IELTS Reading: Thách Thức Quản Lý Tài Nguyên Nước Toàn Cầu - Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết » IELTS.NET

Giới Thiệu

Chủ đề quản lý tài nguyên nước toàn cầu là một trong những chủ đề xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, đặc biệt trong các bài thi gần đây. Với tình trạng khan hiếm nước ngày càng nghiêm trọng trên toàn thế giới, Cambridge và IDP thường chọn chủ đề này để đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật của thí sinh về các vấn đề môi trường đương đại.

Bài viết này cung cấp một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, từ band 5.0 đến 9.0, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi theo đúng format thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với nhiều dạng câu hỏi khác nhau như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion – tất cả đều dựa trên cấu trúc của các đề thi Cambridge IELTS chính thức.

Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết, giải thích rõ ràng về vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase, và lý do tại sao đáp án đó đúng. Ngoài ra, bạn sẽ được trang bị từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và cách sử dụng thực tế.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó thực tế của kỳ thi IELTS và phát triển kỹ năng làm bài một cách bài bản, hiệu quả.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi đơn giản)
Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần phân tích)
Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, yêu cầu suy luận)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn phải tự quản lý thời gian và chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet trong 60 phút. Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ 3-4 lựa chọn
True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

Với chủ đề về thách thức trong quản lý tài nguyên nước toàn cầu, việc nhận biết các vấn đề liên quan đến biến đổi khí hậu cũng rất quan trọng, điều này có điểm tương đồng với biến đổi khí hậu và thảm họa thiên nhiên khi cả hai đều ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên của chúng ta.

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Water Scarcity: A Growing Global Concern

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Water is essential for life, yet billions of people around the world face water scarcity on a daily basis. According to the United Nations, approximately 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, and this number is expected to rise dramatically in the coming decades. The issue of water scarcity is not limited to developing nations; even affluent countries experience seasonal shortages and distribution challenges.

The primary causes of water scarcity can be divided into two categories: physical scarcity and economic scarcity. Physical scarcity occurs when there is simply not enough water to meet demand, typically in arid regions such as parts of the Middle East and North Africa. These areas receive minimal rainfall and have limited freshwater resources. Economic scarcity, on the other hand, happens when water is available but infrastructure or financial resources are insufficient to provide clean water to the population. Many sub-Saharan African countries face this type of scarcity despite having adequate water sources.

Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity issues globally. Rising temperatures lead to increased evaporation rates from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, reducing the amount of available water. Additionally, changing precipitation patterns mean that some regions receive less rainfall while others experience more intense but less frequent storms. Glaciers and snowpack, which serve as natural water storage systems for millions of people, are melting at unprecedented rates. In the Himalayas, for example, glacial melt threatens the water security of over a billion people who depend on rivers fed by these ice reserves.

Population growth and urbanization place additional pressure on water resources. As cities expand, demand for water increases not only for domestic use but also for industrial and commercial purposes. Agriculture remains the largest consumer of freshwater globally, accounting for approximately 70% of total water withdrawals. Traditional irrigation methods are often inefficient, with significant amounts of water lost through evaporation and runoff before reaching crops. Modern techniques such as drip irrigation can reduce water usage by up to 60%, but adoption rates remain low in many agricultural regions.

Water quality is another critical aspect of the global water crisis. Pollution from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, and inadequate sewage treatment contaminates water sources, making them unsafe for human consumption. In many developing countries, waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery remain major health threats. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to water contamination, as demonstrated by recent crises in several cities where lead pipes poisoned drinking water supplies.

International cooperation is essential for managing transboundary water resources – rivers, lakes, and aquifers that cross national borders. Approximately 60% of the world’s freshwater flows across international boundaries, and disputes over water rights can lead to political tensions. The Nile River, shared by eleven countries, has been a source of diplomatic conflict for decades, particularly regarding Ethiopia’s construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Successful water-sharing agreements require all parties to recognize water as a shared resource rather than an exclusive national asset.

