IELTS Reading: Thách Thức Trong Quản Lý Di Sản Văn Hóa - Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Mở Bài

Chủ đề Challenges In Managing Cultural Heritage Sites (Thách thức trong quản lý di sản văn hóa) là một trong những chủ đề phổ biến và quan trọng trong IELTS Reading. Chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các kỳ thi IELTS với tần suất trung bình 2-3 lần mỗi năm, đặc biệt ở Passage 2 và Passage 3 – nơi yêu cầu khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật cao.

Mục lục nội dung

Việc hiểu sâu về chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin khi gặp đề thi tương tự mà còn mở rộng vốn từ vựng và kiến thức nền về bảo tồn văn hóa, du lịch bền vững, và quản lý nguồn tài nguyên – những lĩnh vực thường xuyên được khai thác trong IELTS Academic Reading.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng độ khó tăng dần (Easy → Medium → Hard), bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống thi thật, đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích rõ ràng, và hệ thống từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage. Đây là tài liệu lý tưởng dành cho học viên có mục tiêu band điểm từ 5.0 trở lên.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Academic Reading là bài thi kéo dài 60 phút với 40 câu hỏi được phân bổ đều qua 3 passages. Mỗi passage có độ khó tăng dần và yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau:

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian thêm để chuyển đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp lên answer sheet trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Heritage Sites Under Threat

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Cultural heritage sites around the world face numerous challenges that threaten their preservation and longevity. These sites, which include ancient monuments, historic buildings, and archaeological remains, represent the collective memory of human civilization. However, the rapid pace of modernization and various environmental factors are putting these irreplaceable treasures at serious risk.

One of the most pressing concerns is natural deterioration. Weather conditions such as rain, wind, and temperature fluctuations cause gradual damage to historic structures. In tropical regions, high humidity levels accelerate the decay of wooden structures and wall paintings. Sandstorms in desert areas erode stone surfaces, while coastal heritage sites suffer from salt water corrosion. The ancient city of Petra in Jordan, for instance, has experienced significant erosion of its iconic rock-carved facades due to wind and occasional flash floods. Similarly, the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia face constant battle against tropical vegetation that grows through cracks in stone structures, causing them to crumble over time.

Human impact presents another major challenge. Tourism, while economically beneficial, can be a double-edged sword for heritage sites. The sheer number of visitors causes physical wear and tear on fragile structures and pathways. At Machu Picchu in Peru, authorities have had to implement strict visitor limits because the constant foot traffic was damaging the ancient Incan stone pathways. Tourists sometimes engage in inappropriate behavior such as touching delicate wall paintings, carving names into ancient stones, or removing small artifacts as souvenirs. These actions, though often unintentional, cause irreversible damage to sites that have survived for centuries.

Urban development and modernization pose additional threats. As cities expand, heritage sites that were once in remote areas now find themselves surrounded by modern infrastructure. This proximity brings problems such as air pollution from vehicles and factories, which causes chemical reactions that deteriorate stone and metal. Vibrations from heavy traffic and construction work can also damage the structural integrity of old buildings. In Rome, the ancient Colosseum has experienced structural stress from the constant vibration of the nearby metro system and vehicle traffic.

Climate change has emerged as a particularly alarming threat in recent decades. Rising sea levels threaten coastal archaeological sites, with Venice in Italy being a prime example where historic buildings face increasing flood risks. Changes in rainfall patterns affect sites in multiple ways: more intense rainfall can cause flooding and erosion, while reduced rainfall and drought make materials like wooden supports dry out and become brittle. Extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent, can cause catastrophic damage in a matter of hours that might take years to repair.

Financial constraints significantly limit conservation efforts. Proper maintenance and restoration of heritage sites require substantial funding, specialized expertise, and advanced technology. Many developing countries lack the financial resources to adequately protect their heritage sites. Even wealthy nations must make difficult choices about which sites receive funding priority. The cost of modern conservation techniques, such as laser cleaning for stone surfaces or climate-controlled environments for fragile artifacts, can be prohibitively expensive.

The challenge of balancing preservation with accessibility creates ongoing debates among heritage managers. On one hand, these sites belong to humanity and should be accessible to the public. On the other hand, unlimited access accelerates deterioration. Some sites have implemented timed entry systems or created replica areas where tourists can walk freely while original sections remain restricted. The Lascaux Caves in France took this approach to an extreme by closing the original cave entirely and building a detailed replica for tourists.

Lack of awareness among both local populations and tourists compounds these problems. Many people do not understand the historical significance of heritage sites or the fragility of ancient materials. Educational programs are essential but often underfunded. When communities near heritage sites do not recognize their value, they may not support conservation efforts or might even view sites as obstacles to development.

Despite these challenges, innovative solutions are emerging. Digital documentation using 3D scanning technology creates detailed records that can aid restoration if damage occurs. International cooperation through organizations like UNESCO provides expertise and funding to sites in need. Sustainable tourism practices aim to minimize visitor impact while maintaining economic benefits. Some sites have introduced virtual reality experiences that allow people to explore digitally without physical presence, reducing wear on actual structures.

