IELTS Reading: Cultural Impacts of Global Trade – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Thương mại toàn cầu không chỉ mang lại những thay đổi về kinh tế mà còn tạo ra những tác động văn hóa sâu rộng đến các quốc gia và cộng đồng trên toàn thế giới. Chủ đề “Cultural Impacts Of Global Trade” thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading với tần suất cao, đặc biệt trong các đề thi gần đây từ Cambridge IELTS 14 trở đi. Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, giúp bạn làm quen với các dạng câu hỏi thực tế về chủ đề này.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm: một đề thi đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với độ khó tăng dần phù hợp với cấu trúc thi thật; đa dạng các dạng câu hỏi từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given đến Matching Headings; đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và cách paraphrase; bộ từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage. Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu học thuật và làm quen với áp lực thời gian như khi thi thật.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thông báo giữa các passages. Hãy dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án lên Answer Sheet.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
7. Sentence Endings – Hoàn thành câu

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IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Silk Road: Ancient Highway of Cultural Exchange

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The Silk Road was not a single road but rather a network of trade routes connecting the East and West, stretching from China to the Mediterranean Sea. Established during the Han Dynasty around 130 BCE, this ancient trading system facilitated not only the exchange of goods such as silk, spices, and precious metals, but also became a conduit for cultural transmission between different civilizations. The impact of this trade network on human culture was profound and long-lasting, shaping societies in ways that extend far beyond simple commercial transactions.

Chinese silk was the most sought-after commodity along these routes, giving the network its name. However, the cultural exchanges that occurred were arguably more significant than the material goods transported. Buddhist monks traveled from India to China, bringing their religion and philosophical ideas with them. This spiritual migration transformed Chinese society, as Buddhism became one of the dominant religions in East Asia. Similarly, papermaking technology, invented in China, spread westward along the Silk Road, revolutionizing how information was recorded and shared across different cultures.

The architectural styles of buildings along the Silk Road demonstrate clear evidence of cross-cultural influence. In cities like Samarkand and Bukhara, now in modern-day Uzbekistan, we can observe a fascinating blend of Chinese, Persian, and Islamic design elements. These cities served as major trading hubs where merchants from various backgrounds would meet, and their interaction naturally led to the fusion of artistic traditions. The distinctive domes and intricate tile work found in these regions show how aesthetic preferences from different cultures were integrated into new, unique architectural forms.

Language was another area profoundly affected by Silk Road trade. Many words in European languages have origins in Asian languages, and vice versa. For instance, the English word “orange” can be traced back through Arabic and Persian to the Sanskrit word “naranga.” This linguistic borrowing occurred as traders needed to communicate about new products and concepts they encountered. Over time, these loan words became permanently embedded in local languages, serving as linguistic evidence of historical cultural contact.

Food culture also experienced dramatic transformations due to Silk Road commerce. Spices from India, such as pepper and cinnamon, became highly valued in European cuisine, fundamentally changing how people prepared and enjoyed food. Chinese culinary techniques influenced Persian cooking, which in turn affected Turkish and European cuisines. The spread of agricultural products like rice, wheat varieties, and various fruits along the trade routes enriched the diets of people across continents and led to new farming practices being adopted in diverse geographical regions.

The artistic traditions that developed along the Silk Road show remarkable syncretism – the blending of different cultural elements into new forms. Persian miniature paintings, for example, incorporated Chinese techniques of landscape representation and figure drawing. Musical instruments traveled along the routes, with the Chinese pipa (a stringed instrument) deriving from the Persian barbat. These artistic exchanges created a rich tapestry of shared cultural heritage that connected distant civilizations.

However, the Silk Road also facilitated less positive exchanges. Diseases such as the bubonic plague traveled along trade routes, causing devastating epidemics in both Asia and Europe. The Black Death of the 14th century, which killed millions, is believed to have spread from Central Asia to Europe via Silk Road trading networks. This tragic aspect reminds us that increased connectivity between societies brings both benefits and risks.