Solutions to water scarcity must address both supply and demand. On the supply side, technologies such as desalination can convert seawater into freshwater, though the process is energy-intensive and expensive. Wastewater recycling and rainwater harvesting offer more sustainable alternatives. Singapore has become a world leader in water recycling, treating sewage to produce high-quality water known as NEWater. On the demand side, water conservation measures, pricing policies that reflect the true cost of water, and public education campaigns can reduce consumption. Israel has achieved remarkable results through a combination of advanced irrigation technology, leak detection systems, and public awareness programs.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

According to the passage, water scarcity affects:
A. Only developing countries
B. Primarily arid regions
C. Both wealthy and poor nations
D. Countries with small populations
Physical water scarcity is characterized by:
A. Lack of financial resources
B. Insufficient water to meet needs
C. Poor infrastructure
D. Contaminated water sources
The passage states that agriculture uses what percentage of global freshwater withdrawals?
A. 50%
B. 60%
C. 70%
D. 80%
What does the passage say about desalination?
A. It is the most cost-effective solution
B. It requires significant energy
C. It is widely used globally
D. It produces poor-quality water
Singapore’s NEWater is an example of:
A. Desalination technology
B. Rainwater harvesting
C. Wastewater recycling
D. Groundwater extraction

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Economic water scarcity means there is no water available in the region.
Climate change is causing glaciers in the Himalayas to melt faster than before.
Drip irrigation can decrease agricultural water use by more than half.
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project has been completed.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Changing _____ mean some areas get less rain while others have more extreme storms.
Rivers and lakes that cross national borders are called _____ water resources.
_____ from old pipes contaminated drinking water in some cities.
Israel’s success includes advanced irrigation and _____ systems to prevent water loss.

PASSAGE 2 – Innovative Approaches to Water Management

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

As the global water crisis intensifies, governments, corporations, and communities are increasingly turning to innovative technological solutions and policy frameworks to ensure water security. These approaches range from cutting-edge engineering projects to grassroots community initiatives, each addressing different aspects of the multifaceted challenge that water scarcity presents. The success of these interventions often depends on their ability to balance economic viability, environmental sustainability, and social equity.

One of the most promising developments in water management is the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to optimize water distribution networks. Cities such as Barcelona and Amsterdam have implemented smart water systems that use sensors and predictive algorithms to detect leaks, monitor consumption patterns, and adjust water pressure in real-time. These systems can identify problems before they become critical, reducing water loss from aging infrastructure by up to 40%. The data collected also enables water utilities to make informed decisions about where to invest in infrastructure upgrades and maintenance. While the initial investment in smart water technology is substantial, the long-term cost savings from reduced water loss and improved operational efficiency typically justify the expense within a few years.

Nature-based solutions represent another paradigm shift in water management, moving away from purely engineered approaches toward methods that work with natural processes. Constructed wetlands, for instance, can treat wastewater while providing habitat for wildlife and recreational opportunities for communities. These systems use natural biological processes – including bacterial decomposition and plant uptake – to remove pollutants from water, often at a fraction of the cost of conventional treatment plants. In China, the “sponge city” initiative encourages urban areas to incorporate permeable surfaces, green roofs, and retention ponds that absorb rainwater rather than allowing it to run off into drainage systems. This approach reduces flooding, replenishes groundwater, and decreases the demand on municipal water supplies.

The concept of virtual water has emerged as an important tool for understanding and managing water resources from a global perspective. Virtual water refers to the water used to produce goods and services, particularly food, that are then traded internationally. A kilogram of beef, for example, requires approximately 15,000 liters of water for production, considering the water needed to grow feed crops and hydrate the animal throughout its life. When water-scarce countries import food rather than growing it domestically, they are effectively importing the water that would have been required for domestic production. This international trade in virtual water can be seen as a form of water transfer from water-rich to water-poor regions, though critics argue it can also lead to environmental degradation in exporting countries if not managed sustainably.

Tương tự như công nghệ năng lượng tái tạo đang thúc đẩy đổi mới trong ngành năng lượng, những tiến bộ công nghệ trong quản lý nước cũng đang mang lại những giải pháp đột phá cho các thách thức toàn cầu.

Participatory water management, which involves local communities in decision-making processes, has proven effective in many contexts, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. Traditional top-down approaches often failed because they did not account for local knowledge, needs, and cultural practices. In contrast, community-based management systems empower users to develop rules for water allocation, maintain infrastructure, and resolve conflicts. The catchment management approach in South Africa, for instance, brings together representatives from government, industry, agriculture, and local communities to make decisions about water use within specific watersheds. This inclusive model ensures that various stakeholders’ interests are considered and increases compliance with water management regulations.

