IELTS Reading: Blockchain và Quản Lý Sở Hữu Trí Tuệ – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề về công nghệ blockchain và ứng dụng của nó trong quản lý sở hữu trí tuệ đang trở thành một trong những chủ đề được quan tâm hàng đầu trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading gần đây. Với sự phát triển vượt bậc của công nghệ số và nhu cầu bảo vệ quyền tác giả ngày càng cao, chủ đề “How Blockchain Is Transforming Intellectual Property Management” xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng nhiều trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt ở phần Academic Reading.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi theo đúng chuẩn format của kỳ thi IELTS chính thức. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với nhiều dạng câu hỏi đa dạng như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Đặc biệt, mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về cách tìm thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase, giúp bạn hiểu rõ phương pháp làm bài hiệu quả.

Ngoài ra, bạn còn được trang bị hệ thống từ vựng quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và các collocations thông dụng giúp nâng cao vốn từ học thuật. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc đề thi thật và phát triển kỹ năng đọc hiểu một cách bài bản.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là một phần thi quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS, đòi hỏi thí sinh phải hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi trong vòng 60 phút. Bài thi bao gồm 3 passages với độ dài và độ khó tăng dần, mỗi passage có khoảng 650-1000 từ.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị để đạt hiệu quả cao nhất:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp, câu hỏi dễ xác định)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình, cần suy luận nhiều hơn)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao, yêu cầu phân tích sâu)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian và chuyển đáp án lên answer sheet trong thời gian 60 phút. Không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice Questions – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không đề cập
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi đều có kỹ thuật làm bài riêng và sẽ được giải thích chi tiết trong phần đáp án.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Basics of Blockchain Technology in Creative Industries

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The emergence of blockchain technology has brought about significant changes in how we manage and protect creative works. Originally designed for cryptocurrency transactions, blockchain has evolved into a powerful tool for securing intellectual property rights across various industries. At its core, blockchain is a digital ledger that records transactions in a way that makes them extremely difficult to alter or hack. This characteristic makes it particularly valuable for creators who need to prove ownership of their work.

In the traditional system, registering intellectual property can be a lengthy and expensive process. Artists, musicians, and writers often face challenges when trying to establish proof of creation or protect their work from unauthorized use. The current registration systems require multiple intermediaries, including lawyers, copyright offices, and authentication services. Each step adds time and cost to the process, making it inaccessible for many independent creators. Furthermore, once registered, tracking how creative works are used and ensuring proper compensation remains problematic.

Blockchain technology offers a revolutionary solution to these problems. When a creator uploads their work to a blockchain-based platform, the system generates a unique digital fingerprint called a hash. This hash is permanently recorded on the blockchain along with a timestamp, creating an immutable record of when the work was created and who created it. Unlike traditional databases that can be modified by administrators, blockchain records are distributed across thousands of computers worldwide, making them virtually impossible to tamper with. This decentralized nature ensures that no single entity has control over the information.

The practical applications of blockchain in intellectual property management are already emerging. Several platforms now allow photographers to register their images on blockchain networks. When someone wants to use a photograph, they can verify ownership instantly through the blockchain and complete payment transactions automatically using smart contracts. These are self-executing contracts with terms written directly into code. For example, if a magazine wants to use a photographer’s image, the smart contract can automatically transfer payment once the image is downloaded, ensuring the creator receives immediate compensation without intermediaries.

Musicians have also begun embracing blockchain technology to manage their royalty payments. In the traditional music industry, royalties often take months or even years to reach artists, passing through record labels, distributors, and collection societies. Each intermediary takes a percentage, leaving artists with a fraction of the revenue their work generates. Blockchain-based music platforms eliminate these middlemen by connecting artists directly with listeners. When someone streams a song, the smart contract automatically distributes payment to everyone involved – the songwriter, performer, and producer – based on pre-agreed percentages. This process happens in real-time, providing artists with transparent and immediate payment.

The benefits extend beyond payment systems. Blockchain also helps combat plagiarism and copyright infringement. Because every transaction and transfer of digital assets is recorded on the blockchain, it becomes easy to track who has accessed or used a particular piece of content. If someone claims your photograph or written article as their own, you can prove your original creation date using the blockchain timestamp. This evidence is particularly valuable in legal disputes, as blockchain records are admissible in many jurisdictions due to their tamper-proof nature.

Despite these advantages, blockchain technology in intellectual property management is still in its early stages. Many creators remain unfamiliar with how blockchain works or how to access blockchain-based platforms. The technology requires a certain level of digital literacy, which can be a barrier for older or less tech-savvy artists. Additionally, while blockchain records are secure, the systems are only as reliable as the information entered into them. If someone uploads stolen content and registers it on a blockchain, the technology cannot automatically determine whether the person is the legitimate owner.

Looking forward, experts believe that blockchain will become increasingly integrated into intellectual property management systems. As more creators understand the technology and platforms become more user-friendly, adoption rates are likely to increase significantly. The combination of security, transparency, and efficiency makes blockchain an attractive alternative to traditional registration methods, particularly for the growing number of digital creators in our increasingly online world.

