IELTS Reading: Ô tô điện và nhu cầu dầu mỏ toàn cầu – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

Trong những năm gần đây, chủ đề Electric Cars And Global Oil Demand đã trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các bài thi IELTS Reading. Sự phát triển vượt bậc của công nghệ xe điện không chỉ thay đổi ngành công nghiệp ô tô mà còn tác động sâu sắc đến nhu cầu năng lượng toàn cầu, đặc biệt là dầu mỏ. Đây là một chủ đề liên ngành kết hợp giữa công nghệ, môi trường, kinh tế và năng lượng – những lĩnh vực được đề thi IELTS ưa chuộng.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với ba passages theo đúng format thi thật, bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi từ dễ đến khó. Bạn sẽ được thực hành với Passage 1 ở mức độ Easy phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5, Passage 2 ở mức Medium dành cho band 6.0-7.5, và Passage 3 ở mức Hard giúp bạn chinh phục band 7.0-9.0. Ngoài đề thi đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi, bạn còn nhận được đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, phân tích từ vựng quan trọng và các kỹ thuật làm bài hiệu quả. Đề thi này đặc biệt phù hợp với học viên Việt Nam đang chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi IELTS, giúp bạn làm quen với độ khó thực tế và xây dựng chiến lược làm bài bài bản.

Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi quan trọng kéo dài trong 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, và tổng điểm sẽ được quy đổi thành band score từ 1-9. Để đạt hiệu quả cao nhất, bạn nên phân bổ thời gian hợp lý cho từng passage:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất, nên hoàn thành nhanh)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần thời gian suy luận)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất, dành thời gian nhiều nhất)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian bổ sung để chép đáp án sang phiếu trả lời, vì vậy bạn cần ghi đáp án ngay trong quá trình làm bài. Mỗi passage thường có 13-14 câu hỏi với nhiều dạng khác nhau, yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu, quét thông tin và suy luận logic.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến trong IELTS Reading:

• Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
• True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập
• Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
• Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
• Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
• Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
• Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
• Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Vehicles: A Transportation Revolution

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The automotive industry is experiencing one of its most significant transformations in over a century. Electric vehicles, commonly known as EVs, are rapidly gaining popularity worldwide, reshaping how people think about personal transportation. Unlike traditional vehicles that rely on petrol or diesel, electric cars use battery-powered electric motors, producing zero direct emissions. This fundamental shift is not just about changing the way cars are powered; it represents a broader movement toward sustainable transportation and environmental protection.

The history of electric vehicles is surprisingly long. The first practical electric car was built in the 1880s, and by 1900, electric cars accounted for around one-third of all vehicles on American roads. However, the discovery of large petroleum reserves, the mass production of cheaper gasoline-powered vehicles, and the limited battery technology of that era led to the dominance of internal combustion engines for most of the 20th century. Electric vehicles essentially disappeared from mainstream markets for nearly 80 years.

The resurgence of electric vehicles began in the early 21st century, driven by several key factors. Growing environmental concerns about climate change and air pollution prompted governments worldwide to seek cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels. Advances in lithium-ion battery technology made electric vehicles more practical and affordable. Additionally, rising fuel prices and increasing awareness of the finite nature of oil reserves encouraged consumers to consider alternatives to traditional vehicles. Government incentives, such as tax rebates, subsidies, and access to special traffic lanes, further accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles.

Today’s electric vehicles offer numerous advantages over their gasoline-powered counterparts. They are significantly more energy-efficient, converting about 60% of electrical energy into movement, compared to only 20% efficiency for conventional cars. Electric motors provide instant torque, resulting in smooth and quick acceleration. The vehicles operate quietly, reducing noise pollution in urban areas. Moreover, EVs have fewer moving parts, which means lower maintenance costs over the vehicle’s lifetime. Owners can charge their vehicles at home overnight, eliminating regular trips to petrol stations.

Despite these benefits, electric vehicles still face several challenges that limit their widespread adoption. The most significant concern is range anxiety – the fear that the battery will run out of power before reaching a destination or charging station. While modern electric vehicles can travel 300-500 kilometers on a single charge, this is still less than most petrol-powered cars. The charging infrastructure remains inadequate in many regions, particularly in rural areas. Charging an electric vehicle takes considerably longer than filling a petrol tank, typically requiring 30 minutes to several hours depending on the charging method. Additionally, the initial purchase price of electric vehicles is often higher than comparable conventional cars, although this gap is gradually narrowing.

The environmental impact of electric vehicles is complex and often misunderstood. While EVs produce no tailpipe emissions, the electricity used to charge them may come from fossil fuel power plants, which do produce pollution. However, studies show that even when charged with electricity from coal-fired plants, electric vehicles still produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions overall compared to petrol cars, thanks to the greater efficiency of electric motors. As electricity grids incorporate more renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, the environmental benefits of electric vehicles will continue to improve. There is also the question of battery production and disposal, which requires careful management to minimize environmental harm.

Major automobile manufacturers have recognized that electric vehicles represent the future of transportation. Companies like Tesla, Nissan, and BMW have already established themselves as leaders in the EV market, while traditional manufacturers such as Volkswagen, Ford, and General Motors have announced plans to invest billions of dollars in electric vehicle development. Many have set ambitious targets to electrify their entire product lines within the next decade or two. This industrial shift is creating new jobs in battery manufacturing, software development, and charging infrastructure installation, while also requiring workers in traditional automotive sectors to acquire new skills.