The pricing of water remains one of the most contentious issues in water management policy. Economists argue that water should be priced to reflect its true scarcity value and the cost of supplying it, which would encourage conservation and efficient use. However, social justice advocates emphasize that water is a fundamental human right and that high prices could prevent poor people from accessing adequate supplies. Some cities have adopted tiered pricing structures where basic consumption is charged at low rates to ensure affordability, while higher consumption levels are charged at progressively higher rates to discourage waste. This approach attempts to balance economic efficiency with social concerns, though determining appropriate threshold levels for different tiers remains challenging.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in water services have generated considerable debate. Proponents argue that private sector involvement brings capital investment, technical expertise, and operational efficiency that cash-strapped governments cannot provide. Critics contend that privatization prioritizes profit over public welfare, potentially leading to price increases and reduced access for the poor. The evidence from various PPP experiences worldwide is mixed. Some partnerships, such as in Manila, Philippines, have successfully expanded water access and improved service quality. Others, like the controversial privatization in Cochabamba, Bolivia, sparked public protests and were eventually reversed. The outcomes appear to depend heavily on the specific contractual arrangements, regulatory frameworks, and level of government oversight.

Advances in membrane technology are making water treatment more efficient and affordable. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration membranes can remove contaminants ranging from dissolved salts to bacteria and viruses. While these technologies were once prohibitively expensive for many applications, manufacturing improvements have reduced costs significantly. Portable water treatment units using membrane technology can now provide safe drinking water in emergency situations and remote areas without reliable municipal supplies. Research continues into biomimetic membranes inspired by biological filtration systems, which promise even greater efficiency and lower energy requirements.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Smart water systems in Barcelona and Amsterdam have completely eliminated water loss from infrastructure.
Nature-based solutions for water management are more cost-effective than traditional engineered approaches.
The virtual water concept helps us understand global water resource management better.
Top-down water management approaches are always superior to community-based systems.
Public-private partnerships in water services consistently deliver better outcomes than public management.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The debate over water commodification
ii. Technological innovations in urban water networks
iii. Working with nature rather than against it
iv. The hidden water in international commerce
v. Giving communities control over their water
vi. Mixed results from private sector involvement
vii. New filtering technologies reduce treatment costs
viii. Traditional methods versus modern solutions
ix. Government subsidies for water projects

Paragraph A (first paragraph)
Paragraph C (third paragraph)
Paragraph E (fifth paragraph)
Paragraph F (sixth paragraph)
Paragraph G (seventh paragraph)

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

China’s “sponge city” initiative uses permeable surfaces and other features to absorb rainwater. This approach helps reduce flooding and 24. _____, while also decreasing pressure on city water supplies. The sponge city concept is an example of 25. _____ that work with natural processes. These methods can often 26. _____ at lower cost than conventional treatment facilities.

PASSAGE 3 – The Geopolitics of Water: Conflict, Cooperation, and Future Scenarios

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The notion that water scarcity will catalyze geopolitical conflicts in the twenty-first century has gained considerable traction among policymakers, security analysts, and academics. Former United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s assertion that “the next war in the Middle East will be fought over water, not politics” encapsulates a perspective that views freshwater resources through a strategic lens, positioning them as potential casus belli in an increasingly resource-constrained world. However, this deterministic narrative of “water wars” oversimplifies the complex interplay between hydropolitics, institutional frameworks, and socio-economic dynamics that characterize transboundary water management. A more nuanced analysis reveals that while water stress certainly exacerbates tensions and can contribute to state fragility, cooperation over shared water resources has historically been more common than violent conflict.

The academic discourse on water and conflict has evolved considerably over recent decades. Early neo-Malthusian perspectives emphasized resource scarcity as an independent variable driving conflict, suggesting that diminishing water availability would inevitably lead to zero-sum competition among states and communities. This reductionist approach has been challenged by scholars who emphasize the role of institutional capacity, adaptive management, and benefit-sharing mechanisms in preventing or resolving water disputes. The Transboundary Waters Interaction NexuS (TWINS) database, maintained by Oregon State University, documents that between 1948 and 2008, cooperative water-related interactions outnumbered conflicts by more than two to one. Most conflicts, moreover, remained at the level of verbal hostility rather than military action. This empirical evidence suggests that even in water-stressed regions, states generally recognize the mutual benefits of cooperation and the catastrophic costs that would attend armed conflict over water resources.

