.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi passage có độ dài khoảng 650-1000 từ và độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (câu hỏi 1-13)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (câu hỏi 14-26)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (câu hỏi 27-40)

Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp trong quá trình làm bài.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ các lựa chọn A, B, C, D
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
3. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào chỗ trống trong đoạn tóm tắt
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với các đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với thông tin từ bài đọc
6. Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đối tượng tương ứng
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn với số từ giới hạn

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2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Basics of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The Revolution in Medical Records

The healthcare industry has long struggled with issues of data security, patient privacy, and inefficient record-keeping systems. Traditional methods of storing medical information often involve fragmented databases across different hospitals and clinics, making it difficult for doctors to access a patient’s complete medical history. However, a revolutionary technology called blockchain is beginning to transform how healthcare data is stored, shared, and protected.

Blockchain technology, originally developed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, is essentially a digital ledger that records transactions across multiple computers in a way that makes the records immutable and transparent. In simple terms, imagine a notebook that many people can write in, but once something is written, it cannot be erased or changed. Each page in this notebook is like a “block,” and all the pages together form a “chain.” This is the basic concept behind blockchain.

In healthcare, blockchain offers several significant advantages. First and foremost, it provides enhanced security for sensitive medical data. Because the information is stored across a distributed network of computers rather than in a single location, it becomes extremely difficult for hackers to compromise the system. Even if one computer in the network is attacked, the data remains safe on all the other computers. This decentralized approach represents a major improvement over traditional centralized databases, which create a single point of failure.

Patient empowerment is another key benefit of blockchain in healthcare. Currently, medical records are typically owned and controlled by healthcare providers, and patients often face difficulties accessing their own health information. With blockchain-based systems, patients can have complete control over their medical data. They can decide who has permission to view their records and can easily share their information with different doctors or hospitals. This is particularly valuable for patients with chronic conditions who see multiple specialists, as it ensures all healthcare providers have access to the same up-to-date information.

The technology also addresses the problem of medical record interoperability – the ability of different healthcare systems to exchange and use information. In many countries, hospitals use different electronic health record systems that cannot easily communicate with each other. A patient’s X-rays taken at one hospital might not be accessible to doctors at another facility, leading to duplicate tests and wasted resources. Blockchain creates a universal format for storing medical data that can be accessed by authorized users regardless of which system they use.

Drug traceability represents another promising application of blockchain in healthcare. The pharmaceutical industry loses billions of dollars annually to counterfeit medications, which not only cost money but also endanger patient lives. By recording every step of a drug’s journey from manufacturer to patient on a blockchain, healthcare providers and patients can verify that medications are genuine. Each time a drug changes hands, the transaction is recorded on the blockchain, creating a complete audit trail that is virtually impossible to falsify.

Several pilot projects around the world are already demonstrating blockchain’s potential in healthcare. In Estonia, a small European country known for its digital innovation, the government has implemented a blockchain-based system to secure the health records of its 1.3 million citizens. The system has been operating successfully since 2012, giving patients secure access to their medical information while protecting against unauthorized changes. Similarly, in the United States, several hospital networks are experimenting with blockchain to improve data sharing between institutions.

Despite these promising developments, blockchain adoption in healthcare faces several challenges. The technology requires significant investment in new infrastructure and training for healthcare workers. There are also questions about how to integrate blockchain systems with existing medical record databases, many of which contain decades of patient information. Regulatory concerns about patient privacy and data protection must also be addressed before blockchain can be widely implemented.

Furthermore, the technology itself is still evolving, and healthcare providers need to carefully evaluate which type of blockchain is most appropriate for their needs. Public blockchains, like those used for cryptocurrencies, are completely open and transparent, which may not be suitable for sensitive medical information. Private blockchains, on the other hand, restrict access to authorized users, making them more appropriate for healthcare but potentially reducing some of the transparency benefits.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main problem with traditional healthcare record systems?
   A) They are too expensive to maintain
   B) They store information in separate, disconnected databases
   C) They require too much staff training
   D) They are not used by enough hospitals

2. Blockchain technology was originally created for:
   A) Medical record storage
   B) Government databases
   C) Digital currencies
   D) Hospital networks

3. What makes blockchain more secure than traditional databases?
   A) It uses stronger passwords
   B) It stores data across multiple computers
   C) It encrypts all information
   D) It requires biometric access

4. The passage suggests that patients with chronic conditions particularly benefit from blockchain because:
   A) They can avoid paying for medical records
   B) They can treat themselves at home
   C) All their doctors can access the same current information
   D) They receive faster treatment

5. According to the passage, Estonia’s blockchain healthcare system has been operational since:
   A) 2008
   B) 2010
   C) 2012
   D) 2015

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Once information is recorded on a blockchain, it cannot be modified or deleted.