The legacy of the Silk Road continues to influence modern global culture. The concept of cultural diversity as a source of enrichment rather than conflict has its roots in the tolerance and exchange that characterized these ancient trade routes. Today, as we experience unprecedented levels of global trade and communication, understanding the Silk Road’s history helps us appreciate how commerce and culture have always been intertwined, and how cultural exchange can lead to mutual benefit and understanding between different peoples.

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Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. The Silk Road was established during

   • A) the Ming Dynasty
   • B) the Han Dynasty
   • C) the Tang Dynasty
   • D) the Qing Dynasty

2. According to the passage, what was more significant than the goods traded?

   • A) The silk produced in China
   • B) The precious metals exchanged
   • C) The cultural exchanges that occurred
   • D) The spices from India

3. Buddhist monks traveled along the Silk Road from

   • A) China to India
   • B) Persia to China
   • C) India to China
   • D) Arabia to India

4. The cities of Samarkand and Bukhara are located in modern-day

   • A) China
   • B) Uzbekistan
   • C) India
   • D) Turkey

5. The word “orange” in English ultimately derives from

   • A) Persian
   • B) Arabic
   • C) Sanskrit
   • D) Chinese

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. The Silk Road was a single, well-defined route between China and Europe.

7. Papermaking technology spread from China to the West along the Silk Road.

8. European architectural styles influenced building designs in Samarkand.

9. All traders along the Silk Road could speak multiple languages fluently.

Questions 10-13: Matching Information

Match the following effects (10-13) with the correct area of cultural impact (A-E). You may use any letter more than once.

Areas of Cultural Impact:

• A) Religion
• B) Architecture
• C) Food
• D) Language
• E) Art

10. The adoption of new farming practices across different regions

11. The transformation of how societies recorded information

12. The creation of buildings with domes and tile work showing mixed influences

13. The incorporation of Chinese techniques into Persian miniature paintings

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PASSAGE 2 – Globalization and Indigenous Cultural Identity

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The acceleration of global trade in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has created unprecedented levels of cultural interaction and exchange. While this phenomenon, commonly referred to as globalization, has brought tangible economic benefits to many nations, its impact on indigenous cultures and traditional ways of life has been considerably more complex and, in many cases, profoundly troubling. The relationship between global commerce and cultural preservation presents one of the most challenging dilemmas of our contemporary world, forcing communities to navigate between economic opportunity and cultural authenticity.

Indigenous communities worldwide have found themselves at a critical crossroads. On one hand, participation in global markets can provide much-needed economic resources and improve material living standards. On the other hand, such participation often requires adapting to or adopting practices and values that may be fundamentally incompatible with traditional cultural norms. The Maasai people of East Africa, for instance, have increasingly engaged with tourism industries, allowing visitors to experience their distinctive culture. While this has generated income, it has also led to what some anthropologists term “cultural commodification” – the transformation of authentic cultural practices into commercial performances designed to meet tourist expectations rather than serve genuine cultural functions.

The homogenizing effect of global trade represents another significant concern. As multinational corporations expand their reach, they often promote standardized products and consumer behaviors that can erode local traditions and preferences. The ubiquity of global fast-food chains in countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America serves as a visible manifestation of this trend. Traditional dietary practices, often intimately connected to cultural identity and community rituals, face competition from convenient, heavily marketed alternatives. Research conducted by cultural anthropologists suggests that changes in food consumption patterns frequently serve as an entry point for broader cultural transformation, as eating habits are deeply embedded in social structures and belief systems.

Language loss represents perhaps the most devastating consequence of globalization-driven cultural change. As global trade necessitates communication in dominant languages – primarily English, but also Mandarin Chinese and Spanish – indigenous languages face existential threats. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates that a language disappears every two weeks, taking with it irreplaceable knowledge about local ecosystems, traditional medicine, and unique worldviews. When the Eyak language of Alaska lost its last native speaker in 2008, humanity lost not just a linguistic system but centuries of accumulated wisdom about survival in Arctic environments and spiritual relationships with nature.