The preservation of cultural heritage sites requires a multifaceted approach that addresses environmental, financial, and social challenges simultaneously. Success depends on collaboration between governments, international organizations, local communities, and visitors who must all recognize their role in protecting these windows into human history.

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, which natural factor affects heritage sites in tropical regions?
A. Sandstorms
B. High humidity
C. Flash floods
D. Salt water corrosion
The example of Machu Picchu is used to illustrate:
A. The effects of climate change
B. Problems caused by too many tourists
C. Natural deterioration of stone
D. The cost of conservation
What threat does the Rome Colosseum face from urban development?
A. Air pollution from factories
B. Chemical reactions on stone
C. Vibrations from traffic and metro
D. Removal of artifacts
The Lascaux Caves in France dealt with visitor impact by:
A. Implementing timed entry systems
B. Restricting certain sections
C. Building a complete replica
D. Introducing virtual reality
According to the passage, digital documentation helps preservation by:
A. Reducing the number of tourists
B. Providing records for restoration
C. Creating virtual reality experiences
D. Educating local populations

Questions 6-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Weather conditions only affect heritage sites in tropical regions.
Tourism provides economic benefits to areas with heritage sites.
All developing countries lack the money to protect their heritage sites properly.
The original Lascaux Caves are completely closed to tourists.
UNESCO is mentioned as an organization that helps fund heritage site preservation.

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

In desert areas, __ cause erosion of stone surfaces at heritage sites.
At Angkor Wat, __ grows through cracks and causes structures to crumble.
Modern conservation techniques like laser cleaning can be __ expensive.

PASSAGE 2 – Stakeholder Conflicts in Heritage Management

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The management of cultural heritage sites involves navigating complex relationships among diverse stakeholders, each with distinct interests, priorities, and perspectives. These competing agendas frequently create tensions that heritage managers must carefully balance to ensure both the preservation of sites and the satisfaction of various interest groups. Understanding these multifaceted conflicts is crucial for developing effective governance frameworks that can reconcile seemingly incompatible objectives.

Government authorities typically prioritize national identity and economic development. Heritage sites serve as powerful symbols of national pride and can be leveraged for diplomatic purposes and international prestige. Governments often view heritage tourism as a significant revenue stream that can contribute to regional economic growth and employment. However, this economic focus can sometimes conflict with conservation priorities. When budget allocations are determined, heritage preservation may compete with other pressing national needs such as healthcare, education, or infrastructure development. The bureaucratic structures within government agencies can also create inefficiencies, with multiple departments claiming jurisdiction over different aspects of site management, leading to fragmented decision-making and inconsistent policies.

Conservation professionals and archaeologists approach heritage sites from a predominantly scientific and preservation-oriented perspective. Their primary concern is maintaining the authenticity and integrity of sites using internationally recognized standards. These experts advocate for minimal intervention and reversible treatments that do not compromise the historical fabric of structures. They often express frustration when commercial considerations override conservation principles. For instance, pressure to accommodate larger tourist numbers may lead to infrastructure modifications that these professionals consider inappropriate or damaging. The tension between public access and preventive conservation represents a fundamental dilemma, as increased visibility and accessibility inevitably accelerate deterioration.

Local communities living near heritage sites represent another crucial stakeholder group whose interests are frequently overlooked or marginalized. These communities may have ancestral connections to sites, maintaining traditional practices and spiritual relationships that extend back generations. When sites are designated as protected heritage, local populations sometimes find their traditional access restricted or their customary uses prohibited. This can generate resentment and alienation, particularly when communities perceive that outsiders are profiting from tourism while they bear the costs of living near protected areas, such as development restrictions and increased living expenses due to tourist inflation. However, when properly engaged, local communities can become the most effective guardians of heritage sites, possessing indigenous knowledge about site maintenance and intrinsic motivation to preserve places of personal and cultural significance.

Tương tự như The role of cultural heritage in modern societies, vai trò của các bên liên quan trong bảo tồn di sản là yếu tố then chốt quyết định sự thành công. The tourism industry constitutes a powerful stakeholder with primarily commercial objectives. Tour operators, hotels, restaurants, and souvenir vendors depend economically on heritage site visitation. Their focus naturally centers on maximizing visitor numbers and enhancing the tourist experience through improved facilities and extended access hours. This profit-driven approach can clash with conservation needs that might require visitor restrictions, seasonal closures, or limiting certain activities. The industry often resists measures that could reduce tourist satisfaction or numbers, arguing that tourism revenue ultimately funds conservation efforts—creating a circular argument that heritage managers must carefully evaluate.

International organizations such as UNESCO, ICOMOS, and the World Monuments Fund play influential roles in heritage management, particularly for sites with World Heritage status. These bodies establish international standards, provide technical expertise, and sometimes offer financial assistance. However, their involvement can create additional complications. The designation process itself can be contentious, as it brings international scrutiny and imposes obligations on national governments. The universalist perspective promoted by international organizations may conflict with local interpretations of heritage value or appropriate management approaches. Critics argue that these organizations sometimes impose Western conservation paradigms that may not align with non-Western cultural contexts or indigenous heritage practices.