Nevertheless, certain hydrogeological and geopolitical configurations create particularly challenging situations for water governance. Upstream-downstream asymmetries in transboundary river basins can generate power imbalances, as upstream states possess the physical capacity to control water flows that downstream nations depend upon. The Mekong River basin exemplifies this dynamic: China’s construction of multiple dams in the upper reaches of the river has raised concerns in downstream countries – Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – about reduced flow volumes, altered sediment transport, and impacts on fisheries and agricultural productivity. The absence of a comprehensive basin-wide treaty that includes China, which controls the headwaters, limits the effectiveness of the Mekong River Commission in mediating these concerns. This case illustrates how institutional voids or asymmetric participation in governance structures can perpetuate vulnerability and interstate tensions.

Quản lý tài nguyên nước xuyên biên giới và thách thức hợp tác quốc tế tại lưu vực sông Mekong

The concept of “hydro-hegemony” provides a useful analytical framework for understanding power relations in transboundary water systems. Developed by researchers at the London Water Research Group, this framework examines how powerful riparian states can secure outcomes that favor their interests through various forms of power: coercive (military threats or economic sanctions), bargaining (negotiating from positions of strength), and ideational (shaping norms and discourse about water rights). Turkey’s development of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), involving 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric plants on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, demonstrates hydro-hegemonic behavior. Despite significant concerns from downstream Syria and Iraq about reduced water quantity and quality, Turkey has rejected Syria and Iraq’s requests to establish a formal water-sharing agreement, instead offering only to maintain minimum flow levels that critics argue are inadequate.

Climate change introduces additional complexity and uncertainty into transboundary water governance. Hydrological variability is increasing, with more frequent and severe droughts and floods disrupting established water availability patterns. Glacier-dependent river systems in South Asia, Central Asia, and the Andean region face long-term flow reductions as glacial reserves diminish. These changes can destabilize existing agreements based on historical flow data that no longer accurately predict future water availability. Furthermore, climate-induced changes in water availability can trigger displacement and migration, creating humanitarian crises and potentially contributing to regional instability. The linkages between climate change and displacement have become increasingly evident, paralleling những ảnh hưởng xã hội của di dân do khí hậu mà nhiều khu vực đang phải đối mặt.

Benefit-sharing approaches represent a promising paradigm for transboundary water cooperation, shifting focus from dividing water quantities to sharing the benefits derived from water resources. This approach recognizes that water can generate multiple types of benefits – economic (hydropower, navigation, irrigation), environmental (ecosystem services), social (food security, health), and political (regional cooperation, peace dividends) – and that creative arrangements can generate positive-sum outcomes where all parties gain. The Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS), involving Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal, exemplifies this approach. Rather than allocating specific water quantities to each country, the organization develops joint infrastructure projects and equitably distributes the resulting benefits, including hydroelectric power and improved flood control. This cooperative framework has persisted for over four decades despite political instabilities within member states.

The nexus approach to water management has gained prominence as a holistic framework that addresses interconnections between water, energy, and food security. This perspective recognizes that decisions in one sector invariably affect the others: agricultural expansion increases food production but requires more water and energy for irrigation; hydropower development generates renewable energy but alters river flows needed for irrigation and ecosystems; biofuel production may reduce fossil fuel dependence but intensifies competition for both water and agricultural land. Integrated nexus planning can identify synergies and trade-offs among sectors, enabling more efficient resource use and reducing inadvertent negative consequences. However, implementing nexus approaches requires overcoming significant institutional barriers, as water, energy, and agriculture typically fall under separate governmental ministries with distinct mandates, budgets, and constituencies.

Looking toward future scenarios, several factors will shape the trajectory of global water security and associated geopolitical dynamics. Technological innovations – including more efficient desalination, advanced water recycling, and precision agriculture – can expand available water resources and improve water use efficiency. Simultaneously, continued population growth, rising living standards, and economic development will increase water demand. The balance between these countervailing forces will determine whether water scarcity intensifies or moderates. Critically, governance quality – the effectiveness of institutions, the inclusiveness of decision-making processes, and the accountability of water managers – may prove more decisive than physical water availability in determining outcomes. Regions with strong, adaptive governance structures are better positioned to navigate water challenges, while those with weak institutions remain vulnerable to crises even with adequate water resources.

