IELTS Reading: How blockchain is securing financial transactions

Mở bài

How Blockchain Is Securing Financial Transactions là một chủ đề nóng, gắn liền với tài chính số, thanh toán xuyên biên giới và an ninh dữ liệu. Trong IELTS Reading, các đề liên quan đến công nghệ tài chính, tiền mã hóa, chuỗi khối, bảo mật thường xuất hiện ở mức độ vừa đến khó, đòi hỏi kỹ năng đọc nhanh, nhận diện paraphrase và suy luận. Bài viết này giúp bạn luyện tập chủ đề How blockchain is securing financial transactions bằng một đề thi mẫu đầy đủ 3 passages (Easy → Medium → Hard), đa dạng dạng câu hỏi giống thi thật, kèm đáp án và giải thích chi tiết, từ vựng trọng tâm và kỹ thuật làm bài. Tài liệu phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên muốn cải thiện tốc độ, độ chính xác và khả năng xử lý văn bản học thuật trong IELTS Reading test. Bạn sẽ luyện được các dạng Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion, Matching Features/Sentence Endings và Short-answer Questions, đồng thời học cách khai thác từ khóa, scan/skim và xử lý câu hỏi theo thứ tự thông tin trong bài.

1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

• Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages
• Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
• Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
  • Passage 1: 15-17 phút
  • Passage 2: 18-20 phút
  • Passage 3: 23-25 phút

Mẹo nhanh:

• Skim tiêu đề, câu mở và câu kết mỗi đoạn để nắm main idea.
• Scan từ khóa (tên riêng, số liệu, thuật ngữ) khi làm câu hỏi chi tiết.
• Với True/False/Not Given hoặc Yes/No/Not Given, luôn so sánh chính xác ý nghĩa; nếu bài không đề cập, chọn Not Given.
• Dùng kỹ thuật “anchor words” để định vị thông tin theo thứ tự xuất hiện.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

• Multiple Choice
• True/False/Not Given
• Sentence Completion
• Yes/No/Not Given
• Matching Headings
• Summary/Note Completion
• Matching Sentence Endings
• Short-answer Questions

[internal_link: Cách làm dạng Matching Headings hiệu quả]

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2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – From Cash to Code: How Blockchains Keep Everyday Payments Safe

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The promise of blockchain in payments can sound abstract, but it begins with a simple idea: a shared record of transactions that everyone can check. This record is called a ledger. Instead of one bank keeping it, the ledger is copied across many computers. When people send money, new entries are added. Because so many copies exist, it is hard for anyone to cheat. This is the basic way blockchain helps secure financial transactions.

A block is like a page of that ledger. It bundles several transactions, a timestamp, and a unique code called a “hash.” The hash is made from the data inside the block, and it also includes the hash of the previous block. These links create a chain. If someone tries to change a past transaction, the hash changes and the chain breaks. Other computers quickly reject it. This makes the ledger tamper-resistant. Users also rely on public and private keys. A private key signs a transaction; the public key helps others verify that signature. The digital signature proves that the person who owns the funds authorized the transfer, without revealing the private key. This combination of hashing and digital signatures makes the system trustworthy.

Blockchains are also designed to be decentralized, meaning there is no single point of failure. Instead of one company approving transfers, a network of computers checks and agrees on new blocks. This process is called consensus. On older networks, “miners” compete to add blocks. Newer networks use “validators” who stake tokens to secure the network. In both cases, the network’s rules make it costly to cheat. On large public blockchains, a so-called “51% attack” would demand huge resources, making it impractical for most attackers.

Because there is no need for a central clearing house, transfers can settle faster than traditional banking in many cases. Cross-border payments, which often take days, can be confirmed in minutes. Fees can be lower, and small transfers become more realistic. For example, a content creator could accept micropayments for each article read. These benefits are attractive to people who send remittances to family members, shop online, or run small businesses.

Another key tool is the smart contract. This is a small program stored on the blockchain that can hold funds and release them only when certain conditions are met. For example, a smart contract can work like an escrow account: it holds a buyer’s payment and releases it only when the seller delivers goods. Because the conditions are written in code and enforced automatically, disputes and chargebacks can be reduced. Smart contracts can also enable recurring payments, ticketing, and rewards, all while keeping a clear audit trail.

Blockchain does not mean total secrecy. On public networks, people do not use their real names; they use pseudonymous addresses. That protects privacy to some extent. However, all transactions are visible, and analytics tools can sometimes connect addresses to real users. Many governments require exchanges and payment providers to follow Know Your Customer (KYC) rules. In some situations, firms adopt permissioned blockchains to control who can join the network and see data. This trade-off between openness and privacy is an ongoing discussion.

