Mở Bài
Biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó lên các khu vực đô thị là một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong bài thi IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng đô thị hóa gia tăng toàn cầu và những thách thức môi trường ngày càng trầm trọng, chủ đề “Effects Of Climate Change On Urban Areas” đã và đang được khai thác nhiều trong các kỳ thi IELTS gần đây, đặc biệt từ Cambridge IELTS 14 trở về sau.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Bạn sẽ được rèn luyện với nhiều dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như True/False/Not Given, Multiple Choice, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách suy luận đúng. Ngoài ra, bạn còn được học từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường và đô thị hóa – những từ vựng có giá trị cao trong cả bốn kỹ năng IELTS.
Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm từ 6.5 đến 8.0. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành như một bài thi thật, sau đó đối chiếu đáp án và học từ các giải thích chi tiết.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu sai. Độ khó của các passages tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3, tương ứng với việc bạn cần phân bổ thời gian hợp lý.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút – Dành cho 13 câu hỏi đầu tiên với độ khó thấp nhất
- Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút – Dành cho 13 câu tiếp theo với độ phức tạp trung bình
- Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút – Dành cho 14 câu cuối với độ khó cao nhất
Lưu ý rằng thời gian đã bao gồm cả việc chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet. Đối với Economic impacts of technological innovation, việc quản lý thời gian hiệu quả cũng quan trọng tương tự khi bạn làm quen với các chủ đề kinh tế phức tạp.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề phù hợp với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
- Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn trong giới hạn từ cho phép
Hình minh họa các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến khu vực đô thị trong bài thi IELTS Reading
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – Urban Heat Islands: A Growing Concern
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Climate change is transforming cities worldwide, and one of the most significant phenomena affecting urban areas is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This occurs when cities experience temperatures significantly higher than their surrounding rural areas, sometimes by as much as 7°C during summer evenings. The effect is primarily caused by human activities and the physical characteristics of urban environments.
Cities are covered with vast expanses of concrete, asphalt, and other dark surfaces that absorb and retain heat throughout the day. Unlike natural landscapes with vegetation and water bodies, these man-made materials release stored heat slowly at night, keeping urban temperatures elevated. Buildings also block wind flow, reducing the natural cooling effect that breezes provide in open areas. Additionally, vehicles, industrial facilities, and air conditioning units generate waste heat, further contributing to rising urban temperatures.
The consequences of urban heat islands extend far beyond mere discomfort. Higher temperatures lead to increased energy consumption as residents rely more heavily on air conditioning to cool their homes and workplaces. This creates a vicious cycle: more air conditioning produces more heat and requires more electricity, which often comes from fossil fuel-burning power plants that emit greenhouse gases, worsening climate change. In 2019, researchers estimated that UHI effects add approximately 15-20% to urban cooling costs in major cities.
Public health is another serious concern. During heat waves, urban residents face greater risks of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, young children, and those with chronic health conditions, are particularly at risk. Studies have shown that death rates increase significantly during extreme heat events, with urban areas experiencing higher mortality rates than rural regions during the same period.
The environmental impact is equally troubling. Higher temperatures accelerate the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant that causes respiratory problems. Poor air quality in cities becomes worse during hot days, creating challenging conditions for people with asthma and other lung diseases. Water quality also suffers as elevated temperatures in urban streams and rivers harm aquatic ecosystems and reduce oxygen levels that fish and other organisms need to survive.
Despite these challenges, cities are not helpless. Many urban planners and policymakers are implementing strategies to mitigate the UHI effect. One effective approach involves increasing urban vegetation through tree planting programs and creating more parks and green spaces. Trees provide shade and release water vapor through transpiration, which cools the surrounding air. Some cities require new developments to include green roofs – rooftops covered with vegetation that absorb less heat than traditional roofing materials.
Another strategy involves changing the reflective properties of urban surfaces. Light-colored or reflective pavements and roofs can significantly reduce heat absorption. Los Angeles, for example, has begun painting some streets with cool pavement coating that reflects more sunlight. Tokyo has implemented policies requiring certain buildings to have heat-reflective surfaces. These relatively simple modifications can reduce surface temperatures by 10-15°C during peak heat hours.
Water features also play a crucial role in urban cooling. Fountains, ponds, and artificial wetlands provide evaporative cooling and create more comfortable microclimates within cities. Singapore has incorporated water elements throughout its urban landscape as part of a comprehensive climate adaptation strategy. The city-state has also developed extensive networks of shaded walkways and sky bridges that protect pedestrians from direct sun exposure while encouraging walking instead of driving.
Technology offers additional solutions. Some cities are installing smart surfaces that change properties based on temperature, reflecting more heat when it’s hot and absorbing more when it’s cool. Urban climate monitoring systems help authorities issue timely heat warnings and open cooling centers for vulnerable residents during extreme heat events. These measures are becoming increasingly important as climate change intensifies and heat waves become more frequent and severe.
Community engagement is essential for successful heat island reduction. Educational programs help residents understand how their choices – from planting trees in yards to using light-colored materials for home improvements – contribute to citywide cooling efforts. Some municipalities offer incentives such as tax breaks or rebates for property owners who implement heat-reducing measures. This combination of top-down policies and bottom-up participation creates more resilient urban environments.
Looking forward, addressing urban heat islands requires integrated planning that considers multiple factors: land use, transportation, building design, and green infrastructure. Cities that successfully reduce UHI effects not only become more comfortable places to live but also demonstrate leadership in climate change adaptation. As urban populations continue growing, with an estimated 68% of humanity expected to live in cities by 2050, the urgency of solving the urban heat island problem becomes increasingly critical for sustainable urban development.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Urban areas can be up to 7°C warmer than surrounding rural regions during summer evenings.
- The Urban Heat Island effect is caused exclusively by vehicle emissions.
- Air conditioning use contributes to a cycle that worsens urban heating.