Questions 1-5

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. What is the main advantage of blockchain for intellectual property management?
   A. It is cheaper than all other systems
   B. It creates records that are very difficult to change
   C. It was specifically designed for creative industries
   D. It requires no technical knowledge to use

2. According to the passage, traditional intellectual property registration is problematic because:
   A. it only works for certain types of creative work
   B. it is controlled by artists themselves
   C. it involves many intermediaries and is costly
   D. it provides no legal protection

3. What is a “hash” in blockchain technology?
   A. A password for accessing the blockchain
   B. A unique digital fingerprint of a work
   C. A type of cryptocurrency
   D. A legal document proving ownership

4. How do smart contracts benefit photographers?
   A. They teach photographers about blockchain
   B. They improve the quality of photographs
   C. They automatically process payments when images are used
   D. They prevent anyone from downloading images

5. What issue with blockchain adoption is mentioned in the passage?
   A. The technology is too expensive for most creators
   B. Blockchain records can be easily hacked
   C. Many creators lack familiarity with the technology
   D. Blockchain is illegal in many countries

Questions 6-9

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Blockchain was initially created for managing intellectual property rights.

7. Traditional royalty payment systems in the music industry can take a long time to reach artists.

8. All countries accept blockchain records as legal evidence in court.

9. Blockchain technology can automatically detect if uploaded content is stolen.

Questions 10-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Blockchain is described as a __ that is distributed across many computers worldwide.

11. The __ of blockchain ensures no single organization controls the information.

12. Blockchain helps fight against plagiarism and __ of creative works.

13. The passage suggests blockchain will become more __ into IP management systems in the future.

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PASSAGE 2 – Blockchain’s Impact on Patent Systems and Innovation

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The intersection of blockchain technology and patent systems represents one of the most transformative developments in intellectual property law in recent decades. Patents, which grant inventors exclusive rights to their innovations for a limited period, have traditionally been managed through centralized government agencies that maintain extensive databases of patent applications and grants. However, this conventional approach faces mounting criticism for being slow, expensive, and prone to disputes. Blockchain technology offers a compelling alternative that could revolutionize how patents are filed, verified, and enforced globally.

A. The current patent system suffers from several fundamental weaknesses. Patent applications typically take years to process, during which time an invention may already be commercialized or rendered obsolete by newer technologies. The average time from application to grant in major jurisdictions like the United States, Europe, and Japan ranges from three to five years, creating what experts call the “patent pendency problem.” This delay not only frustrates inventors but also creates legal uncertainty for businesses that might unknowingly infringe on pending patents. Moreover, the costs associated with patent filing – including attorney fees, translation costs for international applications, and maintenance fees – can exceed $50,000 for a single patent family, making the system prohibitively expensive for individual inventors and small businesses.

B. Another significant challenge is the phenomenon of “patent trolls” – entities that acquire patents not to produce products but to extract licensing fees through litigation threats. These non-practicing entities exploit weaknesses in the patent system, particularly the difficulty of proving prior art (existing knowledge that might invalidate a patent). In traditional systems, prior art searches rely on patent office databases and published literature, but much innovation occurs in corporate research laboratories or small workshops where documentation may be limited or inaccessible. This information asymmetry allows dubious patents to be granted, which trolls then weaponize against legitimate businesses. The economic impact is substantial: research suggests patent troll litigation costs the U.S. economy alone billions of dollars annually in direct legal costs and indirect productivity losses.

C. Blockchain-based patent systems address these issues through several innovative mechanisms. First, they enable real-time documentation of the innovation process through “invention logs” stored on distributed ledgers. Scientists and engineers can continuously record their experimental data, design iterations, and breakthrough moments with cryptographic timestamps that establish incontrovertible evidence of when discoveries occurred. This creates a comprehensive innovation trail that is far more detailed than traditional patent applications, which typically represent only the final, polished version of an invention. Such granular documentation makes it significantly harder for competitors to claim they invented something first or for trolls to assert invalid patents.

D. Second, blockchain facilitates more efficient prior art searches by creating interconnected databases of technical disclosures. Multiple blockchain-based platforms now allow inventors to publish their work in a time-stamped, searchable format before filing formal patent applications. These “defensive publications” establish public prior art that prevents others from patenting the same ideas, while giving the original inventor time to develop their invention further. The immutability and transparency of blockchain records ensure that this prior art is permanently accessible and verifiable, reducing information asymmetries that patent trolls exploit. Some jurisdictions are beginning to recognize blockchain-based defensive publications as legitimate prior art in patent examinations and litigation.

E. The concept of “smart patents” represents perhaps the most radical application of blockchain in this domain. Smart patents embed licensing terms directly into blockchain code, creating self-executing agreements similar to smart contracts. For instance, a patent holder could specify that their invention is freely available for academic research but requires licensing fees for commercial use. The blockchain automatically monitors how the patented technology is used and executes the appropriate licensing terms without human intervention. This automation dramatically reduces transaction costs associated with patent licensing negotiations, making it economically feasible to license patents for smaller-scale applications that wouldn’t justify traditional licensing processes.

