Xe đạp điện đang trở thành một phương tiện giao thông phổ biến trong các khu đô thị trên toàn thế giới, và chủ đề này ngày càng xuất hiện nhiều trong bài thi IELTS Reading. Việc hiểu sâu về xu hướng này không chỉ giúp bạn chuẩn bị tốt cho kỳ thi mà còn cung cấp kiến thức thực tế về một hiện tượng giao thông đang thay đổi bộ mặt các thành phố hiện đại.
Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ luyện tập với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp trong kỳ thi thực tế, bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều được thiết kế cẩn thận để phản ánh chính xác format và độ khó của đề thi IELTS chính thức.
Sau phần luyện tập, bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin trong bài, kỹ thuật paraphrase và lý do tại sao đáp án đó là chính xác. Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật và hiểu cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh thực tế.
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những ai đang nhắm đến band điểm 6.5-7.5 trong phần Reading.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi quan trọng đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh học thuật của thí sinh. Bài thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đặc điểm nổi bật của bài thi là độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3, và thí sinh cần quản lý thời gian hiệu quả để hoàn thành tất cả các câu hỏi.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị giúp bạn tối ưu hóa kết quả:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (bao gồm đọc và trả lời câu hỏi)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó tăng, cần thời gian suy luận nhiều hơn)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (passage khó nhất, từ vựng phức tạp)
Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, do đó bạn cần ghi đáp án trực tiếp lên phiếu trả lời trong 60 phút.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm với 3-4 lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hoặc không được đề cập
- Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề phù hợp cho các đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau và có chiến lược làm bài riêng. Việc làm quen với tất cả các dạng này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong kỳ thi thực tế.
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Electric Bike Revolution in Modern Cities
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The world of urban transportation is experiencing a significant transformation, and electric bikes (e-bikes) are at the forefront of this change. Once considered a niche product for cycling enthusiasts, e-bikes have now become a mainstream mode of transport in cities across Europe, Asia, and increasingly in North America. These battery-powered bicycles combine the health benefits of traditional cycling with the convenience of motorized assistance, making them an attractive option for daily commuters.
An electric bike looks similar to a conventional bicycle but includes several additional components. The most important is the electric motor, which is usually located in the front or rear wheel hub, or in the central crank area near the pedals. This motor is powered by a rechargeable battery, typically lithium-ion, which is mounted on the frame. The battery can be charged using a standard electrical outlet and usually takes between three to six hours to reach full capacity. Most modern e-bikes also feature a control display on the handlebars, allowing riders to monitor their speed, battery level, and distance traveled.
The way e-bikes work is relatively straightforward. When a rider begins to pedal, sensors detect the movement and activate the motor to provide additional power. This is known as “pedal-assist” mode. The level of assistance can usually be adjusted, with most e-bikes offering three to five different power settings. On the lowest setting, the motor provides minimal help, making the ride similar to a traditional bike. On the highest setting, the motor can significantly reduce the physical effort required, making it possible to travel longer distances or climb steep hills with ease. Some e-bikes also include a “throttle mode,” which allows the motor to propel the bike without any pedaling, similar to a scooter or moped.
One of the primary reasons for the growing popularity of e-bikes in urban areas is their practicality for commuting. Unlike cars, e-bikes can navigate through traffic congestion easily and don’t require expensive parking spaces. Compared to traditional bicycles, they allow riders to arrive at their destination without being excessively sweaty, which is particularly important for people commuting to work in professional attire. The average e-bike can travel between 40 to 100 kilometers on a single charge, depending on the terrain, rider weight, and level of assistance used. This range is more than sufficient for most urban commutes, which typically average around 15 kilometers round-trip.
Environmental benefits are another major factor driving e-bike adoption. As cities worldwide struggle with air pollution and carbon emissions, e-bikes offer a clean alternative to petrol-powered vehicles. According to research from the European Cyclists’ Federation, replacing car trips with e-bike journeys can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 50% compared to conventional cars. Even when accounting for the electricity used to charge the batteries and the environmental impact of battery production, e-bikes remain one of the most eco-friendly transportation options available.
The economic advantages of e-bikes are also substantial. While the initial purchase price can range from $1,000 to $5,000 depending on the model and features, this is significantly less than the cost of buying and maintaining a car. Fuel costs are minimal – charging an e-bike battery typically costs less than $0.10 per charge. Maintenance expenses are also relatively low, mainly involving tire replacement, brake adjustments, and occasional battery replacement after several years of use. For many urban dwellers, switching to an e-bike for their daily commute can result in substantial savings over time.
Cities around the world are recognizing these benefits and taking steps to encourage e-bike use. Many municipalities have introduced dedicated bike lanes and cycling infrastructure to make roads safer for e-bike riders. Some cities offer financial incentives such as purchase subsidies or tax rebates to residents who buy e-bikes. Bike-sharing programs that include e-bikes have also become increasingly common, allowing people to try this form of transport without the commitment of purchasing their own bike. These initiatives are not only promoting sustainable transportation but also contributing to healthier, more livable cities.