However, the narrative of globalization’s impact on indigenous cultures is not uniformly negative. Some communities have successfully leveraged global trade networks to strengthen rather than diminish their cultural identity. The Māori people of New Zealand have utilized international marketing of their distinctive art forms, particularly wood carvings and traditional tattoos (tā moko), to generate income while simultaneously raising global awareness of their culture. This strategic engagement with global markets has been accompanied by vigorous efforts to preserve and revitalize the Māori language through education programs and media content, demonstrating that economic integration and cultural preservation need not be mutually exclusive.

Digital technology and e-commerce platforms have created new possibilities for indigenous communities to participate in global trade on more favorable terms. Artisans from remote regions can now access international markets directly, bypassing traditional intermediaries who often captured most of the economic value. The Otavalo people of Ecuador, renowned for their textile craftsmanship, have established successful online businesses selling traditional weavings to customers worldwide. This direct market access allows them to maintain control over their cultural representations and ensures that economic benefits flow back to the communities themselves rather than to external commercial entities.

Nevertheless, critical questions remain about the long-term sustainability of indigenous cultures in an increasingly interconnected global economy. Some scholars argue for a “third way” approach that neither isolates indigenous communities from global trade nor allows unrestrained commercialization of their cultural heritage. This approach emphasizes community-controlled development, where indigenous peoples themselves decide which aspects of their culture to share commercially and which to keep sacred or private. It also advocates for intellectual property protections that prevent the unauthorized appropriation of indigenous cultural expressions by external commercial interests – a problem particularly prevalent in the fashion and pharmaceutical industries.

Tác động của thương mại toàn cầu đến văn hóa bản địa và bảo tồn truyền thống

The ethical dimensions of this issue extend beyond indigenous communities themselves to implicate consumers, corporations, and governments in developed nations. Increasingly, consumers are demanding transparency about the cultural origins of products and the conditions under which they were produced. This consumer activism has prompted some companies to adopt fair trade practices and establish partnerships with indigenous communities based on mutual respect and equitable benefit-sharing. Such initiatives, while still relatively limited in scope, point toward the possibility of a more ethically conscious form of global commerce that respects cultural diversity while facilitating economic exchange.

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Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Globalization has provided only economic benefits with no negative cultural consequences.

15. The transformation of cultural practices into commercial performances can undermine their authentic purpose.

16. All indigenous communities have rejected participation in global tourism industries.

17. Language loss is one of the most serious effects of globalization on indigenous cultures.

18. Digital technology has made it impossible for indigenous artisans to compete in global markets.

Questions 19-22: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs C-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:

• i. The complete destruction of indigenous languages
• ii. Negative impacts of standardized global products on local traditions
• iii. Success stories of cultural preservation through global engagement
• iv. The role of government regulations in protecting cultures
• v. Digital platforms enabling direct market access for indigenous producers
• vi. The disappearance of traditional knowledge systems
• vii. Tourism as the only solution for indigenous economic development

19. Paragraph C
20. Paragraph D
21. Paragraph E
22. Paragraph F

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below using words from the box.

Word Box:
sacred | intermediaries | negative | corporations | control | isolates | partnerships | transparency

Some scholars propose an approach that neither (23)__ indigenous communities from global trade nor permits unlimited commercialization. This method emphasizes community (24)__ over development decisions and advocates for keeping certain cultural aspects (25)__. Additionally, consumers are increasingly demanding (26)__ about product origins, leading some companies to establish fair trade (27)__ with indigenous groups.

(Note: Use only FOUR words from the box for questions 23-26)

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PASSAGE 3 – The Dialectics of Cultural Hybridity in Contemporary Trade Networks

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The theoretical discourse surrounding the cultural ramifications of global trade has evolved considerably from early binary conceptualizations that positioned globalization as either a homogenizing force eradicating local distinctiveness or a benign catalyst for cosmopolitan enrichment. Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that the reality is far more nuanced, characterized by complex processes of cultural hybridization wherein global and local elements interact to produce emergent cultural forms that cannot be adequately understood through simplistic frameworks of either cultural imperialism or straightforward diffusion. This more sophisticated analytical approach draws upon postcolonial theory, transnational studies, and critical anthropology to examine how power asymmetries embedded in global trade structures shape, but do not entirely determine, cultural outcomes.