The relationship between electric vehicles and global oil demand is becoming increasingly significant. Transportation accounts for approximately 60% of global oil consumption, with passenger cars representing a substantial portion of this figure. As electric vehicle adoption accelerates, particularly in major markets like China, Europe, and North America, the demand for petroleum-based fuels is expected to change dramatically. Energy analysts predict that if current trends continue, electric vehicles could displace millions of barrels of oil per day by 2030. This shift has profound implications for oil-producing nations, energy companies, and the global economy as a whole.

Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Electric vehicles were more popular than gasoline cars in the early 1900s.
2. Modern electric vehicles can convert more energy into movement than traditional cars.
3. All electric vehicles can travel more than 500 kilometers on a single charge.
4. Charging an electric vehicle is always faster than refueling a petrol car.
5. Electric vehicles produce fewer emissions than petrol cars even when charged with coal-generated electricity.
6. Tesla was the first company to manufacture electric vehicles.

Questions 7-10

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

7. In the early 1900s, electric cars lost their market position due to the discovery of large __ and cheaper gasoline vehicles.
8. One major concern preventing people from buying electric vehicles is __, which is the fear of running out of battery power.
9. The process of battery production and __ requires careful environmental management.
10. Transportation currently represents about __ of total global oil consumption.

Questions 11-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

11. According to the passage, what was the main reason for the disappearance of electric vehicles in the early 20th century?

• A. Environmental concerns
• B. Government regulations
• C. Limited battery technology and cheaper alternatives
• D. Lack of consumer interest

12. Which advantage of electric vehicles is NOT mentioned in the passage?

• A. Lower noise levels
• B. Reduced maintenance costs
• C. Better safety features
• D. Higher energy efficiency

13. What does the passage suggest about the future of oil demand?

• A. It will increase significantly
• B. It will remain unchanged
• C. It could decrease substantially due to electric vehicles
• D. It depends entirely on government policies

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PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Industrial Implications of the Electric Vehicle Revolution

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transition from internal combustion engines to electric powertrains represents far more than a technological shift in the automotive sector; it constitutes a fundamental restructuring of one of the world’s most important industries and its associated supply chains. This transformation is sending ripple effects throughout the global economy, affecting everything from commodity markets and employment patterns to international trade dynamics and geopolitical relationships. The implications are particularly profound for the oil industry, which has dominated global energy markets for over a century and faces an uncertain future as electric vehicle adoption accelerates.

The oil industry’s relationship with electric vehicles is inherently adversarial, as every electric car on the road represents a permanent reduction in gasoline demand. Currently, the global vehicle fleet of approximately 1.4 billion cars consumes roughly 45 million barrels of oil per day. However, the International Energy Agency projects that by 2030, there could be 145 million electric vehicles on roads worldwide under current policy scenarios, or potentially 230 million under more ambitious climate policies. Each electric vehicle displaces approximately 15-20 barrels of oil annually, meaning that even the conservative estimate would eliminate demand for over 2 million barrels per day. This may seem modest compared to total global oil consumption of nearly 100 million barrels daily, but the trajectory is clear and concerning for oil producers.

The economic ramifications extend well beyond simple demand reduction. Oil companies have historically invested billions in exploration, extraction, and refining infrastructure based on assumptions of steady or growing demand. These investments, often requiring decades to generate returns, are now subject to significant stranding risk – the possibility that assets will become obsolete or unprofitable before their expected lifespan ends. Some analysts estimate that up to $1 trillion in oil industry assets could be stranded if the energy transition proceeds faster than currently anticipated. This has already begun affecting corporate strategies, with several major oil companies diversifying into renewable energy and electric vehicle charging infrastructure, essentially hedging against their own core business decline.

Geographical considerations add another layer of complexity to this transition. Oil production is concentrated in specific regions, with the Middle East, Russia, and parts of North America dominating supply. Many of these nations have economies heavily dependent on petroleum revenues, which fund government budgets, social programs, and development initiatives. Saudi Arabia, for instance, derives approximately 70% of government revenue from oil exports. As electric vehicles reduce demand, these petrostate economies face potentially destabilizing revenue shortfalls. Some, like Norway and the United Arab Emirates, have begun diversifying their economies, while others remain highly vulnerable. The geopolitical implications are significant, as oil wealth has historically translated into international influence and power.

Conversely, the electric vehicle revolution creates new resource dependencies and supply chain vulnerabilities. Lithium-ion batteries, which power most electric vehicles, require substantial quantities of lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. Unlike oil, which is used and consumed, these materials can theoretically be recycled, but current recycling rates remain low. The geographical distribution of these resources differs markedly from oil reserves. Chile, Australia, and Argentina control most of the world’s lithium reserves. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces approximately 70% of global cobalt, often under ethically questionable conditions. China has established dominance in rare earth element production and battery manufacturing. This creates new forms of resource dependency, with strategic implications that policymakers are only beginning to appreciate. Countries leading in battery technology and critical mineral supply chains may gain geopolitical advantages similar to those historically enjoyed by oil exporters.