F. Furthermore, blockchain enables new forms of collaborative innovation through fractional patent ownership. In traditional systems, joint ownership of patents often leads to conflicts over decision-making and revenue sharing. Blockchain allows patents to be tokenized – divided into digital tokens representing ownership shares. These tokens can be traded on blockchain-based marketplaces, allowing inventors to raise capital by selling portions of their patent rights while retaining control. Contributors to an invention – whether they provided funding, laboratory space, or technical expertise – can receive tokens proportional to their contribution. Smart contracts then automatically distribute licensing revenues according to each party’s token holdings, eliminating disputes over revenue allocation.

G. Despite these promising applications, blockchain patent systems face significant implementation challenges. Legal recognition remains inconsistent: while some countries have updated their intellectual property laws to accommodate blockchain-based evidence, others maintain strict requirements for traditional documentation. There are also questions about how blockchain patents would interact with international treaties like the Patent Cooperation Treaty, which facilitates filing patents in multiple countries simultaneously. The technical infrastructure required to support global blockchain patent systems is still under development, and concerns about scalability – the ability to process millions of transactions efficiently – remain unresolved.

H. Moreover, the shift to blockchain-based systems raises important questions about accessibility and equity. While blockchain could theoretically democratize patent systems by reducing costs and complexity, there’s a risk that it might create new barriers. Inventors without access to digital technologies or those in regions with limited internet connectivity could find themselves disadvantaged. Ensuring that blockchain patent systems are truly inclusive will require deliberate policy interventions, including digital infrastructure investment and education programs to build technical capacity in underserved communities.

The evolution of patent systems through blockchain integration represents a paradigm shift in how we conceptualize and protect innovation. While challenges remain, the potential benefits – reduced costs, increased transparency, faster processing times, and more equitable access – suggest that blockchain will play an increasingly central role in intellectual property management. As both technology and regulatory frameworks mature, we may witness the emergence of a truly global, efficient, and fair system for incentivizing and protecting human creativity and innovation.

Công nghệ blockchain đang thay đổi hệ thống quản lý bằng sáng chế và quyền sở hữu trí tuệ toàn cầu

Questions 14-19

The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-H.

14. A description of how blockchain enables inventors to share patent ownership

15. An explanation of the time delays in traditional patent processing

16. Information about entities that misuse the patent system for financial gain

17. Details about how blockchain can automate patent licensing agreements

18. Discussion of potential disadvantages blockchain might create for some inventors

19. An explanation of how blockchain improves the documentation of the invention process

Questions 20-23

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

20. The “patent pendency problem” refers to the delay of __ years typically required for patent processing.

21. Patent trolls are also known as __.

22. Blockchain platforms allow inventors to make __ that establish public prior art.

23. The __ facilitates the process of filing patents in multiple countries at once.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Traditional patent systems face criticism for being slow and creating 24) __ for businesses. The problem of 25) __ makes it difficult to prove existing knowledge that could invalidate patents. Blockchain technology can create 26) __ of the innovation process, providing detailed evidence of when discoveries occurred.

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PASSAGE 3 – Philosophical and Socioeconomic Implications of Blockchain-Based IP Rights

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The advent of blockchain technology as a mechanism for managing intellectual property rights compels us to re-examine fundamental assumptions about the nature of ownership, creativity, and the social contract underlying IP systems. While much discourse surrounding blockchain and intellectual property focuses on pragmatic efficiencies – reduced transaction costs, enhanced security, streamlined verification processes – the deeper implications touch upon philosophical questions about the ontology of creative works and the ethical frameworks that should govern their distribution and use. These considerations extend beyond mere technological implementation to encompass profound questions about cultural production, economic justice, and the evolution of knowledge societies in the digital age.

Traditional intellectual property theory rests on several normative justifications that blockchain both reinforces and challenges. The Lockean labor theory, which posits that individuals acquire property rights by mixing their labor with natural resources, has long provided philosophical grounding for patents and copyrights. In this framework, creators deserve exclusive rights to their intellectual productions because they have invested effort and ingenuity in bringing them into existence. Blockchain technology appears to vindicate this perspective by providing incontrovertible proof of creative labor through immutable timestamps and comprehensive documentation of the creative process. However, this same technology also undermines the Lockean framework by revealing the fundamentally collaborative nature of innovation. When blockchain systems track contributions with granular precision, they expose how creative works invariably build upon antecedent ideas, incorporate shared cultural resources, and result from collective rather than individual effort. This tension between attributing creation to individuals and recognizing its inherently social character has profound implications for how we structure IP rights.

The utilitarian justification for intellectual property – that exclusive rights provide economic incentives necessary for innovation – also requires reconsideration in light of blockchain capabilities. Classical economic theory suggests that without IP protection, creators would lack motivation to invest in costly innovation because competitors could immediately copy their work without bearing development costs. This “free-rider problem” allegedly necessitates legal monopolies (patents and copyrights) to ensure adequate returns on creative investment. Blockchain technology, however, enables alternative incentive structures that may achieve similar goals without the deadweight losses associated with monopolistic pricing. For instance, cryptographic attribution systems can ensure creators receive micropayments every time their work is accessed or built upon, regardless of whether they hold formal IP rights. These granular, automated compensation mechanisms potentially resolve the free-rider problem while avoiding the access restrictions that traditional IP rights impose, which critics argue stifle subsequent innovation and exacerbate knowledge inequality.