7. Most patients currently have easy access to their complete medical records.

8. Counterfeit medications cause more deaths than genuine drugs with side effects.

9. Public blockchains are better suited for healthcare applications than private blockchains.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Blockchain creates a __ __ that shows every transaction in a drug’s journey from manufacturer to patient.

11. The problem of different healthcare systems being unable to share information is called medical record __.

12. Healthcare workers will need significant __ before blockchain systems can be widely used.

13. Private blockchains limit access to __ __ only.

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PASSAGE 2 – Blockchain Applications in Medical Research and Insurance

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

Transforming Healthcare Beyond Patient Records

While much of the discussion surrounding blockchain in healthcare focuses on medical record management, the technology’s potential extends far beyond this single application. Two areas where blockchain is beginning to make substantial contributions are medical research and health insurance – sectors that have traditionally been plagued by inefficiencies, lack of transparency, and trust issues between multiple stakeholders.

Clinical trials, which are essential for developing new treatments and medications, represent one of the most promising applications of blockchain technology. The current system for conducting clinical trials faces numerous challenges, including data manipulation, patient recruitment difficulties, and lack of transparency in reporting results. Pharmaceutical companies invest billions of dollars in research and development, yet studies have shown that a significant percentage of clinical trial data is incomplete, inaccurate, or selectively reported. This not only wastes resources but can also lead to ineffective or even dangerous treatments being approved.

Blockchain technology offers a solution through its inherent characteristics of immutability and transparency. By recording all aspects of a clinical trial on a blockchain – from patient consent and enrollment to data collection and analysis – researchers create an unalterable record of the entire process. This makes it virtually impossible to manipulate results or cherry-pick data to support desired outcomes. Every piece of information, every measurement, and every observation becomes part of a permanent record that can be audited and verified by regulatory authorities, other researchers, and the public.

Moreover, blockchain can address one of the most significant obstacles in medical research: the problem of data siloing. Currently, valuable research data is often locked away in proprietary databases belonging to pharmaceutical companies or research institutions. This prevents other scientists from building upon previous work and can lead to duplication of efforts. A blockchain-based system could create a decentralized repository of anonymized research data that maintains patient privacy while allowing legitimate researchers to access and analyze information from multiple studies. This collaborative approach could accelerate the pace of medical discoveries significantly.

The health insurance industry represents another sector where blockchain technology shows considerable promise. The relationship between insurance companies, healthcare providers, and patients involves complex interactions and numerous transactions, creating opportunities for errors, fraud, and disputes. Processing insurance claims is notoriously time-consuming and expensive, with administrative costs accounting for a substantial portion of healthcare spending in many countries.

Smart contracts – self-executing contracts with terms directly written into computer code – could revolutionize how insurance claims are processed. When certain conditions are met, such as a patient receiving a specific treatment, the smart contract automatically triggers payment without requiring manual intervention. For example, if a patient undergoes a surgery that is covered by their insurance policy, the smart contract could automatically verify the treatment occurred, check that all conditions are met, and initiate payment to the hospital. This automation could reduce processing time from weeks to minutes and eliminate many of the administrative inefficiencies that plague current systems.

Blockchain can also help combat insurance fraud, which costs the healthcare industry billions of dollars annually. Because all transactions are recorded on an immutable ledger, it becomes much more difficult for individuals to submit fraudulent claims or for providers to bill for services that were never rendered. The technology creates complete transparency in the claims process, making it easier to identify suspicious patterns and anomalies.

Furthermore, blockchain enables better risk assessment and policy pricing for insurance companies. By securely accessing comprehensive patient data across different healthcare providers, insurers can develop more accurate models of individual health risks without compromising patient privacy. This could lead to more personalized insurance products and fairer pricing based on actual health data rather than crude demographic categories.

Several innovative startups and established companies are already exploring these applications. In Switzerland, a company called Modum uses blockchain combined with sensors to monitor the temperature and conditions of pharmaceutical products during shipping, ensuring they remain effective. If medications are exposed to improper conditions, this information is permanently recorded on the blockchain, and affected products can be identified and removed from the supply chain. This application is particularly crucial for sensitive medications such as vaccines and biologics that can lose effectiveness if not stored properly.

The integration of blockchain with other emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) creates even more possibilities. Imagine wearable devices that continuously monitor patient health metrics – heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar levels – with data automatically recorded on a blockchain. This information could be used to trigger smart contracts for preventive care or alert healthcare providers to potential emergencies before they become serious.

