IELTS Reading: Electric Boats – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề công nghệ xanh và giao thông bền vững đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây, đặc biệt là những nội dung liên quan đến Electric Boats For Reducing Emissions In Marine Transport. Với xu hướng toàn cầu hóa việc giảm thiểu khí thải và bảo vệ môi trường biển, đây là một chủ đề có tính thời sự cao và xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng tăng trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Mỗi passage được thiết kế cẩn thận với từ vựng phong phú, cấu trúc câu đa dạng và nội dung học thuật chính xác. Bên cạnh đó, bạn sẽ nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, phân tích từ vựng quan trọng và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật và nâng cao kỹ năng đọc hiểu một cách toàn diện.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic, đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu của bạn thông qua các văn bản học thuật. Bài thi có những đặc điểm cơ bản sau:

• Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages (không có thời gian chuyển đáp án)
• Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
• Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
  • Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
  • Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
  • Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)

Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, tổng 40 điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 0-9. Điều quan trọng là bạn cần phân bổ thời gian hợp lý và không nên dành quá nhiều thời gian cho một câu hỏi khó.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng và chiến lược khác nhau, vì vậy việc làm quen với tất cả các dạng là rất quan trọng.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Electric Revolution on Water

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The world’s oceans and waterways are facing an unprecedented challenge from pollution, with marine transport being a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional boats and ships powered by diesel engines not only release harmful pollutants into the atmosphere but also contaminate water with oil spills and noise pollution. However, a new wave of innovation is sweeping across the maritime industry: electric boats.

Electric boats, also known as e-boats, are vessels powered entirely or partially by electric motors rather than conventional fuel engines. The concept itself is not entirely new – small electric boats have existed since the late 19th century. What is revolutionary today is the advancement in battery technology and electric motor efficiency, making electric boats a viable alternative for various types of marine transport, from small leisure craft to large passenger ferries.

The environmental benefits of electric boats are substantial and multifaceted. Firstly, they produce zero direct emissions while operating, meaning no carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or particulate matter is released into the air. This is particularly important in crowded harbours and coastal areas where air quality directly affects human health. A study conducted in Amsterdam showed that replacing diesel ferries with electric ones reduced local air pollution by up to 35% in the canal district.

Secondly, electric boats operate much more quietly than their diesel counterparts. Marine noise pollution has been identified as a serious threat to marine life, particularly whales and dolphins that rely on echolocation for navigation and communication. The near-silent operation of electric motors significantly reduces this acoustic disturbance, creating a more hospitable environment for marine ecosystems.

The economic case for electric boats is becoming increasingly compelling. Although the initial purchase price of an electric boat can be 20-30% higher than a comparable diesel vessel, the operational costs are considerably lower. Electricity is cheaper than marine diesel fuel, and electric motors require less maintenance due to having fewer moving parts. According to industry experts, owners of electric boats can expect to save between 40-60% on fuel costs and approximately 30% on maintenance expenses over the vessel’s lifetime.

Norway has emerged as a pioneer in electric boat adoption. The country’s abundant hydroelectric power makes electricity particularly affordable and clean. In 2015, the world’s first electric car ferry, the MF Ampere, began operations across the Sognefjord. This vessel can carry 120 cars and 360 passengers, completing the 20-minute journey on battery power alone. The ferry has been so successful that Norway now has plans to electrify all of its short-distance ferry routes by 2025.

Battery technology remains the primary limiting factor for electric boats. Current lithium-ion batteries, while vastly improved from earlier generations, still have limitations in terms of energy density – the amount of energy that can be stored relative to the battery’s weight and size. This means electric boats typically have a shorter range than diesel boats and require regular charging. For long-distance ocean voyages, this presents a significant challenge.