The path forward requires a multifaceted strategy that addresses both the supply and demand dimensions of water security while strengthening the institutional architecture for water governance at local, national, and international scales. This includes investments in infrastructure – both grey (built) and green (nature-based) – to enhance water storage, distribution, and treatment. It demands pricing and regulatory reforms that incentivize water conservation and efficient allocation across sectors. Crucially, it necessitates sustained diplomatic engagement to develop and implement equitable arrangements for managing transboundary waters. While the specter of water wars captures public imagination, the historical record and contemporary experiences demonstrate that cooperation over shared water resources, though challenging, represents the dominant and most rational response to water scarcity.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

According to the passage, the “water wars” narrative is:
A. Completely accurate based on historical evidence
B. An oversimplified view of water-related geopolitics
C. Supported by most contemporary academics
D. The primary cause of Middle Eastern conflicts
The TWINS database shows that between 1948 and 2008:
A. Water conflicts were twice as common as cooperation
B. Most water conflicts resulted in military action
C. Cooperative interactions exceeded conflicts by a ratio of 2:1
D. No water-related conflicts occurred
What does the passage say about China’s role in the Mekong River basin?
A. China is an active member of the Mekong River Commission
B. China’s dams have no impact on downstream countries
C. China controls the headwaters but is not party to the comprehensive treaty
D. China has signed water-sharing agreements with all downstream nations
The “hydro-hegemony” framework examines:
A. Only military power in water disputes
B. How powerful states secure favorable outcomes through various forms of power
C. Equal power distribution among riparian states
D. The economic benefits of water sharing
According to the passage, which factor may be most important for water security outcomes?
A. Physical water availability
B. Population size
C. Technological advancement
D. Governance quality

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each organization or project (32-36) with the correct description (A-H) from the box below.

Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)
Mekong River Commission
Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS)
Transboundary Waters Interaction NexuS (TWINS)
London Water Research Group

Descriptions:
A. Maintains a database documenting international water-related interactions
B. Develops the concept of hydro-hegemony
C. Turkish infrastructure project affecting downstream countries
D. Organization promoting joint benefits rather than water quantity division
E. Basin-wide governance structure lacking upstream participation
F. Provides funding for water infrastructure projects
G. International court resolving water disputes
H. Regional desalination facility in the Middle East

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

What type of agricultural practice mentioned in the passage can reduce water demand in the food sector?
According to the nexus approach, what three areas are interconnected with water management?
What kind of governance structures help regions better navigate water challenges?
What two types of infrastructure does the passage mention for enhancing water management?

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

C
B
C
B
C
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
NOT GIVEN
precipitation patterns
transboundary
Lead pipes
leak detection

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

NO
YES
YES
NO
NOT GIVEN
ii
iv
v
i
vii
replenishes groundwater
nature-based solutions
treat wastewater

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

B
C
C
B
D
C
E
D
A
B
precision agriculture
energy and food
strong, adaptive governance / adaptive governance structures
grey and green / built and nature-based

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: water scarcity affects
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “The issue of water scarcity is not limited to developing nations; even affluent countries experience seasonal shortages”. Điều này được paraphrase thành “both wealthy and poor nations” trong đáp án C. Các đáp án khác chỉ đề cập một phần nhỏ.

Câu 2: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: Physical water scarcity, characterized by
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “Physical scarcity occurs when there is simply not enough water to meet demand”. “Not enough water” = “Insufficient water” trong đáp án B.

Câu 3: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (số liệu cụ thể)
Từ khóa: agriculture, percentage, global freshwater withdrawals
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “Agriculture remains the largest consumer of freshwater globally, accounting for approximately 70%”.

Câu 6: FALSE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: Economic water scarcity, no water available
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Economic scarcity… happens when water is available but infrastructure or financial resources are insufficient”. “Water is available” mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với “no water available” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: TRUE

Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
Từ khóa: climate change, glaciers, Himalayas, melt faster
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “Glaciers and snowpack… are melting at unprecedented rates. In the Himalayas, for example, glacial melt threatens…”. “Unprecedented rates” = “faster than before”.

Câu 10: precipitation patterns

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: changing, less rain, extreme storms
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “changing precipitation patterns mean that some regions receive less rainfall while others experience more intense but less frequent storms” khớp chính xác với câu hỏi.