However, implementing blockchain solutions in medical research and insurance is not without challenges. The technology requires consensus among multiple stakeholders who may have competing interests. Pharmaceutical companies might be reluctant to share research data, even in anonymized form, fearing loss of competitive advantage. Insurance companies must balance the efficiency gains from blockchain with concerns about regulatory compliance and protecting sensitive financial information. Additionally, the computational resources required for some blockchain applications can be substantial, raising questions about cost-effectiveness and environmental impact.

The governance of blockchain networks in healthcare also presents complex questions. Who decides what information gets recorded on the blockchain? How are disputes resolved when stakeholders disagree? What happens when regulations change or new privacy concerns emerge? These issues require careful consideration and the development of robust frameworks that can adapt to evolving circumstances while maintaining the integrity and security of the system.

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

The passage has 11 paragraphs (1-11). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 2-6 from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:

• i. The integration of blockchain with other technologies
• ii. How blockchain prevents data manipulation in clinical trials
• iii. The cost of implementing blockchain systems
• iv. Challenges in pharmaceutical research
• v. Automated insurance payments through smart contracts
• vi. The problem of isolated research databases
• vii. Blockchain’s role in preventing insurance fraud
• viii. Patient concerns about data sharing

14. Paragraph 2
15. Paragraph 3
16. Paragraph 4
17. Paragraph 5
18. Paragraph 6

Questions 19-23: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19. The majority of clinical trial data is currently unreliable or incomplete.

20. Blockchain technology will completely eliminate all forms of healthcare fraud.

21. Insurance companies can use blockchain to create more accurate risk assessments.

22. All pharmaceutical companies support the idea of sharing research data through blockchain.

23. The environmental cost of blockchain technology is acceptable given its benefits.

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Blockchain technology can improve clinical trials by creating an (24) __ __ of all research activities, preventing researchers from manipulating results. The technology can also solve the problem of (25) __ __, where valuable research information is kept in separate databases. In the insurance industry, (26) __ __ can automatically process claims when specific conditions are met, reducing processing time dramatically.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Global Implementation Challenges and Future of Blockchain Healthcare Systems

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

Navigating the Complex Landscape of Healthcare Transformation

The discourse surrounding blockchain technology in healthcare has evolved considerably from its initial characterization as a panacea for all data management ailments to a more nuanced understanding of its capabilities, limitations, and the multifaceted challenges inherent in its global implementation. While the theoretical benefits of blockchain in healthcare are compelling and well-documented, the practical realization of these benefits requires navigating a labyrinthine landscape of technical, regulatory, economic, and sociocultural factors that vary significantly across different jurisdictions and healthcare ecosystems.

At the forefront of implementation challenges lies the question of interoperability – not merely between different blockchain systems, but between blockchain networks and the vast infrastructure of legacy healthcare information systems that currently store decades of patient data. The healthcare industry’s information technology landscape is characterized by remarkable heterogeneity, with hospitals, clinics, and healthcare providers utilizing a myriad of different electronic health record (EHR) systems, many of which are proprietary and were designed without consideration for integration with distributed ledger technologies. The technical complexity of creating bidirectional interfaces that can seamlessly translate between traditional databases and blockchain networks while maintaining data integrity and preserving the cryptographic security that makes blockchain valuable represents a formidable engineering challenge.

Furthermore, the scalability limitations of many blockchain implementations present substantial obstacles to their deployment in healthcare contexts. Healthcare generates prodigious volumes of data – from high-resolution medical imaging to continuous streams of data from monitoring devices – and current blockchain technologies struggle with the throughput required to handle this data deluge in real-time. While second-generation and third-generation blockchain platforms have made significant strides in improving transaction speeds and data handling capacity, they still pale in comparison to the performance of centralized databases optimized for healthcare applications. The energy consumption associated with certain blockchain consensus mechanisms, particularly proof-of-work systems, raises both economic and environmental concerns that are difficult to justify in healthcare contexts where cost-effectiveness is paramount.

The regulatory landscape surrounding blockchain in healthcare is extraordinarily complex and continues to evolve in ways that create uncertainty for organizations considering adoption. Healthcare is one of the most heavily regulated industries globally, with stringent requirements regarding patient privacy, data security, and clinical practices. Regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, and similar frameworks in other countries impose specific obligations on how patient data must be collected, stored, processed, and shared. The immutable nature of blockchain – one of its touted advantages – creates potential conflicts with regulations like GDPR that give individuals the “right to be forgotten,” allowing them to request deletion of their personal data.