Energy use and speed have been concerns. Early blockchains used Proof of Work, which is secure but energy-intensive. Newer systems use Proof of Stake, which can reduce energy consumption and increase capacity. In addition, “layer two” technologies bundle many small transfers and settle them together on the main chain. These designs make everyday payments cheaper and faster while keeping strong security guarantees.

Of course, blockchain is not a magic fix. People can still make mistakes, like sending money to the wrong address. Scams can happen outside the chain, such as fake websites or phishing emails. Good security also depends on how wallets protect private keys. Even so, the core features of blockchain—its immutable ledger, cryptographic signatures, and decentralized validation—provide a powerful defense for digital payments used by millions worldwide.

Yêu cầu:

• Nội dung dễ hiểu, từ vựng không quá phức tạp
• Cấu trúc câu đơn giản đến trung bình
• Thông tin rõ ràng, dễ xác định
• Làm đậm các từ vựng khó và cụm từ quan trọng
• Làm đậm các cấu trúc ngữ pháp đáng chú ý

Questions 1-13

Instructions for Questions 1-5
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. What makes past transactions difficult to alter on a blockchain?
   A. Multiple currencies are supported
   B. Blocks are linked by hashes to previous blocks
   C. Miners store private keys for users
   D. Banks back up the ledger daily

2. The main purpose of a digital signature in a transaction is to:
   A. hide the sender’s identity completely
   B. verify that the sender authorized the payment
   C. speed up the network’s internet connection
   D. encrypt the entire blockchain

3. Consensus in a blockchain network ensures that:
   A. validators always earn a profit
   B. only large companies can add new blocks
   C. many computers agree on the next valid block
   D. all transactions are kept off-chain

4. A smart contract used like an escrow account will:
   A. release funds after conditions are met
   B. refund money automatically after 24 hours
   C. require approval from a central bank
   D. prevent the seller from seeing the payment

5. Which limitation is acknowledged by the passage?
   A. Blockchain removes all transaction fees
   B. It guarantees full anonymity for users
   C. It cannot be used for international transfers
   D. Users can still be scammed outside the chain

Instructions for Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write True if the statement agrees with the information.
Write False if the statement contradicts the information.
Write Not Given if there is no information on this.

6. Public blockchains allow complete anonymity.
7. Cross-border payments are always instantaneous on blockchain.
8. A 51% attack on a large public blockchain is difficult to carry out.
9. Proof of Stake can reduce energy consumption.
10. Blockchain eliminates all fraud.

Instructions for Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

11. Each block contains a timestamp, data, and the __ of the previous block.
12. On public networks, identities are usually represented by __.
13. Smart contracts can hold funds and act like an __.

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PASSAGE 2 – Guardrails for Digital Money: Regulation, Risk, and Real-World Blockchain Payments

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A. As blockchain moves from experimental code to everyday payments, the focus shifts from “Can it work?” to “How do we make it safe at scale?” Securing financial transactions is not only a matter of cryptography. It also demands institutional controls, regulatory clarity, and robust operational risk management. These “guardrails” do not slow innovation; rather, they channel it toward reliability, consumer protection, and market integrity.

B. The first guardrail is identity. Payment firms operating on or around blockchains must comply with KYC/AML requirements. While on-chain addresses are pseudonymous, regulated on-ramps and off-ramps link users to verified identities. The so-called “Travel Rule” compels providers to transmit certain sender/recipient information alongside transfers above set thresholds. Though privacy advocates worry about overreach, the intent is to reduce illicit finance without banning pseudonymous networks outright.

C. Stablecoins—tokens pegged to fiat currency—have become essential to crypto-based payments. Yet they raise questions: Are the reserves safe, liquid, and transparent? Leading issuers now publish attestations or audits, maintain high-quality liquid assets (HQLA), and adopt redemption service-level agreements. To prevent runs, some designs introduce circuit breakers, temporary gates, or dynamic fees during stress. Critics argue that weak governance could turn a stablecoin into an unregulated money-market fund; supporters say rigorous disclosure and supervision can mitigate these risks.

D. Custody is where cryptography meets operations. Institutions rarely rely on a single private key. Instead, they employ multi-party computation (MPC), hardware security modules (HSMs), and segregated cold storage to minimize single points of failure. Detailed key ceremonies document who can move what, when, and under which controls. In payments, availability is paramount; systems therefore combine hot wallets for speed with cold storage for safety, under continuous monitoring and dual authorization.