The concept of “glocalization” – a portmanteau combining “globalization” and “localization” – has gained analytical traction as a means of capturing the dialectical relationship between universal and particular cultural elements. Rather than viewing global trade as imposing uniform cultural templates upon passive recipients, glocalization theory posits that transnational cultural flows are always mediated, interpreted, and adapted according to local contexts, histories, and power relations. The multinational fast-food industry provides an instructive case study: while McDonald’s represents a paradigmatic symbol of American cultural hegemony, its actual operations demonstrate considerable localization. In India, where religious dietary restrictions prohibit beef consumption for many Hindus, the corporation offers an extensive vegetarian menu featuring items like the McAloo Tikki burger, which incorporates indigenous culinary flavors and ingredients. This example illustrates how global commercial entities must negotiate with local cultural parameters, resulting in hybrid products that are neither purely global nor purely local but represent a syncretic combination of both.

However, critical scholars caution against overstating the agency of local communities in these processes of cultural negotiation. The concept of “soft power” – the ability to shape preferences and norms through cultural influence rather than coercion – remains highly relevant to understanding how global trade affects cultures. Arjun Appadurai’s influential framework of “scapes” (ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes) highlights how global trade facilitates not merely the movement of goods but the circulation of images, ideologies, and aspirations that can profoundly reshape local value systems and identity formations. The global proliferation of Western consumer culture, disseminated through advertising, entertainment media, and branded products, creates what some theorists term “cultural scripts” that valorize particular lifestyles, aesthetic preferences, and social behaviors while marginalizing alternatives.

The phenomenon of “cultural appropriation” within global trade networks raises particularly vexing ethical questions regarding ownership, authenticity, and equitable benefit distribution. When fashion designers in Paris or New York incorporate indigenous patterns, textiles, or symbolic elements into their collections without acknowledgment or compensation to the originating communities, they engage in a form of “epistemic extraction” that parallels historical patterns of colonial resource exploitation. The case of the Navajo Nation trademark dispute with Urban Outfitters exemplifies these tensions: the retail corporation marketed a product line using the “Navajo” designation without tribal permission, prompting legal action on grounds of trademark infringement and cultural misrepresentation. Such controversies reveal how existing intellectual property regimes, designed primarily to protect commercial interests and individual creators, prove inadequate for safeguarding collective cultural heritage and traditional knowledge systems that lack individual authorship and exist as communal resources.

The transnational circulation of cultural products through global trade creates what cultural theorist Homi K. Bhabha terms “third spaces” – liminal zones where cultural meanings are negotiated, contested, and transformed. These spaces can serve as sites of creative innovation where artists and cultural producers from different backgrounds collaborate to generate genuinely novel artistic forms. The global success of “world music” – a problematic category that nonetheless describes real musical hybridization – demonstrates this potential. Musicians like Yo-Yo Ma, whose Silk Road Ensemble brings together performers from diverse traditions, or Anoushka Shankar, who fuses Indian classical music with electronica and flamenco, create sounds that transcend their constituent influences while remaining grounded in specific cultural traditions. Such artistic synthesis suggests that global trade networks, despite their inherent inequalities, can sometimes foster generative cultural encounters rather than merely facilitating unidirectional cultural domination.

Nevertheless, the structural inequalities characterizing global trade fundamentally shape which cultures gain international visibility and whose cultural expressions become commodified for global markets. The concept of “cultural discount” describes how cultural products from peripheral or non-Western contexts often face barriers to international circulation due to their perceived unfamiliarity or limited commercial appeal to dominant market demographics. This systematic asymmetry means that while Western (particularly American) cultural products circulate freely and achieve massive global audiences, cultural expressions from Africa, Latin America, or indigenous communities face considerably greater obstacles to international recognition and commercial success. The infrastructure of global cultural trade – including distribution networks, marketing apparatus, and critical establishment – remains concentrated in Western metropolitan centers, reinforcing existing cultural hierarchies even as globalization ostensibly promotes cultural exchange.