Legal scholars and technology experts have proposed various solutions to this apparent contradiction, including the use of off-chain storage for sensitive data with only cryptographic hashes stored on the blockchain, or the implementation of permissioned blockchains where authorized entities can make approved modifications under specific circumstances. However, these solutions introduce their own complexities and may diminish some of the transparency and security benefits that make blockchain attractive in the first place. The legal status of smart contracts in healthcare contexts also remains ambiguous in many jurisdictions, with questions about liability, enforceability, and the legal recognition of algorithmically executed agreements still unresolved.

The economic considerations surrounding blockchain adoption in healthcare extend beyond the direct costs of technology implementation to encompass broader questions about value creation and distribution within healthcare ecosystems. While proponents argue that blockchain will reduce administrative overhead and eliminate inefficiencies, the upfront investment required is substantial, and the return on investment may take years to materialize. Healthcare organizations, particularly in resource-constrained settings, must weigh these costs against competing priorities such as medical equipment, staff salaries, and direct patient care. There is also the question of who captures the value generated by blockchain systems – will the benefits accrue primarily to large insurance companies and technology providers, or will patients and healthcare workers also see tangible improvements in care quality and efficiency?

The sociocultural dimensions of blockchain adoption in healthcare are frequently underestimated but represent critical determinants of success or failure. Healthcare professionals, many of whom are already overburdened with administrative tasks and struggling with existing EHR systems, may view blockchain as yet another technological imposition that diverts attention from patient care. Building trust and buy-in among clinicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers requires demonstrating tangible benefits and providing adequate training and support. Patient attitudes toward blockchain-based healthcare systems are similarly complex and variable, influenced by factors such as digital literacy, trust in technology, and cultural attitudes toward privacy and data sharing.

Cross-border healthcare and international research collaboration present additional layers of complexity for blockchain implementation. Different countries have disparate healthcare systems, regulatory frameworks, and data protection standards, making it challenging to create blockchain networks that can operate across national boundaries. The governance structures for international blockchain networks must accommodate different legal traditions, cultural norms, and stakeholder interests while maintaining sufficient standardization to enable meaningful interoperability. Questions about data sovereignty – which country’s laws apply to information stored on a distributed network spanning multiple jurisdictions – remain contentious and unresolved.

Despite these formidable challenges, the trajectory of blockchain development in healthcare suggests cautious optimism. Several factors point toward eventual widespread adoption, albeit likely in forms that differ significantly from current implementations. The maturation of blockchain technology itself continues apace, with innovations in consensus algorithms, sharding techniques, and layer-two solutions addressing many of the scalability and energy efficiency concerns. The emergence of industry consortia and standards bodies focused on healthcare blockchain applications facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders, potentially accelerating the development of viable solutions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has served as a catalyst for digital transformation in healthcare, highlighting the critical importance of secure, efficient systems for managing health data and coordinating care across institutional boundaries. The urgent need for vaccine passport systems, contact tracing, and international coordination of public health responses has spurred interest in blockchain-based solutions and may accelerate adoption timelines. However, it has also revealed the practical difficulties of implementing complex technical systems under pressure and the importance of designing solutions that are accessible and usable by diverse populations with varying levels of technical sophistication.

Looking forward, the most promising trajectory for blockchain in healthcare may involve hybrid architectures that combine blockchain’s strengths in security, transparency, and decentralization with the performance and flexibility of traditional database systems. Such approaches might use blockchain for specific applications where its unique characteristics provide clear advantages – such as audit trails for sensitive data access, pharmaceutical supply chain tracking, or credential verification – while relying on conventional technologies for routine data storage and retrieval. The success of blockchain in healthcare will ultimately depend not on the technology itself but on the ability of healthcare organizations, technology providers, regulators, and patients to collaborate in designing and implementing systems that genuinely serve the fundamental goal of improving human health and wellbeing.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the main challenge in implementing blockchain in healthcare is:
    A) The cost of the technology
    B) Lack of patient interest
    C) Integrating blockchain with existing healthcare IT systems
    D) Insufficient technical expertise

28. The passage suggests that blockchain’s immutable nature conflicts with:
    A) HIPAA regulations in the United States
    B) GDPR’s “right to be forgotten” provision
    C) Medical record accuracy requirements
    D) International data sharing agreements

29. What does the passage indicate about healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward blockchain?
    A) They are universally enthusiastic about the technology
    B) They may see it as another burden on top of existing administrative tasks
    C) They refuse to use any new technology
    D) They prefer blockchain to traditional EHR systems

30. According to the passage, which factor has accelerated interest in blockchain healthcare solutions?
    A) Decreased costs of implementation
    B) New international regulations
    C) The COVID-19 pandemic
    D) Pressure from patients

31. The passage suggests that the most promising future for blockchain in healthcare involves:
    A) Complete replacement of all traditional databases
    B) Focusing only on pharmaceutical applications
    C) Abandoning blockchain entirely
    D) Hybrid systems combining blockchain with conventional technologies

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match the following challenges (32-36) with the correct category (A-F) from the list below.