- All age groups face equal health risks during urban heat waves.
- Tokyo requires all buildings to have heat-reflective surfaces.
Questions 6-9
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Trees cool the air through shade and a process called __.
- Los Angeles has started applying __ to some streets to reduce heat absorption.
- Water features in cities provide cooling through __.
- During extreme heat, authorities can open __ to help vulnerable residents.
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
- According to the passage, the UHI effect increases urban cooling costs by approximately:
- A. 5-10%
- B. 10-15%
- C. 15-20%
- D. 20-25%
- Ground-level ozone is described as:
- A. A beneficial gas
- B. A harmful air pollutant
- C. A cooling agent
- D. A greenhouse gas
- What percentage of the global population is expected to live in cities by 2050?
- A. 50%
- B. 58%
- C. 68%
- D. 78%
- The passage suggests that successful heat island reduction requires:
- A. Only government action
- B. Only individual efforts
- C. Expensive technology
- D. Combined top-down and bottom-up approaches
PASSAGE 2 – Coastal Cities and Rising Sea Levels
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The specter of rising sea levels represents one of the most tangible and consequential impacts of climate change on urban areas worldwide. As global temperatures continue to climb, thermal expansion of ocean water and the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers are causing sea levels to rise at an unprecedented rate. Current scientific projections suggest that by the end of this century, sea levels could increase by anywhere from 0.3 to 2.5 meters, depending on future greenhouse gas emissions and the stability of Antarctic ice sheets. For the billions of people living in coastal urban areas, these rising waters pose existential threats to infrastructure, economies, and ways of life.
Coastal megacities – urban areas with populations exceeding ten million – face particularly acute vulnerabilities. Cities such as Shanghai, Mumbai, Lagos, and New York have developed along coastlines precisely because of the economic advantages water access provides: maritime trade, fishing industries, and tourism. However, this strategic positioning now exposes them to multiple climate-related hazards. Storm surges during hurricanes and typhoons, which were once considered rare events, are becoming more frequent and severe. When combined with higher baseline sea levels, these surge events can inundate vast urban areas, overwhelming drainage systems and causing billions of dollars in damage.
The economic implications are staggering. A 2020 study estimated that without significant adaptation measures, annual flood damages in coastal cities could exceed $1 trillion by 2050. Property values in low-lying areas are beginning to reflect these risks, with some neighborhoods experiencing what economists call “climate gentrification” – a phenomenon where higher-elevation properties become more desirable and expensive, while flood-prone areas decline in value. Insurance companies are recalibrating their risk models, leading to prohibitively expensive or altogether unavailable coverage in high-risk zones. This financial restructuring affects not only individual homeowners but entire municipal tax bases, potentially creating fiscal crises for local governments.
Infrastructure systems designed for historical climate conditions are proving inadequate for current and future challenges. Many coastal cities’ sewage treatment facilities, power plants, and transportation networks were built near water for practical reasons but now face regular flooding during high tides – a phenomenon known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny-day flooding.” Miami Beach, for instance, experiences such flooding dozens of times annually, even without storms. Roads become impassable, businesses close temporarily, and the city must deploy pumps to remove water. These recurring disruptions damage infrastructure, corrode underground utilities, and gradually render certain areas uninhabitable without major engineering interventions.
Social equity dimensions of sea-level rise deserve particular attention. Marginalized communities often occupy the most vulnerable coastal locations, having been systematically relegated to less desirable land through historical patterns of discrimination and economic necessity. These neighborhoods typically lack resources for private adaptation measures such as elevating homes or purchasing flood insurance. When disaster strikes, low-income residents face disproportionate impacts: longer recovery times, greater economic losses relative to their wealth, and higher rates of permanent displacement. This raises profound questions about climate justice and the moral obligations of governments to protect all citizens equitably.
Different cities are pursuing varied adaptation strategies based on their specific circumstances, resources, and governance capacities. The Netherlands, with centuries of experience managing water, has developed sophisticated approaches including movable barriers, flood walls, and “Room for the River” programs that deliberately allow controlled flooding in designated areas. Rotterdam has embraced “living with water” principles, creating amphibious architecture, water plazas that serve as parks during dry periods and retention basins during storms, and permeable pavements that reduce runoff. These innovations represent a paradigmatic shift from trying to keep all water out to intelligently managing its inevitable presence.
In contrast, Venice has invested €5.4 billion in the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico) – a system of 78 mobile gates installed at inlets to the Venetian Lagoon. When high tides are forecast, these barriers can be raised to temporarily separate the lagoon from the Adriatic Sea, protecting the historic city from flooding. Operational since 2020, the system has successfully prevented numerous floods, though critics note its high costs and the reality that it addresses symptoms rather than root causes, while potentially creating new ecological problems in the lagoon ecosystem.
Some cities are considering more radical approaches. Jakarta’s severe flooding problems, caused by a combination of sea-level rise and land subsidence from groundwater extraction, have prompted Indonesian authorities to plan relocating the national capital to Borneo. This represents an extreme adaptation measure – essentially strategic retreat from an increasingly untenable location. While controversial and expensive, such relocations may become more common as certain coastal areas become truly unlivable.
Nature-based solutions are gaining recognition as cost-effective and ecologically beneficial approaches to coastal protection. Mangrove forests, salt marshes, and oyster reefs provide natural barriers that absorb wave energy and reduce erosion while offering habitat for marine life. New York City’s “Living Breakwaters” project combines artificial reef structures with shellfish restoration to protect Staten Island’s shore while enhancing biodiversity. These green infrastructure approaches often cost less than traditional hard engineering solutions and provide co-benefits including improved water quality and recreational opportunities.