Academic researchers represent yet another stakeholder group with distinct interests. Universities and research institutions value heritage sites as living laboratories for archaeological investigation, architectural study, and cultural research. Their work contributes valuable knowledge but can create conflicts when research priorities clash with tourism schedules or conservation treatments. Excavation activities, while scientifically valuable, are inherently destructive and must be carefully weighed against preservation principles. The dissemination of research findings can also raise concerns about security, as detailed publications of site layouts or valuable artifact locations might facilitate looting.

Religious communities hold special interests when heritage sites have ongoing spiritual significance. Many ancient temples, churches, mosques, and other sacred spaces remain active places of worship while also attracting tourists as heritage sites. This dual function creates unique management challenges. Religious authorities may object to certain tourist behaviors they consider disrespectful, request modifications to visiting hours to accommodate religious observances, or resist conservation treatments that alter symbolic elements. The sacred versus secular tension requires particularly sensitive negotiation, as religious freedom and cultural rights must be balanced against heritage preservation and public access principles.

Private sector investors increasingly participate in heritage site management through public-private partnerships or adoption schemes. While private funding can alleviate government budget constraints, it raises concerns about commercialization and the potential prioritization of profit over preservation. Private entities may seek to introduce amenities or entertainment elements that heritage professionals consider inappropriate. The question of how much commercial development is acceptable near or within heritage sites generates ongoing debate.

Media and advocacy groups influence heritage management through public campaigns and raising awareness about threats to sites. While generally supportive of preservation, their interventions can sometimes complicate management by creating public pressure for specific actions that may not align with expert recommendations or practical feasibility.

Effective heritage management requires inclusive governance models that provide meaningful participation for all legitimate stakeholders while maintaining clear accountability and decision-making authority. Consensus-building processes, though time-consuming, tend to produce more sustainable outcomes than top-down directives. Some successful sites have established multi-stakeholder advisory boards that facilitate dialogue and collaborative problem-solving. Others employ benefit-sharing mechanisms that ensure local communities receive tangible advantages from heritage tourism. Transparent communication about management decisions and their rationales helps build trust among diverse stakeholder groups.

The complexity of stakeholder relationships in heritage management reflects broader challenges in balancing preservation, access, economic development, and cultural respect. No universal solution exists; each site requires context-specific approaches that acknowledge local circumstances while adhering to fundamental conservation principles.

Questions 14-19

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, government priorities for heritage sites mainly focus on:
A. Scientific research and archaeological study
B. National identity and economic benefits
C. Religious freedom and cultural rights
D. International cooperation and standards
Conservation professionals advocate for:
A. Maximum tourist access to generate revenue
B. Commercial development near heritage sites
C. Minimal intervention with reversible treatments
D. Private sector investment in site management
Local communities near heritage sites may feel resentment because:
A. They must pay higher entrance fees than tourists
B. Their traditional access is restricted while others profit
C. Conservation work creates too much noise
D. International organizations control their land
The tourism industry’s main concern regarding heritage sites is:
A. Maintaining archaeological authenticity
B. Protecting sites from climate change
C. Maximizing visitor numbers and satisfaction
D. Implementing UNESCO standards
The “circular argument” mentioned in paragraph 5 refers to:
A. The claim that tourism funds conservation efforts
B. The process of obtaining World Heritage status
C. The relationship between research and preservation
D. The conflict between sacred and secular uses
According to the passage, multi-stakeholder advisory boards are beneficial because they:
A. Reduce government spending on conservation
B. Eliminate all conflicts between stakeholders
C. Facilitate dialogue and collaborative solutions
D. Give private investors more control

Questions 20-23

Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Religious communities face unique challenges when heritage sites maintain spiritual significance. The (20) __ of these sites as both worship places and tourist attractions creates management difficulties. Religious authorities may consider certain tourist behaviors (21) __ and request changes to visiting schedules. They might also resist conservation work that changes (22) __. Managing these sites requires balancing religious freedom against heritage preservation and (23) __ principles.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

International organizations always improve heritage site management.
Private sector involvement in heritage sites raises concerns about excessive commercialization.
Top-down management directives are more effective than consensus-building processes.

PASSAGE 3 – Technological Innovation and Ethical Dilemmas in Heritage Conservation

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The conservation of cultural heritage has undergone a profound transformation through the integration of advanced technologies, yet this technological revolution has simultaneously introduced complex ethical dilemmas that challenge fundamental principles of heritage management. The dichotomy between preserving authenticity and embracing innovation has become increasingly pronounced, compelling heritage professionals to grapple with questions that extend far beyond traditional conservation concerns into the realms of philosophy, cultural identity, and the very nature of authenticity itself.

Three-dimensional digital scanning and photogrammetry have revolutionized documentation practices, enabling the creation of extraordinarily precise virtual replicas of heritage sites. These technologies capture micrometric details with unprecedented accuracy, producing digital archives that serve multiple purposes: they provide baseline records for monitoring deterioration, facilitate virtual restoration experiments before physical intervention, and enable remote access for researchers and the public. The paradigmatic shift from physical to digital preservation raises profound questions about the locus of authenticity. If a heritage structure is destroyed but perfect digital records exist, what exactly has been lost? The reconstruction of Palmyra’s Arch of Triumph using digital records after its destruction by conflict exemplifies this conundrum. While technologically impressive, critics question whether such reconstructions constitute genuine heritage or merely simulacra—sophisticated copies devoid of the material authenticity and historical continuity that imbue original structures with significance.