Challenges:
32. The energy consumption of proof-of-work consensus mechanisms
33. Different countries having varying healthcare regulations
34. Healthcare workers already overburdened with administrative tasks
35. Blockchain’s permanent record-keeping conflicting with data deletion rights
36. Healthcare generating massive amounts of data that blockchain struggles to process

Categories:
A) Technical challenges
B) Regulatory challenges
C) Economic challenges
D) Sociocultural challenges
E) Cross-border challenges
F) Environmental challenges

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of storage has been proposed as a solution to keep sensitive data off the blockchain while maintaining security?

38. According to the passage, what served as a catalyst for digital transformation in healthcare?

39. What do legal scholars and experts still debate regarding smart contracts in healthcare?

40. What fundamental goal does the passage identify as the ultimate measure of blockchain’s success in healthcare?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. FALSE
10. complete audit trail (hoặc audit trail)
11. interoperability
12. training
13. authorized users

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. iv
15. ii
16. vi
17. v
18. vii
19. NOT GIVEN
20. NO
21. YES
22. NO
23. NOT GIVEN
24. unalterable record (hoặc permanent record)
25. data siloing
26. Smart contracts

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. A (hoặc F – cả hai đều được chấp nhận)
33. E
34. D
35. B
36. A
37. off-chain storage
38. COVID-19 pandemic (hoặc The pandemic)
39. legal recognition (hoặc enforceability, liability)
40. improving human health (hoặc human wellbeing, health and wellbeing)

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main problem, traditional healthcare record systems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Câu đầu tiên của đoạn 1 nêu rõ “Traditional methods of storing medical information often involve fragmented databases across different hospitals and clinics”. Từ “fragmented databases” được paraphrase thành “separate, disconnected databases” trong đáp án B. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập như là vấn đề chính.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: originally created for
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 bắt đầu với “Blockchain technology, originally developed for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin”. Đáp án C “Digital currencies” chính là paraphrase của “cryptocurrencies”.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: more secure than traditional databases
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 giải thích “Because the information is stored across a distributed network of computers rather than in a single location, it becomes extremely difficult for hackers to compromise the system”. Đáp án B paraphrase ý này thành “stores data across multiple computers”.

Câu 4: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: chronic conditions particularly benefit
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-9
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói “This is particularly valuable for patients with chronic conditions who see multiple specialists, as it ensures all healthcare providers have access to the same up-to-date information”. Đáp án C là paraphrase trực tiếp của ý này.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Estonia’s blockchain healthcare system, operational since
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 nêu rõ “The system has been operating successfully since 2012”. Đáp án là C – 2012.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: information recorded, cannot be modified or deleted
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 nói “once something is written, it cannot be erased or changed” và sử dụng từ “immutable”. Đây là đặc điểm cơ bản của blockchain, khớp hoàn toàn với câu phát biểu.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: patients, easy access, complete medical records
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nói “patients often face difficulties accessing their own health information”, mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu phát biểu cho rằng bệnh nhân có “easy access”.

Câu 8: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: counterfeit medications, more deaths, genuine drugs with side effects
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 đề cập đến thuốc giả “endanger patient lives” nhưng không so sánh số ca tử vong với thuốc thật có tác dụng phụ. Thông tin này không được cung cấp trong bài.

Câu 9: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: public blockchains, better suited, private blockchains
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: Đoạn 9 nói “Public blockchains… may not be suitable for sensitive medical information. Private blockchains, on the other hand… making them more appropriate for healthcare”. Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu phát biểu.

Câu 10: complete audit trail (hoặc audit trail)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: drug’s journey, manufacturer to patient
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 nói “creating a complete audit trail that is virtually impossible to falsify”. Cụm từ “complete audit trail” phù hợp với ngữ cảnh câu hỏi.

Câu 11: interoperability

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: different healthcare systems, unable to share information
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 định nghĩa rõ ràng “medical record interoperability – the ability of different healthcare systems to exchange and use information”.

Câu 12: training

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: healthcare workers, widely used
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 nêu “The technology requires significant investment in new infrastructure and training for healthcare workers”.

Câu 13: authorized users

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: private blockchains, limit access
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 9 nói “Private blockchains… restrict access to authorized users”.

Ứng dụng công nghệ Blockchain trong quản lý hồ sơ bệnh án điện tử toàn cầu

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: iv

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Đoạn văn: Paragraph 2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 thảo luận về các vấn đề trong clinical trials như “data manipulation”, “incomplete”, “inaccurate” data. Tiêu đề “Challenges in pharmaceutical research” phù hợp nhất với nội dung này.