Recent developments in blockchain technology and decentralized digital platforms have prompted speculation about whether technological innovation might enable more equitable models of cross-cultural trade. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) potentially offer mechanisms for indigenous artists and cultural custodians to maintain greater control over their cultural expressions while participating in global markets. However, such technological solutions must be approached with considerable skepticism, as they often replicate rather than resolve existing power asymmetries. The energy consumption associated with blockchain technologies, the concentration of cryptocurrency wealth, and the technical barriers to participation all suggest that purely technological approaches cannot address fundamentally socio-political problems rooted in historical injustices and ongoing structural inequalities.

Văn hóa lai và không gian đàm phán văn hóa trong thương mại toàn cầu hiện đại

The normative question of how global trade should be structured to respect cultural diversity while enabling beneficial exchange remains deeply contested. Some advocates propose “cultural protectionism” measures analogous to environmental regulations, arguing that certain cultural practices, languages, and traditions should be shielded from market forces through governmental intervention and international agreements. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) represents an institutional manifestation of this approach, asserting states’ rights to maintain policies supporting their cultural industries against unrestricted market access. Critics contend, however, that such protections can serve as pretexts for authoritarian control over cultural expression and may ossify cultures by preventing organic evolution and cross-cultural fertilization. This unresolved tension between cultural preservation and cultural dynamism reflects deeper philosophical disagreements about whether cultures should be understood as bounded, static entities requiring protection or as fluid, constantly evolving processes inherently characterized by change and hybridity.

The implications of these scholarly debates extend far beyond academic discourse, bearing directly upon policy formulation, business practices, and the lived experiences of millions navigating the intersections of local identity and global connectivity. As global trade continues to intensify – with the growth of e-commerce enabling even small producers to access international markets – understanding the complex cultural dynamics it engenders becomes increasingly imperative. The challenge lies in developing frameworks and practices that harness the creative potential of cross-cultural exchange while addressing the power imbalances and vulnerabilities that characterize contemporary global trade, ensuring that cultural diversity itself becomes not a casualty of globalization but rather one of its most valued outcomes.

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Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, contemporary scholarship on globalization views cultural impacts as

• A) completely homogenizing local cultures
• B) entirely beneficial for all communities
• C) more complex than simple binary conceptualizations
• D) having no effect on indigenous populations

28. The concept of “glocalization” suggests that

• A) global trade imposes uniform cultural templates
• B) transnational cultural flows are always adapted to local contexts
• C) McDonald’s operates identically in all countries
• D) local cultures have no agency in cultural negotiation

29. The Navajo Nation trademark dispute with Urban Outfitters exemplifies

• A) successful collaboration between corporations and indigenous communities
• B) problems with cultural appropriation and inadequate intellectual property protection
• C) how fashion companies properly acknowledge indigenous cultures
• D) the benefits of global trade for Native American communities

30. According to the passage, “cultural discount” refers to

• A) reduced prices for cultural products
• B) barriers faced by non-Western cultural products in international circulation
• C) discounts offered to indigenous artists
• D) the decreasing value of traditional cultures

31. The author’s view on blockchain technology and NFTs for cultural trade is

• A) enthusiastically supportive
• B) completely dismissive
• C) cautiously skeptical
• D) not mentioned in the passage

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each theorist or organization (32-36) with their associated concept or contribution (A-H).

Theorists/Organizations:
32. Arjun Appadurai
33. Homi K. Bhabha
34. UNESCO
35. Yo-Yo Ma
36. Urban Outfitters

Concepts/Contributions:

• A) Silk Road Ensemble demonstrating musical hybridization
• B) Framework of “scapes” describing global flows
• C) Cultural appropriation controversy with Navajo Nation
• D) Convention on Cultural Diversity (2005)
• E) Theory of soft power
• F) Concept of “third spaces” in cultural negotiation
• G) Glocalization theory
• H) Blockchain technology for indigenous artists

Questions 37-40: Short Answer Questions

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of theory does the passage mention alongside transnational studies and critical anthropology in analyzing cultural outcomes?