Đối với những ai quan tâm đến Museums in the digital era future, sự phát triển công nghệ bảo tồn di sản mở ra những khả năng mới đầy hứa hẹn. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are increasingly deployed for predictive conservation, analyzing environmental data, structural sensors, and historical patterns to forecast deterioration and optimize maintenance interventions. These systems can process vast datasets beyond human analytical capacity, identifying subtle correlations between environmental conditions and material degradation that would otherwise remain undetected. However, the algorithmic governance of heritage conservation introduces concerns about the diminution of human expertise and professional judgment. Conservation, traditionally understood as both science and craft requiring intuition developed through extensive experience, may be reduced to technocratic decision-making that prioritizes quantifiable metrics over qualitative assessments. The epistemic authority traditionally vested in conservation professionals risks being supplanted by algorithmic recommendations whose internal logic may be opaque even to their developers—a phenomenon known as the “black box” problem in artificial intelligence.

Nanotechnology applications in conservation have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in stabilizing deteriorating materials and removing harmful contaminants at molecular levels. Nanoparticles can penetrate porous materials like stone and plaster, delivering consolidants that strengthen structures from within without visible alteration. Similarly, nano-scale cleaning techniques can remove pollution deposits and biological growth with unprecedented precision and minimal collateral damage. Yet these interventions operate at scales invisible to human perception, raising unsettling questions about reversibility—a cornerstone principle of modern conservation ethics that mandates interventions should be removable if future developments render them obsolete or harmful. How can reversibility be assessed for treatments that function at molecular and atomic scales? The long-term consequences of introducing synthetic nanoparticles into historic materials remain incompletely understood, and the potential for unanticipated interactions over decades or centuries cannot be excluded.

Virtual and augmented reality technologies offer transformative possibilities for heritage interpretation and access. These tools can reconstitute ruined sites in their original glory, overlaying physical remains with digital reconstructions that visitors experience through headsets or mobile devices. Such applications democratize access, enabling people who cannot physically visit sites to experience them virtually, while simultaneously reducing physical pressure on fragile structures. However, this technological mediation of heritage experience fundamentally alters the nature of engagement with the past. The phenomenological dimension of heritage—the sensory experience of being physically present in spaces marked by time, feeling the texture of ancient stone, perceiving the scale and proportions through embodied presence—is necessarily absent from virtual experiences. Critics warn of creating a commodified, sanitized version of heritage that homogenizes diverse sites into standardized digital experiences, potentially eroding the motivation for authentic engagement and the political will to preserve physical sites.

Một ví dụ chi tiết về The effects of globalization on cultural heritage là sự lan tỏa của các công nghệ bảo tồn và những tranh luận đạo đức xung quanh chúng. Genetic modification and synthetic biology represent perhaps the most controversial frontier in heritage conservation. Researchers have developed genetically modified bacteria capable of producing calcite that can biomineralize and self-repair deteriorating stone structures. Other biological approaches employ engineered microorganisms to remove pollution or stabilize soil. While offering potentially sustainable and self-regulating solutions to conservation challenges, these interventions introduce living, potentially self-replicating agents into heritage sites with inherently unpredictable long-term behavior. The ecological ramifications of releasing modified organisms into historic environments, and the ethical implications of using biotechnology to alter materials that societies value precisely because of their historical authenticity, generate significant controversy within the conservation community.

The application of blockchain technology to heritage management addresses challenges in provenance tracking and combating the illicit antiquities trade. By creating immutable digital records of artifacts and their ownership history, blockchain systems can verify authenticity and legal ownership, potentially disrupting markets for looted cultural property. However, the implementation of such systems raises questions about data sovereignty and who controls the authoritative record of heritage. International systems might supersede national authority over cultural property documentation, creating geopolitical tensions, particularly regarding objects with contested ownership or colonial acquisition histories.

Cost-benefit analyses of technological interventions in heritage conservation present methodological challenges because heritage values resist quantification. How does one calculate the economic value of preserving a site’s authenticity versus the costs of advanced conservation technologies? Utilitarian frameworks that prioritize the greatest good for the greatest number may justify prioritizing sites with high tourist potential over less accessible but equally significant sites. Such calculus risks instrumentalizing heritage as merely an economic asset rather than recognizing its intrinsic cultural value.

The democratization of documentation technology, particularly through consumer-grade drones and photogrammetry software, has created opportunities for citizen science contributions to heritage monitoring but also risks to site security. Detailed 3D models created and shared online might facilitate theft or vandalism by providing precise information about site layouts and vulnerable points. Open access principles that govern much academic research conflict with security imperatives, creating dilemmas about data sharing.

Intergenerational equity considerations become particularly acute with technological preservation strategies. Decisions made today about which technologies to deploy, which interventions to undertake, and which digital formats to preserve information in will constrain or enable options for future generations. Digital preservation itself faces challenges of format obsolescence and technological dependency—ensuring that digital heritage records remain accessible as hardware and software evolve requires ongoing migration and emulation efforts that consume resources indefinitely.