Moreover, blockchain-based IP systems raise critical questions about the temporality and territoriality of intellectual property rights. Traditional IP systems grant rights for specified durations (typically life of the author plus 70 years for copyright, 20 years for patents) within particular jurisdictions, reflecting compromises between incentivizing creation and ensuring eventual public access. These temporal and spatial limitations become conceptually problematic in blockchain systems where records are permanent and global by design. If a creative work is registered on a blockchain, the record of ownership persists indefinitely across all jurisdictions simultaneously, creating tension with legal frameworks that envision IP rights as temporary and territorially bounded. This disjuncture between the perpetual, borderless nature of blockchain records and the limited, jurisdictional character of legal rights presents both opportunities and risks. Positively, it could facilitate the emergence of harmonized global IP standards, reducing the fragmentation that currently complicates international technology transfer and cultural exchange. Negatively, it might entrench ownership claims beyond legally prescribed limits, creating de facto perpetual rights that undermine the public domain and contravene the balance IP systems are meant to strike between private incentives and public benefit.

The distributional implications of blockchain-based IP management deserve particular scrutiny, especially regarding their effects on marginalized creators and developing economies. Proponents argue that blockchain democratizes IP systems by reducing barriers to entry – eliminating needs for expensive lawyers, simplifying registration processes, and providing direct access to global markets. This narrative suggests blockchain could empower independent artists, grassroots innovators, and creators in the Global South who have historically been excluded from or exploited by conventional IP infrastructures dominated by corporations and wealthy nations. However, critical scholars caution against technological determinism – the assumption that technology alone dictates social outcomes. The transformative potential of blockchain depends crucially on how it is implemented and governed. If blockchain IP platforms are developed and controlled by the same incumbent powers that dominate existing systems, they may simply replicate or even amplify existing inequalities. For example, the technical complexity of blockchain systems, coupled with the digital divide limiting access to internet connectivity and computing resources, could exclude precisely those marginalized creators that blockchain supposedly benefits.

Furthermore, the financialization of intellectual property through blockchain tokenization warrants careful analysis. Enabling fractional ownership and liquid markets for IP assets might democratize investment opportunities, allowing small investors to participate in innovation economies previously accessible only to venture capitalists and large corporations. Conversely, such financialization risks commodifying creative expression in problematic ways. When artistic and inventive works become primarily vehicles for speculative investment rather than contributions to cultural and scientific commons, the intrinsic values associated with creativity – aesthetic experience, knowledge advancement, social meaning-making – may be subordinated to profit maximization. This instrumentalization of creativity reflects broader trends toward neoliberal governance where market logic increasingly pervades domains once partially insulated from commercial imperatives. The philosophical question thus becomes: does blockchain’s integration with IP management represent an emancipatory tool that liberates creators from exploitative intermediaries, or does it constitute a deepening of capitalist relations into the very fabric of creative production?

The epistemological dimensions of blockchain-based IP systems also merit attention. Blockchain creates what might be termed “distributed epistemic authority” – the validation of truth claims (in this case, ownership claims) through decentralized consensus rather than centralized institutions. This represents a fundamental shift in how knowledge about IP rights is produced and verified. Traditional systems rely on authoritative institutions – patent offices, copyright registries, courts – to determine and legitimate ownership claims. These institutions derive their epistemic authority from legal mandate, specialized expertise, and established procedural safeguards. Blockchain, conversely, distributes verification across network participants whose authority derives not from expertise or legal position but from computational power and cryptographic protocols. This shift raises questions about trustworthiness, accountability, and the criteria that should govern validation of ownership claims. While blockchain’s transparency and immutability provide certain assurances, the system’s opacity to non-technical users and the concentration of mining power among a small number of entities introduce new forms of opacity and centralization that may undermine the very decentralization blockchain promises.

Ảnh hưởng triết học và kinh tế xã hội của blockchain đến hệ thống quyền sở hữu trí tuệ toàn cầu

Finally, blockchain’s application to intellectual property intersects with ongoing debates about information ethics and the politics of knowledge governance. The technology emerges during a period of intense contestation over how information should be controlled, shared, and monetized in digital environments. Open access movements advocate for freely available scholarly publications and data; copyleft licensing schemes promote collaborative software development; indigenous communities assert rights over traditional knowledge exploited by corporations without consent or compensation. Blockchain-based IP systems could either support or hinder these movements depending on implementation choices. Smart contracts could enforce open access principles automatically, ensuring that publicly funded research remains freely available while still attributing credit to authors. Alternatively, blockchain could facilitate more granular and pervasive commodification of information, enabling micro-transactions for every data access in ways that further enclose knowledge commons. The critical question is whether blockchain will be deployed to advance pluralistic visions of knowledge governance that accommodate diverse cultural values and economic models, or whether it will primarily serve to optimize existing paradigms of proprietary control.