Câu 13: leak detection

Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
Từ khóa: Israel, advanced irrigation, prevent water loss
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “Israel has achieved remarkable results through a combination of advanced irrigation technology, leak detection systems, and public awareness programs”.

Công nghệ quản lý nước thông minh và hệ thống phát hiện rò rỉ giúp tiết kiệm tài nguyên nước

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: smart water systems, Barcelona, Amsterdam, completely eliminated water loss
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: Bài viết nói “reducing water loss from aging infrastructure by up to 40%”, không phải “completely eliminated”. Đây là mâu thuẫn rõ ràng với quan điểm tác giả.

Câu 15: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: nature-based solutions, more cost-effective, traditional engineered approaches
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-5
Giải thích: Tác giả viết “often at a fraction of the cost of conventional treatment plants”, thể hiện rõ quan điểm ủng hộ tính hiệu quả chi phí của nature-based solutions.

Câu 16: YES

Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
Từ khóa: virtual water concept, understand, global water resource management
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
Giải thích: Tác giả nhận định “The concept of virtual water has emerged as an important tool for understanding and managing water resources from a global perspective”, cho thấy sự đánh giá tích cực.

Câu 19: ii (Technological innovations in urban water networks)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Vị trí: Đoạn A (paragraph 2 trong passage)
Giải thích: Đoạn văn tập trung vào AI, machine learning, smart water systems ở Barcelona và Amsterdam – tất cả là công nghệ đổi mới trong mạng lưới nước đô thị.

Câu 20: iv (The hidden water in international commerce)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
Vị trí: Đoạn C (paragraph 4)
Giải thích: Đoạn này giải thích khái niệm “virtual water” – nước ẩn trong các sản phẩm được giao dịch quốc tế, như nước cần thiết để sản xuất thịt bò.

Câu 24: replenishes groundwater

Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
Từ khóa: sponge city, reduce flooding
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “This approach reduces flooding, replenishes groundwater, and decreases the demand on municipal water supplies”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: water wars narrative
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Tác giả viết “this deterministic narrative of ‘water wars’ oversimplifies the complex interplay” và “A more nuanced analysis reveals…” cho thấy narrative này là oversimplified (đơn giản hóa quá mức).

Câu 28: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (dữ liệu cụ thể)
Từ khóa: TWINS database, 1948-2008
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
Giải thích: Bài viết nêu rõ “cooperative water-related interactions outnumbered conflicts by more than two to one”, tương ứng với tỷ lệ 2:1 trong đáp án C.

Câu 29: C

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: China, Mekong River basin
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ ra “The absence of a comprehensive basin-wide treaty that includes China, which controls the headwaters” – China kiểm soát nguồn nước nhưng không tham gia hiệp ước toàn diện.

Câu 31: D

Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
Từ khóa: most important factor, water security outcomes
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Tác giả nhấn mạnh “governance quality… may prove more decisive than physical water availability in determining outcomes”, cho thấy governance quality là yếu tố quan trọng nhất.

Câu 32: C (Turkish infrastructure project affecting downstream countries)

Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả GAP là dự án của Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ với 22 đập và 19 nhà máy thủy điện, ảnh hưởng đến Syria và Iraq ở hạ lưu.

Câu 37: precision agriculture

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: agricultural practice, reduce water demand, food sector
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
Giải thích: Trong danh sách các công nghệ đổi mới, tác giả đề cập “precision agriculture” có thể cải thiện hiệu quả sử dụng nước.

Câu 38: energy and food

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: nexus approach, three areas interconnected
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1
Giải thích: Câu đầu đoạn 7 nêu rõ “The nexus approach to water management… addresses interconnections between water, energy, and food security”. Câu hỏi đã có “water” nên cần trả lời hai yếu tố còn lại.