Để hiểu rõ hơn về The influence of technology in student-led cultural events, chúng ta cần xem xét cách công nghệ không chỉ bảo tồn mà còn tái hiện và phổ biến di sản văn hóa. The ethical frameworks guiding heritage conservation must evolve to address these technological innovations. Traditional principles—authenticity, integrity, reversibility, minimal intervention—were formulated for predominantly physical, manual conservation practices. Their application to algorithmic, nano-scale, or biotechnological interventions requires substantial conceptual adaptation. Some scholars advocate for ethics of care approaches that emphasize relationships, context, and situated judgment rather than universal principles, arguing that technological dilemmas cannot be resolved through abstract ethical rules but require careful consideration of specific circumstances and stakeholder perspectives.

The challenge facing contemporary heritage management is not simply choosing between preservation and innovation but rather negotiating a middle path that harnesses technological capabilities while safeguarding the qualities that make heritage meaningful. This requires reflexive practice—ongoing critical examination of conservation assumptions, methods, and objectives—and inclusive dialogue that extends beyond technical experts to encompass diverse cultural perspectives on heritage value and appropriate stewardship. The technologies we deploy to preserve the past inevitably shape not only physical heritage sites but also how future generations will understand and relate to human history and cultural diversity.

Công nghệ hiện đại trong bảo tồn di sản văn hóa với máy quét 3D và thực tế ảo

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

According to the passage, the reconstruction of Palmyra’s Arch of Triumph using digital records:
A. Proved that digital preservation is superior to physical conservation
B. Demonstrated perfect accuracy in historical reconstruction
C. Raised questions about whether reconstructions are genuine heritage
D. Resolved the debate about authenticity in conservation
The “black box problem” in artificial intelligence refers to:
A. The high cost of AI systems for heritage management
B. The difficulty of understanding how AI reaches its conclusions
C. The need for better data collection methods
D. The replacement of human conservationists with machines
Why is reversibility particularly challenging for nanotechnology applications?
A. The treatments are too expensive to remove
B. They require specialized equipment not widely available
C. The interventions occur at invisible molecular scales
D. Scientists cannot agree on appropriate methods
According to the passage, virtual reality experiences of heritage sites lack:
A. Visual accuracy and detail
B. Educational value for students
C. The physical and sensory dimensions of actual presence
D. The ability to show sites in their original condition
The use of blockchain technology in heritage management aims to:
A. Reduce the cost of conservation treatments
B. Track provenance and combat illegal antiquities trade
C. Replace traditional documentation methods
D. Improve tourist access to restricted sites

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Technological innovations in heritage conservation have created complex ethical challenges. While (32) __ can document sites with extreme precision, questions arise about what is lost when only digital records remain. Artificial intelligence systems can analyze vast amounts of data for (33) __, but this may reduce conservation to (34) __ rather than professional judgment. Nanotechnology can strengthen materials invisibly, but the (35) __ of treatments at molecular levels remains difficult to assess. Some researchers have even developed (36) __ that can repair stone structures through biomineralization, though this approach is highly controversial.

Questions 37-40

Match each ethical concern (37-40) with the correct technology (A-G).

Ethical Concerns:
37. Risk of creating homogenized, commodified experiences
38. Questions about data sovereignty and control
39. Unpredictable long-term behavior of living agents
40. Challenges of format obsolescence requiring ongoing migration

Technologies:
A. Three-dimensional scanning and photogrammetry
B. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
C. Nanotechnology applications
D. Virtual and augmented reality
E. Genetic modification and synthetic biology
F. Blockchain technology
G. Digital preservation systems

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

B
B
C
C
B
FALSE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
TRUE
TRUE
sandstorms
tropical vegetation
prohibitively

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

B
C
B
C
A
C
dual function
disrespectful
symbolic elements
public access
NOT GIVEN
YES
NO

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

C
B
C
C
B
three-dimensional digital scanning / 3D digital scanning
predictive conservation
technocratic decision-making
long-term consequences
genetically modified bacteria
D
F
E
G

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: natural factor, tropical regions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “In tropical regions, high humidity levels accelerate the decay of wooden structures and wall paintings.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp cho câu hỏi về yếu tố tự nhiên ảnh hưởng đến di sản ở vùng nhiệt đới. Các đáp án khác đề cập đến các khu vực khác: sandstorms (sa mạc), flash floods (Petra), salt water (vùng ven biển).

Câu 2: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Purpose
Từ khóa: Machu Picchu
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
Giải thích: Machu Picchu được nhắc đến trong đoạn về “Human impact” để minh họa cho vấn đề “strict visitor limits” do “constant foot traffic was damaging the ancient Incan stone pathways.” Đây là ví dụ điển hình về tác động của du khách quá đông.

Câu 3: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Specific Detail
Từ khóa: Rome Colosseum, urban development
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “the ancient Colosseum has experienced structural stress from the constant vibration of the nearby metro system and vehicle traffic.” Đây là mối đe dọa cụ thể từ phát triển đô thị.