However, researchers are working on several promising solutions. New battery chemistries, including solid-state batteries and lithium-sulphur batteries, could potentially double or triple the energy density of current systems within the next decade. Additionally, many boat designers are exploring hybrid systems that combine electric motors with small, efficient diesel generators. These hybrids can operate on electric power in sensitive areas like harbours and nature reserves, switching to diesel only when necessary for longer journeys.

The infrastructure for charging electric boats is also expanding rapidly. Marinas around the world are installing charging stations, and some innovative designs allow boats to charge wirelessly while docked. In Sweden, several marinas now offer solar-powered charging facilities, making the entire system truly renewable. Cities like Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and Stockholm are leading this infrastructure development, viewing it as part of their broader commitment to sustainability.

Public perception and acceptance are crucial factors in the widespread adoption of electric boats. Fortunately, early adopters report high levels of satisfaction. The smooth, quiet ride of electric boats is often described as more pleasant than traditional vessels. The absence of diesel fumes and engine noise makes the boating experience more enjoyable, particularly for leisure activities. This positive feedback is encouraging more manufacturers to enter the electric boat market, with major shipbuilders now announcing electric and hybrid models across their product ranges.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what makes today’s electric boats different from early versions?
   A. They are larger in size
   B. They have better batteries and motors
   C. They are more expensive to produce
   D. They can travel longer distances

2. The study in Amsterdam showed that electric ferries:
   A. completely eliminated pollution
   B. reduced pollution by more than one-third
   C. were cheaper to operate
   D. were preferred by tourists

3. What is the main advantage of quiet electric motors for marine life?
   A. They help fish populations grow
   B. They reduce water pollution
   C. They decrease noise that affects echolocation
   D. They prevent oil spills

4. The MF Ampere ferry in Norway:
   A. operates on hybrid power
   B. carries only passengers
   C. travels for 20 minutes on battery power
   D. was built in 2025

5. What is described as the primary limitation for electric boats?
   A. High operational costs
   B. Lack of charging infrastructure
   C. Battery technology constraints
   D. Public resistance

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Electric boats have existed in some form since the 1800s.
7. Electric boats always cost more to purchase than diesel boats throughout their lifetime.
8. Norway plans to make all ferry routes electric by 2025.
9. Solid-state batteries are currently used in most commercial electric boats.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Electric boats can operate on battery power in harbours and __ before switching to diesel.
11. Some marinas in Sweden offer charging facilities powered by __.
12. Cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen are developing charging infrastructure as part of their commitment to __.
13. Early users of electric boats report high levels of __ with their experience.

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PASSAGE 2 – Engineering the Future of Maritime Transport

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transition from conventional marine propulsion systems to electric alternatives represents one of the most significant paradigm shifts in maritime engineering since the advent of steam power. While the environmental imperatives driving this transformation are clear, the technical challenges involved in designing, building, and operating electric vessels at scale require sophisticated solutions that push the boundaries of current technology.

At the heart of any electric boat lies its propulsion system, which typically consists of three main components: the battery pack, the electric motor, and the power management system. Unlike internal combustion engines, which convert chemical energy from fuel into mechanical energy through a series of inefficient processes, electric motors achieve conversion efficiencies of 90-95%. This remarkable efficiency means that nearly all the electrical energy stored in the batteries is converted into thrust, with minimal waste as heat. However, this advantage is somewhat offset by the current limitations of battery technology, which stores significantly less energy per kilogram than diesel fuel.

Contemporary lithium-ion batteries, the current industry standard, typically provide an energy density of approximately 250 watt-hours per kilogram. By comparison, diesel fuel contains roughly 12,000 watt-hours per kilogram – nearly 50 times more energy by weight. When accounting for the inefficiency of diesel engines, the practical advantage reduces to approximately 15-20 times, but this still represents a substantial challenge for electric boat designers, particularly for vessels intended for long-range operations or those requiring high-speed performance.