The challenge of rising seas also demands international cooperation. Many river deltas and coastal zones span national borders, requiring coordinated responses. Small island nations, particularly in the Pacific, face potential obliteration of their territories and are advocating for global action through international climate negotiations. The notion of “climate refugees” – people forced to migrate due to environmental changes – is transitioning from theoretical concern to emerging reality, raising complex questions about international law, sovereignty, and humanitarian responsibility.
Ultimately, addressing sea-level rise in urban areas requires integrated strategies combining mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow climate change), adaptation (adjusting to changes already underway), and difficult conversations about managed retreat from the most vulnerable locations. The cities that navigate this challenge most successfully will be those that embrace uncertainty, invest in flexible and adaptive systems, prioritize social equity, and recognize that some changes to urban geography are now inevitable. The coming decades will test humanity’s ingenuity and resolve in protecting coastal urban centers that have served as economic and cultural hubs for centuries.
Questions 14-18
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
- According to the passage, sea levels by the end of the century could rise by:
- A. Exactly 1 meter
- B. Between 0.3 and 2.5 meters
- C. More than 3 meters
- D. Less than 0.3 meters
- “Climate gentrification” refers to:
- A. Higher elevation areas becoming more expensive
- B. Coastal properties increasing in value
- C. Government relocation programs
- D. Insurance company policies
- The MOSE project in Venice consists of:
- A. 58 mobile gates
- B. 68 mobile gates
- C. 78 mobile gates
- D. 88 mobile gates
- Jakarta is planning to relocate its capital mainly because of:
- A. Economic reasons
- B. Political instability
- C. Flooding from sea-level rise and land subsidence
- D. Overcrowding
- Nature-based solutions are described as:
- A. More expensive than traditional engineering
- B. Cost-effective with ecological benefits
- C. Only suitable for small cities
- D. Ineffective against major storms
Questions 19-23
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Coastal cities face multiple challenges from rising sea levels. Many infrastructure systems were designed for historical climate conditions and are now 19. __ for current challenges. Some cities experience 20. __, which occurs even without storms during high tides. This phenomenon causes roads to become temporarily impassable and damages infrastructure.
The social impacts are unequal, with 21. __ occupying the most vulnerable locations and lacking resources for private protection measures. Different cities pursue varied adaptation approaches. The Netherlands has developed 22. __ and programs that allow controlled flooding. Some cities are implementing 23. __ such as mangrove forests and salt marshes, which provide natural protection while supporting marine ecosystems.
Questions 24-26
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Passage 2?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- The MOSE project addresses the root causes of Venice’s flooding problems.
- Strategic retreat from certain coastal areas may become necessary in the future.
- International cooperation is essential for addressing sea-level rise in border regions.
PASSAGE 3 – Urban Infrastructure Resilience in a Changing Climate
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The confluence of rapid urbanization and anthropogenic climate change presents unprecedented challenges to the structural integrity and functional viability of urban infrastructure systems. These systems – encompassing water supply and sanitation networks, electrical grids, transportation corridors, and telecommunications infrastructure – form the circulatory system of modern cities, enabling the complex metabolic processes that sustain millions of inhabitants. However, these critical lifeline systems were predominantly designed according to stationarity assumptions: the premise that future climate conditions would remain within the statistical envelope of historical observations. This foundational assumption is now demonstrably invalid, necessitating fundamental reconceptualizations of how urban infrastructure is planned, designed, and managed in an era of non-stationary climate conditions characterized by novel extremes and compounding hazards.
The vulnerability of urban infrastructure to climate change manifests through multiple interdependent pathways. Acute shocks – such as hurricanes, floods, and heat waves – can cause catastrophic failures with immediate and severe consequences. Hurricane Sandy’s 2012 impact on New York demonstrated how storm surge could paralyze critical infrastructure: flooding subway tunnels and electrical substations, leaving millions without power for extended periods. Yet the chronic stresses of gradual climate shifts – rising average temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and sea-level rise – present equally serious though less viscerally apparent threats. Thermal expansion stresses steel structures and accelerates degradation of concrete; increased precipitation intensity overwhelms stormwater management systems designed for different hydrological regimes; and prolonged droughts compromise hydroelectric generation and thermoelectric cooling, threatening power reliability.
Cascading failures represent a particularly insidious dimension of infrastructure vulnerability. Modern cities rely on tightly coupled systems where failure in one component can propagate through networks, triggering sequential collapses. When extreme heat overwhelms electrical transmission systems, causing brownouts or blackouts, the consequences extend far beyond lost lighting. Water treatment and distribution pumps cease functioning, potentially contaminating supplies; refrigeration fails, spoiling food and medicines; hospitals’ life-support systems depend on backup generators; traffic signals go dark, creating transportation chaos; and air conditioning fails precisely when it’s most critically needed. This systemic interdependence means that infrastructure resilience must be understood not at the component level but through a systems perspective that accounts for complex interactions and feedback loops.
Compounding these technical challenges are socio-institutional dimensions that often prove more intractable than engineering problems. Infrastructure planning typically operates within rigid temporal horizons – often 20-30 years – and faces institutional fragmentation across multiple agencies with compartmentalized responsibilities and budgets. Climate adaptation requires cross-sectoral coordination and long-term visioning that transcends traditional bureaucratic boundaries and political cycles. Moreover, the deep uncertainty characterizing climate projections complicates decision-making: should planners design for the median projected scenario, the worst-case possibility, or something in between? Different choices carry vastly different costs and risk exposures, yet decisions must be made despite irreducible uncertainty.
Economic considerations further complicate infrastructure adaptation. The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that the United States alone faces a multi-trillion-dollar infrastructure funding gap, even before accounting for climate adaptation needs. Retrofitting existing infrastructure to withstand novel climate stresses requires substantial capital investments that compete with other urgent urban priorities. The temporal mismatch between infrastructure lifespans (often 50-100 years) and political and fiscal planning cycles (typically 1-5 years) creates systematic underinvestment in long-term resilience. Additionally, the spatial distribution of benefits and costs raises equity concerns: should investments prioritize protecting high-value downtown districts or vulnerable neighborhoods, and how should these allocation decisions be made democratically and equitably?