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, electric bikes were originally seen as
A. a replacement for cars
B. a product for specialist users
C. unsuitable for city use
D. too expensive for most people -
The lithium-ion battery in an e-bike
A. cannot be removed from the frame
B. takes less than three hours to charge
C. can be charged using a normal power socket
D. is located in the wheel hub -
In pedal-assist mode, the motor
A. works only when the rider is pedaling
B. operates independently of pedaling
C. provides constant power regardless of setting
D. requires manual activation for each journey -
E-bikes are particularly useful for work commuters because
A. they are faster than cars in all situations
B. riders avoid arriving at work perspiring heavily
C. they require no physical effort
D. parking is provided by employers -
According to the European Cyclists’ Federation research, e-bikes
A. produce no carbon emissions at all
B. are worse for the environment than cars
C. can cut carbon dioxide emissions by half compared to cars
D. have the same environmental impact as traditional bicycles
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- All modern e-bikes have a display screen on the handlebars.
- E-bikes with throttle mode can move without the rider pedaling.
- The average urban commute distance is approximately 15 kilometers in total.
- E-bike batteries need to be replaced every year.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- The electric motor in an e-bike can be positioned in the wheel or near the __.
- Most e-bikes offer between three and five different __ that riders can select.
- The cost to charge an e-bike battery is typically under __ per charge.
- Many cities now provide __ to encourage residents to purchase e-bikes.
PASSAGE 2 – The Technology and Engineering Behind Electric Bicycles
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The engineering complexity of electric bicycles represents a fascinating convergence of mechanical engineering, electrical systems, and computer technology. While they may appear deceptively simple, modern e-bikes incorporate sophisticated components that must work in perfect harmony to deliver a smooth, efficient, and safe riding experience. Understanding the technological underpinnings of these vehicles reveals why they have become such effective tools for urban mobility and why their popularity continues to accelerate globally.
At the heart of any e-bike lies the powertrain system, which consists of three primary components: the motor, the battery, and the controller. The motor type significantly influences the bike’s performance characteristics. Hub motors, which are integrated into either the front or rear wheel, offer simplicity and low maintenance but can create unbalanced weight distribution. In contrast, mid-drive motors, positioned at the bike’s center of gravity near the crankset, provide superior handling and more efficient power transfer, particularly on inclines. These motors typically range from 250 to 750 watts, with European regulations limiting assistance to 250 watts and 25 kilometers per hour, while North American standards permit more powerful configurations.
The battery technology employed in e-bikes has evolved dramatically over the past decade. Early models relied on heavy, inefficient lead-acid or nickel-cadmium batteries, but contemporary e-bikes universally utilize lithium-ion cells, which offer an exceptional energy-to-weight ratio. A typical e-bike battery pack contains dozens of individual lithium-ion cells arranged in series and parallel configurations to achieve the desired voltage (usually 36V or 48V) and capacity (measured in amp-hours). Battery management systems (BMS) continuously monitor each cell’s condition, ensuring optimal charging, preventing over-discharge, and maintaining thermal stability. The longevity of these batteries, typically rated for 500 to 1,000 charge cycles, represents a critical factor in the total cost of ownership.
The controller serves as the e-bike’s “brain,” constantly processing input from multiple sensors to determine the appropriate level of motor assistance. Torque sensors, considered the premium option, measure the force the rider applies to the pedals and adjust motor output proportionally, creating a natural, intuitive riding experience. Less expensive systems use cadence sensors, which simply detect whether the pedals are rotating and provide predetermined assistance levels regardless of how hard the rider is actually pedaling. Advanced controllers also incorporate accelerometers, speed sensors, and inclinometers, enabling sophisticated algorithms that adapt assistance based on terrain, rider behavior, and remaining battery capacity.
The integration challenges in e-bike design extend beyond merely assembling these components. Engineers must address structural considerations unique to electrically assisted bicycles. The additional weight and higher speeds place greater stress on the frame, requiring reinforced construction and upgraded components. Braking systems must be more robust than those on traditional bicycles, with most quality e-bikes featuring hydraulic disc brakes that provide consistent stopping power even in wet conditions. The electrical wiring must be routed carefully through or along the frame to protect it from moisture, vibration, and impact while maintaining aesthetic appeal.
Regenerative braking, a feature found in some higher-end e-bikes, exemplifies the sophisticated energy management possible with modern electric drivetrains. This technology, borrowed from electric cars, converts the kinetic energy of the moving bike back into electrical energy during deceleration, partially recharging the battery. While the energy recovery is modest – typically adding only 5-10% to overall range – it demonstrates the potential for innovation in e-bike technology. Some manufacturers are also experimenting with solar-charging capabilities, integrating photovoltaic cells into frame design or luggage systems, though these remain niche applications due to practical limitations of power generation relative to consumption rates.
Connectivity features are increasingly becoming standard in premium e-bikes, transforming them into smart devices. Bluetooth integration allows riders to connect their smartphones to the bike, accessing detailed performance data, customizing assistance levels, and even locking the motor remotely as an anti-theft measure. GPS tracking systems can alert owners to unauthorized movement and help in recovery if stolen. Some systems incorporate navigation, providing turn-by-turn directions directly on the handlebar display. This digital integration also facilitates predictive maintenance, with the bike’s systems monitoring component wear and alerting riders to potential issues before they become serious problems.
The rapid advancement of e-bike technology has created new regulatory challenges. Different jurisdictions classify e-bikes according to various criteria, including motor power, maximum assisted speed, and whether throttle operation is permitted. These classifications determine where e-bikes can legally be ridden – whether on roads, bike paths, or both – and whether riders require licenses or insurance. As e-bike capabilities continue to blur the lines between traditional bicycles and light motorcycles, lawmakers are working to develop coherent regulatory frameworks that balance safety, accessibility, and the promotion of sustainable transportation.
Công nghệ động cơ xe đạp điện hiện đại và hệ thống truyền động thông minh
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Hub motors are superior to mid-drive motors in all aspects of performance.
- Modern e-bikes exclusively use lithium-ion batteries due to their advantages.
- Torque sensors provide a more natural riding experience than cadence sensors.
- All e-bikes should be legally required to have regenerative braking systems.
- Smart features in premium e-bikes can help prevent theft.
Questions 19-22: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B, D, F, and G from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The limitations of solar-powered bicycles
ii. Motor types and their performance characteristics
iii. The role of digital connectivity in modern e-bikes
iv. Battery chemistry and energy storage solutions
v. How controllers process rider input
vi. Structural modifications for electric assistance
vii. Legal frameworks for different e-bike categories
viii. The future of urban transportation
- Paragraph B
- Paragraph D
- Paragraph F
- Paragraph G
Questions 23-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
E-bike batteries consist of numerous lithium-ion cells arranged to achieve specific voltage and capacity. A (23) __ monitors these cells to ensure safe charging and prevent damage. The typical battery can handle between 500 and 1,000 (24) __ before replacement. The controller acts as the bike’s brain, using data from various sensors to determine motor assistance. Premium systems employ (25) __ that measure pedaling force, while cheaper alternatives use basic rotation detection. Advanced controllers may also include devices that detect slope, enabling them to adjust assistance based on (26) __.
PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Impact and Future Trajectory of E-Bike Adoption
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The proliferation of electric bicycles represents far more than a mere technological innovation in personal transportation; it embodies a fundamental shift in urban mobility paradigms with profound implications for city planning, public health, environmental sustainability, and social equity. As municipalities worldwide grapple with the multifaceted challenges of congestion, pollution, and the imperative to reduce carbon emissions, e-bikes have emerged as a compelling solution that addresses multiple urban pathologies simultaneously. However, the trajectory of e-bike adoption is neither uniform nor uncomplicated, varying significantly across different socioeconomic contexts and raising important questions about accessibility, infrastructure investment, and the potential unintended consequences of this transportation revolution.
The demographic profile of e-bike users reveals intriguing patterns that challenge conventional assumptions about cycling and active transportation. Research conducted in European cities with mature e-bike markets indicates that these vehicles have successfully attracted populations traditionally underrepresented in cycling: older adults, individuals with limited physical fitness, and those with longer commute distances. A longitudinal study in the Netherlands found that e-bike ownership among individuals aged 55-75 increased by 190% between 2014 and 2020, with corresponding data suggesting these users maintained higher levels of physical activity compared to their non-cycling peers. This contradicts the persistent criticism that e-bikes represent a form of “cheating” that diminishes health benefits; rather, evidence suggests they serve as a gateway to increased cycling frequency and duration, particularly for those who might otherwise rely entirely on motorized transport.
The economic ramifications of widespread e-bike adoption extend well beyond individual consumer savings. Macroeconomic analyses suggest that significant modal shifts toward e-bikes could generate substantial societal benefits through reduced healthcare costs associated with sedentary lifestyles, decreased expenditure on road infrastructure maintenance, and mitigation of productivity losses caused by traffic congestion. A comprehensive study commissioned by the European Cycling Federation estimated that if cycling rates (including e-bikes) increased to match those of leading cycling nations, European economies could realize net benefits exceeding €200 billion annually by 2030. These calculations factor in reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease, diminished air pollution, and decreased accident rates, though they also acknowledge methodological uncertainties in quantifying such diffuse benefits.
However, the distributional effects of e-bike adoption raise critical equity concerns. Despite their relative affordability compared to automobiles, quality e-bikes remain financially inaccessible to many low-income households, potentially creating a transportation divide that exacerbates existing inequalities. In North American cities, where cycling infrastructure is often unevenly distributed, affluent neighborhoods may benefit disproportionately from e-bike integration while underserved communities lack the safe cycling routes necessary to make this transportation mode viable. Some municipalities have attempted to address these disparities through subsidy programs targeted at low-income residents, though critics argue such initiatives remain insufficiently scaled to achieve meaningful equity outcomes. The emergence of shared e-bike systems offers partial mitigation, democratizing access without requiring personal ownership, yet these systems themselves tend to concentrate in higher-density, more affluent urban cores.
The infrastructural implications of mass e-bike adoption present formidable challenges for urban planners. Existing cycling infrastructure, where it exists at all, was typically designed for traditional bicycles traveling at lower speeds. E-bikes’ higher velocities and greater mass create safety concerns when mixing with conventional cyclists, pedestrians, and motor vehicles. Cities must therefore reconsider their allocation of road space, potentially creating differentiated cycling lanes for various vehicle types or implementing comprehensive separated infrastructure. Amsterdam’s recent experimentation with “e-bike highways” – grade-separated routes optimized for higher-speed electric cycling – represents one innovative approach, though the substantial capital investment required poses significant barriers for resource-constrained municipalities. Moreover, the increased demand for secure parking and charging facilities necessitates thoughtful urban design that integrates these requirements into both retrofitted existing structures and new developments.
The environmental calculus surrounding e-bikes, while generally favorable, contains nuances that warrant careful examination. Life cycle assessments must account not only for operational emissions (which are minimal) but also for the embedded carbon in manufacturing, particularly in battery production, and the environmental burden of disposal or recycling at end-of-life. Current lithium-ion batteries present recycling challenges, with relatively low recovery rates of valuable materials and potential release of hazardous substances if improperly handled. Furthermore, the electricity used to charge e-bikes derives from grid systems with varying carbon intensities; in regions heavily reliant on fossil fuel generation, the climate benefits are attenuated compared to those with cleaner energy mixes. Nonetheless, even under conservative assumptions, e-bikes maintain substantial environmental advantages over internal combustion vehicles, and these benefits will amplify as electrical grids decarbonize.
Perhaps the most profound yet underexamined impact of e-bike proliferation concerns its potential to reshape urban form over longer time horizons. Transportation modes have historically exerted powerful influences on city morphology: railways created commuter suburbs, automobiles enabled sprawl, and transit systems catalyzed dense urban nodes. E-bikes’ ability to extend comfortable cycling range from approximately 5 kilometers to 15-20 kilometers without requiring extensive infrastructure investment could enable new patterns of development that combine suburban spaciousness with reduced automobile dependence. This could potentially mitigate the binary choice between dense urban living and car-dependent suburbs that has characterized much 20th-century development. However, whether this potential materializes depends critically on complementary policy interventions – land use regulations, zoning reforms, and coordinated infrastructure planning – that either facilitate or hinder these emergent spatial patterns.
The regulatory landscape surrounding e-bikes remains in considerable flux, with ongoing debates about appropriate classification schemes, speed limitations, helmet requirements, and age restrictions. These regulatory choices carry significant implications for adoption rates and usage patterns. Overly restrictive regulations may stifle the growth of this sustainable transportation mode, while excessive permissiveness could compromise safety and create conflicts with other road users. Some jurisdictions have adopted tiered classification systems that differentiate e-bikes by maximum speed and power, applying different regulations to each category. The effectiveness of these approaches remains subject to empirical evaluation, though preliminary evidence suggests that nuanced, evidence-based regulations that balance multiple objectives yield superior outcomes compared to either prohibition or unregulated proliferation.
Phát triển hạ tầng đường dành cho xe đạp điện tại các đô thị hiện đại
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, research in the Netherlands showed that
A. older adults prefer traditional bicycles to e-bikes
B. e-bike users exercise less than non-cyclists
C. e-bike ownership among seniors increased dramatically
D. physical activity decreased with e-bike adoption -
The European Cycling Federation study suggested that increased cycling could
A. cost European economies over €200 billion
B. save approximately €200 billion per year by 2030
C. have no measurable economic impact
D. benefit only the healthcare sector -
The main equity concern regarding e-bikes is that
A. they are too complicated for some users
B. low-income households may not afford them
C. they require extensive training to operate
D. they are only available in certain colors -
Amsterdam’s “e-bike highways” are described as
A. a standard solution adopted by all cities
B. inexpensive to construct and maintain
C. an innovative but costly approach
D. unsuitable for electric bicycles -
The passage suggests that e-bike environmental benefits are
A. greater in regions with fossil fuel-based electricity
B. nonexistent when considering battery production
C. reduced in areas with coal-heavy power grids
D. identical regardless of energy source
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct aspect (A-F) it relates to.
A. Demographic patterns
B. Economic impact
C. Equity concerns
D. Infrastructure requirements
E. Environmental considerations
F. Regulatory challenges
- The need for separated lanes to accommodate different vehicle speeds
- Higher cycling rates among populations previously less likely to cycle
- Difficulties in recycling lithium-ion batteries at end of life
- Concentration of shared e-bike systems in wealthier neighborhoods
- Debate over appropriate speed limitations for different e-bike types
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- What does the passage say e-bikes serve as for people who might otherwise not cycle regularly?
- What two types of urban areas does the passage suggest e-bikes might help combine?
- According to the passage, what kind of policy interventions are needed alongside e-bikes to reshape urban development?
- What type of regulations does the passage suggest work best for e-bikes?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- A
- B
- C
- FALSE
- TRUE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- pedals / crankset
- power settings
- $0.10 / ten cents
- financial incentives
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
- ii
- v
- iii
- vii
- battery management system / BMS
- charge cycles
- torque sensors
- terrain
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- B
- B
- C
- C
- D
- A
- E
- C
- F
- a gateway
- suburban spaciousness
- complementary policy interventions
- evidence-based regulations
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: electric bikes, originally seen as
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Câu “Once considered a niche product for cycling enthusiasts” cho thấy xe đạp điện ban đầu được xem là sản phẩm ngách (niche product) dành cho những người đam mê xe đạp, tức là một nhóm người dùng chuyên biệt/specialist users. Đây là paraphrase của “niche product” = “product for specialist users”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập trong phần này.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: lithium-ion battery
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Thông tin “The battery can be charged using a standard electrical outlet” khớp chính xác với đáp án C “can be charged using a normal power socket”. Đây là paraphrase: “standard electrical outlet” = “normal power socket”. Đáp án A sai vì không đề cập đến việc tháo rời, B sai vì thời gian sạc là 3-6 giờ (không phải dưới 3 giờ), D sai vì battery gắn trên frame chứ không phải trong wheel hub.
Câu 3: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: pedal-assist mode, motor
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Câu “When a rider begins to pedal, sensors detect the movement and activate the motor” cho thấy motor chỉ hoạt động khi người đi đạp (only when the rider is pedaling). Đây là đặc điểm của chế độ pedal-assist.
Câu 4: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: useful for work commuters
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Cụm “they allow riders to arrive at their destination without being excessively sweaty, which is particularly important for people commuting to work in professional attire” là bằng chứng rõ ràng. Paraphrase: “without being excessively sweaty” = “avoid arriving at work perspiring heavily”.
Câu 5: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: European Cyclists’ Federation, e-bikes
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Thông tin “replacing car trips with e-bike journeys can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 50% compared to conventional cars” paraphrase thành “can cut carbon dioxide emissions by half compared to cars” (50% = half).
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all modern e-bikes, display screen, handlebars
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: Câu trong bài nói “Most modern e-bikes also feature a control display” – “most” không có nghĩa là “all”. Đây là mâu thuẫn trực tiếp giữa “all” và “most”, nên đáp án là FALSE.
Câu 7: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: throttle mode, move without pedaling
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: Câu “Some e-bikes also include a throttle mode, which allows the motor to propel the bike without any pedaling” khớp hoàn toàn với statement. “Without any pedaling” = “without the rider pedaling”.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: average urban commute distance, 15 kilometers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: Thông tin “most urban commutes, which typically average around 15 kilometers round-trip” chính xác khớp với statement. “Round-trip” = “in total”.
Câu 9: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: batteries, replaced, every year
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ đề cập “occasional battery replacement after several years of use” nhưng không nói cụ thể là mỗi năm (every year). “Several years” khác với “every year”, nhưng không đủ thông tin để xác định TRUE hay FALSE.
Câu 10: pedals / crankset
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: electric motor, positioned, wheel
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “The electric motor, which is usually located in the front or rear wheel hub, or in the central crank area near the pedals” – motor có thể ở wheel hoặc gần “pedals”.
Câu 11: power settings
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: most e-bikes offer, three and five
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Most e-bikes offering three to five different power settings” – cụm từ chính xác là “power settings”.
Câu 12: $0.10 / ten cents
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: cost to charge, battery, typically under
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Charging an e-bike battery typically costs less than $0.10 per charge” – đáp án là “$0.10” hoặc có thể viết “ten cents”.
Câu 13: financial incentives
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: cities, provide, encourage residents, purchase e-bikes
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Some cities offer financial incentives such as purchase subsidies or tax rebates to residents who buy e-bikes” – cụm từ chung là “financial incentives”.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: hub motors, superior, all aspects
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-7
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ ra hub motors có ưu điểm là “simplicity and low maintenance” nhưng có nhược điểm “unbalanced weight distribution”, trong khi mid-drive motors có “superior handling and more efficient power transfer”. Điều này mâu thuẫn với việc hub motors superior in ALL aspects. Đây là ý kiến của tác giả nên đáp án là NO.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: modern e-bikes, exclusively, lithium-ion batteries
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Contemporary e-bikes universally utilize lithium-ion cells” – từ “universally” có nghĩa tương đương “exclusively” (hoàn toàn, độc quyền). Đây là quan điểm của tác giả.
Câu 16: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: torque sensors, more natural, cadence sensors
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: Tác giả nói torque sensors tạo ra “natural, intuitive riding experience” và được mô tả là “premium option”, ngược lại với cadence sensors là “less expensive systems”. Rõ ràng tác giả cho rằng torque sensors tốt hơn.
Câu 17: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all e-bikes, legally required, regenerative braking
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ mô tả regenerative braking là một tính năng tìm thấy ở “some higher-end e-bikes” và lợi ích của nó, nhưng không có ý kiến nào của tác giả về việc có nên bắt buộc hay không.
Câu 18: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: smart features, premium e-bikes, prevent theft
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: Tác giả nêu rõ các tính năng thông minh cho phép “locking the motor remotely as an anti-theft measure” và “GPS tracking systems can alert owners to unauthorized movement”. Đây là khẳng định của tác giả về khả năng chống trộm.
Câu 19: ii (Motor types and their performance characteristics)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Paragraph B
- Giải thích: Đoạn B thảo luận chi tiết về hub motors và mid-drive motors, so sánh ưu nhược điểm và đặc điểm hiệu suất của chúng. Đây chính xác là “motor types and their performance characteristics”.
Câu 20: v (How controllers process rider input)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Paragraph D
- Giải thích: Đoạn D tập trung vào controller – “the e-bike’s brain” – và cách nó “constantly processing input from multiple sensors” để xác định mức độ hỗ trợ động cơ. Nội dung chính là cách controller xử lý input từ người lái.
Câu 21: iii (The role of digital connectivity in modern e-bikes)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Paragraph F (sửa từ G trong câu hỏi)
- Giải thích: Lưu ý: Có vẻ có nhầm lẫn trong đánh số đoạn. Đoạn thảo luận về “connectivity features” với Bluetooth, GPS tracking, navigation, và digital integration chính là paragraph G. Tiêu đề phù hợp nhất là “The role of digital connectivity in modern e-bikes”.
Câu 22: vii (Legal frameworks for different e-bike categories)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Vị trí: Paragraph H (đoạn cuối của Passage 2)
- Giải thích: Đoạn này thảo luận về “regulatory challenges”, cách các “jurisdictions classify e-bikes”, và “coherent regulatory frameworks”. Tiêu đề về legal frameworks phù hợp nhất.
Câu 23: battery management system / BMS
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: monitors these cells, safe charging
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: “Battery management systems (BMS) continuously monitor each cell’s condition, ensuring optimal charging” – đáp án chính xác là “battery management system” hoặc viết tắt “BMS”.
Câu 24: charge cycles
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: 500 and 1,000, before replacement
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 9-10
- Giải thích: “The longevity of these batteries, typically rated for 500 to 1,000 charge cycles” – cụm từ chính xác là “charge cycles”.
Câu 25: torque sensors
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: premium systems, measure pedaling force
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Torque sensors, considered the premium option, measure the force the rider applies to the pedals” – đáp án là “torque sensors”.
Câu 26: terrain
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: detect slope, adjust assistance based on
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “Advanced controllers also incorporate accelerometers, speed sensors, and inclinometers, enabling sophisticated algorithms that adapt assistance based on terrain” – đáp án là “terrain”.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: research Netherlands, older adults
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “A longitudinal study in the Netherlands found that e-bike ownership among individuals aged 55-75 increased by 190% between 2014 and 2020” – đây là sự gia tăng đáng kể (dramatically) về quyền sở hữu e-bike ở người cao tuổi.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: European Cycling Federation study, increased cycling
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-7
- Giải thích: “A comprehensive study commissioned by the European Cycling Federation estimated that if cycling rates increased to match those of leading cycling nations, European economies could realize net benefits exceeding €200 billion annually by 2030” – đây là lợi ích tiết kiệm, không phải chi phí.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main equity concern
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “However, the distributional effects of e-bike adoption raise critical equity concerns. Despite their relative affordability compared to automobiles, quality e-bikes remain financially inaccessible to many low-income households” – vấn đề công bằng chính là khả năng chi trả.
Câu 30: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Amsterdam, e-bike highways
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 5-8
- Giải thích: “Amsterdam’s recent experimentation with ‘e-bike highways’… represents one innovative approach, though the substantial capital investment required poses significant barriers” – đây là cách tiếp cận sáng tạo nhưng tốn kém.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: e-bike environmental benefits
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-8
- Giải thích: “In regions heavily reliant on fossil fuel generation, the climate benefits are attenuated compared to those with cleaner energy mixes” – lợi ích môi trường giảm đi (reduced) ở các khu vực dùng nhiên liệu hóa thạch (coal-heavy = fossil fuel-based).
Câu 32: D (Infrastructure requirements)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: separated lanes, different vehicle speeds
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Statement về “need for separated lanes to accommodate different vehicle speeds” liên quan trực tiếp đến yêu cầu hạ tầng được thảo luận trong đoạn về infrastructure implications.
Câu 33: A (Demographic patterns)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: higher cycling rates, populations previously less likely
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Đây là về “demographic profile” và việc e-bikes thu hút “populations traditionally underrepresented in cycling” – rõ ràng là demographic patterns.
Câu 34: E (Environmental considerations)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: difficulties recycling, lithium-ion batteries, end of life
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Current lithium-ion batteries present recycling challenges, with relatively low recovery rates” – đây là vấn đề môi trường liên quan đến end-of-life của pin.
Câu 35: C (Equity concerns)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: concentration, shared e-bike systems, wealthier neighborhoods
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “These systems themselves tend to concentrate in higher-density, more affluent urban cores” – đây là vấn đề công bằng về phân phối dịch vụ.
Câu 36: F (Regulatory challenges)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Từ khóa: debate, appropriate speed limitations, different e-bike types
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “The regulatory landscape surrounding e-bikes remains in considerable flux, with ongoing debates about appropriate classification schemes, speed limitations” – đây rõ ràng là regulatory challenges.
Câu 37: a gateway
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Từ khóa: e-bikes serve as, people who might not cycle regularly
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “Evidence suggests they serve as a gateway to increased cycling frequency and duration, particularly for those who might otherwise rely entirely on motorized transport” – đáp án chính xác là “a gateway”.
Câu 38: suburban spaciousness
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Từ khóa: two types of urban areas, e-bikes help combine
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Câu hỏi hỏi hai loại khu vực, nhưng đáp án cần là NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. Trong bài có: “new patterns of development that combine suburban spaciousness with reduced automobile dependence”. Nếu chỉ được 3 từ, có thể trả lời “suburban spaciousness” (2 từ) hoặc nếu cần đầy đủ hơn thì “dense urban living” cũng là một phần của cặp đôi được đề cập.
Câu 39: complementary policy interventions
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Từ khóa: policy interventions needed, reshape urban development
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 8-10
- Giải thích: “However, whether this potential materializes depends critically on complementary policy interventions – land use regulations, zoning reforms, and coordinated infrastructure planning” – đáp án là “complementary policy interventions” (đúng 3 từ).
Câu 40: evidence-based regulations
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions (không quá 3 từ)
- Từ khóa: type of regulations, work best
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 7-9
- Giải thích: “Preliminary evidence suggests that nuanced, evidence-based regulations that balance multiple objectives yield superior outcomes” – loại regulations tốt nhất là “evidence-based regulations” (2 từ).
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| urban transportation | n | /ˈɜːbən ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən/ | giao thông đô thị | The world of urban transportation is experiencing a significant transformation | urban mobility, urban traffic |
| niche product | n | /niːʃ ˈprɒdʌkt/ | sản phẩm ngách (chuyên biệt) | Once considered a niche product for cycling enthusiasts | niche market, niche segment |
| mainstream | adj | /ˈmeɪnstriːm/ | chủ đạo, phổ biến | E-bikes have now become a mainstream mode of transport | mainstream adoption, mainstream acceptance |
| battery-powered | adj | /ˈbætəri ˈpaʊəd/ | chạy bằng pin | These battery-powered bicycles combine health benefits | battery-powered device, battery-powered vehicle |
| motorized assistance | n | /ˈməʊtəraɪzd əˈsɪstəns/ | hỗ trợ động cơ | Combine the health benefits with the convenience of motorized assistance | electric assistance, motor support |
| rechargeable battery | n | /riːˈtʃɑːdʒəbəl ˈbætəri/ | pin sạc được | Powered by a rechargeable battery, typically lithium-ion | rechargeable cell, rechargeable pack |
| pedal-assist | n | /ˈpedəl əˈsɪst/ | hỗ trợ đạp | This is known as pedal-assist mode | pedal-assist system, pedal-assist technology |
| traffic congestion | n | /ˈtræfɪk kənˈdʒestʃən/ | tắc nghẽn giao thông | E-bikes can navigate through traffic congestion easily | heavy congestion, reduce congestion |
| carbon emissions | n | /ˈkɑːbən ɪˈmɪʃənz/ | khí thải carbon | Cities worldwide struggle with carbon emissions | reduce emissions, cut emissions |
| eco-friendly | adj | /ˈiːkəʊ ˈfrendli/ | thân thiện với môi trường | E-bikes remain one of the most eco-friendly transportation options | eco-friendly alternative, eco-friendly solution |
| purchase subsidies | n | /ˈpɜːtʃəs ˈsʌbsɪdiz/ | trợ cấp mua hàng | Some cities offer financial incentives such as purchase subsidies | government subsidies, financial subsidies |
| sustainable transportation | n | /səˈsteɪnəbəl ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən/ | giao thông bền vững | These initiatives are promoting sustainable transportation | sustainable mobility, sustainable transport |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| convergence | n | /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ | sự hội tụ | A fascinating convergence of mechanical engineering and electrical systems | technological convergence, digital convergence |
| sophisticated components | n | /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd kəmˈpəʊnənts/ | linh kiện phức tạp | Modern e-bikes incorporate sophisticated components | sophisticated technology, sophisticated system |
| powertrain system | n | /ˈpaʊətreɪn ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống truyền động | At the heart of any e-bike lies the powertrain system | electric powertrain, hybrid powertrain |
| hub motor | n | /hʌb ˈməʊtə/ | động cơ bánh xe | Hub motors are integrated into either the front or rear wheel | hub-mounted motor, wheel hub motor |
| mid-drive motor | n | /mɪd draɪv ˈməʊtə/ | động cơ trung tâm | Mid-drive motors positioned at the bike’s center of gravity | central motor, crank motor |
| lithium-ion | adj | /ˈlɪθiəm ˈaɪən/ | lithium-ion (loại pin) | Contemporary e-bikes universally utilize lithium-ion cells | lithium-ion battery, lithium-ion technology |
| energy-to-weight ratio | n | /ˈenədʒi tə weɪt ˈreɪʃiəʊ/ | tỷ lệ năng lượng trên trọng lượng | Lithium-ion cells offer an exceptional energy-to-weight ratio | high ratio, optimal ratio |
| battery management system | n | /ˈbætəri ˈmænɪdʒmənt ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống quản lý pin | Battery management systems monitor each cell’s condition | BMS technology, intelligent BMS |
| charge cycle | n | /tʃɑːdʒ ˈsaɪkəl/ | chu kỳ sạc | Typically rated for 500 to 1,000 charge cycles | complete cycle, full cycle |
| torque sensor | n | /tɔːk ˈsensə/ | cảm biến mô-men xoắn | Torque sensors measure the force the rider applies to the pedals | torque measurement, torque detection |
| cadence sensor | n | /ˈkeɪdəns ˈsensə/ | cảm biến nhịp đạp | Less expensive systems use cadence sensors | cadence detection, pedal cadence |
| regenerative braking | n | /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv ˈbreɪkɪŋ/ | phanh tái sinh | Regenerative braking converts kinetic energy back into electrical energy | regenerative system, energy recovery |
| hydraulic disc brakes | n | /haɪˈdrɔːlɪk dɪsk breɪks/ | phanh đĩa thủy lực | Most quality e-bikes featuring hydraulic disc brakes | hydraulic braking, disc brake system |
| connectivity features | n | /ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti ˈfiːtʃəz/ | tính năng kết nối | Connectivity features are increasingly becoming standard | digital connectivity, smart connectivity |
| anti-theft measure | n | /ˈænti θeft ˈmeʒə/ | biện pháp chống trộm | Locking the motor remotely as an anti-theft measure | theft prevention, security measure |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/ | sự lan rộng, phổ biến | The proliferation of electric bicycles represents more than technological innovation | rapid proliferation, widespread proliferation |
| urban mobility paradigm | n | /ˈɜːbən məʊˈbɪləti ˈpærədaɪm/ | mô hình di chuyển đô thị | A fundamental shift in urban mobility paradigms | new paradigm, shifting paradigm |
| multifaceted challenges | n | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ | thách thức đa diện | Municipalities grapple with multifaceted challenges | complex challenges, diverse challenges |
| demographic profile | n | /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk ˈprəʊfaɪl/ | hồ sơ nhân khẩu học | The demographic profile of e-bike users reveals intriguing patterns | user demographics, demographic data |
| longitudinal study | n | /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnəl ˈstʌdi/ | nghiên cứu theo thời gian | A longitudinal study in the Netherlands found that e-bike ownership increased | long-term study, longitudinal research |
| sedentary lifestyle | n | /ˈsedəntri ˈlaɪfstaɪl/ | lối sống ít vận động | Reduced healthcare costs associated with sedentary lifestyles | inactive lifestyle, sedentary behavior |
| macroeconomic analysis | n | /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk əˈnæləsɪs/ | phân tích kinh tế vĩ mô | Macroeconomic analyses suggest significant modal shifts | economic analysis, macro-level analysis |
| distributional effects | n | /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənəl ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng phân phối | The distributional effects of e-bike adoption raise equity concerns | distribution patterns, distributional impact |
| financially inaccessible | adj | /faɪˈnænʃəli ˌɪnækˈsesəbəl/ | không thể tiếp cận về tài chính | Quality e-bikes remain financially inaccessible to low-income households | economically inaccessible, unaffordable |
| infrastructural implications | n | /ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ | tác động về hạ tầng | The infrastructural implications of mass e-bike adoption | infrastructure requirements, structural implications |
| life cycle assessment | n | /laɪf ˈsaɪkəl əˈsesmənt/ | đánh giá vòng đời | Life cycle assessments must account for operational emissions | LCA, environmental assessment |
| embedded carbon | n | /ɪmˈbedɪd ˈkɑːbən/ | carbon ngầm (trong sản xuất) | Must account for the embedded carbon in manufacturing | embodied carbon, carbon footprint |
| grid system | n | /ɡrɪd ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống lưới điện | The electricity derives from grid systems with varying carbon intensities | power grid, electrical grid |
| urban morphology | n | /ˈɜːbən mɔːˈfɒlədʒi/ | hình thái đô thị | Transportation modes have exerted powerful influences on city morphology | urban form, city structure |
| automobile dependence | n | /ˈɔːtəməbiːl dɪˈpendəns/ | sự phụ thuộc vào ô tô | New patterns that combine suburban spaciousness with reduced automobile dependence | car dependence, vehicle dependence |
| tiered classification | n | /tɪəd ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ | phân loại nhiều cấp | Some jurisdictions have adopted tiered classification systems | multi-tier system, classification levels |
| empirical evaluation | n | /ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/ | đánh giá thực nghiệm | The effectiveness remains subject to empirical evaluation | evidence-based evaluation, practical assessment |
| evidence-based regulations | n | /ˈevɪdəns beɪst ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃənz/ | quy định dựa trên bằng chứng | Evidence-based regulations that balance multiple objectives | data-driven regulations, informed policy |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề về xe đạp điện cho di chuyển đô thị đã trở thành một trong những chủ đề phổ biến trong IELTS Reading, phản ánh xu hướng giao thông bền vững đang được quan tâm trên toàn cầu. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0).
Ba passages đã cung cấp đầy đủ các góc độ khác nhau về chủ đề: từ giới thiệu cơ bản về xe đạp điện và lợi ích của chúng trong Passage 1, đến công nghệ và kỹ thuật đằng sau xe đạp điện trong Passage 2, và cuối cùng là tác động kinh tế-xã hội cùng triển vọng tương lai trong Passage 3. Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra kỹ năng đọc hiểu mà còn cung cấp kiến thức thực tế về một hiện tượng giao thông đang thay đổi bộ mặt các thành phố hiện đại.
Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã được cung cấp, giúp bạn hiểu rõ vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase được sử dụng, và lý do tại sao mỗi đáp án là chính xác. Đây là công cụ quan trọng để bạn tự đánh giá và cải thiện kỹ năng làm bài của mình. Phần từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt là các collocations và cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh thực tế.
Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất trong IELTS Reading, hãy luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng, quản lý thời gian hiệu quả, và không ngừng mở rộng vốn từ vựng của mình. Nếu bạn muốn tìm hiểu thêm về xu hướng The rise of electric bikes in urban commuting, đừng ngần ngại khám phá thêm các tài liệu học thuật và bài viết chuyên sâu. Chúc bạn đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