Câu 40: grey and green / built and nature-based

Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
Từ khóa: two types of infrastructure, enhancing water management
Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2-3
Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “investments in infrastructure – both grey (built) and green (nature-based)” – hai loại cơ sở hạ tầng được đối chiếu rõ ràng.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
water scarcity	n	/ˈwɔːtə ˈskeəsəti/	sự khan hiếm nước	Billions of people face water scarcity daily	water scarcity crisis, address water scarcity
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng	Infrastructure is insufficient to provide clean water	build infrastructure, aging infrastructure
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng thêm	Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity	exacerbate the problem, exacerbate tensions
evaporation	n	/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/	sự bốc hơi	Rising temperatures lead to increased evaporation rates	reduce evaporation, evaporation loss
precipitation	n	/prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn/	lượng mưa	Changing precipitation patterns affect water supply	annual precipitation, precipitation levels
urbanization	n	/ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/	đô thị hóa	Urbanization places pressure on water resources	rapid urbanization, urbanization trend
irrigation	n	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	sự tưới tiêu	Traditional irrigation methods are inefficient	drip irrigation, irrigation system
transboundary	adj	/trænzˈbaʊndri/	xuyên biên giới	60% of freshwater flows across transboundary rivers	transboundary waters, transboundary cooperation
desalination	n	/diːˌsælɪˈneɪʃn/	khử muối (nước biển)	Desalination can convert seawater into freshwater	desalination plant, desalination technology
wastewater	n	/ˈweɪstˌwɔːtə/	nước thải	Singapore treats sewage through wastewater recycling	wastewater treatment, wastewater management
aquifer	n	/ˈækwɪfə/	tầng chứa nước ngầm	Rivers, lakes, and aquifers cross national borders	groundwater aquifer, deplete aquifers
conservation	n	/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/	sự bảo tồn	Water conservation measures can reduce consumption	water conservation, conservation efforts

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
artificial intelligence	n	/ˌɑːtɪfɪʃl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/	trí tuệ nhân tạo	AI optimizes water distribution networks	apply AI, AI technology
predictive algorithm	n	/prɪˈdɪktɪv ˈælɡərɪðəm/	thuật toán dự đoán	Systems use predictive algorithms to detect leaks	develop algorithms, algorithm-based
paradigm shift	n	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự chuyển đổi mô hình	Nature-based solutions represent a paradigm shift	undergo paradigm shift, major paradigm shift
constructed wetland	n	/kənˈstrʌktɪd ˈwetlənd/	đất ngập nước nhân tạo	Constructed wetlands can treat wastewater	create wetlands, wetland system
permeable surface	n	/ˈpɜːmiəbl ˈsɜːfɪs/	bề mặt thấm nước	Sponge cities incorporate permeable surfaces	install permeable surfaces, permeable pavement
virtual water	n	/ˈvɜːtʃuəl ˈwɔːtə/	nước ảo	Virtual water refers to water used to produce goods	virtual water trade, virtual water content
participatory	adj	/pɑːˈtɪsɪpətri/	có sự tham gia	Participatory water management involves communities	participatory approach, participatory decision-making
watershed	n	/ˈwɔːtəʃed/	lưu vực sông	Decisions are made about water use within watersheds	manage watersheds, watershed protection
tiered pricing	n	/tɪəd ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá theo bậc	Cities adopt tiered pricing structures	implement tiered pricing, tiered pricing system
public-private partnership	n	/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpraɪvət ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/	đối tác công tư	PPPs in water services generate debate	establish PPP, PPP model
membrane technology	n	/ˈmembreɪn tekˈnɒlədʒi/	công nghệ màng lọc	Advances in membrane technology improve treatment	develop membrane technology, membrane filtration
reverse osmosis	n	/rɪˈvɜːs ɒzˈməʊsɪs/	thẩm thấu ngược	Reverse osmosis can remove dissolved salts	reverse osmosis system, reverse osmosis plant
contaminant	n	/kənˈtæmɪnənt/	chất gây ô nhiễm	Membranes remove contaminants from water	remove contaminants, water contaminants
operational efficiency	n	/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl ɪˈfɪʃnsi/	hiệu quả vận hành	Private sector brings operational efficiency	improve operational efficiency, operational efficiency gains
replenish	v	/rɪˈplenɪʃ/	bổ sung, làm đầy lại	Sponge cities replenish groundwater	replenish resources, replenish supplies