Despite these formidable challenges, innovative approaches are emerging that offer promising pathways toward more resilient urban infrastructure. Adaptive design principles embrace uncertainty by creating flexible systems capable of modular expansion or modification as climate impacts become clearer. Rather than attempting to predict precise future conditions and designing for that specific scenario, adaptive approaches build in optionality – creating infrastructure that can be adjusted relatively easily as conditions evolve. The Room for the River program in the Netherlands exemplifies this philosophy, establishing areas that can serve different functions depending on water levels, rather than attempting to constrain rivers within fixed channels.
Redundancy and decentralization provide additional resilience strategies. Traditional infrastructure philosophy emphasized economies of scale, creating large centralized systems. However, such systems present single points of failure: damage to one critical facility can affect entire regions. Distributed systems – microgrids for electricity, decentralized water treatment, localized food production – sacrifice some efficiency for robustness, ensuring that damage to one component doesn’t cascade system-wide. This approach aligns with biomimetic principles observed in natural systems, which typically exhibit distributed redundancy rather than centralized control.
Smart technologies offer unprecedented capabilities for real-time monitoring and adaptive management of infrastructure systems. Sensor networks can detect incipient failures before they become catastrophic, enabling proactive maintenance. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can identify complex patterns in massive datasets, optimizing system operations and predicting vulnerabilities. Digital twins – virtual replicas of physical infrastructure – allow planners to simulate various climate scenarios and test adaptation interventions before implementing them physically. However, these technological solutions introduce new vulnerabilities, particularly concerning cybersecurity, and risk creating digital divides where technologically sophisticated cities pull ahead while others fall further behind.
Nature-based solutions represent a conceptually distinct approach that works with ecological processes rather than against them. Green infrastructure – including bioswales, rain gardens, urban forests, and constructed wetlands – can manage stormwater, reduce urban heat, and provide co-benefits including habitat creation, air quality improvement, and recreational opportunities. These solutions often prove more cost-effective than gray infrastructure while offering greater adaptive capacity: ecological systems can naturally adjust to changing conditions in ways that rigid engineered structures cannot. Cities like Philadelphia and Copenhagen have pioneered ambitious green infrastructure programs that reimagine urban space to integrate natural systems.
Perhaps most fundamentally, building resilient urban infrastructure requires transformative governance approaches. Polycentric governance models that empower multiple actors at various scales – from neighborhood associations to regional authorities – can enable more flexible and context-appropriate responses than top-down systems. Participatory planning processes that engage diverse stakeholders, particularly marginalized communities most vulnerable to infrastructure failures, can produce more equitable and legitimate outcomes. Transdisciplinary collaboration bringing together engineers, climate scientists, social scientists, and community members can develop more holistic solutions than any single disciplinary perspective could achieve.
Looking forward, the challenge of adapting urban infrastructure to climate change represents both a daunting obligation and a generative opportunity. It necessitates unprecedented investments and systemic transformations, but it also offers possibilities for reimagining cities in more sustainable, equitable, and livable configurations. The infrastructure decisions made in coming decades will shape urban life for generations to come. Cities that successfully navigate this transition will be those that embrace complexity, maintain flexibility in the face of uncertainty, prioritize equity, and recognize infrastructure not as mere technical systems but as socio-technical assemblages deeply embedded in ecological contexts and social relationships. The requisite transformation is not merely technical but civilizational, demanding new ways of conceptualizing humanity’s relationship with both the built and natural environments that constitute the urban anthropocene.
Questions 27-31
Choose FIVE letters, A-J.
Which FIVE of the following are mentioned in the passage as challenges facing urban infrastructure in relation to climate change?
A. Stationarity assumptions in design
B. Lack of skilled engineers
C. Cascading infrastructure failures
D. Excessive government regulation
E. Institutional fragmentation
F. Political opposition to climate science
G. Deep uncertainty in climate projections
H. Infrastructure funding gaps
I. Language barriers in international cooperation
J. Temporal mismatch between infrastructure lifespan and planning cycles
Questions 32-36
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Hurricane Sandy demonstrated how storm surge could flood subway tunnels and __, leaving millions without power.
- Modern cities rely on __ where failure in one component can trigger sequential collapses.
- Infrastructure planning typically operates within rigid __ of about 20-30 years.
- Adaptive design principles create infrastructure with __ that can be adjusted as conditions evolve.
- Traditional infrastructure emphasized economies of scale and __, which present single points of failure.
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 3?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Climate change affects urban infrastructure only through acute shocks like hurricanes and floods.
- The American Society of Civil Engineers has identified a multi-trillion-dollar infrastructure funding gap in the United States.
- Distributed infrastructure systems sacrifice some efficiency to gain robustness.
- All cities worldwide have adopted smart technologies for infrastructure monitoring.
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- transpiration
- cool pavement coating
- evaporative cooling
- cooling centers
- C
- B
- C
- D
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- B
- A
- C
- C
- B
- inadequate
- nuisance flooding / sunny-day flooding
- marginalized communities
- movable barriers
- nature-based solutions
- NO
- YES
- YES
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
27-31. A, C, E, G, H, J (any five of these in any order)
32. electrical substations
33. tightly coupled systems
34. temporal horizons
35. optionality / flexible systems
36. centralized systems / large centralized systems
37. FALSE
38. TRUE
39. TRUE
40. FALSE
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 7°C warmer, summer evenings, urban areas, rural regions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu thứ 2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “cities experience temperatures significantly higher than their surrounding rural areas, sometimes by as much as 7°C during summer evenings” – hoàn toàn khớp với thông tin trong câu hỏi. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp.