The trajectory of blockchain technology in intellectual property management thus represents more than a technical evolution; it embodies contested visions of how human creativity should be organized, valued, and distributed in an increasingly digitalized world. As we navigate this transformation, we must remain attentive not only to efficiency gains and security improvements, but also to the deeper normative questions about justice, equity, and the kind of knowledge society we collectively wish to construct.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, the Lockean labor theory is:
    A. completely supported by blockchain technology
    B. entirely contradicted by blockchain systems
    C. both reinforced and challenged by blockchain capabilities
    D. irrelevant to modern intellectual property discussions

28. The “free-rider problem” in intellectual property refers to:
    A. the high cost of obtaining patents
    B. competitors copying work without development costs
    C. blockchain technology reducing transaction costs
    D. the lack of global IP standards

29. What concern does the author raise about blockchain records being permanent and global?
    A. They may conflict with the temporary nature of legal IP rights
    B. They are too expensive for most creators
    C. They cannot be verified by legal authorities
    D. They eliminate all protection for creative works

30. The author’s view on whether blockchain democratizes IP systems is:
    A. strongly optimistic that it will benefit all creators
    B. certain that it will harm marginalized communities
    C. dependent on how the technology is implemented and governed
    D. convinced that technology alone determines outcomes

31. “Distributed epistemic authority” in blockchain systems means:
    A. all knowledge is distributed equally
    B. validation of ownership occurs through decentralized consensus
    C. traditional institutions maintain complete control
    D. only technical experts can verify information

Questions 32-36

Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-K, below.

Traditional intellectual property systems face challenges from blockchain technology that go beyond practical efficiency improvements. The philosophical foundations include both the 32) __, which suggests creators deserve rights for their labor, and utilitarian justifications based on economic incentives. However, blockchain reveals the 33) __ of innovation, showing how creative works build on shared resources.

The technology enables 34) __ that could provide compensation without traditional monopolistic restrictions. A major concern is the 35) __ of intellectual property, which might reduce creativity to mere investment vehicles. The author also discusses 36) __, where validation of ownership shifts from centralized institutions to decentralized network consensus.

A. distributed epistemic authority
B. Lockean labor theory
C. individual nature
D. collaborative nature
E. micropayment systems
F. financialization
G. patent pendency
H. legal monopolies
I. technological determinism
J. cryptographic protocols
K. transaction costs

Questions 37-40

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37. Blockchain technology will definitely benefit marginalized creators and developing economies.

38. The author believes we should consider deeper ethical questions beyond just technical efficiency when implementing blockchain IP systems.

39. Smart contracts are currently used by the majority of creators worldwide.

40. Blockchain could potentially support both open access movements and increased commodification of information depending on implementation.

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. FALSE
10. digital ledger
11. decentralized nature
12. copyright infringement
13. integrated

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. F
15. A
16. B
17. E
18. H
19. C
20. three to five / 3 to 5
21. non-practicing entities
22. defensive publications
23. Patent Cooperation Treaty
24. legal uncertainty
25. prior art
26. invention logs

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. A
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. D
34. E
35. F
36. A
37. NO
38. YES
39. NOT GIVEN
40. YES

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main advantage, blockchain, intellectual property
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “This characteristic makes it particularly valuable for creators who need to prove ownership of their work” và nhấn mạnh blockchain tạo ra records “extremely difficult to alter or hack”. Đây là lợi thế chính được nhắc đến ngay từ đầu bài. Đáp án A sai vì bài không nói blockchain rẻ nhất; D sai vì bài có nhắc đến digital literacy là barrier.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: traditional intellectual property registration, problematic
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Câu “The current registration systems require multiple intermediaries, including lawyers, copyright offices, and authentication services. Each step adds time and cost” paraphrase của “involves many intermediaries and is costly”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: hash, blockchain technology
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “the system generates a unique digital fingerprint called a hash”. Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp.

Câu 4: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: smart contracts, benefit, photographers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: “The smart contract can automatically transfer payment once the image is downloaded” chính là automatic payment processing khi ảnh được sử dụng.

Câu 5: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: issue, blockchain adoption
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “Many creators remain unfamiliar with how blockchain works” được paraphrase thành “lack familiarity with the technology”.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: blockchain, initially created, intellectual property
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Bài nói “Originally designed for cryptocurrency transactions” – trái ngược với statement, nên đáp án là FALSE.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: traditional royalty payment, music industry, long time
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Royalties often take months or even years to reach artists” trùng khớp với statement.

Câu 8: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all countries, blockchain records, legal evidence
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “admissible in many jurisdictions” không phải “all countries”, nhưng không có thông tin phủ định rõ ràng nên là NOT GIVEN.

Câu 9: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: blockchain, automatically detect, stolen content
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “The technology cannot automatically determine whether the person is the legitimate owner” – trái với statement.

Câu 10: digital ledger

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: distributed, many computers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 5
• Giải thích: “Blockchain is a digital ledger” và “distributed across thousands of computers” – cần điền chính xác từ trong bài.

Câu 11: decentralized nature

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: ensures, no single organization controls
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: “This decentralized nature ensures that no single entity has control” – match chính xác.

Câu 12: copyright infringement

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: blockchain helps, plagiarism
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Blockchain also helps combat plagiarism and copyright infringement”.

Câu 13: integrated

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: blockchain, IP management systems, future
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1
• Giải thích: “Blockchain will become increasingly integrated into intellectual property management systems”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: F

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: blockchain, share patent ownership
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph F
• Giải thích: Paragraph F nói về “fractional patent ownership” và “tokenized” patents, cho phép inventors chia sẻ ownership.

Câu 15: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: time delays, traditional patent processing
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph A
• Giải thích: Paragraph A mô tả “patent pendency problem” với thời gian 3-5 năm để process patents.

Câu 16: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: entities, misuse patent system, financial gain
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph B
• Giải thích: Paragraph B nói chi tiết về “patent trolls” – entities that exploit patent system for money.

Câu 17: E

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: automate patent licensing agreements
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph E
• Giải thích: Paragraph E giải thích về “smart patents” với “self-executing agreements” và automatic licensing.

Câu 18: H

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: potential disadvantages, some inventors
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph H
• Giải thích: Paragraph H thảo luận về accessibility và equity concerns, inventors có thể bị disadvantaged.

Câu 19: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: blockchain, documentation, invention process
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph C
• Giải thích: Paragraph C nói về “real-time documentation” và “invention logs” tracking the innovation process.

Câu 20: three to five / 3 to 5

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: patent pendency problem, years
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph A, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “Three to five years” được nói rõ trong bài, chấp nhận cả dạng số và chữ.

Câu 21: non-practicing entities

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: patent trolls, also known as
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph B, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “These non-practicing entities” đề cập đến patent trolls.

Câu 22: defensive publications

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: blockchain platforms, inventors, establish public prior art
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph D, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “These ‘defensive publications’ establish public prior art”.

Câu 23: Patent Cooperation Treaty

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short Answer
• Từ khóa: facilitates, filing patents, multiple countries
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph G, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Treaty được nêu tên cụ thể với chức năng này.

Câu 24: legal uncertainty

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: create, businesses
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph A, dòng 4
• Giải thích: “Creating legal uncertainty for businesses” trong bối cảnh traditional patent systems.

Câu 25: prior art

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: difficult to prove, existing knowledge
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph B, dòng 3
• Giải thích: “Difficulty of proving prior art (existing knowledge)”.

Câu 26: invention logs

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: blockchain, create, innovation process
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph C, dòng 2
• Giải thích: “Invention logs stored on distributed ledgers” document innovation process.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Lockean labor theory, blockchain
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-10
• Giải thích: Bài nói “blockchain both reinforces and challenges” theory này. Reinforces qua immutable timestamps, challenges bằng việc expose collaborative nature.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: free-rider problem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “Competitors could immediately copy their work without bearing development costs” là định nghĩa của free-rider problem.

Câu 29: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: concern, blockchain records, permanent, global
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-8
• Giải thích: Author nêu “tension with legal frameworks that envision IP rights as temporary and territorially bounded”.

Câu 30: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: author’s view, blockchain democratizes IP
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “The transformative potential depends crucially on how it is implemented and governed” – clearly conditional view.

Câu 31: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: distributed epistemic authority
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Defined as “validation of truth claims through decentralized consensus rather than centralized institutions”.

Câu 32: B (Lockean labor theory)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Summary nói về philosophical foundations, cần theory name.

Câu 33: D (collaborative nature)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Blockchain “expose how creative works… result from collective rather than individual effort”.

Câu 34: E (micropayment systems)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “Cryptographic attribution systems… ensure creators receive micropayments”.

Câu 35: F (financialization)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “The financialization of intellectual property through blockchain tokenization”.

Câu 36: A (distributed epistemic authority)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
• Giải thích: Term được định nghĩa rõ trong paragraph về epistemological dimensions.

Câu 37: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: definitely benefit, marginalized creators
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Author cautions against certainty, saying “transformative potential depends on implementation” – contradicts “definitely”.

Câu 38: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: deeper ethical questions, beyond efficiency
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1 và throughout
• Giải thích: Entire passage argues for considering “philosophical questions”, “ethical frameworks” beyond “pragmatic efficiencies”.

Câu 39: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: smart contracts, majority of creators, worldwide
• Vị trí trong bài: N/A
• Giải thích: Bài không cung cấp thông tin về current usage rates của smart contracts.

Câu 40: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: support, open access, increased commodification, implementation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-7
• Giải thích: “Blockchain could either support or hinder these movements depending on implementation choices” – agrees with statement.