Câu 5: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: digital documentation
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Digital documentation using 3D scanning technology creates detailed records that can aid restoration if damage occurs.” Đây là paraphrase của đáp án B “providing records for restoration.”

Câu 6: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: weather conditions, only tropical regions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập đến tác động của thời tiết ở nhiều khu vực khác nhau: tropical regions (high humidity), desert areas (sandstorms), coastal areas (salt water), không phải chỉ ở vùng nhiệt đới. Từ “only” làm cho câu này sai.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: tourism, economic benefits
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “Tourism, while economically beneficial, can be a double-edged sword” – khẳng định du lịch mang lại lợi ích kinh tế.

Câu 9: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Lascaux Caves, completely closed
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “The Lascaux Caves in France took this approach to an extreme by closing the original cave entirely and building a detailed replica for tourists.”

Câu 11: sandstorms

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: desert areas, erosion, stone surfaces
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “Sandstorms in desert areas erode stone surfaces” – câu trả lời trực tiếp từ văn bản.

Câu 12: tropical vegetation

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Angkor Wat, grows through cracks
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “tropical vegetation that grows through cracks in stone structures, causing them to crumble”

Câu 13: prohibitively

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: laser cleaning, expensive
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “can be prohibitively expensive” – từ này mô tả mức độ đắt đỏ không thể chấp nhận được.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: government priorities
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: “Government authorities typically prioritize national identity and economic development” – đây là câu mở đầu rõ ràng về ưu tiên của chính phủ.

Câu 15: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: conservation professionals, advocate
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: “These experts advocate for minimal intervention and reversible treatments that do not compromise the historical fabric”

Câu 16: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: local communities, resentment
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: “communities perceive that outsiders are profiting from tourism while they bear the costs of living near protected areas” và “traditional access restricted” – tạo nên sự phẫn nộ.

Câu 18: A

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Reference
Từ khóa: circular argument
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “arguing that tourism revenue ultimately funds conservation efforts—creating a circular argument” – luận điểm rằng du lịch tài trợ cho bảo tồn.

Câu 19: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: multi-stakeholder advisory boards
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: “established multi-stakeholder advisory boards that facilitate dialogue and collaborative problem-solving”

Câu 20: dual function

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: worship places, tourist attractions
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3
Giải thích: “This dual function creates unique management challenges”

Câu 21: disrespectful

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: tourist behaviors
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4
Giải thích: “Religious authorities may object to certain tourist behaviors they consider disrespectful”

Câu 22: symbolic elements

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: conservation treatments, alter
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5
Giải thích: “resist conservation treatments that alter symbolic elements”

Câu 23: public access

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: balanced against
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “balanced against heritage preservation and public access principles”

Câu 24: NOT GIVEN

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Giải thích: Bài viết không đưa ra quan điểm rằng các tổ chức quốc tế “always” cải thiện quản lý. Thực tế, đoạn 6 nêu ra cả những phức tạp và phê bình về vai trò của họ.

Câu 25: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: private sector, commercialization
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “it raises concerns about commercialization and the potential prioritization of profit over preservation” – tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.

Câu 26: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: top-down directives, consensus-building
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Consensus-building processes, though time-consuming, tend to produce more sustainable outcomes than top-down directives” – tác giả cho rằng consensus-building hiệu quả hơn, trái ngược với câu phát biểu.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Palmyra’s Arch of Triumph
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
Giải thích: “critics question whether such reconstructions constitute genuine heritage or merely simulacra” – đặt câu hỏi về tính chân thực của các công trình tái dựng.

Câu 28: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Definition
Từ khóa: black box problem
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 7-8
Giải thích: “algorithmic recommendations whose internal logic may be opaque even to their developers—a phenomenon known as the ‘black box’ problem” – logic nội tại không rõ ràng, khó hiểu.

Câu 29: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Reason
Từ khóa: reversibility, nanotechnology
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: “How can reversibility be assessed for treatments that function at molecular and atomic scales?” – can thiệp ở cấp độ phân tử mà không thể nhìn thấy.

Câu 30: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: virtual reality, lack
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: “The phenomenological dimension of heritage—the sensory experience of being physically present…—is necessarily absent from virtual experiences.”

Câu 31: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – Purpose
Từ khóa: blockchain technology
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: “addresses challenges in provenance tracking and combating the illicit antiquities trade”

Câu 32: three-dimensional digital scanning / 3D digital scanning

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
Giải thích: “Three-dimensional digital scanning and photogrammetry” – công nghệ được nhắc đầu tiên về tài liệu hóa chính xác.