Engineers have developed several strategies to mitigate these energy density limitations. The most straightforward approach involves optimizing the vessel’s hull design to minimize hydrodynamic drag. Electric boats often feature sleek, lightweight hulls constructed from advanced composite materials such as carbon fibre or fibreglass-reinforced polymers. These materials offer exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, allowing designers to reduce overall vessel weight without compromising structural integrity. Some cutting-edge designs incorporate hydrofoil technology, where underwater wings lift the hull partially out of the water at speed, dramatically reducing drag and extending range.

Another innovative solution involves the implementation of regenerative braking systems, adapted from electric vehicle technology. When an electric boat decelerates, the electric motor can operate in reverse as a generator, converting the vessel’s kinetic energy back into electrical energy and storing it in the batteries. While the amount of energy recovered through this process is relatively modest in marine applications – typically 10-15% of the energy used for acceleration – every incremental improvement in efficiency contributes to extending operational range.

The integration of renewable energy generation directly onto vessels represents another promising avenue for extending range and reducing reliance on shore-based charging. Solar panels can be incorporated into a boat’s superstructure, providing supplementary power for onboard systems or, in smaller vessels, contributing meaningfully to propulsion. A pioneering solar-electric catamaran completed a circumnavigation of the globe in 2012, demonstrating the viability of this approach for long-distance travel, albeit at relatively slow speeds. Wind-assisted propulsion systems, including modern interpretations of traditional sails and innovative rotor sails, can also complement electric propulsion, reducing battery drain during favourable conditions.

The sophistication of power management systems has become increasingly critical as electric boats grow in complexity. These systems must continuously monitor and optimize energy flow between the batteries, motors, and auxiliary systems such as lighting, navigation equipment, and climate control. Advanced power management employs artificial intelligence algorithms that learn from operational patterns, predictive weather and sea condition data, and real-time performance metrics to maximize efficiency and range. For example, the system might automatically reduce maximum speed slightly during a journey if calculations indicate this will ensure reaching the destination without depleting the batteries, or it might prioritize charging certain battery modules based on their condition and the anticipated load profile.

Fleet operators considering the transition to electric vessels must also grapple with substantial infrastructure requirements. Unlike refuelling with diesel, which can be accomplished relatively quickly at any marina with fuel facilities, recharging batteries is a more time-intensive process. Even with fast-charging technology, which can replenish batteries to 80% capacity in 30-60 minutes, this represents a significant operational consideration for commercial services operating on tight schedules. Consequently, many operators are investing in battery swapping systems, where a depleted battery pack can be mechanically removed and replaced with a fully charged unit in just a few minutes. This approach, successfully demonstrated in several Norwegian ferry operations, requires standardized battery designs and substantial investment in spare battery inventory and handling equipment.

The economic calculus of electric boat adoption varies considerably depending on operational patterns and local circumstances. For vessels operating frequent, short routes with predictable schedules – such as urban ferries or water taxis – the economics are increasingly favourable. The higher capital costs are offset by dramatic reductions in fuel and maintenance expenses, with many operators reporting payback periods of 5-7 years. Conversely, for vessels requiring long range or operating in regions where electricity costs are high, the economic case remains challenging under current technology and pricing structures.

Regulatory frameworks are evolving to encourage the adoption of low-emission marine transport. The International Maritime Organization has established progressively stricter emissions standards, while some jurisdictions have gone further, establishing emission control areas where only zero-emission vessels may operate. These regulations create both challenges and opportunities for the industry, accelerating innovation while requiring significant investment in new technology and infrastructure.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. The shift to electric boats is comparable in significance to the introduction of steam power in maritime history.
15. Electric motors are less efficient than internal combustion engines in converting energy.
16. Current battery technology is adequate for all types of marine vessels.
17. Regenerative braking provides a minor but useful contribution to energy efficiency.
18. Solar-powered boats are currently faster than traditional vessels.

Questions 19-22: Matching Information

Which paragraph contains the following information?