Câu 15: ii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Đoạn văn: Paragraph 3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 tập trung vào cách blockchain ngăn chặn thao túng dữ liệu thông qua “immutability” và “transparency”, tạo ra “unalterable record” khiến việc “manipulate results” trở nên không thể. Tiêu đề ii phản ánh chính xác nội dung này.

Câu 16: vi

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Đoạn văn: Paragraph 4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nói về “data siloing” – vấn đề dữ liệu bị khóa trong “proprietary databases”, ngăn cản việc chia sẻ và hợp tác nghiên cứu. Tiêu đề “The problem of isolated research databases” mô tả chính xác vấn đề này.

Câu 17: v

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Đoạn văn: Paragraph 5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 giới thiệu “smart contracts” và giải thích cách chúng có thể “automatically triggers payment”, xử lý claims “from weeks to minutes”. Tiêu đề v về automated insurance payments khớp hoàn toàn.

Câu 18: vii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Đoạn văn: Paragraph 6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 tập trung vào việc blockchain giúp chống lại “insurance fraud” thông qua “immutable ledger”, làm cho “fraudulent claims” khó thực hiện hơn. Tiêu đề vii phản ánh chính xác nội dung này.

Câu 19: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: majority, clinical trial data, unreliable, incomplete
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 nói “a significant percentage” của dữ liệu có vấn đề, nhưng không nói là “majority” (đa số). Không đủ thông tin để xác định có phải hơn 50% hay không.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: completely eliminate, all forms, healthcare fraud
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 nói blockchain làm cho gian lận “much more difficult” và “easier to identify suspicious patterns”, không nói là “completely eliminate”. Từ “completely” và “all forms” quá tuyệt đối, mâu thuẫn với luận điểm của tác giả.

Câu 21: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: accurate risk assessments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 nêu rõ “By securely accessing comprehensive patient data across different healthcare providers, insurers can develop more accurate models of individual health risks”. Điều này khớp với quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 22: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all pharmaceutical companies support
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 10 nói “Pharmaceutical companies might be reluctant to share research data… fearing loss of competitive advantage”. Điều này cho thấy không phải tất cả công ty đều ủng hộ, mâu thuẫn với câu phát biểu.

Câu 23: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: environmental cost, acceptable, benefits
• Giải thích: Mặc dù đoạn 10 đề cập đến “environmental impact” như một vấn đề, tác giả không đưa ra quan điểm rằng chi phí môi trường có thể chấp nhận được hay không.

Câu 24: unalterable record (hoặc permanent record)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 nói “researchers create an unalterable record of the entire process” hoặc “Every piece of information… becomes part of a permanent record”.

Câu 25: data siloing

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 bắt đầu với “the problem of data siloing”, sau đó giải thích về việc dữ liệu bị khóa trong các database riêng biệt.

Câu 26: Smart contracts

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 giới thiệu “Smart contracts – self-executing contracts” có thể “automatically triggers payment without requiring manual intervention”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main challenge, implementing blockchain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn đoạn
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 mở đầu với “At the forefront of implementation challenges lies the question of interoperability” và thảo luận chi tiết về việc tích hợp blockchain với “legacy healthcare information systems”. Đây là thách thức chính được nhấn mạnh, phù hợp với đáp án C.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: immutable nature conflicts with
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-9
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 nêu rõ “The immutable nature of blockchain… creates potential conflicts with regulations like GDPR that give individuals the ‘right to be forgotten'”. Đáp án B chính xác.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: healthcare professionals’ attitudes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 nói “Healthcare professionals, many of whom are already overburdened with administrative tasks… may view blockchain as yet another technological imposition that diverts attention from patient care”. Đáp án B paraphrase ý này.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: accelerated interest
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 10 nói “The COVID-19 pandemic has served as a catalyst for digital transformation in healthcare” và “spurred interest in blockchain-based solutions”. Đáp án C chính xác.

Câu 31: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: most promising future
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 1-5
• Giải thích: Đoạn 11 nói “the most promising trajectory for blockchain in healthcare may involve hybrid architectures that combine blockchain’s strengths… with the performance and flexibility of traditional database systems”. Đáp án D là paraphrase chính xác.

Câu 32: A (hoặc F)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-9
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 thảo luận về “energy consumption” trong phần về “scalability limitations” (technical) và đề cập đến “environmental concerns”. Cả hai đáp án A (Technical) và F (Environmental) đều hợp lý.

Câu 33: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 8 nói “Different countries have disparate healthcare systems, regulatory frameworks, and data protection standards” trong phần về “Cross-border healthcare”. Đáp án E (Cross-border challenges) chính xác.

Câu 34: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 thảo luận về “sociocultural dimensions” và nói healthcare professionals “already overburdened with administrative tasks”. Đáp án D (Sociocultural challenges) phù hợp.

Câu 35: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-9
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 thảo luận về “regulatory landscape” và xung đột giữa blockchain với “right to be forgotten” của GDPR. Đáp án B (Regulatory challenges) chính xác.

Câu 36: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Đoạn 3 nói về “scalability limitations” và việc “Healthcare generates prodigious volumes of data” mà blockchain “struggle with the throughput required”. Đây là thách thức kỹ thuật, đáp án A.

Câu 37: off-chain storage

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: proposed solution, sensitive data off blockchain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 đề xuất “the use of off-chain storage for sensitive data with only cryptographic hashes stored on the blockchain”.

Câu 38: COVID-19 pandemic (hoặc The pandemic)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: catalyst, digital transformation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Đoạn 10 nói rõ “The COVID-19 pandemic has served as a catalyst for digital transformation in healthcare”.

Câu 39: legal recognition (hoặc enforceability, liability)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: legal scholars, debate, smart contracts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Đoạn 5 đề cập “questions about liability, enforceability, and the legal recognition of algorithmically executed agreements still unresolved”. Bất kỳ từ nào trong số này đều được chấp nhận.

Câu 40: improving human health (hoặc human wellbeing, health and wellbeing)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: fundamental goal, ultimate measure, success
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Câu cuối cùng của bài nói “systems that genuinely serve the fundamental goal of improving human health and wellbeing”.

Blockchain trong nghiên cứu y khoa và hệ thống bảo hiểm sức khỏe toàn cầu

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
fragmented	adj	/ˈfræɡmentɪd/	Phân mảnh, rời rạc	Traditional methods involve fragmented databases	fragmented data/system/approach
immutable	adj	/ɪˈmjuːtəbl/	Không thể thay đổi	The records are immutable and transparent	immutable record/ledger/data
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	Phi tập trung	This decentralized approach represents improvement	decentralized system/network/platform
compromise	v	/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/	Xâm phạm, làm tổn hại	Difficult for hackers to compromise the system	compromise security/data/integrity
empowerment	n	/ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/	Trao quyền, làm chủ	Patient empowerment is another key benefit	patient/community/women’s empowerment
interoperability	n	/ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/	Khả năng tương tác	The problem of medical record interoperability	system/data/technical interoperability
duplicate	adj/v	/ˈdjuːplɪkət/	Trùng lặp, nhân đôi	Leading to duplicate tests and wasted resources	duplicate records/tests/efforts
traceability	n	/ˌtreɪsəˈbɪləti/	Khả năng truy xuất nguồn gốc	Drug traceability represents another application	product/supply chain/food traceability
counterfeit	adj	/ˈkaʊntəfɪt/	Giả mạo, làm giả	Loses billions to counterfeit medications	counterfeit drugs/products/currency
audit trail	n	/ˈɔːdɪt treɪl/	Dấu vết kiểm toán	Creating a complete audit trail	maintain/create/establish audit trail
unauthorized	adj	/ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/	Không được phép	Protecting against unauthorized changes	unauthorized access/use/disclosure
integrate	v	/ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/	Tích hợp, hợp nhất	Questions about how to integrate blockchain	integrate systems/technology/data

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
substantial	adj	/səbˈstænʃl/	Đáng kể, quan trọng	Making substantial contributions	substantial evidence/amount/difference
manipulation	n	/məˌnɪpjuˈleɪʃn/	Thao túng, can thiệp	Including data manipulation	data/market/genetic manipulation
selectively	adv	/sɪˈlektɪvli/	Có chọn lọc	Selectively reported results	selectively breed/choose/apply
immutability	n	/ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/	Tính bất biến	Through its immutability and transparency	data/blockchain/record immutability
unalterable	adj	/ʌnˈɔːltərəbl/	Không thể thay đổi	Researchers create an unalterable record	unalterable fact/truth/record
cherry-pick	v	/ˈtʃeri pɪk/	Chọn lọc có lợi	Cherry-pick data to support outcomes	cherry-pick data/evidence/information
siloing	n	/ˈsaɪləʊɪŋ/	Sự tách biệt dữ liệu	The problem of data siloing	data/information/organizational siloing
proprietary	adj	/prəˈpraɪətri/	Độc quyền, sở hữu riêng	Locked in proprietary databases	proprietary software/technology/information
anonymized	adj	/əˈnɒnɪmaɪzd/	Được ẩn danh hóa	A repository of anonymized research data	anonymized data/information/records
collaborative	adj	/kəˈlæbərətɪv/	Hợp tác, cộng tác	This collaborative approach	collaborative effort/research/project
notoriously	adv	/nəʊˈtɔːriəsli/	Khét tiếng (tiêu cực)	Notoriously time-consuming and expensive	notoriously difficult/unreliable/expensive
self-executing	adj	/self ˈeksɪkjuːtɪŋ/	Tự động thực thi	Smart contracts – self-executing contracts	self-executing code/contract/program
fraudulent	adj	/ˈfrɔːdjələnt/	Gian lận, lừa đảo	Submit fraudulent claims	fraudulent activity/transaction/claim
anomalies	n	/əˈnɒməliz/	Bất thường, dị thường	Identify suspicious patterns and anomalies	detect/identify/report anomalies
consensus	n	/kənˈsensəs/	Sự đồng thuận	Technology requires consensus	reach/achieve/build consensus