Câu 33: predictive conservation

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
Giải thích: “increasingly deployed for predictive conservation, analyzing environmental data”

Câu 34: technocratic decision-making

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5
Giải thích: “may be reduced to technocratic decision-making that prioritizes quantifiable metrics”

Câu 35: long-term consequences

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng cuối
Giải thích: “The long-term consequences of introducing synthetic nanoparticles into historic materials remain incompletely understood”

Câu 36: genetically modified bacteria

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2
Giải thích: “Researchers have developed genetically modified bacteria capable of producing calcite that can biomineralize and self-repair”

Câu 37: D (Virtual and augmented reality)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6-7
Giải thích: “creating a commodified, sanitized version of heritage that homogenizes diverse sites”

Câu 38: F (Blockchain technology)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “raises questions about data sovereignty and who controls the authoritative record”

Câu 39: E (Genetic modification and synthetic biology)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: “introduce living, potentially self-replicating agents…with inherently unpredictable long-term behavior”

Câu 40: G (Digital preservation systems)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: “Digital preservation itself faces challenges of format obsolescence…requires ongoing migration”

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
deterioration	n	/dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃən/	sự xuống cấp, hư hỏng	Natural deterioration caused by weather	structural deterioration, gradual deterioration
irreplaceable	adj	/ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbəl/	không thể thay thế	These irreplaceable treasures at risk	irreplaceable treasures, irreplaceable heritage
accelerate	v	/əkˈseləreɪt/	đẩy nhanh, tăng tốc	High humidity accelerates the decay	accelerate the process, accelerate deterioration
erosion	n	/ɪˈrəʊʒən/	sự xói mòn	Sandstorms cause erosion of stone	soil erosion, coastal erosion
fragile	adj	/ˈfrædʒaɪl/	mong manh, dễ vỡ	Physical wear on fragile structures	fragile ecosystem, fragile materials
implement	v	/ˈɪmplɪment/	thực hiện, triển khai	Implement strict visitor limits	implement policies, implement measures
inappropriate	adj	/ˌɪnəˈprəʊpriət/	không phù hợp	Tourists engage in inappropriate behavior	inappropriate behavior, inappropriate use
irreversible	adj	/ˌɪrɪˈvɜːsəbəl/	không thể đảo ngược	Cause irreversible damage	irreversible damage, irreversible change
proximity	n	/prɒkˈsɪməti/	sự gần gũi, lân cận	Proximity brings problems	close proximity, in proximity to
catastrophic	adj	/ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/	thảm khốc	Cause catastrophic damage	catastrophic consequences, catastrophic failure
constraint	n	/kənˈstreɪnt/	hạn chế, ràng buộc	Financial constraints limit efforts	budget constraints, time constraints
preservation	n	/ˌprezəˈveɪʃən/	sự bảo tồn	Balance preservation with accessibility	heritage preservation, preservation efforts

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
stakeholder	n	/ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)/	bên liên quan	Diverse stakeholders with distinct interests	key stakeholders, stakeholder engagement
competing agendas	phrase	/kəmˈpiːtɪŋ əˈdʒendəz/	những chương trình nghị sự cạnh tranh	These competing agendas create tensions	conflicting agendas, competing interests
governance	n	/ˈɡʌvənəns/	sự quản trị	Developing effective governance frameworks	good governance, governance structure
leverage	v	/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/	tận dụng, khai thác	Can be leveraged for diplomatic purposes	leverage resources, leverage influence
fragmented	adj	/ˈfræɡmentɪd/	bị chia cắt, rời rạc	Leading to fragmented decision-making	fragmented approach, fragmented system
authenticity	n	/ˌɔːθenˈtɪsəti/	tính xác thực	Maintaining authenticity and integrity	cultural authenticity, historical authenticity
marginalized	adj	/ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd/	bị gạt ra ngoài lề	Whose interests are frequently marginalized	marginalized communities, marginalized groups
ancestral	adj	/ænˈsestrəl/	thuộc về tổ tiên	Ancestral connections to sites	ancestral lands, ancestral heritage
resentment	n	/rɪˈzentmənt/	sự phẫn nộ, oán giận	Generate resentment and alienation	deep resentment, growing resentment
indigenous	adj	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/	bản địa, địa phương	Possessing indigenous knowledge	indigenous people, indigenous communities
intrinsic	adj	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/	nội tại, vốn có	Intrinsic motivation to preserve	intrinsic value, intrinsic quality
circular argument	phrase	/ˈsɜːkjələr ˈɑːɡjumənt/	luận điểm vòng vo	Creating a circular argument	fallacious argument, weak argument
paradigm	n	/ˈpærədaɪm/	mô hình, khuôn mẫu	Western conservation paradigms	paradigm shift, dominant paradigm
consensus-building	n	/kənˈsensəs ˈbɪldɪŋ/	xây dựng sự đồng thuận	Consensus-building processes	consensus-building approach, consensus-building efforts
transparent	adj	/trænsˈpærənt/	minh bạch, rõ ràng	Transparent communication	transparent process, transparent governance