19. A description of how artificial intelligence improves energy management
20. An explanation of why some materials are preferred for electric boat construction
21. Details about battery replacement systems used in commercial operations
22. Information about regulations that restrict vessel emissions in certain areas

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Electric boats face challenges due to the lower 23. __ of batteries compared to diesel fuel. Engineers address this through various methods, including using 24. __ to lift boats partially out of water and reduce resistance. 25. __ are also investing in infrastructure like battery swapping systems to manage the time needed for recharging. The economic viability depends greatly on 26. __, with frequent short routes being most suitable for electric vessels.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of Marine Electrification

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The electrification of marine transport systems represents far more than a straightforward technological substitution; it constitutes a multifaceted transformation with profound implications for global maritime infrastructure, economic structures, and environmental governance frameworks. As societies worldwide grapple with the existential challenge of climate change and the imperative to decarbonize transportation sectors, the maritime industry – responsible for approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions – finds itself at a critical inflection point. The transition to electric propulsion systems, while promising substantial environmental benefits, necessitates careful consideration of complex interdependencies between technological capability, economic viability, regulatory frameworks, and societal acceptance.

From an environmental perspective, the potential benefits of widespread marine electrification extend beyond the immediate reduction of direct emissions at the point of use. A comprehensive life-cycle analysis must account for the entire energy chain, from electricity generation through transmission and storage to final utilization in vessel propulsion. In jurisdictions where electrical grids remain heavily dependent on fossil fuel generation – particularly coal or natural gas – the net environmental benefit of electric boats may be substantially diminished. Conversely, in regions with predominantly renewable electricity generation, such as Norway’s hydroelectric system, Iceland’s geothermal power, or Costa Rica’s mix of hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind resources, electric boats can achieve truly transformational reductions in carbon intensity.

This geographical variability in environmental outcomes highlights a critical consideration that transcends purely technical assessments: the electrification of marine transport cannot be divorced from broader energy system transitions. The optimal environmental outcome requires not merely substituting electric motors for diesel engines, but fundamentally reconceptualizing how societies generate, distribute, and consume energy. Some researchers have proposed that marine vessels could serve as distributed energy storage systems, with boats’ batteries feeding power back into electrical grids during periods of high demand, thereby enhancing grid stability and facilitating greater integration of intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.

The economic ramifications of marine electrification are similarly complex and multidimensional. At the microeconomic level of individual vessel operators, the cost-benefit calculus depends critically on numerous factors: vessel size and type, operational patterns, local electricity and diesel fuel prices, available subsidies or tax incentives, and the discount rate applied to future savings. Research conducted by the International Council on Clean Transportation suggests that for small-to-medium passenger ferries operating frequent, short routes in regions with moderate electricity costs, electric propulsion can achieve cost parity with conventional diesel systems within 5-8 years, accounting for both capital and operational expenses.

However, this analysis becomes considerably more nuanced when considering macroeconomic and industrial dimensions. The transition to electric marine transport necessitates substantial investment in new infrastructure – charging facilities, grid capacity upgrades, and specialized maintenance equipment – costs that typically fall not on individual operators but on port authorities, municipalities, or national governments. The optimal allocation of these infrastructure investments, particularly in resource-constrained developing nations, raises challenging questions about competing priorities and opportunity costs. Furthermore, the marine industry’s traditional supply chains and skill bases are oriented around internal combustion technology; the shift to electric propulsion demands workforce retraining and may disrupt established business relationships, creating both transitional challenges and opportunities for new entrants.

The spatial implications of marine electrification deserve particular attention, as they intersect with broader questions of urban planning and coastal development. Electric boats’ near-silent operation fundamentally alters the acoustic environment of waterfront areas, potentially making residential or recreational development more compatible with marine transport infrastructure. Conversely, the space requirements for battery charging and storage systems may create new spatial pressures in already congested urban harbours. Some cities have begun incorporating electric boat infrastructure into comprehensive waterfront redevelopment plans, viewing it as an opportunity to reimagine the relationship between urban areas and adjacent waterways.