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
panacea	n	/ˌpænəˈsiːə/	Thuốc tiên, giải pháp toàn diện	Initially characterized as a panacea	universal/magic panacea
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	Tinh tế, nhiều khía cạnh	A more nuanced understanding	nuanced view/approach/analysis
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	Đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh	Multifaceted challenges	multifaceted problem/approach/issue
labyrinthine	adj	/ˌlæbəˈrɪnθaɪn/	Phức tạp như mê cung	Navigating a labyrinthine landscape	labyrinthine structure/system/process
heterogeneity	n	/ˌhetərədʒəˈniːəti/	Tính không đồng nhất	Characterized by remarkable heterogeneity	genetic/cultural/population heterogeneity
myriad	n/adj	/ˈmɪriəd/	Vô số, vô vàn	Utilizing a myriad of different systems	myriad of possibilities/problems/options
bidirectional	adj	/ˌbaɪdəˈrekʃənl/	Hai chiều	Creating bidirectional interfaces	bidirectional communication/flow/relationship
prodigious	adj	/prəˈdɪdʒəs/	Khổng lồ, phi thường	Healthcare generates prodigious volumes	prodigious talent/amount/effort
throughput	n	/ˈθruːpʊt/	Thông lượng, công suất	Struggle with the throughput required	data/network/system throughput
stringent	adj	/ˈstrɪndʒənt/	Nghiêm ngặt, khắt khe	Stringent requirements regarding privacy	stringent regulations/standards/controls
touted	v	/taʊtɪd/	Được ca ngợi, quảng cáo	One of its touted advantages	widely touted/much touted
ambiguous	adj	/æmˈbɪɡjuəs/	Mơ hồ, không rõ ràng	Legal status remains ambiguous	ambiguous statement/role/definition
diminish	v	/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/	Giảm bớt, làm suy yếu	May diminish some of the benefits	diminish value/power/importance
accrued	v	/əˈkruː/	Tích lũy, thu được	Will benefits accrue primarily to companies	accrue interest/benefits/advantages
stakeholders	n	/ˈsteɪkhəʊldəz/	Các bên liên quan	Multiple stakeholders who may have competing interests	key/major/primary stakeholders
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	Quỹ đạo, xu hướng phát triển	The trajectory of blockchain development	growth/development/career trajectory
apace	adv	/əˈpeɪs/	Nhanh chóng, không ngừng	Technology continues apace	continue/develop/proceed apace
catalyst	n	/ˈkætəlɪst/	Chất xúc tác, động lực thúc đẩy	Served as a catalyst for transformation	act as/serve as catalyst

Thách thức triển khai Blockchain trong hệ thống y tế toàn cầu và giải pháp tương lai

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Blockchain in global healthcare systems” không chỉ là một xu hướng công nghệ quan trọng trong thế giới thực mà còn ngày càng phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được luyện tập với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ giới thiệu cơ bản về công nghệ blockchain trong y tế (Passage 1), đến các ứng dụng nâng cao trong nghiên cứu và bảo hiểm (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là phân tích sâu về thách thức triển khai toàn cầu (Passage 3).

Bộ đề này cung cấp đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với 7 dạng bài khác nhau, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và rèn luyện kỹ năng xử lý các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất. Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không đúng. Điều này giúp bạn hiểu sâu hơn về kỹ thuật làm bài và tránh những sai lầm phổ biến.

Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với hơn 40 từ chuyên ngành quan trọng, kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và collocations hữu ích. Đây là nguồn tài liệu quý giá giúp bạn không chỉ chuẩn bị cho phần Reading mà còn nâng cao vốn từ vựng tổng thể cho kỳ thi IELTS.

Hãy dành thời gian xem lại những câu trả lời sai, phân tích kỹ phần giải thích và thực hành lại các dạng câu hỏi mà bạn còn gặp khó khăn. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi sắp tới!