E. Not all blockchains are equal for payments. Permissionless networks maximize openness and resilience but have probabilistic finality and variable fees. Permissioned networks can provide deterministic finality, predictable throughput, and privacy controls, at the cost of reduced openness. Payment providers often use both: settlement on an open chain for interoperability, with internal ledgers or permissioned rails for high-volume processing. The choice is not ideological but fit-for-purpose.

F. Finally, interoperability and public-sector involvement will shape adoption. Bridges and cross-chain messaging must be designed with strong security assumptions. Central banks are experimenting with CBDCs and wholesale settlement on distributed ledgers. If designed well, these systems could enhance instant settlement and reduce counterparty risk across borders. However, poor design could import new systemic risks. The lesson is not to rush; it is to test, disclose, and iterate.

Yêu cầu:

• Nội dung phức tạp hơn, yêu cầu hiểu sâu
• Từ vựng học thuật, collocations
• Cấu trúc câu đa dạng, có câu phức
• Thông tin cần suy luận, paraphrase nhiều
• Làm đậm từ vựng nâng cao
• Làm đậm cấu trúc ngữ pháp phức tạp

Questions 14-26

Instructions for Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer?
Write Yes if the statement agrees with the writer’s views.
Write No if the statement contradicts the writer’s views.
Write Not Given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks.

14. Regulatory measures inevitably slow down innovation on blockchains.
15. The Travel Rule aims to curb illicit finance.
16. Stablecoins cannot be made safer through disclosure and supervision.
17. Institutions rely on single private keys for operational simplicity.
18. The author believes blockchain choices should be based on practical needs rather than ideology.

Instructions for Questions 19-23
Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i–viii, in boxes 19–23.

List of Headings
i. Choosing the right network for payment use-cases
ii. The role of identity and compliance at the on/off-ramps
iii. Interoperability and the rise of public-sector rails
iv. Why cryptography is enough on its own
v. Risk controls in stablecoin design and operations
vi. Custody architectures that prevent single points of failure
vii. The limits of market integrity rules
viii. How guardrails support safety and trust

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Instructions for Questions 24-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Summary
Stablecoins used in payments must prove that their 24 __ are both safe and easily sold. Issuers enhance trust through 25 __ or audits, and by holding 26 __, while adding mechanisms like circuit breakers to prevent runs during stress.

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PASSAGE 3 – Beyond Keys and Chains: Cryptography That Rewrites Payment Security

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

If “blockchain security” once meant immutable ledgers and consensus, its modern meaning is broader and more ambitious. Today’s designers increasingly rely on advanced cryptography to make financial transactions both private and provable. Two families of techniques—zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and secure multi-party computation (MPC)—are reshaping how assets move, who can see what, and how finality is achieved. Their promise, however, is coupled with engineering trade-offs that determine whether payment systems remain usable at scale.

A zero-knowledge proof lets one party convince another that a statement is true without revealing underlying data. A user can thus prove they have sufficient balance, or that a transaction satisfies compliance rules, without disclosing amounts or identities. Recent systems use succinct ZKPs (e.g., zk-SNARKs, zk-STARKs) that compress proofs into small objects that are fast to verify on-chain. This asymmetry—expensive to produce, cheap to check—aligns with blockchain’s needs: the network can verify many proofs quickly, while heavy computation occurs off-chain. The result is a payment rail that is simultaneously private and auditable: the proof is public, yet the sensitive data remains encrypted or hidden.

MPC addresses a different risk: key compromise. Rather than one entity holding a private key, multiple parties each hold a share of a key. They can collectively sign a transaction without reconstructing the full key anywhere. Because no single machine ever contains the whole secret, single-point compromise becomes dramatically harder. Moreover, MPC protocols can enforce policy, such as limits, whitelists, or dual controls, inside the signing flow itself. In institutional payments, this blurs the line between cryptography and governance: the key is not merely protected by procedures; the procedure is encoded within the key’s mathematics.

Even so, these advances arrive with caveats. ZKPs can be computationally heavy to generate; careful circuit design, hardware acceleration, and avoiding trusted setup where possible are non-trivial tasks. MPC introduces latency and coordination overheads; parties must be online, synchronized, and resilient to network faults. Both approaches can be formally correct yet operationally fragile if monitoring, incident response, and software supply-chain controls are weak. In other words, cryptography is necessary, but—echoing earlier generations of payment systems—never sufficient.