Câu 2: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: caused exclusively, vehicle emissions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1-2
- Giải thích: Câu hỏi sử dụng từ “exclusively” (chỉ duy nhất), nhưng bài đọc liệt kê nhiều nguyên nhân: concrete, asphalt, dark surfaces, blocked wind, vehicles, industrial facilities, và air conditioning. Vì thế câu này là FALSE – thông tin mâu thuẫn.
Câu 3: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: air conditioning, cycle, worsens heating
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết mô tả “vicious cycle”: more air conditioning → more heat and electricity → fossil fuel burning → greenhouse gases → worsens climate change. Câu hỏi sử dụng “contributes to a cycle that worsens urban heating” là paraphrase chính xác.
Câu 4: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all age groups, equal health risks
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, young children, and those with chronic health conditions, are particularly at risk” – chứng tỏ KHÔNG phải tất cả các nhóm tuổi có rủi ro như nhau. Do đó câu này FALSE.
Câu 5: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: Tokyo, all buildings, heat-reflective surfaces
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nói “Tokyo has implemented policies requiring certain buildings to have heat-reflective surfaces” (một số tòa nhà nhất định), không phải “all buildings” (tất cả). Tuy nhiên, đây không phải là mâu thuẫn trực tiếp mà là thiếu thông tin cụ thể, nên đáp án là NOT GIVEN.
Câu 6: transpiration
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: trees cool, shade, process
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu 3
- Giải thích: “Trees provide shade and release water vapor through transpiration, which cools the surrounding air” – từ cần điền là “transpiration”.
Câu 7: cool pavement coating
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Los Angeles, streets, reduce heat absorption
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 3
- Giải thích: “Los Angeles… has begun painting some streets with cool pavement coating that reflects more sunlight” – cụm từ chính xác là “cool pavement coating”.
Câu 8: evaporative cooling
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: water features, provide cooling
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu 2
- Giải thích: “Fountains, ponds, and artificial wetlands provide evaporative cooling” – đáp án là “evaporative cooling”.
Câu 9: cooling centers
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: authorities, extreme heat, vulnerable residents
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu 2-3
- Giải thích: “help authorities issue timely heat warnings and open cooling centers for vulnerable residents during extreme heat events” – đáp án là “cooling centers”.
Câu 10: C (15-20%)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: UHI effect, cooling costs
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “researchers estimated that UHI effects add approximately 15-20% to urban cooling costs” – đáp án chính xác là C.
Câu 11: B (A harmful air pollutant)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: ground-level ozone
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 2
- Giải thích: “Higher temperatures accelerate the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant” – đáp án là B.
Câu 12: C (68%)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: 2050, global population, cities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, câu 2
- Giải thích: “with an estimated 68% of humanity expected to live in cities by 2050” – đáp án là C.
Câu 13: D (Combined top-down and bottom-up approaches)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: successful heat island reduction requires
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “This combination of top-down policies and bottom-up participation creates more resilient urban environments” – đáp án là D.
Minh họa thành phố ven biển đối mặt với mực nước biển dâng do biến đổi khí hậu trong đề IELTS Reading
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: B (Between 0.3 and 2.5 meters)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: sea levels, end of century
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu 3
- Giải thích: “by the end of this century, sea levels could increase by anywhere from 0.3 to 2.5 meters” – đáp án chính xác là B. Các đáp án khác không khớp với thông tin được cung cấp.
Câu 15: A (Higher elevation areas becoming more expensive)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: climate gentrification
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu 3
- Giải thích: “climate gentrification – a phenomenon where higher-elevation properties become more desirable and expensive, while flood-prone areas decline in value” – đáp án là A.
Câu 16: C (78 mobile gates)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: MOSE project, Venice
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2
- Giải thích: “a system of 78 mobile gates installed at inlets to the Venetian Lagoon” – đáp án chính xác là C.
Câu 17: C (Flooding from sea-level rise and land subsidence)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Jakarta, relocate capital
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu 1-2
- Giải thích: “Jakarta’s severe flooding problems, caused by a combination of sea-level rise and land subsidence from groundwater extraction, have prompted Indonesian authorities to plan relocating the national capital” – đáp án là C.
Câu 18: B (Cost-effective with ecological benefits)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: nature-based solutions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu 1
- Giải thích: “Nature-based solutions are gaining recognition as cost-effective and ecologically beneficial approaches” – đáp án là B.
Câu 19: inadequate
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: infrastructure systems, historical climate conditions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu 1
- Giải thích: “Infrastructure systems designed for historical climate conditions are proving inadequate for current and future challenges” – từ cần điền là “inadequate”.
Câu 20: nuisance flooding / sunny-day flooding
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: occurs without storms, high tides
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu 2
- Giải thích: “now face regular flooding during high tides – a phenomenon known as ‘nuisance flooding’ or ‘sunny-day flooding'” – có thể điền một trong hai cụm từ này.
Câu 21: marginalized communities
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: social impacts, vulnerable locations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 2
- Giải thích: “Marginalized communities often occupy the most vulnerable coastal locations” – đáp án là “marginalized communities”.
Câu 22: movable barriers
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: Netherlands, developed
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu 2
- Giải thích: “has developed sophisticated approaches including movable barriers” – đáp án là “movable barriers”.
Câu 23: nature-based solutions
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: mangrove forests, salt marshes, natural protection
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, câu 1-2
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giới thiệu “Nature-based solutions” sau đó liệt kê các ví dụ như mangrove forests và salt marshes – đáp án là “nature-based solutions”.
Câu 24: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: MOSE project, root causes
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “critics note… it addresses symptoms rather than root causes” – tức là KHÔNG giải quyết nguyên nhân gốc rễ. Đây là quan điểm được tác giả đồng tình, nên đáp án là NO.
Câu 25: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: strategic retreat, necessary
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu cuối
- Giải thích: “such relocations may become more common as certain coastal areas become truly unlivable” – tác giả cho rằng việc di dời (strategic retreat) có thể cần thiết trong tương lai. Đáp án là YES.