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
emergence	n	/ɪˈmɜːrdʒəns/	Sự xuất hiện, nổi lên	The emergence of blockchain technology	emergence of technology
cryptocurrency	n	/ˌkrɪptəʊˈkʌrənsi/	Tiền điện tử	Originally designed for cryptocurrency transactions	cryptocurrency transactions
intellectual property	n	/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl ˈprɒpəti/	Sở hữu trí tuệ	Securing intellectual property rights	intellectual property rights/management
digital ledger	n	/ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈledʒər/	Sổ cái kỹ thuật số	Blockchain is a digital ledger	distributed digital ledger
unauthorized	adj	/ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/	Không được phép	Protect work from unauthorized use	unauthorized use/access
immutable	adj	/ɪˈmjuːtəbl/	Không thể thay đổi	Creating an immutable record	immutable record/data
timestamp	n	/ˈtaɪmstæmp/	Dấu thời gian	Recorded with a timestamp	blockchain timestamp
decentralized	adj	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd/	Phân tán, phi tập trung	This decentralized nature	decentralized system/network
smart contracts	n	/smɑːrt ˈkɒntrækt/	Hợp đồng thông minh	Using smart contracts	execute smart contracts
royalty	n	/ˈrɔɪəlti/	Tiền bản quyền	Manage their royalty payments	royalty payments/fees
plagiarism	n	/ˈpleɪdʒərɪzəm/	Đạo văn	Combat plagiarism	combat/prevent plagiarism
tamper-proof	adj	/ˈtæmpər pruːf/	Chống giả mạo	Due to their tamper-proof nature	tamper-proof technology

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intersection	n	/ˌɪntərˈsekʃn/	Giao điểm	The intersection of blockchain and patents	intersection of technology
transformative	adj	/trænsˈfɔːrmətɪv/	Có tính chất thay đổi	Transformative developments	transformative impact/change
prone to	adj phrase	/prəʊn tuː/	Dễ bị, có xu hướng	Prone to disputes	prone to errors/problems
patent pendency	n	/ˈpeɪtnt ˈpendənsi/	Thời gian chờ cấp bằng sáng chế	The patent pendency problem	patent pendency problem
patent trolls	n	/ˈpeɪtnt trəʊlz/	Kẻ lợi dụng bằng sáng chế	The phenomenon of patent trolls	patent trolls litigation
prior art	n	/ˈpraɪər ɑːrt/	Công nghệ đã biết trước	Difficulty of proving prior art	establish prior art
non-practicing entities	n	/nɒn ˈpræktɪsɪŋ ˈentətiz/	Tổ chức không sản xuất	These non-practicing entities	non-practicing entities exploit
cryptographic	adj	/ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪk/	Thuộc về mã hóa	With cryptographic timestamps	cryptographic security/protocols
incontrovertible	adj	/ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/	Không thể chối cãi	Incontrovertible evidence	incontrovertible proof/evidence
defensive publications	n	/dɪˈfensɪv ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃnz/	Công bố phòng thủ	These defensive publications	make defensive publications
immutability	n	/ɪˌmjuːtəˈbɪləti/	Tính bất biến	The immutability of blockchain	immutability and transparency
tokenized	v/adj	/ˈtəʊkənaɪzd/	Được chuyển thành token	Patents can be tokenized	tokenized assets/ownership
fractional ownership	n	/ˈfrækʃənl ˈəʊnərʃɪp/	Quyền sở hữu từng phần	Fractional patent ownership	fractional ownership model
scalability	n	/ˌskeɪləˈbɪləti/	Khả năng mở rộng	Concerns about scalability	scalability issues/challenges
jurisdiction	n	/ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃn/	Quyền tài phán	Some jurisdictions recognize	legal jurisdiction