The frontier is their composition with blockchains. Consider rollups: batches of transactions are executed off-chain, then posted to a base ledger with either ZKP-based validity proofs or fraud proofs. In the ZK case, the chain accepts state updates because a succinct proof attests to correct execution. In the optimistic case, updates are accepted by default but can be challenged within a window. Either way, the base chain becomes an arbiter of security while bandwidth and compute move to scalable layers. This architecture is attractive for payments: low fees, high throughput, and cryptographic assurances that balances are correct.

Privacy-preserving compliance is another arena. Instead of publishing raw identity data, institutions can issue and verify selective disclosures: a customer proves they are over 18, not on a sanctions list, or within transaction limits—without revealing their name or full history. This promises a détente between regulators and privacy advocates. Yet it hinges on careful revocation mechanisms, resistant to false positives, and on standardized credential schemas that work across borders. Inconsistent rules could fracture networks, undermining the very interoperability they seek to enhance.

The long-term question is governance. If the cryptography is excellent but upgrades are chaotic, security degrades. Upgradability, controlled by transparent, well-audited processes, and deterministic builds that third parties can reproduce, are becoming part of the security story. So too are open formalisms for smart contracts, enabling machine-checked proofs of safety properties. Payment systems that combine these with ZKPs and MPC could, for the first time, offer confidentiality, integrity, and availability without forcing hard trade-offs. Whether they will do so in practice depends as much on institutions and incentives as on mathematics.

Yêu cầu:

• Nội dung học thuật, trừu tượng
• Từ vựng tinh vi, chuyên ngành
• Cấu trúc câu phức tạp, dài
• Yêu cầu phân tích, suy luận cao
• Làm đậm từ vựng chuyên ngành
• Làm đậm các cấu trúc ngữ pháp nâng cao

Questions 27-40

Instructions for Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. What is the main advantage of succinct ZKPs for blockchains?
    A. They remove the need for encryption
    B. They are quick to verify on-chain
    C. They require no computation to produce
    D. They guarantee deterministic finality

28. MPC primarily reduces the risk of:
    A. trusted setup
    B. consensus failures
    C. single-key compromise
    D. censorship by miners

29. In the context of rollups, ZK proofs are used to:
    A. encrypt transaction data at rest
    B. attest to correct off-chain execution
    C. guarantee instant finality across chains
    D. eliminate the need for base layers

30. Selective disclosure allows a user to:
    A. hide all activity from regulators
    B. prove specific attributes without revealing full identity
    C. bypass whitelists and policies
    D. permanently avoid revocation

31. According to the passage, which factor can still undermine security despite strong cryptography?
    A. Deterministic builds
    B. Open formalisms
    C. Chaotic upgrade processes
    D. Hardware acceleration

Instructions for Questions 32-36
Matching Sentence Endings
Complete each sentence by selecting the correct ending, A–G.
Write the correct letter, A–G, in boxes 32–36.

Sentence beginnings
32. Because ZK proofs are costly to generate,
33. Since MPC needs multiple parties online,
34. In optimistic rollups, state updates are accepted
35. Privacy-preserving compliance depends on
36. Payment systems may reconcile confidentiality and availability

Sentence endings
A. but can be challenged within a specified window.
B. unless revocation mechanisms are intentionally omitted.
C. careful circuit design and, where possible, avoiding trusted setup.
D. if governance processes for upgrades remain transparent and audited.
E. they introduce coordination and latency overheads.
F. they eliminate the need for incident response teams.
G. standardized credentials that work across borders.

Instructions for Questions 37-40
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

37. Which cryptographic technique allows proving a statement without revealing data?
38. What is the term for the items that multiple participants hold in MPC?
39. What kind of proofs does the base chain accept to confirm correct execution in ZK rollups?
40. What kind of builds enable third parties to reproduce the same binaries exactly?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. False
11. hash
12. pseudonymous addresses
13. escrow account

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. No
15. Yes
16. No
17. No
18. Yes
19. ii
20. v
21. vi
22. i
23. iii
24. reserves
25. attestations
26. HQLA

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. C
33. E
34. A
35. G
36. D
37. zero-knowledge proof
38. share(s)
39. validity proofs
40. deterministic builds

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “linked by hashes,” “previous block”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Mỗi block chứa hash của block trước; sửa dữ liệu sẽ phá vỡ chuỗi, nên khó thay đổi.

Câu 3: C

• Dạng: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “network of computers checks and agrees on new blocks,” “consensus”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Nhiều máy tính đồng thuận về block hợp lệ tiếp theo.