Câu 26: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: international cooperation, essential
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, câu 1-2
- Giải thích: “The challenge of rising seas also demands international cooperation. Many river deltas and coastal zones span national borders, requiring coordinated responses” – tác giả rõ ràng khẳng định sự cần thiết của hợp tác quốc tế. Đáp án là YES.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27-31: A, C, E, G, H, J (bất kỳ 5 trong số này)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple selection
- Giải thích từng đáp án:
- A. Stationarity assumptions – Đoạn 1 đề cập “designed according to stationarity assumptions”
- C. Cascading infrastructure failures – Đoạn 3 thảo luận chi tiết về “cascading failures”
- E. Institutional fragmentation – Đoạn 4 nói về “institutional fragmentation across multiple agencies”
- G. Deep uncertainty – Đoạn 4 đề cập “deep uncertainty characterizing climate projections”
- H. Infrastructure funding gaps – Đoạn 5 nói “faces a multi-trillion-dollar infrastructure funding gap”
- J. Temporal mismatch – Đoạn 5 thảo luận về “temporal mismatch between infrastructure lifespans… and political and fiscal planning cycles”
- Các đáp án B, D, F, I không được đề cập trong bài
Câu 32: electrical substations
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Hurricane Sandy, subway tunnels, millions without power
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu 3
- Giải thích: “flooding subway tunnels and electrical substations, leaving millions without power” – đáp án là “electrical substations”.
Câu 33: tightly coupled systems
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: failure in one component, trigger sequential collapses
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, câu 2
- Giải thích: “Modern cities rely on tightly coupled systems where failure in one component can propagate through networks, triggering sequential collapses” – đáp án là “tightly coupled systems”.
Câu 34: temporal horizons
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: infrastructure planning, 20-30 years
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu 2
- Giải thích: “Infrastructure planning typically operates within rigid temporal horizons – often 20-30 years” – đáp án là “temporal horizons”.
Câu 35: optionality / flexible systems
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: adaptive design, adjusted as conditions evolve
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, câu 2-3
- Giải thích: “adaptive approaches build in optionality – creating infrastructure that can be adjusted relatively easily as conditions evolve” – có thể điền “optionality” hoặc “flexible systems”.
Câu 36: centralized systems / large centralized systems
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: traditional infrastructure, economies of scale, single points of failure
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 2-3
- Giải thích: “Traditional infrastructure philosophy emphasized economies of scale, creating large centralized systems. However, such systems present single points of failure” – đáp án là “centralized systems” hoặc “large centralized systems”.
Câu 37: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: only through acute shocks
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ climate change affects infrastructure through both “acute shocks” VÀ “chronic stresses” – không chỉ qua acute shocks. Từ “only” làm cho câu này FALSE.
Câu 38: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: American Society of Civil Engineers, multi-trillion-dollar, funding gap
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu 2
- Giải thích: “The American Society of Civil Engineers estimates that the United States alone faces a multi-trillion-dollar infrastructure funding gap” – hoàn toàn khớp, đáp án TRUE.
Câu 39: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: distributed systems, sacrifice efficiency, gain robustness
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, câu 4
- Giải thích: “Distributed systems… sacrifice some efficiency for robustness” – đáp án TRUE.
Câu 40: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all cities worldwide, adopted smart technologies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói smart technologies “offer capabilities” và có những lo ngại về “digital divides” – chứng tỏ KHÔNG phải tất cả các thành phố đã áp dụng. Đáp án FALSE.
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| phenomenon | n | /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ | hiện tượng | one of the most significant phenomena | natural phenomenon, social phenomenon |
| Urban Heat Island | n phrase | /ˈɜːbən hiːt ˈaɪlənd/ | đảo nhiệt đô thị | the Urban Heat Island effect | UHI effect, UHI mitigation |
| vast expanse | n phrase | /vɑːst ɪkˈspæns/ | khu vực rộng lớn | vast expanses of concrete | vast expanse of land/water |
| vicious cycle | n phrase | /ˈvɪʃəs ˈsaɪkl/ | vòng luẩn quẩn xấu | creates a vicious cycle | break the vicious cycle |
| heat-related illness | n phrase | /hiːt rɪˈleɪtɪd ˈɪlnəs/ | bệnh liên quan đến nhiệt | risks of heat-related illnesses | prevent heat-related illness |
| mortality rate | n phrase | /mɔːˈtæləti reɪt/ | tỷ lệ tử vong | higher mortality rates | infant mortality rate, reduce mortality rate |
| ground-level ozone | n phrase | /ɡraʊnd ˈlevl ˈəʊzəʊn/ | ozone tầng mặt đất | formation of ground-level ozone | ground-level ozone pollution |
| respiratory problem | n phrase | /ˈrespərətri ˈprɒbləm/ | vấn đề hô hấp | causes respiratory problems | suffer from respiratory problems |
| mitigate | v | /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ | giảm thiểu | strategies to mitigate the UHI effect | mitigate risks, mitigate impacts |
| transpiration | n | /ˌtrænspəˈreɪʃn/ | quá trình thoát hơi nước | release water vapor through transpiration | plant transpiration |
| reflective properties | n phrase | /rɪˈflektɪv ˈprɒpətiz/ | tính chất phản xạ | changing the reflective properties | reflective properties of surfaces |