From a governance perspective, the regulation of electric marine transport presents several distinctive challenges. Traditional maritime safety regulations were developed around the characteristics and risks of conventional fuel-powered vessels. Electric boats introduce different risk profiles – lower fire risk from fuel but new concerns around battery thermal runaway, different buoyancy characteristics due to battery weight distribution, and novel electrical safety considerations. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to address these differences while maintaining rigorous safety standards. The transnational nature of maritime activity further complicates regulatory development, as vessels frequently operate across multiple jurisdictions with potentially divergent standards and requirements.

The question of battery disposal and recycling represents an often-overlooked but increasingly critical dimension of marine electrification. Lithium-ion batteries have finite lifespans, typically degrading to 70-80% of original capacity after 1,000-2,000 charge cycles, depending on usage patterns and environmental conditions. The proliferation of electric boats will inevitably generate substantial volumes of end-of-life batteries containing valuable materials – lithium, cobalt, nickel – but also potentially hazardous substances. Developing effective circular economy approaches for marine batteries, encompassing collection, refurbishment, repurposing for less demanding applications, and ultimately material recovery, is essential for ensuring that marine electrification delivers genuine long-term sustainability benefits rather than merely displacing environmental impacts from operational emissions to waste streams.

Equitable access to the benefits of marine electrification raises important social justice considerations. If electric boats remain predominantly the province of affluent recreational users and well-funded public transport systems in wealthy cities, the technology risks exacerbating existing inequalities in environmental quality and transportation access. Ensuring that the benefits of cleaner, quieter marine transport extend to diverse communities and vessel types – including small-scale fishing operations, water taxis in developing world cities, and transport services in remote coastal communities – requires thoughtful policy design, including targeted subsidies, technology transfer mechanisms, and capacity-building initiatives.

Looking forward, the trajectory of marine electrification will likely be characterized by increasing differentiation rather than uniform adoption across all vessel types and operational contexts. Electric propulsion appears poised to achieve dominance in certain niches – urban passenger ferries, recreational boats, and some categories of port service vessels – where the technology’s strengths align well with operational requirements. For other applications, including long-distance cargo shipping and vessels operating in regions with limited electrical infrastructure, alternative approaches such as hydrogen fuel cells, advanced biofuels, or synthetic fuels produced using renewable energy may prove more viable in the medium term. The optimal path forward likely involves a diverse portfolio of propulsion technologies, each suited to particular applications and evolving in response to technological advances, economic conditions, and policy frameworks.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, what percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions does the maritime industry produce?
    A. Less than 2%
    B. Approximately 3%
    C. Around 5%
    D. More than 7%

28. The environmental benefit of electric boats depends significantly on:
    A. the size of the vessel
    B. how electricity is generated
    C. the number of passengers
    D. the speed of travel

29. Research suggests electric ferries can achieve cost parity with diesel systems within:
    A. 3-5 years
    B. 5-8 years
    C. 8-10 years
    D. 10-12 years

30. What new risk do electric boats introduce compared to fuel-powered vessels?
    A. Higher fuel fire risk
    B. Battery thermal runaway
    C. Oil spill dangers
    D. Engine failure

31. The passage suggests that the future of marine propulsion will likely involve:
    A. complete electrification of all vessels
    B. a return to traditional fuels
    C. diverse technologies for different applications
    D. exclusive use of hydrogen fuel cells

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H) below.