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
geopolitical	adj	/ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/	thuộc địa chính trị	Water scarcity will catalyze geopolitical conflicts	geopolitical tensions, geopolitical implications
casus belli	n	/ˈkeɪsəs ˈbeli/	lý do chiến tranh	Water positioned as potential casus belli	provide casus belli, constitute casus belli
deterministic	adj	/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈnɪstɪk/	mang tính quyết định	The deterministic narrative of water wars	deterministic approach, deterministic view
hydropolitics	n	/ˌhaɪdrəʊˈpɒlətɪks/	chính trị nguồn nước	Complex interplay of hydropolitics	study hydropolitics, hydropolitics dynamics
neo-Malthusian	adj	/ˌniːəʊ mælˈθjuːziən/	thuộc thuyết tân Malthus	Neo-Malthusian perspectives emphasize scarcity	neo-Malthusian theory, neo-Malthusian approach
zero-sum	adj	/ˌzɪərəʊ ˈsʌm/	tổng bằng không	Diminishing water leads to zero-sum competition	zero-sum game, zero-sum mentality
transboundary	adj	/trænzˈbaʊndri/	xuyên biên giới	Managing transboundary water resources	transboundary river, transboundary cooperation
upstream-downstream	adj	/ˈʌpstriːm ˈdaʊnstriːm/	thượng lưu-hạ lưu	Upstream-downstream asymmetries create challenges	upstream-downstream relations, upstream-downstream dynamics
hydrogeological	adj	/ˌhaɪdrəʊˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc thủy địa chất	Certain hydrogeological configurations are challenging	hydrogeological conditions, hydrogeological study
riparian state	n	/raɪˈpeəriən steɪt/	quốc gia ven sông	Powerful riparian states secure favorable outcomes	riparian state rights, riparian state agreement
hydro-hegemony	n	/ˈhaɪdrəʊ hɪˈdʒeməni/	bá quyền nguồn nước	Hydro-hegemony examines power relations	establish hydro-hegemony, hydro-hegemony framework
ideational power	n	/ˌaɪdiˈeɪʃənl ˈpaʊə/	quyền lực tư tưởng	Ideational power shapes norms about water rights	exercise ideational power, ideational power dynamics
hydrological variability	n	/ˌhaɪdrəˈlɒdʒɪkl ˌveəriəˈbɪləti/	biến động thủy văn	Hydrological variability is increasing	reduce variability, variability patterns
benefit-sharing	n	/ˈbenɪfɪt ˈʃeərɪŋ/	chia sẻ lợi ích	Benefit-sharing approaches shift focus from dividing water	benefit-sharing mechanism, benefit-sharing arrangement
nexus approach	n	/ˈneksəs əˈprəʊtʃ/	phương pháp liên kết	Nexus approach addresses water-energy-food connections	adopt nexus approach, nexus approach framework
ecosystem services	n	/ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/	dịch vụ hệ sinh thái	Water generates environmental ecosystem services	provide ecosystem services, ecosystem services value
positive-sum	adj	/ˈpɒzətɪv sʌm/	tổng dương (đôi bên cùng có lợi)	Creative arrangements generate positive-sum outcomes	positive-sum solution, positive-sum game
inadvertent	adj	/ˌɪnədˈvɜːtnt/	vô tình, không cố ý	Reduce inadvertent negative consequences	inadvertent effects, inadvertent impact
countervailing	adj	/ˌkaʊntəˈveɪlɪŋ/	đối trọng, cân bằng	Balance between countervailing forces	countervailing power, countervailing factors
adaptive governance	n	/əˈdæptɪv ˈɡʌvənəns/	quản trị thích ứng	Regions with adaptive governance are better positioned	strengthen adaptive governance, adaptive governance structure

Hợp tác quốc tế trong quản lý tài nguyên nước xuyên biên giới và giải pháp chia sẻ lợi ích

Kết Luận

Đề thi IELTS Reading mẫu về chủ đề “Challenges In Managing Global Water Resources” đã cung cấp cho bạn một bài luyện tập toàn diện với đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi theo đúng cấu trúc kỳ thi thực tế. Ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ band 5.0 đến 9.0 giúp bạn làm quen với các dạng bài từ cơ bản đến nâng cao, phản ánh chính xác những gì bạn sẽ gặp trong phòng thi.

Chủ đề quản lý tài nguyên nước không chỉ xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading mà còn liên quan chặt chẽ đến nhiều vấn đề toàn cầu khác. Để mở rộng kiến thức và nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu, bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về chuyển đổi năng lượng toàn cầu và sự chuyển hướng bền vững cũng như những đổi mới năng lượng tái tạo trong việc chống biến đổi khí hậu – những chủ đề có mối liên hệ mật thiết với quản lý nguồn nước.

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Hãy luyện tập đề thi này nhiều lần, phân tích kỹ những câu bạn làm sai, và áp dụng các chiến lược làm bài đã học. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong phần IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn ôn thi hiệu quả và thành công!

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