Câu 5: D

• Dạng: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: “Scams can happen outside the chain”
• Vị trí: Đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: Bài công nhận lừa đảo ngoài chuỗi vẫn tồn tại; các đáp án khác bị bác bỏ trong bài.

Câu 6: False

• Từ khóa: “pseudonymous addresses,” “analytics tools”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: Không ẩn danh hoàn toàn, chỉ giả danh → False.

Câu 9: True

• Từ khóa: “Proof of Stake… reduce energy consumption”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 7.

Câu 11: hash

• Vị trí: Đoạn 2 “includes the hash of the previous block.”

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: No

• Dạng: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: “guardrails do not slow innovation; they channel it”
• Vị trí: A
• Giải thích: Quan điểm tác giả là guardrails hỗ trợ, không làm chậm.

Câu 16: No

• Từ khóa: “supporters say rigorous disclosure and supervision can mitigate risks”
• Vị trí: C.

Câu 19: ii

• Matching Headings
• Lý do: B nói về KYC/AML, Travel Rule → Identity & compliance on/off-ramps.

Câu 22: i

• Lý do: E so sánh permissionless vs permissioned theo use-case → chọn mạng phù hợp.

Câu 24-26: reserves / attestations / HQLA

• Từ khóa: “reserves safe, liquid… publish attestations… maintain HQLA”
• Vị trí: C.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Từ khóa: “succinct… fast to verify on-chain”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2.

Câu 28: C

• Từ khóa: “single-point compromise becomes harder”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3.

Câu 31: C

• Từ khóa: “If… upgrades are chaotic, security degrades”
• Vị trí: Đoạn cuối.

Câu 34: A

• Dạng: Matching Sentence Endings
• Từ khóa: “optimistic… accepted by default but can be challenged within a window”
• Vị trí: Đoạn 4.

Câu 37: zero-knowledge proof

• Từ khóa định nghĩa: prove without revealing data
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ledger	n	/ˈlɛdʒər/	sổ cái	a shared record called a ledger	distributed ledger
hash	n	/hæʃ/	mã băm	a unique code called a “hash”	hash of the previous block
tamper-resistant	adj	/ˈtæmpər rɪˈzɪstənt/	chống giả mạo	makes the ledger tamper-resistant	tamper-resistant ledger
public/private keys	n	/ˈpʌblɪk/ /ˈpraɪvət/	khóa công khai/bí mật	rely on public and private keys	key pair
digital signature	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtəl ˈsɪɡnətʃər/	chữ ký số	The digital signature proves…	verify a signature
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsɛntrəlaɪzd/	phi tập trung	Blockchains are decentralized	decentralized network
consensus	n	/kənˈsɛnsəs/	đồng thuận	process is called consensus	reach consensus
micropayments	n	/ˈmaɪkroʊˌpeɪmənts/	vi thanh toán	accept micropayments	enable micropayments
smart contract	n	/smɑːrt ˈkɒntrækt/	hợp đồng thông minh	a smart contract can work like	deploy a smart contract
escrow account	n	/ˈɛskroʊ əˈkaʊnt/	tài khoản ký quỹ	work like an escrow account	hold in escrow
pseudonymous	adj	/suːˈdɒnɪməs/	giả danh	use pseudonymous addresses	pseudonymous address
Proof of Stake	n	/pruːf əv steɪk/	bằng chứng cổ phần	use Proof of Stake	PoS network

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
institutional controls	n	/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/	kiểm soát ở cấp tổ chức	demands institutional controls	implement controls
market integrity	n	/ˈmɑːrkɪt ɪnˈtɛɡrəti/	tính liêm chính thị trường	support market integrity	ensure integrity
KYC/AML	n	/keɪ waɪ siː/ /ˌeɪ ɛm ˈɛl/	định danh/ chống rửa tiền	comply with KYC/AML	KYC/AML compliance
Travel Rule	n	/ˈtrævəl ruːl/	quy tắc truyền thông tin	The Travel Rule compels…	comply with the Travel Rule
illicit finance	n	/ɪˈlɪsɪt faɪˈnæns/	tài chính phi pháp	reduce illicit finance	combat illicit finance
attestation	n	/ˌætɛˈsteɪʃən/	xác nhận	publish attestations	independent attestation
HQLA	n	/eɪtʃ kjuː ɛl eɪ/	tài sản thanh khoản cao	maintain HQLA	hold HQLA
circuit breaker	n	/ˈsɜːrkɪt ˈbreɪkər/	công tắc ngắt	introduce circuit breakers	activate circuit breakers
custody	n	/ˈkʌstədi/	lưu ký	Custody is where…	digital asset custody
multi-party computation	n	/ˈmʌlti ˈpɑːrti/	tính toán đa bên	employ MPC	MPC wallet
hardware security module	n	/ˈhɑːrdwɛr sɪˈkjʊrɪti/	mô-đun bảo mật phần cứng	use HSMs	HSM-backed
deterministic finality	n	/dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈnɪstɪk faɪˈnæləti/	tính cuối cùng xác định	provide deterministic finality	achieve finality
permissioned	adj	/pərˈmɪʃənd/	có cấp quyền	permissioned networks	permissioned rails
interoperability	n	/ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/	khả năng tương tác	enhance interoperability	cross-chain interoperability
counterparty risk	n	/ˈkaʊntərˌpɑːrti rɪsk/	rủi ro đối tác	reduce counterparty risk	manage counterparty risk