32. Life-cycle analysis
33. Distributed energy storage
34. Circular economy approaches
35. Transnational regulation
36. Technology differentiation

A. Using boat batteries to supply power to electrical grids
B. Recycling and repurposing batteries after their primary use
C. Evaluating environmental impact from production to disposal
D. Developing uniform safety standards across countries
E. Replacing diesel engines with electric motors
F. Different propulsion types for different vessel categories
G. Installing solar panels on boats
H. Training workers in new technologies

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What do lithium-ion batteries typically degrade to after 1,000-2,000 charge cycles?
38. What characteristic of electric boats could make waterfront areas more suitable for residential development?
39. What type of fishing operations should benefit from electric boat technology according to social justice considerations?
40. Besides hydrogen fuel cells and advanced biofuels, what other alternative fuel is mentioned for long-distance shipping?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. nature reserves
11. solar (power)
12. sustainability
13. satisfaction

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. NO
17. YES
18. NOT GIVEN
19. Paragraph 7
20. Paragraph 5
21. Paragraph 8
22. Paragraph 10
23. energy density
24. hydrofoil technology / hydrofoils
25. Fleet operators
26. operational patterns

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. C
33. A
34. B
35. D
36. F
37. 70-80% (of original) capacity
38. near-silent operation
39. small-scale (fishing operations)
40. synthetic fuels

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: today’s electric boats, different, early versions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “What is revolutionary today is the advancement in battery technology and electric motor efficiency” – điều cách mạng hiện nay là sự tiến bộ về công nghệ pin và hiệu suất động cơ điện. Đây chính là paraphrase của đáp án B “They have better batteries and motors”.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Amsterdam study, electric ferries
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Nghiên cứu tại Amsterdam cho thấy “reduced local air pollution by up to 35%” – giảm ô nhiễm không khí cục bộ lên đến 35%. “More than one-third” (hơn một phần ba) là cách paraphrase của 35%.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: electric boats, existed, 1800s
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “small electric boats have existed since the late 19th century” – tàu điện nhỏ đã tồn tại từ cuối thế kỷ 19, tức là những năm 1800s.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: cost more, throughout lifetime
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “Although the initial purchase price… can be 20-30% higher”, nhưng “owners can expect to save between 40-60% on fuel costs and approximately 30% on maintenance expenses over the vessel’s lifetime”. Vì vậy, tổng chi phí trong suốt vòng đời thấp hơn, không phải cao hơn – mâu thuẫn với câu phát biểu.

Câu 10: nature reserves

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: operate on battery power, harbours
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “These hybrids can operate on electric power in sensitive areas like harbours and nature reserves” – đáp án chính xác là “nature reserves”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: shift to electric boats, comparable, steam power
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói đây là “one of the most significant paradigm shifts in maritime engineering since the advent of steam power” – một trong những thay đổi quan trọng nhất kể từ sức mạnh hơi nước, thể hiện quan điểm đồng ý với sự so sánh này.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: electric motors, less efficient, internal combustion engines
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định “electric motors achieve conversion efficiencies of 90-95%” so với động cơ đốt trong “inefficient” – rõ ràng động cơ điện hiệu quả hơn, trái ngược với phát biểu.

Câu 19: Paragraph 7

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: artificial intelligence, energy management
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Đoạn 7 mô tả chi tiết “Advanced power management employs artificial intelligence algorithms that learn from operational patterns… to maximize efficiency and range”.

Câu 23: energy density

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: challenges, lower, batteries, diesel fuel
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn tóm tắt đề cập đến thách thức về mật độ năng lượng thấp hơn của pin so với nhiên liệu diesel, được nhắc đến rõ ràng trong đoạn 3.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: percentage, global greenhouse gas emissions, maritime industry
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “the maritime industry – responsible for approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions” – con số được nêu rõ ràng là khoảng 3%.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: environmental benefit, depends
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 giải thích chi tiết rằng lợi ích môi trường phụ thuộc vào “the entire energy chain, from electricity generation” – cách thức sản xuất điện quyết định lợi ích môi trường thực sự.

Câu 37: 70-80% (of original) capacity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: lithium-ion batteries, degrade, charge cycles
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “typically degrading to 70-80% of original capacity after 1,000-2,000 charge cycles” – đáp án chính xác từ văn bản.