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
advent	n	/ˈædvent/	Sự ra đời	The advent of blockchain	the advent of technology
ontology	n	/ɒnˈtɒlədʒi/	Bản thể luận	Questions about the ontology	ontology of creative works
normative	adj	/ˈnɔːrmətɪv/	Mang tính quy phạm	Normative justifications	normative framework/theory
Lockean labor theory	n	/ˈlɒkiən ˈleɪbər ˈθɪəri/	Học thuyết lao động Locke	The Lockean labor theory	based on Lockean theory
vindicate	v	/ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/	Bênh vực, chứng minh đúng	Appears to vindicate	vindicate this perspective
antecedent	adj	/ˌæntɪˈsiːdnt/	Đi trước, có trước	Build upon antecedent ideas	antecedent ideas/knowledge
utilitarian	adj	/ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteəriən/	Thuộc chủ nghĩa công lợi	The utilitarian justification	utilitarian approach/theory
free-rider problem	n	/friː ˈraɪdər ˈprɒbləm/	Vấn đề ăn theo	This free-rider problem	solve the free-rider problem
deadweight loss	n	/ˈdedweɪt lɒs/	Tổn thất vô ích	The deadweight losses	minimize deadweight loss
stifle	v	/ˈstaɪfl/	Ngăn cản, kìm hãm	Critics argue it stifles innovation	stifle innovation/creativity
temporality	n	/ˌtempəˈræləti/	Tính tạm thời	Questions about temporality	temporality of rights
disjuncture	n	/dɪsˈdʒʌŋktʃər/	Sự gián đoạn, không liên tục	This disjuncture between	disjuncture between systems
entrench	v	/ɪnˈtrentʃ/	Củng cố, ăn sâu	Might entrench ownership claims	entrench inequality/power
contravene	v	/ˌkɒntrəˈviːn/	Vi phạm, trái với	Contravene the balance	contravene regulations/laws
marginalized	adj	/ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəlaɪzd/	Bị gạt ra lề	Effects on marginalized creators	marginalized communities/groups
democratize	v	/dɪˈmɒkrətaɪz/	Dân chủ hóa	Blockchain democratizes IP systems	democratize access/opportunity
grassroots	adj	/ˈɡrɑːsruːts/	Cơ sở, từ dưới lên	Grassroots innovators	grassroots movements/initiatives
technological determinism	n	/ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪˈtɜːrmɪnɪzəm/	Chủ nghĩa quyết định công nghệ	Caution against technological determinism	technological determinism assumption
incumbent	adj/n	/ɪnˈkʌmbənt/	Đương nhiệm, hiện có	The same incumbent powers	incumbent corporations/players
financialization	n	/faɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	Tài chính hóa	The financialization of IP	financialization of assets
commodifying	v	/kəˈmɒdɪfaɪɪŋ/	Hàng hóa hóa	Risks commodifying creative expression	commodifying culture/knowledge
intrinsic	adj	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/	Nội tại, vốn có	The intrinsic values	intrinsic value/motivation
subordinated	v/adj	/səˈbɔːdɪneɪtɪd/	Bị xếp dưới	May be subordinated	subordinated to profit
neoliberal	adj	/ˌniːəʊˈlɪbərəl/	Tân tự do	Neoliberal governance	neoliberal policies/ideology
pervade	v	/pərˈveɪd/	Lan tràn, thấm nhuần	Market logic pervades	pervade society/culture
emancipatory	adj	/ɪˈmænsɪpətri/	Giải phóng	An emancipatory tool	emancipatory potential/movement
epistemological	adj	/ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl/	Thuộc nhận thức luận	Epistemological dimensions	epistemological questions/issues
distributed epistemic authority	n phrase	/dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ɪˈpɪstiːmɪk ɔːˈθɒrəti/	Quyền uy nhận thức phân tán	Creates distributed epistemic authority	distributed epistemic authority
opacity	n	/əʊˈpæsəti/	Sự mờ đục, không minh bạch	New forms of opacity	opacity of systems/processes
copyleft	n	/ˈkɒpileft/	Bản quyền trái (cho phép tự do)	Copyleft licensing schemes	copyleft licenses/movement
indigenous	adj	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/	Bản địa	Indigenous communities	indigenous knowledge/peoples
enclose	v	/ɪnˈkləʊz/	Bao vây, bao bọc	Further enclose knowledge commons	enclose resources/commons
pluralistic	adj	/ˌplʊərəˈlɪstɪk/	Đa nguyên	Pluralistic visions	pluralistic approach/society
proprietary	adj	/prəˈpraɪətri/	Độc quyền	Proprietary control	proprietary systems/technology
trajectory	n	/trəˈdʒektəri/	Quỹ đạo, xu hướng	The trajectory of blockchain	development trajectory

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Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How blockchain is transforming intellectual property management” không chỉ là một chủ đề công nghệ đơn thuần mà còn phản ánh những thay đổi sâu sắc trong cách chúng ta bảo vệ và quản lý tài sản trí tuệ trong kỷ nguyên số. Đề thi IELTS Reading mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần từ Easy sang Medium rồi Hard, bao gồm tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng bài khác nhau.

Passage 1 giúp bạn làm quen với khái niệm cơ bản về blockchain và ứng dụng trong ngành sáng tạo với từ vựng và cấu trúc câu dễ tiếp cận. Passage 2 nâng cao độ phức tạp bằng cách phân tích sâu hơn về hệ thống bằng sáng chế, yêu cầu kỹ năng paraphrase và suy luận tốt hơn. Passage 3 thách thức bạn ở mức độ học thuật cao nhất với những câu hỏi triết học và kinh tế xã hội, đòi hỏi khả năng phân tích và hiểu sâu.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase, và kỹ thuật làm bài cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Điều này giúp bạn không chỉ kiểm tra kết quả mà còn học hỏi phương pháp tiếp cận hiệu quả cho kỳ thi thực tế. Hệ thống từ vựng được tổng hợp kèm phiên âm, nghĩa và collocations sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật một cách có hệ thống.

Hãy sử dụng đề thi này như một công cụ luyện tập thực chiến, tuân thủ đúng thời gian quy định cho mỗi passage để làm quen với áp lực thời gian trong kỳ thi thật. Sau khi hoàn thành, dành thời gian đọc kỹ phần giải thích để hiểu rõ những sai lầm và cải thiện kỹ năng. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và phương pháp đúng đắn, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm mục tiêu trong phần IELTS Reading.

Để có cái nhìn sâu sắc hơn về công nghệ và ứng dụng thực tế, bạn có thể tham khảo thêm về How green technologies are influencing global agriculture, một chủ đề tương tự về sự chuyển đổi công nghệ trong ngành nông nghiệp toàn cầu. Ngoài ra, The future of renewable energy in developing countries cũng cung cấp góc nhìn thú vị về vai trò của công nghệ trong phát triển bền vững, giúp bạn mở rộng kiến thức về các chủ đề khoa học công nghệ thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading.

Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!