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
zero-knowledge proof	n	/ˈzɪəroʊ ˈnɒlɪdʒ/	bằng chứng không kiến thức	use zero-knowledge proofs	succinct ZKPs
zk-SNARK	n	/ziː keɪ snɑːrk/	zk-SNARK	systems use zk-SNARKs	zk-SNARK proof
zk-STARK	n	/ziː keɪ stɑːrk/	zk-STARK	or zk-STARKs	zk-STARK system
succinct	adj	/səkˈsɪŋkt/	ngắn gọn	succinct ZKPs	succinct proofs
single-point compromise	n	/ˈsɪŋɡl pɔɪnt ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/	rủi ro điểm đơn	prevents single-point compromise	eliminate single points
selective disclosure	n	/sɪˈlɛktɪv dɪsˈkloʊʒər/	tiết lộ chọn lọc	issue selective disclosures	privacy-preserving disclosure
revocation	n	/ˌrɛvəˈkeɪʃən/	thu hồi	careful revocation mechanisms	credential revocation
credential schema	n	/krəˈdɛnʃl ˈskiːmə/	lược đồ chứng thư	standardized credential schemas	interoperable schemas
rollup	n	/ˈroʊlʌp/	rollup	batches transactions in a rollup	ZK rollup
validity proof	n	/vəˈlɪdəti pruːf/	bằng chứng hợp lệ	ZK validity proof	submit a validity proof
optimistic (rollup)	adj	/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/	lạc quan	in the optimistic case	optimistic rollup
trusted setup	n	/ˈtrʌstɪd ˈsɛtʌp/	khởi tạo tin cậy	avoiding trusted setup	trusted setup ceremony
hardware acceleration	n	/ˈhɑːrdwɛr əkˌsɛləˈreɪʃən/	tăng tốc phần cứng	needs hardware acceleration	ZKP acceleration
deterministic builds	n	/dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈnɪstɪk bɪldz/	bản dựng xác định	rely on deterministic builds	reproducible builds
formalisms	n	/ˈfɔːrməlɪzəmz/	hình thức hóa	open formalisms for contracts	formal verification
incident response	n	/ˈɪnsɪdənt rɪˈspɒns/	ứng phó sự cố	weak incident response	incident response plan
composable	adj	/kəmˈpoʊzəbl/	khả năng kết hợp	composable with blockchains	composable security
finality	n	/faɪˈnæləti/	tính cuối cùng	achieve finality	settlement finality

[internal_link: Bộ từ vựng học thuật chủ đề FinTech trong IELTS Reading]

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Kết bài

Chủ đề How blockchain is securing financial transactions không chỉ là xu hướng công nghệ mà còn là mảng kiến thức giàu dữ liệu học thuật, phù hợp để luyện IELTS Reading test. Bộ đề trên gồm 3 passages tăng dần độ khó, phản ánh cấu trúc và yêu cầu suy luận như thi thật, giúp bạn rèn kỹ năng scan/skim, xác định paraphrase và quản lý thời gian. Đáp án kèm giải thích cho phép tự đánh giá và rút kinh nghiệm, trong khi phần từ vựng chọn lọc hỗ trợ mở rộng vốn thuật ngữ tài chính – công nghệ. Hãy luyện đều, chấm điểm nghiêm túc, và ghi chú lại các cụm từ học thuật để nâng band điểm IELTS Reading. Khi đã quen với các dạng câu hỏi như Matching Headings, Summary Completion hay Short-answer, bạn sẽ tự tin hơn trước những đề tài khó như bảo mật, blockchain, và thanh toán số.