| evaporative cooling | n phrase | /ɪˈvæpərətɪv ˈkuːlɪŋ/ | làm mát bằng bay hơi | provide evaporative cooling | evaporative cooling system |
| climate adaptation | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | thích ứng khí hậu | comprehensive climate adaptation strategy | climate adaptation measures, climate adaptation planning |
| resilient | adj | /rɪˈzɪliənt/ | kiên cường, bền vững | more resilient urban environments | resilient infrastructure, resilient community |
| sustainable development | n phrase | /səˈsteɪnəbl dɪˈveləpmənt/ | phát triển bền vững | critical for sustainable urban development | promote sustainable development |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| specter | n | /ˈspektə(r)/ | bóng ma, mối đe dọa | the specter of rising sea levels | specter of war, specter haunts |
| tangible | adj | /ˈtændʒəbl/ | hữu hình, rõ ràng | most tangible impacts | tangible benefits, tangible results |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | unprecedented rate | unprecedented scale, unprecedented crisis |
| existential threat | n phrase | /ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/ | mối đe dọa sinh tồn | pose existential threats | face existential threat |
| acute vulnerability | n phrase | /əˈkjuːt ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ | dễ bị tổn thương nghiêm trọng | particularly acute vulnerabilities | acute vulnerability to climate change |
| inundate | v | /ˈɪnʌndeɪt/ | ngập lụt, tràn ngập | can inundate vast urban areas | inundate coastal areas |
| staggering | adj | /ˈstæɡərɪŋ/ | đáng kinh ngạc, choáng váng | implications are staggering | staggering amount, staggering costs |
| climate gentrification | n phrase | /ˈklaɪmət ˌdʒentrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự đô thị hóa do khí hậu | phenomenon of climate gentrification | climate gentrification effects |
| prohibitively expensive | adj phrase | /prəˈhɪbɪtɪvli ɪkˈspensɪv/ | đắt đến mức cấm đoán | prohibitively expensive coverage | prohibitively expensive for most people |
| fiscal crisis | n phrase | /ˈfɪskl ˈkraɪsɪs/ | khủng hoảng tài chính | creating fiscal crises | face fiscal crisis |
| nuisance flooding | n phrase | /ˈnjuːsns ˈflʌdɪŋ/ | ngập lụt quấy rối | phenomenon known as nuisance flooding | frequent nuisance flooding |
| marginalized communities | n phrase | /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd kəˈmjuːnətiz/ | cộng đồng bị thiệt thòi | marginalized communities often occupy | support marginalized communities |
| disproportionate impact | n phrase | /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət ˈɪmpækt/ | tác động không cân xứng | face disproportionate impacts | disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups |
| adaptation strategy | n phrase | /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn ˈstrætədʒi/ | chiến lược thích ứng | pursuing varied adaptation strategies | develop adaptation strategies |
| paradigmatic shift | n phrase | /ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình | represent a paradigmatic shift | paradigmatic shift in thinking |
| amphibious architecture | n phrase | /æmˈfɪbiəs ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ | kiến trúc lưỡng cư | creating amphibious architecture | amphibious architecture design |
| retention basin | n phrase | /rɪˈtenʃn ˈbeɪsn/ | bể chứa nước | serve as retention basins | stormwater retention basin |
| strategic retreat | n phrase | /strəˈtiːdʒɪk rɪˈtriːt/ | rút lui chiến lược | essentially strategic retreat | strategic retreat from coastal areas |
| nature-based solution | n phrase | /ˈneɪtʃə(r) beɪst səˈluːʃn/ | giải pháp dựa vào thiên nhiên | nature-based solutions are gaining recognition | implement nature-based solutions |
| co-benefit | n | /kəʊ ˈbenɪfɪt/ | lợi ích kép | provide co-benefits | environmental co-benefits |
Để tìm hiểu thêm về các tác động kinh tế của công nghệ, bạn có thể tham khảo Economic impacts of technological innovation, nơi thảo luận về cách đổi mới công nghệ ảnh hưởng đến các hệ thống đô thị tương tự như biến đổi khí hậu.
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| confluence | n | /ˈkɒnfluəns/ | sự hợp lưu, giao thoa | confluence of urbanization and climate change | confluence of factors |
| anthropogenic | adj | /ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/ | do con người gây ra | anthropogenic climate change | anthropogenic emissions, anthropogenic impacts |
| circulatory system | n phrase | /ˈsɜːkjələtri ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống tuần hoàn | form the circulatory system of cities | circulatory system of the body |
| stationarity assumption | n phrase | /ˌsteɪʃəˈnærəti əˈsʌmpʃn/ | giả định tĩnh | designed according to stationarity assumptions | challenge stationarity assumptions |
| statistical envelope | n phrase | /stəˈtɪstɪkl ˈenvələʊp/ | phạm vi thống kê | within the statistical envelope | statistical envelope of observations |
| non-stationary conditions | n phrase | /nɒn ˈsteɪʃənri kənˈdɪʃnz/ | điều kiện không tĩnh | era of non-stationary climate conditions | non-stationary climate patterns |
| compounding hazards | n phrase | /ˈkɒmpaʊndɪŋ ˈhæzədz/ | các mối nguy hiểm kết hợp | characterized by compounding hazards | face compounding hazards |
| acute shock | n phrase | /əˈkjuːt ʃɒk/ | cú sốc cấp tính | acute shocks such as hurricanes | respond to acute shocks |
| catastrophic failure | n phrase | /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk ˈfeɪljə(r)/ | sự hỏng hóc thảm khốc | cause catastrophic failures | prevent catastrophic failure |
| chronic stress | n phrase | /ˈkrɒnɪk stres/ | căng thẳng mãn tính | chronic stresses of gradual shifts | chronic stress on infrastructure |
| cascading failure | n phrase | /kæˈskeɪdɪŋ ˈfeɪljə(r)/ | sự hỏng hóc dây chuyền | cascading failures represent a dimension | cascading failure in networks |
| tightly coupled system | n phrase | /ˈtaɪtli ˈkʌpld ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống liên kết chặt chẽ | rely on tightly coupled systems | tightly coupled system architecture |