38. What does the passage call the ability to shape preferences through cultural influence rather than force?

39. In India, what type of menu does McDonald’s offer to accommodate religious dietary restrictions?

40. According to the passage, where does the infrastructure of global cultural trade remain concentrated?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. NOT GIVEN
10. C
11. A
12. B
13. E

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NOT GIVEN
17. YES
18. NO
19. ii
20. vi
21. iii
22. v
23. isolates
24. control
25. sacred
26. transparency

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. F
34. D
35. A
36. C
37. postcolonial theory
38. soft power
39. vegetarian menu
40. Western metropolitan centers

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Silk Road, established, dynasty
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “Established during the Han Dynasty around 130 BCE”. Đáp án B là chính xác. Các triều đại khác (Ming, Tang, Qing) không được đề cập liên quan đến việc thành lập Con đường Tơ lụa.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: more significant, goods traded
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Passage nói: “the cultural exchanges that occurred were arguably more significant than the material goods transported”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của câu hỏi.

Câu 3: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Buddhist monks, traveled
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “Buddhist monks traveled from India to China” – thông tin rõ ràng trong bài.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: single, well-defined route
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói “was not a single road but rather a network of trade routes“, mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với statement.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: papermaking technology, spread, China to West
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “papermaking technology, invented in China, spread westward along the Silk Road” – khớp hoàn toàn với statement.

Câu 10: C (Food)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: farming practices, different regions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “led to new farming practices being adopted in diverse geographical regions” – liên quan đến food culture.

Câu 12: B (Architecture)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: domes, tile work, mixed influences
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “distinctive domes and intricate tile work” trong phần nói về architectural styles.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: only economic benefits, no negative cultural consequences
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói impact on indigenous cultures “has been considerably more complex and, in many cases, profoundly troubling” – mâu thuẫn với statement rằng chỉ có lợi ích kinh tế không có hậu quả tiêu cực.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: cultural practices, commercial performances, undermine authentic purpose
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Tác giả đề cập đến “cultural commodification” – “transformation of authentic cultural practices into commercial performances designed to meet tourist expectations rather than serve genuine cultural functions“. Đây là ý kiến rõ ràng của tác giả phù hợp với statement.

Câu 17: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: language loss, most serious effects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Language loss represents perhaps the most devastating consequence” – tác giả sử dụng từ “devastating” và “perhaps the most” cho thấy quan điểm mạnh mẽ về mức độ nghiêm trọng.

Câu 19: ii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Paragraph: C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C thảo luận về “homogenizing effect of global trade” và cách “standardized products” và “consumer behaviors” có thể “erode local traditions” – khớp với heading “Negative impacts of standardized global products on local traditions”.

Câu 21: iii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Paragraph: E
• Giải thích: Đoạn E bắt đầu với “However, the narrative… is not uniformly negative” và đưa ra ví dụ về Māori people successfully leveraging global trade – đây là success story về cultural preservation.

Câu 23-26: Summary Completion

• Câu 23: isolates (từ “neither isolates indigenous communities”)
• Câu 24: control (từ “community-controlled development”)
• Câu 25: sacred (từ “which to keep sacred or private”)
• Câu 26: transparency (từ “consumers are demanding transparency“)

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: contemporary scholarship, cultural impacts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “Contemporary scholarship increasingly recognizes that the reality is far more nuanced… cannot be adequately understood through simplistic frameworks” – rõ ràng cho thấy view phức tạp hơn binary conceptualizations.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: glocalization
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “glocalization theory posits that transnational cultural flows are always mediated, interpreted, and adapted according to local contexts”.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Navajo Nation, Urban Outfitters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Case này được dùng để exemplify “cultural appropriation” và reveal “existing intellectual property regimes… prove inadequate for safeguarding collective cultural heritage“.

Câu 31: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: blockchain, NFTs, author’s view
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “However, such technological solutions must be approached with considerable skepticism” – cho thấy thái độ cautiously skeptical.