Câu 40: synthetic fuels

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: alternative fuel, long-distance shipping, besides hydrogen, biofuels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê “hydrogen fuel cells, advanced biofuels, or synthetic fuels produced using renewable energy” – synthetic fuels là lựa chọn thứ ba được nhắc đến.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có, chưa có tiền lệ	unprecedented challenge from pollution	unprecedented scale/level/crisis
greenhouse gas emissions	noun phrase	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs ɪˈmɪʃənz/	khí thải nhà kính	significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions	reduce/cut/eliminate emissions
contaminate	verb	/kənˈtæmɪneɪt/	làm ô nhiễm	contaminate water with oil spills	contaminate water/soil/food
viable	adj	/ˈvaɪəbl/	khả thi, có thể thực hiện	a viable alternative for marine transport	economically/commercially viable
environmental benefits	noun phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˈbenɪfɪts/	lợi ích môi trường	environmental benefits are substantial	significant/major environmental benefits
echolocation	noun	/ˌekəʊləʊˈkeɪʃən/	định vị bằng tiếng vang	rely on echolocation for navigation	use/employ echolocation
acoustic disturbance	noun phrase	/əˈkuːstɪk dɪˈstɜːbəns/	sự nhiễu âm thanh	reduces this acoustic disturbance	minimize/reduce acoustic disturbance
operational costs	noun phrase	/ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənl kɒsts/	chi phí vận hành	operational costs are considerably lower	reduce/cut/lower operational costs
pioneer	noun	/ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/	người tiên phong	emerged as a pioneer in adoption	industry/technology pioneer
energy density	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˈdensəti/	mật độ năng lượng	limitations in terms of energy density	high/low energy density
hybrid systems	noun phrase	/ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống lai	exploring hybrid systems	develop/implement hybrid systems
infrastructure	noun	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng	infrastructure for charging is expanding	develop/build/improve infrastructure

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	noun phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình tư duy	most significant paradigm shifts	undergo/represent a paradigm shift
propulsion system	noun phrase	/prəˈpʌlʃən ˈsɪstəm/	hệ thống đẩy	lies at the heart of any propulsion system	electric/conventional propulsion system
conversion efficiency	noun phrase	/kənˈvɜːʃən ɪˈfɪʃənsi/	hiệu suất chuyển đổi	achieve conversion efficiencies of 90-95%	high/improve conversion efficiency
energy density	noun phrase	/ˈenədʒi ˈdensəti/	mật độ năng lượng	provide an energy density of 250 watt-hours	high/low energy density
hydrodynamic drag	noun phrase	/ˌhaɪdrəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk dræɡ/	lực cản thủy động lực	minimize hydrodynamic drag	reduce/minimize drag
hydrofoil	noun	/ˈhaɪdrəfɔɪl/	cánh nâng thủy lực	incorporate hydrofoil technology	advanced/modern hydrofoil
regenerative braking	noun phrase	/rɪˈdʒenərətɪv ˈbreɪkɪŋ/	phanh tái sinh	implementation of regenerative braking systems	use/employ regenerative braking
integration	noun	/ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃən/	sự tích hợp	integration of renewable energy generation	seamless/successful integration
artificial intelligence	noun phrase	/ˌɑːtɪfɪʃl ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/	trí tuệ nhân tạo	employs artificial intelligence algorithms	advanced/powerful artificial intelligence
fleet operators	noun phrase	/fliːt ˈɒpəreɪtəz/	các nhà điều hành đội tàu	fleet operators considering the transition	commercial/major fleet operators
infrastructure requirements	noun phrase	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə rɪˈkwaɪəmənts/	yêu cầu cơ sở hạ tầng	grapple with substantial infrastructure requirements	meet/fulfill infrastructure requirements
payback period	noun phrase	/ˈpeɪbæk ˈpɪəriəd/	thời gian hoàn vốn	reporting payback periods of 5-7 years	short/long payback period
emission control areas	noun phrase	/ɪˈmɪʃən kənˈtrəʊl ˈeəriəz/	khu vực kiểm soát khí thải	establishing emission control areas	designate/create emission control areas