| propagate | v | /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/ | lan truyền | failure can propagate through networks | propagate through the system |
| systemic interdependence | n phrase | /sɪˈstemɪk ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns/ | sự phụ thuộc hệ thống | this systemic interdependence | systemic interdependence of infrastructure |
| institutional fragmentation | n phrase | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/ | sự phân mảnh thể chế | faces institutional fragmentation | institutional fragmentation hinders coordination |
| cross-sectoral coordination | n phrase | /krɒs ˈsektərəl kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/ | phối hợp liên ngành | requires cross-sectoral coordination | improve cross-sectoral coordination |
| irreducible uncertainty | n phrase | /ˌɪrɪˈdjuːsəbl ʌnˈsɜːtnti/ | sự không chắc chắn không thể giảm | despite irreducible uncertainty | face irreducible uncertainty |
| temporal mismatch | n phrase | /ˈtempərəl ˈmɪsmætʃ/ | sự không khớp về thời gian | temporal mismatch between lifespans | temporal mismatch creates problems |
| retrofitting | n | /ˈretrəʊfɪtɪŋ/ | cải tạo, trang bị lại | retrofitting existing infrastructure | retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency |
| adaptive design | n phrase | /əˈdæptɪv dɪˈzaɪn/ | thiết kế thích ứng | adaptive design principles | adaptive design approach |
| modular expansion | n phrase | /ˈmɒdjʊlə(r) ɪkˈspænʃn/ | mở rộng theo mô-đun | capable of modular expansion | modular expansion capability |
| redundancy | n | /rɪˈdʌndənsi/ | sự dự phòng | redundancy and decentralization | build in redundancy |
| microgrids | n | /ˈmaɪkrəʊɡrɪdz/ | lưới điện vi mô | microgrids for electricity | develop microgrids |
| biomimetic principle | n phrase | /ˌbaɪəʊmɪˈmetɪk ˈprɪnsəpl/ | nguyên tắc bắt chước sinh học | aligns with biomimetic principles | apply biomimetic principles |
| digital twin | n phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl twɪn/ | bản sao kỹ thuật số | digital twins of physical infrastructure | create digital twin models |
| cybersecurity | n | /ˈsaɪbəsɪkjʊərəti/ | an ninh mạng | vulnerabilities concerning cybersecurity | enhance cybersecurity measures |
| green infrastructure | n phrase | /ɡriːn ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ | cơ sở hạ tầng xanh | green infrastructure including bioswales | invest in green infrastructure |
| gray infrastructure | n phrase | /ɡreɪ ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ | cơ sở hạ tầng xám (truyền thống) | more cost-effective than gray infrastructure | gray infrastructure vs green infrastructure |
| polycentric governance | n phrase | /ˌpɒliˈsentrɪk ˈɡʌvənəns/ | quản trị đa trung tâm | polycentric governance models | polycentric governance approach |
| transdisciplinary collaboration | n phrase | /ˌtrænzdɪsəˈplɪnəri kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ | hợp tác xuyên ngành | transdisciplinary collaboration bringing together | transdisciplinary collaboration in research |
| socio-technical assemblage | n phrase | /ˌsəʊsiəʊ ˈteknɪkl əˈsemblɪdʒ/ | tổ hợp xã hội-kỹ thuật | infrastructure as socio-technical assemblages | socio-technical assemblage approach |
Hình minh họa cơ sở hạ tầng đô thị thích ứng với biến đổi khí hậu trong bài thi IELTS Reading nâng cao
Các chiến lược thích ứng đô thị này có điểm tương đồng với The role of renewable energy in reducing energy poverty, nơi năng lượng tái tạo đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc tạo ra các hệ thống năng lượng phân tán và bền vững cho khu vực đô thị.
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến khu vực đô thị không chỉ là một nội dung thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực sự mà nhân loại đang đối mặt. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi hoàn chỉnh với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng, từ các dạng cơ bản như True/False/Not Given đến các dạng phức tạp hơn như Matching Headings và Summary Completion.
Passage 1 đã giới thiệu hiện tượng đảo nhiệt đô thị với ngôn ngữ dễ tiếp cận, giúp bạn làm quen với chủ đề và xây dựng nền tảng từ vựng. Passage 2 đi sâu vào vấn đề mực nước biển dâng với những khái niệm phức tạp hơn và yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase tốt hơn. Cuối cùng, Passage 3 thách thức bạn với nội dung học thuật cao về khả năng phục hồi của cơ sở hạ tầng đô thị, đòi hỏi khả năng đọc hiểu và phân tích nâng cao.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án đúng là gì, mà còn hiểu tại sao đó là đáp án đúng và làm thế nào để tự mình tìm ra nó. Phần từ vựng theo từng passage cung cấp hơn 50 từ và cụm từ quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocations – những kiến thức có giá trị không chỉ cho Reading mà cả Writing và Speaking.
Để nâng cao kỹ năng IELTS Reading của mình, hãy:
- Làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển)
- Đối chiếu đáp án và đọc kỹ phần giải thích
- Học thuộc từ vựng và cách sử dụng trong ngữ cảnh
- Phân tích các kỹ thuật paraphrase được sử dụng
- Luyện tập lại các dạng câu hỏi mà bạn còn yếu
Tương tự như việc tìm hiểu về How climate change is impacting marine ecosystems, việc hiểu sâu về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên đô thị sẽ giúp bạn chuẩn bị tốt hơn cho các chủ đề môi trường trong IELTS. Ngoài ra, nếu bạn quan tâm đến các giải pháp công nghệ cho đô thị bền vững, hãy tham khảo Smart cities and data privacy để có cái nhìn toàn diện hơn về tương lai của các khu vực đô thị.
Hãy nhớ rằng, việc đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading không chỉ phụ thuộc vào khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn vào việc quản lý thời gian hiệu quả, nhận diện nhanh các dạng câu hỏi, và áp dụng đúng chiến lược cho từng dạng. Với sự luyện tập kiên trì và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể chinh phục IELTS Reading với band điểm mơ ước. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