Câu 32: B (Arjun Appadurai – Framework of “scapes”)

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “Arjun Appadurai’s influential framework of ‘scapes’“

Câu 33: F (Homi K. Bhabha – “third spaces”)

• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “cultural theorist Homi K. Bhabha terms ‘third spaces’“

Câu 37: postcolonial theory

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (max 3 words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “draws upon postcolonial theory, transnational studies, and critical anthropology“

Câu 38: soft power

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (max 3 words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “The concept of ‘soft power’ – the ability to shape preferences and norms through cultural influence rather than coercion“

Câu 40: Western metropolitan centers

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer (max 3 words)
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: “The infrastructure of global cultural trade… remains concentrated in Western metropolitan centers“

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
network	n	/ˈnetwɜːk/	mạng lưới	network of trade routes	trade network, social network
conduit	n	/ˈkɒndjuɪt/	kênh dẫn, phương tiện	conduit for cultural transmission	serve as a conduit
commodity	n	/kəˈmɒdəti/	hàng hóa, mặt hàng	sought-after commodity	valuable commodity
profound	adj	/prəˈfaʊnd/	sâu sắc, to lớn	profound and long-lasting	profound impact/effect
revolutionize	v	/ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/	cách mạng hóa	revolutionizing how information was recorded	revolutionize an industry
fusion	n	/ˈfjuːʒən/	sự kết hợp, hợp nhất	fusion of artistic traditions	cultural fusion
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, tinh xảo	intricate tile work	intricate design/pattern
linguistic	adj	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/	thuộc về ngôn ngữ	linguistic borrowing	linguistic evidence
embedded	adj	/ɪmˈbedɪd/	nhúng vào, gắn chặt	permanently embedded	deeply embedded
culinary	adj	/ˈkʌlɪnəri/	thuộc về nấu ăn	culinary techniques	culinary tradition/skills
syncretism	n	/ˈsɪŋkrətɪzəm/	sự dung hợp, pha trộn	remarkable syncretism	cultural syncretism
legacy	n	/ˈleɡəsi/	di sản	legacy of the Silk Road	cultural legacy, historical legacy

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented levels	unprecedented scale/growth
indigenous	adj	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/	bản địa, thổ dân	indigenous cultures	indigenous people/communities
commodification	n	/kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sự hàng hóa hóa	cultural commodification	commodification of culture
homogenizing	adj	/həˈmɒdʒənaɪzɪŋ/	đồng nhất hóa	homogenizing effect	homogenizing force/influence
ubiquity	n	/juːˈbɪkwəti/	sự phổ biến khắp nơi	ubiquity of global fast-food chains	ubiquity of technology
erode	v	/ɪˈrəʊd/	xói mòn, làm suy yếu	erode local traditions	erode confidence/trust
devastating	adj	/ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/	tàn phá, hủy hoại	devastating consequence	devastating impact/effect
existential	adj	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəl/	sinh tồn, hiện sinh	existential threats	existential crisis/risk
leverage	v	/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/	tận dụng, khai thác	successfully leveraged	leverage resources/opportunities
revitalize	v	/ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/	phục hồi, tái sinh	revitalize the Māori language	revitalize the economy
intermediary	n	/ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəri/	trung gian	bypassing traditional intermediaries	act as an intermediary
appropriation	n	/əˌprəʊpriˈeɪʃən/	sự chiếm đoạt	unauthorized appropriation	cultural appropriation
equitable	adj	/ˈekwɪtəbl/	công bằng	equitable benefit-sharing	equitable distribution
transparency	n	/trænsˈpærənsi/	tính minh bạch	demanding transparency	corporate transparency
ethical	adj	/ˈeθɪkəl/	đạo đức, thuộc về đạo đức	ethical dimensions	ethical considerations