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
electrification	noun	/ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sự điện khí hóa	electrification of marine transport	widespread/rapid electrification
multifaceted transformation	noun phrase	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/	sự chuyển đổi đa chiều	constitutes a multifaceted transformation	undergo/drive transformation
decarbonize	verb	/diːˈkɑːbənaɪz/	giảm phát thải carbon	imperative to decarbonize transportation	rapidly/completely decarbonize
inflection point	noun phrase	/ɪnˈflekʃən pɔɪnt/	điểm uốn, điểm chuyển biến	at a critical inflection point	reach/represent an inflection point
interdependencies	noun	/ˌɪntədɪˈpendənsiz/	sự phụ thuộc lẫn nhau	complex interdependencies between factors	recognize/understand interdependencies
life-cycle analysis	noun phrase	/laɪf ˈsaɪkl əˈnæləsɪs/	phân tích vòng đời	comprehensive life-cycle analysis	conduct/perform life-cycle analysis
carbon intensity	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ɪnˈtensəti/	cường độ carbon	reductions in carbon intensity	reduce/lower carbon intensity
distributed energy storage	noun phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈenədʒi ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/	lưu trữ năng lượng phân tán	serve as distributed energy storage systems	implement/utilize distributed storage
intermittent	adj	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/	gián đoạn, không liên tục	intermittent renewable energy sources	highly/increasingly intermittent
microeconomic	adj	/ˌmaɪkrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	thuộc kinh tế vi mô	at the microeconomic level	microeconomic analysis/factors
cost parity	noun phrase	/kɒst ˈpærəti/	sự ngang bằng về chi phí	achieve cost parity with diesel systems	reach/attain cost parity
macroeconomic	adj	/ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/	thuộc kinh tế vĩ mô	considering macroeconomic dimensions	macroeconomic impact/implications
spatial implications	noun phrase	/ˈspeɪʃl ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/	tác động không gian	spatial implications deserve attention	consider/examine spatial implications
acoustic environment	noun phrase	/əˈkuːstɪk ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/	môi trường âm thanh	alters the acoustic environment	improve/change acoustic environment
thermal runaway	noun phrase	/ˈθɜːml ˈrʌnəweɪ/	sự thoát nhiệt, quá nhiệt	concerns around battery thermal runaway	prevent/avoid thermal runaway
circular economy	noun phrase	/ˈsɜːkjələr ɪˈkɒnəmi/	nền kinh tế tuần hoàn	developing circular economy approaches	promote/adopt circular economy
proliferation	noun	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃən/	sự gia tăng nhanh chóng	proliferation of electric boats	rapid/widespread proliferation
equitable access	noun phrase	/ˈekwɪtəbl ˈækses/	khả năng tiếp cận công bằng	equitable access to benefits	ensure/provide equitable access

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề electric boats for reducing emissions in marine transport không chỉ là một nội dung học thuật quan trọng mà còn phản ánh xu hướng phát triển bền vững toàn cầu hiện nay. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm đầy đủ ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading.

Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với từ vựng cơ bản và thông tin dễ xác định về tàu điện. Passage 2 đòi hỏi khả năng hiểu sâu hơn về các khía cạnh kỹ thuật và kinh tế, với nhiều paraphrase phức tạp. Passage 3 thách thức bạn với nội dung học thuật cao, yêu cầu khả năng phân tích và suy luận về các tác động kinh tế-xã hội và môi trường của việc điện khí hóa giao thông đường thủy.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp key answers mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase và lý do tại sao đáp án đó đúng. Bảng từ vựng theo từng passage giúp bạn xây dựng vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành một cách có hệ thống. Hãy sử dụng đề thi này như một công cụ luyện tập thực chiến, đồng thời áp dụng các chiến lược quản lý thời gian và kỹ thuật làm bài đã được chia sẻ để nâng cao band điểm IELTS Reading của bạn.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!