The automotive manufacturing sector itself faces unprecedented disruption. Electric vehicles have fundamentally different mechanical configurations than conventional cars. An internal combustion engine typically contains over 2,000 moving parts, while an electric motor has fewer than 20. This simplification has far-reaching implications for manufacturing employment, supply chains, and required expertise. Traditional automotive components like transmissions, exhaust systems, and fuel injection systems become obsolete, threatening established suppliers and the jobs they provide. Simultaneously, new opportunities emerge in battery production, electric motor manufacturing, and power electronics. However, these new positions often require different skill sets and may not be located in the same regions as traditional automotive jobs, potentially causing significant economic dislocation in automotive manufacturing centers.

The charging infrastructure required to support electric vehicles represents both a challenge and an economic opportunity. Estimates suggest that hundreds of billions of dollars in investment will be needed globally to build adequate charging networks. This infrastructure must be carefully planned to avoid exacerbating existing inequalities. Urban areas with higher incomes may receive ample charging infrastructure, while rural and lower-income communities could be left behind, creating a form of “charging infrastructure divide” that limits electric vehicle adoption among certain demographics. Nevertheless, building this infrastructure creates substantial employment in construction, electrical work, and maintenance, partially offsetting job losses in traditional petroleum distribution.

Financial markets have already begun repricing assets based on the electric vehicle transition. Traditional automotive manufacturers have seen their valuations challenged by new entrants like Tesla, whose market capitalization exceeded that of all traditional manufacturers combined despite producing a fraction of their vehicle volume. Oil company stock prices have become increasingly volatile, sensitive to each announcement of accelerating electric vehicle adoption or new emissions regulations. Investment funds focused on environmental, social, and governance criteria are divesting from fossil fuels, making it progressively more difficult and expensive for oil companies to raise capital. Insurance companies are reassessing long-term liabilities associated with climate change, further affecting valuations across the energy sector.

The pace and ultimate extent of oil demand reduction remain subjects of intense debate. Optimists in the oil industry argue that even with aggressive electric vehicle adoption, oil will remain essential for aviation, shipping, petrochemicals, and regions where electric vehicles are impractical. They contend that global oil demand may plateau rather than decline precipitously. Pessimists – or optimists, depending on one’s perspective – argue that technological advancement follows exponential curves rather than linear projections. They point to the rapid cost reductions in battery technology, which have fallen by nearly 90% over the past decade, as evidence that electric vehicles may achieve price parity with conventional vehicles sooner than anticipated. Once electric vehicles become cheaper to purchase and operate, the transition could accelerate dramatically, potentially creating a cascading effect where declining oil demand leads to lower prices, reducing investment in new production, which creates supply constraints that accelerate the shift to alternatives.

Questions 14-18

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

14. According to the passage, what is the main concern for oil companies regarding their infrastructure investments?

• A. They are too expensive to maintain
• B. They may become unprofitable before generating expected returns
• C. They are environmentally damaging
• D. They require constant technological updates

15. The passage suggests that Norway and the United Arab Emirates are different from other oil-producing nations because they:

• A. Have larger oil reserves
• B. Export more oil than others
• C. Are taking steps to diversify their economies
• D. Have banned electric vehicles

16. What does the passage indicate about battery materials compared to oil?

• A. They are more expensive to extract
• B. They are found in the same locations as oil
• C. They can potentially be recycled
• D. They are more environmentally friendly

17. According to the passage, how does the complexity of electric motors compare to internal combustion engines?

• A. Electric motors are more complex
• B. Electric motors have significantly fewer moving parts
• C. They have similar complexity
• D. The passage does not compare them

18. What concern is raised about charging infrastructure development?

• A. It costs too much to build
• B. It may create inequality between different communities
• C. It requires too much electricity
• D. It is technologically impossible in some areas

Questions 19-23

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The electric vehicle revolution has significant economic impacts on the oil industry. The International Energy Agency predicts there could be 145 million electric vehicles by 2030, which would reduce oil demand by over 2 million 19. __ per day. This creates 20. __ for oil industry assets, as infrastructure may become unprofitable. Many oil-dependent economies, called 21. __, face revenue challenges. Meanwhile, electric vehicles create new dependencies on materials like lithium and cobalt, with China establishing 22. __ in battery manufacturing. The automotive sector faces disruption as traditional components become 23. __, though new opportunities emerge in battery production.

Questions 24-26

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

24. Electric vehicles will completely eliminate the need for oil within the next decade.
25. China’s control of rare earth elements gives it strategic advantages similar to oil exporters.
26. Tesla’s high market valuation is justified by its vehicle production volume.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Complex Dynamics of Energy Transition: Modeling Future Oil Demand in an Electrified World

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The prognostication of future oil demand in an increasingly electrified transportation landscape represents one of the most formidable analytical challenges confronting energy economists, policymakers, and industry strategists. Unlike previous energy transitions, which unfolded over generations and involved the gradual displacement of one dominant fuel by another, the current shift toward electric vehicles is characterized by unprecedented technological acceleration, policy intervention, and societal mobilization around climate imperatives. The methodological complexities inherent in modeling this transition stem from the confluence of technological, economic, behavioral, and political variables, many of which exhibit non-linear dynamics and interdependencies that confound traditional forecasting approaches. Consequently, projections of oil demand vary dramatically across different analytical frameworks, ranging from scenarios predicting continued growth through mid-century to those forecasting precipitous decline beginning within the current decade.

Central to any rigorous analysis of electric vehicles’ impact on oil demand is the concept of the S-curve adoption model, which posits that new technologies typically follow a sigmoid pattern of market penetration: slow initial growth, followed by rapid acceleration as the innovation achieves critical mass and network effects, before eventually plateauing at market saturation. Historical analogs such as the displacement of horses by automobiles, the transition from analog to digital photography, and the replacement of landline telephones with mobile devices all exhibited this pattern. However, determining where electric vehicles currently sit on this curve, and at what rate adoption will accelerate, remains contentious. Some analysts argue that electric vehicles are approaching the inflection point where adoption becomes self-reinforcing – as infrastructure improves, costs decline, and social norms shift, conventional vehicles rapidly become obsolescent. Others contend that fundamental constraints around charging infrastructure, grid capacity, battery raw material availability, and consumer preference heterogeneity will temper adoption rates, producing a more gradual transition extending across several decades.

The elasticity of oil demand with respect to electric vehicle penetration introduces further analytical complexity. A naive linear model might assume that each electric vehicle directly displaces a corresponding quantity of petroleum consumption – approximately 15-20 barrels annually per vehicle in developed markets. However, multiple factors render this relationship decidedly non-linear. First, rebound effects may occur whereby reduced transportation costs associated with electric vehicle ownership encourage increased travel, partially offsetting petroleum savings. Second, the composition of the vehicle fleet matters significantly; electric vehicles displacing inefficient older vehicles produce greater petroleum savings than those replacing modern efficient hybrids. Third, geographical variations in driving patterns, climate conditions affecting battery performance, and electricity generation sources create substantial heterogeneity in the effective petroleum displacement per electric vehicle. Fourth, induced demand effects may emerge as improved urban air quality and reduced transportation costs stimulate economic activity and vehicle ownership in developing markets, potentially increasing aggregate transportation energy demand even as the petroleum intensity decreases.

Macroeconomic feedback mechanisms further complicate projections. As electric vehicle adoption reduces oil demand, petroleum prices face downward pressure, potentially making conventional vehicles more economically attractive and slowing the transition – a negative feedback loop. Conversely, stranded asset concerns may prompt underinvestment in oil production capacity, creating future supply constraints that elevate prices and accelerate electrification – a positive feedback loop. The policy landscape adds another layer of uncertainty. Current electric vehicle adoption is heavily influenced by subsidies, regulatory mandates, and fossil fuel taxation, all of which are subject to political vicissitudes. The European Union’s proposed ban on new internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035, California’s similar mandate, and China’s aggressive electrification targets represent powerful demand-side interventions. However, political opposition, fiscal constraints, and potential policy reversals introduce substantial scenario variance.

The temporal dimension of the transition warrants careful consideration. Electric vehicles entering the fleet today will typically remain operational for 15-20 years, meaning that even if all new vehicle sales were electric immediately – an impossibility given production constraints – the legacy fleet of conventional vehicles would continue consuming petroleum for decades. This stock-flow dynamic implies that near-term oil demand is relatively inelastic to electric vehicle adoption rates, with more substantial impacts emerging in the 2030s and 2040s. Furthermore, the capital intensity and long lead times associated with oil industry infrastructure mean that investment decisions made today are based on demand projections decades hence. This creates potential for either overcapacity if the transition proceeds faster than anticipated, or supply shortfalls if it progresses more slowly, either of which would have destabilizing economic consequences.

Sectoral disaggregation reveals that transportation’s constituent components face dramatically different electrification timelines. Light-duty passenger vehicles – the primary focus of current electric vehicle development – represent approximately 60% of transportation oil demand and face the most imminent displacement risk. Medium-duty commercial vehicles and urban buses are beginning to electrify, though infrastructure and operational requirements present greater challenges. Heavy-duty long-haul trucking faces more formidable obstacles related to battery weight, charging time, and range requirements, though emerging battery technologies and alternative approaches like hydrogen fuel cells or catenary systems may eventually provide solutions. Aviation and maritime shipping, which together account for roughly 20% of transportation fuel use, present the most intractable challenges for electrification given energy density requirements, making sustainable aviation fuels and other alternatives more likely near-term pathways. This sectoral variation implies that even aggressive electrification will leave substantial residual oil demand in transportation, particularly for applications where battery-electric solutions are physically or economically impractical.

Behavioral economics introduces further indeterminacy into adoption projections. Consumer vehicle purchasing decisions involve complex tradeoffs between economic factors, performance characteristics, psychological considerations, and social signaling. Electric vehicles currently appeal primarily to early adopters characterized by higher incomes, environmental consciousness, and comfort with new technology. Successfully transitioning from this early adopter phase to mass market adoption requires not merely achieving price parity and functional equivalence with conventional vehicles, but also overcoming psychological barriers including range anxiety, charging anxiety, and resale value uncertainty. The diffusion of innovation theory suggests that crossing the “chasm” between early adopters and the pragmatic majority represents a critical challenge for any new technology. Whether electric vehicles have achieved or are approaching this threshold remains a subject of debate, with different markets exhibiting substantially different adoption trajectories.

The geopolitical dimension of the oil demand transition merits particular attention given its profound implications for international relations and global power structures. For the past century, control over oil resources has been a paramount strategic concern, shaping alliances, motivating conflicts, and determining geopolitical influence. A world in which oil demand is declining and eventually marginal would represent a fundamental reordering of international relations. Petrostate economies facing declining revenues may experience internal instability, potentially creating regional security challenges. The strategic importance of securing critical minerals for batteries and the dominance of certain nations in battery manufacturing may create new dependencies and potential chokepoints in global supply chains. Understanding how these geopolitical shifts unfold and potentially create destabilizing transitions is essential for comprehensive risk assessment.

Recent empirical evidence provides some insight into actual adoption patterns, though interpretation remains contested. Global electric vehicle sales reached approximately 6.6 million units in 2021, representing roughly 9% of total passenger vehicle sales and marking a doubling from the previous year. Norway achieved an extraordinary 86% electric vehicle share of new sales, demonstrating that with sufficient policy support and favorable conditions, rapid transitions are possible. However, Norway is exceptional due to its small population, high per capita income, abundant renewable electricity, and generous subsidies funded by oil revenues – factors unlikely to be replicated globally. China, the world’s largest automotive market, reached approximately 15% electric vehicle share in 2021, driven by industrial policy prioritizing domestic battery and electric vehicle manufacturing. The United States and most other markets lag substantially behind these leaders, suggesting considerable heterogeneity in adoption trajectories that complicate global demand projections.

Synthesis of these diverse considerations yields several conclusions regarding electric vehicles’ impact on global oil demand. First, significant uncertainty pervades all projections, warranting scenario-based planning rather than reliance on single-point forecasts. Second, near-term impacts through 2025 will likely be modest, with more substantial demand effects emerging in the 2030-2040 timeframe. Third, non-linear dynamics mean that adoption rates could accelerate rapidly once critical thresholds are crossed, potentially surprising even sophisticated forecasters. Fourth, sectoral heterogeneity ensures that complete displacement of oil from transportation remains distant even under aggressive electrification scenarios. Finally, the transition’s macroeconomic and geopolitical consequences extend far beyond simple demand reduction, potentially restructuring fundamental aspects of the global economic and political order.

Biểu đồ tăng trưởng xe điện và tác động đến nhu cầu tiêu thụ dầu mỏ toàn cầu đến năm 2040

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, what makes the current energy transition different from previous ones?

• A. It involves changing from one fuel to another
• B. It is happening at a much faster pace with strong policy support
• C. It is less complex than previous transitions
• D. It only affects one sector of the economy

28. The S-curve adoption model suggests that technology adoption:

• A. Grows at a constant rate over time
• B. Starts slowly, accelerates rapidly, then levels off
• C. Only occurs in wealthy countries
• D. Cannot be predicted with any accuracy

29. What does the passage say about rebound effects?

• A. They completely eliminate petroleum savings from electric vehicles
• B. They only occur in developing countries
• C. They may partially offset petroleum savings by encouraging more travel
• D. They have no impact on oil demand

30. According to the passage, which transportation sector faces the greatest challenges for electrification?

• A. Light-duty passenger vehicles
• B. Urban buses
• C. Medium-duty commercial vehicles
• D. Aviation and maritime shipping

31. The passage suggests that Norway’s high electric vehicle adoption rate:

• A. Proves all countries can easily achieve similar results
• B. Is due to exceptional circumstances unlikely to be replicated globally
• C. Is mainly due to consumer preference
• D. Has no relevance to other markets

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Forecasting oil demand in an electrified world involves significant 32. __ due to multiple interacting factors. The 33. __ suggests technologies follow a pattern of slow growth, rapid acceleration, and eventual plateau. However, the relationship between electric vehicle adoption and oil demand is 34. __ rather than straightforward. The 35. __ of conventional vehicles means they will continue using petroleum for many years even after new electric vehicle sales increase. Different transportation sectors face varying challenges, with 36. __ and aviation presenting the most difficult cases for electrification.

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Single-point forecasts are sufficient for planning the energy transition.
38. The impact of electric vehicles on oil demand will be more significant in the 2030s than in the current decade.
39. Battery technology has reached its maximum potential and cannot improve further.
40. The shift away from oil will fundamentally change international relations and power structures.

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. petroleum reserves
8. range anxiety
9. disposal
10. 60% / sixty percent
11. C
12. C
13. C

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. B
19. barrels
20. stranding risk
21. petrostate economies / petrostates
22. dominance
23. obsolete
24. NO
25. YES
26. NO

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. D
31. B
32. methodological complexities / analytical challenges
33. S-curve adoption model / S-curve
34. non-linear / decidedly non-linear
35. legacy fleet / stock-flow dynamic
36. heavy-duty long-haul trucking / maritime shipping
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: electric vehicles, more popular, gasoline cars, early 1900s
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “by 1900, electric cars accounted for around one-third of all vehicles on American roads” – nghĩa là xe điện chỉ chiếm 1/3, còn 2/3 là xe xăng và các loại khác. Vậy xe điện KHÔNG phổ biến hơn xe xăng. Câu hỏi nói “more popular” là sai so với thông tin “one-third”.

Câu 2: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: convert more energy, movement, traditional cars
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “They are significantly more energy-efficient, converting about 60% of electrical energy into movement, compared to only 20% efficiency for conventional cars.” 60% > 20%, vậy xe điện chuyển đổi nhiều năng lượng hơn thành chuyển động. Đây là paraphrase: “convert more energy” = “more energy-efficient, converting 60% vs 20%”.

Câu 3: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all electric vehicles, more than 500 kilometers, single charge
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “modern electric vehicles can travel 300-500 kilometers on a single charge” – nghĩa là từ 300-500km, KHÔNG phải tất cả đều đi được hơn 500km. Từ “all” trong câu hỏi làm cho câu này sai.

Câu 5: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: fewer emissions, petrol cars, coal-generated electricity
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Studies show that even when charged with electricity from coal-fired plants, electric vehicles still produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions overall compared to petrol cars”. Đây là match trực tiếp với câu hỏi.

Câu 7: petroleum reserves

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: early 1900s, lost market position, discovery
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “The discovery of large petroleum reserves, the mass production of cheaper gasoline-powered vehicles, and the limited battery technology… led to the dominance of internal combustion engines”. Câu hỏi cần điền vào chỗ trống về những gì được phát hiện → petroleum reserves.

Câu 8: range anxiety

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: major concern, fear of running out of battery
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “The most significant concern is range anxiety – the fear that the battery will run out of power”. Định nghĩa của “range anxiety” chính xác là “fear of running out of battery”.

Câu 10: 60% / sixty percent

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Transportation, global oil consumption
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Transportation accounts for approximately 60% of global oil consumption”. Paraphrase: “accounts for” = “represents”.

Câu 11: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main reason, disappearance, early 20th century
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết liệt kê ba lý do: “discovery of large petroleum reserves, mass production of cheaper gasoline-powered vehicles, and limited battery technology”. Đáp án C tóm tắt đầy đủ nhất các yếu tố này.

Câu 13: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: future of oil demand
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Electric vehicles could displace millions of barrels of oil per day by 2030. This shift has profound implications for oil-producing nations”. Từ “displace” có nghĩa là thay thế/giảm nhu cầu đáng kể → đáp án C đúng.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main concern, oil companies, infrastructure investments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “These investments, often requiring decades to generate returns, are now subject to significant stranding risk – the possibility that assets will become obsolete or unprofitable before their expected lifespan ends”. Đây chính là đáp án B “may become unprofitable before generating expected returns”.

Câu 15: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Norway, United Arab Emirates, different from other oil-producing nations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Some, like Norway and the United Arab Emirates, have begun diversifying their economies, while others remain highly vulnerable”. Từ “diversifying” chính là đáp án C.

Câu 17: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: complexity, electric motors, internal combustion engines
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “An internal combustion engine typically contains over 2,000 moving parts, while an electric motor has fewer than 20”. Rõ ràng động cơ điện đơn giản hơn nhiều (20 bộ phận so với 2,000).

Câu 18: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: concern, charging infrastructure development
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “Urban areas with higher incomes may receive ample charging infrastructure, while rural and lower-income communities could be left behind, creating a form of charging infrastructure divide”. Đây chính là vấn đề bất bình đẳng → đáp án B.

Câu 19: barrels

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: 2 million, per day
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Would eliminate demand for over 2 million barrels per day”. Đơn vị đo là “barrels”.

Câu 20: stranding risk

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: infrastructure may become unprofitable
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Subject to significant stranding risk – the possibility that assets will become obsolete or unprofitable”. Thuật ngữ chuyên ngành là “stranding risk”.

Câu 24: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: completely eliminate, oil, within the next decade
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
• Giải thích: Tác giả nói “oil will remain essential for aviation, shipping, petrochemicals” và “oil demand may plateau rather than decline precipitously”. Rõ ràng tác giả KHÔNG đồng ý với việc dầu sẽ bị loại bỏ hoàn toàn trong thập kỷ tới.

Câu 25: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: China’s control, rare earth elements, strategic advantages, oil exporters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Countries leading in battery technology and critical mineral supply chains may gain geopolitical advantages similar to those historically enjoyed by oil exporters”. Tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: current energy transition, different from previous
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu 2
• Giải thích: “Unlike previous energy transitions, which unfolded over generations… the current shift is characterized by unprecedented technological acceleration, policy intervention, and societal mobilization”. Đây là sự khác biệt chính → tốc độ nhanh hơn với sự can thiệp mạnh mẽ của chính sách.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: S-curve adoption model
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, đầu đoạn
• Giải thích: “Technologies typically follow a sigmoid pattern of market penetration: slow initial growth, followed by rapid acceleration… before eventually plateauing”. Đây chính xác là đáp án B.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: rebound effects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: “Rebound effects may occur whereby reduced transportation costs… encourage increased travel, partially offsetting petroleum savings”. Từ “partially offsetting” = “may partially offset”.

Câu 30: D

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: transportation sector, greatest challenges, electrification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “Aviation and maritime shipping… present the most intractable challenges for electrification given energy density requirements”. Từ “most intractable” = “greatest challenges”.

Câu 32: methodological complexities / analytical challenges

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: forecasting oil demand, significant
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, đầu đoạn
• Giải thích: “Represents one of the most formidable analytical challenges” và “methodological complexities inherent in modeling this transition”. Cả hai cụm từ đều chấp nhận được.

Câu 35: legacy fleet / stock-flow dynamic

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: conventional vehicles, continue using petroleum, many years
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, đầu đoạn
• Giải thích: “The legacy fleet of conventional vehicles would continue consuming petroleum for decades. This stock-flow dynamic implies…”. Cả hai thuật ngữ đều được bài đọc sử dụng.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: single-point forecasts, sufficient
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, đầu đoạn
• Giải thích: “Significant uncertainty pervades all projections, warranting scenario-based planning rather than reliance on single-point forecasts”. Tác giả rõ ràng KHÔNG đồng ý với việc sử dụng dự báo đơn điểm.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: impact, more significant, 2030s, current decade
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5 và đoạn 10
• Giải thích: “Near-term oil demand is relatively inelastic to electric vehicle adoption rates, with more substantial impacts emerging in the 2030s and 2040s” và “near-term impacts through 2025 will likely be modest, with more substantial demand effects emerging in the 2030-2040 timeframe”. Tác giả đồng ý quan điểm này.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: shift away from oil, fundamentally change, international relations, power structures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: “A world in which oil demand is declining… would represent a fundamental reordering of international relations” và “potentially restructuring fundamental aspects of the global economic and political order” (đoạn 10). Tác giả rõ ràng đồng ý với quan điểm này.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformation	n	/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi, biến đổi	The automotive industry is experiencing one of its most significant transformations	undergo transformation, significant transformation
reshape	v	/riːˈʃeɪp/	định hình lại, thay đổi	Electric vehicles are rapidly reshaping how people think about transportation	reshape thinking, reshape the industry
sustainable	adj	/səˈsteɪnəbl/	bền vững, lâu dài	A broader movement toward sustainable transportation	sustainable development, sustainable energy
resurgence	n	/rɪˈsɜːdʒəns/	sự hồi sinh, trỗi dậy lại	The resurgence of electric vehicles began in the early 21st century	experience a resurgence, witness a resurgence
adoption	n	/əˈdɒpʃn/	sự áp dụng, chấp nhận	Government incentives accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles	accelerate adoption, widespread adoption
counterpart	n	/ˈkaʊntəpɑːt/	đối tác, thứ tương đương	Electric vehicles offer advantages over their gasoline-powered counterparts	conventional counterpart, traditional counterpart
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/	cơ sở hạ tầng	The charging infrastructure remains inadequate	charging infrastructure, develop infrastructure
range anxiety	n	/reɪndʒ æŋˈzaɪəti/	lo lắng về quãng đường	The most significant concern is range anxiety	overcome range anxiety, address range anxiety
tailpipe emissions	n	/ˈteɪlpaɪp ɪˈmɪʃnz/	khí thải từ ống xả	EVs produce no tailpipe emissions	reduce tailpipe emissions, zero tailpipe emissions
greenhouse gas	n	/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs/	khí nhà kính	Electric vehicles produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions	greenhouse gas emissions, reduce greenhouse gases
displace	v	/dɪsˈpleɪs/	thay thế, di dời	Electric vehicles could displace millions of barrels of oil	displace demand, displace traditional vehicles
profound	adj	/prəˈfaʊnd/	sâu sắc, to lớn	This shift has profound implications	profound impact, profound effect

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ripple effect	n	/ˈrɪpl ɪˌfekt/	hiệu ứng lan tỏa	Sending ripple effects throughout the global economy	create ripple effects, cause ripple effects
adversarial	adj	/ˌædvəˈseəriəl/	đối kháng, thù địch	The relationship is inherently adversarial	adversarial relationship, adversarial approach
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	quỹ đạo, xu hướng	The trajectory is clear and concerning	upward trajectory, follow a trajectory
stranding risk	n	/ˈstrændɪŋ rɪsk/	rủi ro mắc kẹt (tài sản)	Assets are subject to significant stranding risk	face stranding risk, minimize stranding risk
obsolete	adj	/ˈɒbsəliːt/	lỗi thời, lạc hậu	Assets will become obsolete or unprofitable	become obsolete, render obsolete
hedging	n/v	/ˈhedʒɪŋ/	phòng ngừa rủi ro	Essentially hedging against their own core business decline	hedging strategy, hedging against risk
petrostate	n	/ˈpetrəʊsteɪt/	quốc gia sản xuất dầu	Petrostate economies face potentially destabilizing revenue shortfalls	petrostate economy, petrostate revenues
diversifying	v	/daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪɪŋ/	đa dạng hóa	Some have begun diversifying their economies	diversifying portfolio, diversifying income
dominance	n	/ˈdɒmɪnəns/	sự thống trị, chi phối	China has established dominance in battery manufacturing	establish dominance, maintain dominance
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	The sector faces unprecedented disruption	unprecedented change, unprecedented growth
dislocation	n	/ˌdɪsləʊˈkeɪʃn/	sự gián đoạn, rối loạn	Potentially causing significant economic dislocation	economic dislocation, social dislocation
volatile	adj	/ˈvɒlətaɪl/	biến động, không ổn định	Oil company stock prices have become increasingly volatile	volatile market, highly volatile
divesting	v	/daɪˈvestɪŋ/	rút vốn, thoái lui	Investment funds are divesting from fossil fuels	divesting from, divesting assets
cascading effect	n	/kæˈskeɪdɪŋ ɪˌfekt/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	Potentially creating a cascading effect	trigger cascading effect, create cascading effect

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
prognostication	n	/prɒɡˌnɒstɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự dự đoán, tiên đoán	The prognostication of future oil demand	accurate prognostication, economic prognostication
formidable	adj	/ˈfɔːmɪdəbl/	ghê gớm, đáng gờm	One of the most formidable analytical challenges	formidable challenge, formidable task
confluence	n	/ˈkɒnfluəns/	sự hợp lưu, giao thoa	The confluence of technological and political variables	confluence of factors, confluence of events
non-linear dynamics	n	/nɒn ˈlɪniə daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực phi tuyến	Variables exhibit non-linear dynamics	non-linear relationship, non-linear system
precipitous	adj	/prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/	dốc đứng, đột ngột	Scenarios forecasting precipitous decline	precipitous drop, precipitous fall
sigmoid pattern	n	/ˈsɪɡmɔɪd ˈpætən/	mô hình hình chữ S	Follow a sigmoid pattern of market penetration	sigmoid curve, sigmoid function
inflection point	n	/ɪnˈflekʃn pɔɪnt/	điểm uốn, điểm chuyển đổi	Approaching the inflection point where adoption becomes self-reinforcing	reach inflection point, key inflection point
obsolescent	adj	/ˌɒbsəˈlesnt/	đang lỗi thời	Conventional vehicles rapidly become obsolescent	obsolescent technology, obsolescent equipment
elasticity	n	/ɪˌlæˈstɪsəti/	tính co giãn, độ đàn hồi	The elasticity of oil demand with respect to EV penetration	price elasticity, demand elasticity
heterogeneity	n	/ˌhetərəʊdʒəˈniːəti/	sự không đồng nhất	Create substantial heterogeneity in petroleum displacement	geographical heterogeneity, market heterogeneity
induced demand	n	/ɪnˈdjuːst dɪˈmɑːnd/	nhu cầu cảm ứng	Induced demand effects may emerge	induced demand effect, generate induced demand
feedback loop	n	/ˈfiːdbæk luːp/	vòng lặp phản hồi	A negative feedback loop / positive feedback loop	create feedback loop, break feedback loop
vicissitudes	n	/vɪˈsɪsɪtjuːdz/	thăng trầm, biến động	Subject to political vicissitudes	vicissitudes of life, economic vicissitudes
inelastic	adj	/ˌɪnɪˈlæstɪk/	không co giãn	Near-term oil demand is relatively inelastic	inelastic demand, inelastic supply
disaggregation	n	/ˌdɪsæɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	sự tách rời, phân tách	Sectoral disaggregation reveals different timelines	data disaggregation, sectoral disaggregation
intractable	adj	/ɪnˈtræktəbl/	khó giải quyết, bất trị	Present the most intractable challenges	intractable problem, intractable issue
indeterminacy	n	/ˌɪndɪˈtɜːmɪnəsi/	sự bất định, không xác định	Behavioral economics introduces further indeterminacy	indeterminacy principle, economic indeterminacy
paramount	adj	/ˈpærəmaʊnt/	tối cao, quan trọng nhất	Control over oil has been a paramount strategic concern	paramount importance, paramount concern

Chuyển đổi năng lượng từ xe xăng sang ô tô điện và ảnh hưởng đến ngành dầu mỏ

Kết bài

Chủ đề Electric cars and global oil demand là một trong những chủ đề nóng hổi và có tính thời sự cao trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Qua bài viết này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một đề thi hoàn chỉnh với ba passages theo đúng format thi thật, từ mức độ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi và độ khó tăng dần một cách tự nhiên.

Ba passages trong đề thi này đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện về mối quan hệ giữa xe điện và nhu cầu dầu mỏ toàn cầu, từ những thông tin cơ bản về lịch sử và ưu nhược điểm của xe điện, đến những phân tích kinh tế phức tạp về tác động của cuộc cách mạng này, và cuối cùng là những mô hình dự báo học thuật về tương lai ngành năng lượng. Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng từ Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, đến Sentence Completion và Summary Completion, bạn đã được thực hành toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết cho IELTS Reading.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể đã chỉ ra chính xác vị trí thông tin trong bài, cách paraphrase được sử dụng, và lý do tại sao mỗi đáp án đúng hoặc sai. Điều này giúp bạn không chỉ biết đáp án mà còn hiểu được cách tiếp cận và tư duy để giải quyết từng loại câu hỏi. Bảng từ vựng theo từng passage cung cấp những từ khóa quan trọng nhất kèm phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocation, giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật một cách có hệ thống.

Để đạt kết quả cao trong IELTS Reading, hãy thường xuyên luyện tập với các đề thi mẫu như thế này, phân tích kỹ đáp án, và xây dựng chiến lược làm bài phù hợp với điểm mạnh của bản thân. Ngoài chủ đề về The role of electric vehicles in reducing air pollution, bạn cũng nên mở rộng kiến thức với các chủ đề liên quan như The role of renewable energy in driving technological innovation để có cái nhìn toàn diện hơn về cuộc cách mạng năng lượng đang diễn ra. Những chủ đề về Sustainability challenges in transportation và Electric scooters for reducing city traffic emissions cũng rất hữu ích cho việc chuẩn bị thi. Đặc biệt, việc tìm hiểu thêm về How is the rise of electric vehicles affecting the oil industry? sẽ giúp bạn có được góc nhìn sâu sắc hơn về tác động kinh tế của cuộc chuyển đổi này.

Hãy nhớ rằng thành công trong IELTS Reading không chỉ đến từ việc biết nhiều từ vựng mà còn từ khả năng quản lý thời gian, xác định nhanh vị trí thông tin, và hiểu được cách paraphrase của đề thi. Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm như mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!