Phát triển bền vững văn hóa bản địa trong bối cảnh thương mại toàn cầu

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
dialectics	n	/ˌdaɪəˈlektɪks/	biện chứng	dialectics of cultural hybridity	dialectical relationship
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái	far more nuanced	nuanced understanding/approach
hybridization	n	/ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃən/	sự lai tạo, pha trộn	cultural hybridization	genetic hybridization
asymmetries	n	/eɪˈsɪmətriz/	sự bất cân xứng	power asymmetries	structural asymmetries
portmanteau	n	/pɔːtˈmæntəʊ/	từ ghép	portmanteau combining	portmanteau word
dialectical	adj	/ˌdaɪəˈlektɪkəl/	biện chứng	dialectical relationship	dialectical process
paradigmatic	adj	/ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk/	điển hình	paradigmatic symbol	paradigmatic example
hegemony	n	/hɪˈɡeməni/	quyền bá chủ, thống trị	American cultural hegemony	cultural hegemony
syncretic	adj	/sɪŋˈkretɪk/	dung hợp	syncretic combination	syncretic tradition
coercion	n	/kəʊˈɜːʃən/	sự ép buộc	cultural influence rather than coercion	use coercion
valorize	v	/ˈvæləraɪz/	tôn vinh, đề cao	valorize particular lifestyles	valorize certain values
vexing	adj	/ˈveksɪŋ/	gây phiền muộn, nan giải	vexing ethical questions	vexing problem/issue
epistemic	adj	/ˌepɪˈstemɪk/	nhận thức luận	epistemic extraction	epistemic injustice
liminal	adj	/ˈlɪmɪnəl/	ở ngưỡng cửa, trung gian	liminal zones	liminal space/state
generative	adj	/ˈdʒenərətɪv/	sinh ra, tạo ra	generative cultural encounters	generative capacity
unidirectional	adj	/ˌjuːnɪdəˈrekʃənəl/	một chiều	unidirectional cultural domination	unidirectional flow
peripheral	adj	/pəˈrɪfərəl/	ngoại vi, rìa	peripheral contexts	peripheral regions
ossify	v	/ˈɒsɪfaɪ/	hóa đá, cứng đờ	ossify cultures	ossify into rigid structures
imperative	adj/n	/ɪmˈperətɪv/	cấp bách, bắt buộc	increasingly imperative	moral imperative

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “Cultural impacts of global trade” là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading, đặc biệt ở các đề thi gần đây. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ cấp độ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) về lịch sử Con đường Tơ lụa, qua Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) về tác động của toàn cầu hóa đến văn hóa bản địa, cho đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0) với những phân tích học thuật sâu sắc về văn hóa lai và các vấn đề đạo đức trong thương mại toàn cầu.

Bộ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn làm quen với 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading (Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Headings, Matching Information, Summary Completion, và Short Answer Questions) mà còn cung cấp đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase. Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật và hiểu rõ cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh thực tế.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, hãy thực hành bộ đề này trong điều kiện thi thật với giới hạn thời gian 60 phút, sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và nghiên cứu kỹ phần giải thích. Đặc biệt chú ý đến cách paraphrase giữa câu hỏi và passage, đây là kỹ năng then chốt để đạt band điểm cao. Tương tự như What are the challenges of ensuring digital equity?, chủ đề thương mại toàn cầu và văn hóa cũng yêu cầu khả năng hiểu sâu về các vấn đề xã hội phức tạp.

Việc hiểu rõ các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu cũng liên quan mật thiết đến thương mại toàn cầu, như được thể hiện trong What are the economic impacts of climate-related disasters? và Impact of climate change on energy consumption patterns. Những vấn đề môi trường này đang ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến cách thức và mô hình thương mại quốc tế, từ đó tác động đến văn hóa các cộng đồng.

Đối với những ai quan tâm đến Impact of rising temperatures on agricultural yields, điều này cũng có liên hệ với thương mại toàn cầu khi năng suất nông nghiệp thay đổi sẽ ảnh hưởng đến chuỗi cung ứng thực phẩm toàn cầu và các thực hành văn hóa ẩm thực. Một ví dụ chi tiết về What are the implications of climate change on water management? cho thấy cách các yếu tố môi trường đan xen với các vấn đề văn hóa và thương mại.

Chúc bạn luyện tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!