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
dichotomy	n	/daɪˈkɒtəmi/	sự phân đôi, đối lập	The dichotomy between preserving authenticity	false dichotomy, sharp dichotomy
grapple with	v phrase	/ˈɡræpəl wɪð/	vật lộn với, đối mặt với	Compelling professionals to grapple with questions	grapple with issues, grapple with problems
photogrammetry	n	/ˌfəʊtəˈɡræmətri/	phép đo ảnh	Three-dimensional scanning and photogrammetry	aerial photogrammetry, digital photogrammetry
micrometric	adj	/ˌmaɪkrəʊˈmetrɪk/	thuộc về đo vi mô	Capture micrometric details	micrometric precision, micrometric accuracy
paradigmatic	adj	/ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk/	mang tính điển hình	The paradigmatic shift	paradigmatic example, paradigmatic change
simulacra	n	/ˌsɪmjuˈleɪkrə/	bản sao chép, hình ảnh giả	Merely simulacra devoid of authenticity	create simulacra, digital simulacra
algorithmic	adj	/ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/	thuộc về thuật toán	Algorithmic governance of conservation	algorithmic decision-making, algorithmic bias
diminution	n	/ˌdɪmɪˈnjuːʃən/	sự giảm sút, thu nhỏ	Diminution of human expertise	diminution of power, gradual diminution
epistemic	adj	/ˌepɪˈstiːmɪk/	nhận thức luận	The epistemic authority	epistemic value, epistemic uncertainty
supplanted	v	/səˈplɑːntɪd/	thay thế, chiếm chỗ	Risks being supplanted by algorithms	supplant traditional methods, supplant authority
nanotechnology	n	/ˌnænəʊtekˈnɒlədʒi/	công nghệ nano	Nanotechnology applications in conservation	advanced nanotechnology, nanotechnology research
consolidants	n	/kənˈsɒlɪdənts/	chất gia cố	Delivering consolidants that strengthen	chemical consolidants, stone consolidants
reversibility	n	/rɪˌvɜːsəˈbɪləti/	tính có thể đảo ngược	Raising questions about reversibility	treatment reversibility, ensure reversibility
reconstitute	v	/ˌriːˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/	tái tạo, phục hồi	Can reconstitute ruined sites	reconstitute heritage, reconstitute original form
phenomenological	adj	/fɪˌnɒmɪnəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/	hiện tượng học	The phenomenological dimension	phenomenological approach, phenomenological experience
commodified	adj	/kəˈmɒdɪfaɪd/	hàng hóa hóa	Creating a commodified version	commodified culture, commodified heritage
homogenizes	v	/həˈmɒdʒənaɪzɪz/	đồng nhất hóa	That homogenizes diverse sites	homogenize culture, homogenize experiences
biomineralize	v	/ˌbaɪəʊˈmɪnərəlaɪz/	khoáng hóa sinh học	Can biomineralize and self-repair	biomineralize structures, biomineralize materials
ramifications	n	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃənz/	hệ quả, tác động	The ecological ramifications	legal ramifications, political ramifications
provenance	n	/ˈprɒvənəns/	nguồn gốc, xuất xứ	Challenges in provenance tracking	establish provenance, verify provenance
sovereignty	n	/ˈsɒvrənti/	quyền tự chủ	Questions about data sovereignty	national sovereignty, cultural sovereignty
utilitarian	adj	/ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteəriən/	thực dụng, vị lợi	Utilitarian frameworks	utilitarian approach, utilitarian ethics
instrumentalizing	v	/ˌɪnstrəˈmentəlaɪzɪŋ/	công cụ hóa	Risks instrumentalizing heritage	instrumentalize culture, instrumentalize relationships
intergenerational	adj	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənəl/	liên thế hệ	Intergenerational equity considerations	intergenerational justice, intergenerational transfer
obsolescence	n	/ˌɒbsəˈlesəns/	sự lỗi thời	Challenges of format obsolescence	planned obsolescence, technological obsolescence
reflexive	adj	/rɪˈfleksɪv/	phản tư, tự soi xét	Requires reflexive practice	reflexive thinking, reflexive approach

Kết Bài

Chủ đề Challenges in managing cultural heritage sites là một trong những chủ đề phức tạp và đa chiều nhất trong IELTS Reading, đòi hỏi người học không chỉ có khả năng đọc hiểu từ vựng học thuật mà còn phải nắm được các khái niệm về bảo tồn văn hóa, quản trị di sản, và những mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa các bên liên quan.

Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0). Passage 1 giới thiệu các thách thức cơ bản như tác động của thiên nhiên và con người. Passage 2 đi sâu vào xung đột giữa các bên liên quan với từ vựng học thuật phức tạp hơn. Passage 3 khám phá những tiến bộ công nghệ và những tranh luận đạo đức sâu sắc với văn phong mang tính triết học cao.

Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng phổ biến nhất (Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Sentence Completion, Summary Completion, Matching Headings, Matching Features), bạn đã được rèn luyện toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết cho kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp đáp án đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase được sử dụng, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không chính xác. Điều này giúp bạn hiểu sâu về logic của đề thi IELTS và cải thiện kỹ năng làm bài một cách bài bản.

Hệ thống từ vựng được phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ thực tế và các collocations quan trọng sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật một cách có hệ thống. Hãy dành thời gian học kỹ những từ này vì chúng thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các bài thi IELTS Reading về chủ đề văn hóa, xã hội và môi trường.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, hãy luyện tập đề này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ từng câu trả lời sai, và chú ý đến kỹ thuật skimming và scanning. Hãy nhớ rằng IELTS Reading không chỉ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn đánh giá tốc độ xử lý thông tin và khả năng quản lý thời gian của bạn.

What are You Looking For?

IELTS Reading: Thách Thức Trong Quản Lý Di Sản Văn Hóa – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài