Mở Bài
Công nghệ blockchain đang trở thành một trong những chủ đề nóng trong các đề thi IELTS Reading gần đây, đặc biệt khi nó liên quan đến quản lý danh tính số – một vấn đề cấp thiết trong thời đại kỹ thuật số. Chủ đề này thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các bài thi IELTS Academic với tần suất ngày càng tăng, phản ánh tầm quan trọng của nó trong xã hội hiện đại.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh gồm 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, giúp bạn làm quen với nhiều dạng câu hỏi khác nhau. Qua đề thi này, bạn sẽ học được cách xử lý các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và Summary Completion. Đặc biệt, đề thi được thiết kế giống như các đề thi thật từ Cambridge IELTS, kèm theo đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể cho từng câu.
Đề thi phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu, tăng vốn từ vựng chuyên ngành công nghệ, và nắm vững các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành toàn bộ bài test như trong điều kiện thi thật.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là một phần quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Academic, yêu cầu thí sinh hoàn thành 40 câu hỏi trong vòng 60 phút. Bài thi gồm 3 passages với độ dài và độ khó tăng dần, kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu, phân tích và tìm kiếm thông tin của thí sinh.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Easy
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Medium
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Hard
Lưu ý rằng không có thời gian bổ sung để chuyển đáp án, vì vậy bạn nên viết đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong khi làm bài.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
- Matching Features – Nối thông tin với đặc điểm
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Digital Identity
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
In today’s increasingly interconnected world, our digital identities have become as important as our physical ones. Every time we browse the internet, make an online purchase, or interact on social media, we leave behind a digital footprint that can be tracked, stored, and potentially exploited. The concept of digital identity refers to the information that uniquely identifies an individual in the digital realm, including usernames, passwords, social security numbers, and biometric data.
Traditional methods of managing digital identity have long been centralized, meaning that large organizations such as governments, banks, and technology companies control and store our personal information. While this system has worked reasonably well for decades, it comes with significant drawbacks. Data breaches have become alarmingly common, with millions of people having their personal information stolen and misused by criminals. In 2021 alone, over 4.1 billion records were compromised in data breaches worldwide, highlighting the vulnerability of centralized identity management systems.
The emergence of blockchain technology offers a revolutionary alternative to traditional identity management. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that stores information across a network of computers rather than in a single location. This decentralized approach makes it extremely difficult for hackers to compromise the system, as they would need to attack thousands of computers simultaneously rather than just one central database. Each piece of information stored on a blockchain is encrypted and linked to previous entries, creating an immutable chain of records that cannot be altered or deleted without detection.
One of the most promising applications of blockchain in identity management is the concept of self-sovereign identity (SSI). This approach gives individuals complete control over their own digital identities, allowing them to decide exactly what information to share, with whom, and for how long. Instead of relying on third-party organizations to verify their identity, users can store their personal information on a blockchain and grant temporary access to others as needed. For example, when applying for a loan, you could provide your bank with verified proof of your income and credit history without sharing your entire financial history or social security number.
Blockchain-based identity systems also offer significant benefits for businesses and governments. Companies can streamline their customer verification processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency while maintaining high security standards. Governments can use blockchain to create tamper-proof digital identification systems that help reduce fraud and improve service delivery. Estonia, a small European nation, has been a pioneer in this area, implementing a blockchain-based digital identity system that allows citizens to access over 99% of government services online.
Despite these advantages, the widespread adoption of blockchain for identity management faces several challenges. Many people remain unfamiliar with the technology and may be reluctant to trust a system they don’t fully understand. There are also concerns about privacy and the potential misuse of personal data, even in a decentralized system. Additionally, creating interoperable standards that allow different blockchain systems to work together remains a technical hurdle that needs to be overcome.
The transition from traditional to blockchain-based identity systems will not happen overnight. However, as more people become aware of the limitations of current systems and the potential benefits of blockchain technology, we are likely to see gradual adoption across various sectors. Several countries, including Canada, Switzerland, and Singapore, are already piloting blockchain identity projects, and major technology companies are investing heavily in developing blockchain-based solutions.
Looking ahead, the successful implementation of blockchain technology for digital identity management could transform how we interact online, making the digital world safer and more secure for everyone. By giving individuals greater control over their personal information and reducing the risk of data breaches, blockchain has the potential to address many of the pressing concerns surrounding digital identity in the modern age.
Công nghệ blockchain cách mạng hóa hệ thống quản lý danh tính số hiện đại
Questions 1-13
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. What is the main disadvantage of traditional identity management systems mentioned in the passage?
- A. They are too expensive to maintain
- B. They are vulnerable to data breaches
- C. They are difficult to access
- D. They require too much personal information
2. According to the passage, how does blockchain technology differ from traditional systems?
- A. It stores information in multiple locations
- B. It requires less electricity to operate
- C. It is easier to understand
- D. It is controlled by governments
3. What does “self-sovereign identity” allow users to do?
- A. Access government services for free
- B. Share all their information automatically
- C. Control what information they share
- D. Verify other people’s identities
4. Which country is mentioned as a pioneer in blockchain-based digital identity?
- A. Canada
- B. Singapore
- C. Switzerland
- D. Estonia
5. What is one challenge facing the adoption of blockchain for identity management?
- A. The technology is too expensive
- B. People are unfamiliar with the technology
- C. Governments have banned its use
- D. It cannot store enough information
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. More than 4 billion records were stolen in data breaches in 2021.
7. Blockchain technology stores information in a single, secure location.
8. Companies can reduce costs by using blockchain-based identity systems.
9. All countries in Europe are currently using blockchain for identity management.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Digital identity includes information such as usernames, passwords, and ____.
11. Information stored on a blockchain is ____ and linked to previous entries.
12. Blockchain creates a chain of records that cannot be changed without ____.
13. Several countries are already ____ blockchain identity projects.
PASSAGE 2 – Blockchain Architecture and Identity Verification
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The fundamental architecture of blockchain technology represents a paradigm shift in how digital information is stored, verified, and shared. Unlike traditional hierarchical databases that rely on a centralized authority to validate transactions and maintain records, blockchain operates on a peer-to-peer network where consensus mechanisms ensure data integrity without the need for a single controlling entity. This distributed consensus model is particularly relevant to digital identity management, where the stakes of data manipulation or unauthorized access are exceptionally high.
At its core, a blockchain consists of cryptographically linked blocks of data that form an append-only ledger. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, transaction data, and a timestamp, creating an unbreakable chain of information. When applied to identity management, this structure allows for the creation of tamper-evident credentials that can be independently verified without requiring constant communication with a central authority. The immutability of blockchain records means that once identity information is recorded and validated by network participants, it becomes virtually impossible to alter retroactively without detection.
The process of identity verification on a blockchain typically involves several sophisticated layers of cryptographic security. When a user creates a digital identity, they generate a pair of cryptographic keys: a public key that serves as their unique identifier on the network, and a private key that functions as their digital signature. This asymmetric cryptography ensures that users can prove their identity without revealing sensitive personal information. Tương tự như how is blockchain technology influencing global economic development, việc áp dụng công nghệ này trong quản lý danh tính cũng tạo ra những thay đổi căn bản về cách thức hoạt động của hệ thống tài chính và xã hội.
Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) represent a breakthrough innovation in blockchain-based identity systems. Unlike traditional identifiers such as email addresses or usernames that are issued and controlled by centralized organizations, DIDs are created, owned, and controlled entirely by the identity holder. These identifiers are globally unique, persistent, and resolvable, meaning they can be looked up and verified anywhere in the world without requiring permission from a central registry. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has developed standards for DIDs that enable interoperability across different blockchain platforms and identity systems.
Verifiable credentials constitute another crucial component of blockchain identity infrastructure. These are digital attestations that can prove specific attributes or qualifications about an individual without revealing unnecessary information. For instance, a verifiable credential could confirm that someone is over 18 years old without disclosing their exact birthdate, or verify their professional qualifications without exposing their complete educational history. Selective disclosure of information through verifiable credentials addresses one of the major privacy concerns associated with traditional identity systems, where all-or-nothing access to personal data is typically required.
The technical implementation of blockchain identity systems varies depending on the specific use case and chosen platform. Permissionless blockchains like Ethereum or Bitcoin allow anyone to participate in the network and validate transactions, offering maximum decentralization but potentially sacrificing transaction speed and scalability. Permissioned blockchains, conversely, restrict participation to authorized nodes, enabling faster processing and greater control but compromising some degree of decentralization. Many enterprise-focused identity solutions opt for hybrid approaches that balance these trade-offs according to their specific requirements.
Smart contracts play a pivotal role in automating identity verification processes on blockchain platforms. These self-executing programs can automatically enforce the terms of identity-related agreements without human intervention. For example, a smart contract could automatically grant access to a secure facility when certain identity conditions are met, or revoke credentials when they expire or are compromised. The programmability of smart contracts enables the creation of sophisticated identity workflows that can adapt to complex organizational policies while maintaining transparency and auditability.
Zero-knowledge proofs represent an advanced cryptographic technique that further enhances privacy in blockchain identity systems. This technology allows one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. In identity contexts, zero-knowledge proofs enable users to demonstrate compliance with certain requirements—such as being a qualified investor or having necessary clearances—without disclosing the underlying data that establishes these facts. This capability is particularly valuable in scenarios where privacy regulations like GDPR impose strict limitations on data sharing.
However, implementing blockchain-based identity systems at scale presents formidable technical challenges. Transaction throughput on many blockchain networks remains significantly lower than traditional databases, potentially creating bottlenecks during peak usage periods. Energy consumption, particularly for proof-of-work blockchains, raises environmental concerns that must be addressed through more efficient consensus mechanisms. Điều này có điểm tương đồng với how is technology influencing the financial services industry khi các công nghệ mới cần cân bằng giữa hiệu suất, bảo mật và tính bền vững. Furthermore, ensuring user-friendly interfaces that abstract away the complexity of cryptographic keys and blockchain interactions remains essential for mainstream adoption.
Questions 14-26
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. Traditional databases are more secure than blockchain technology for identity management.
15. Asymmetric cryptography allows users to prove their identity without revealing sensitive information.
16. All blockchain identity systems use the same technical implementation.
17. Smart contracts can automatically enforce identity-related agreements.
18. Zero-knowledge proofs require users to share all their personal data.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
The passage has eight paragraphs. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i-x) next to Questions 19-23.
List of Headings:
- i. The role of international standards in identity systems
- ii. Environmental concerns of blockchain technology
- iii. How blockchain structure ensures data integrity
- iv. The limitations of centralized databases
- v. Advanced privacy protection techniques
- vi. The future of identity verification
- vii. User-controlled identification systems
- viii. The function of automated verification programs
- ix. Different types of blockchain networks
- x. The history of digital identity
19. Paragraph B ___
20. Paragraph D ___
21. Paragraph F ___
22. Paragraph G ___
23. Paragraph H ___
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Blockchain identity systems use 24. ____ to create unique identifiers for users. Unlike traditional identifiers, these are completely controlled by the individual. 25. ____ allow people to prove specific information about themselves without revealing unnecessary details. This type of 26. ____ addresses major privacy concerns in traditional identity systems.
Kiến trúc blockchain và quy trình xác thực danh tính số an toàn
PASSAGE 3 – Socioeconomic Implications of Decentralized Identity Systems
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The advent of blockchain-based decentralized identity systems portends a fundamental reconfiguration of the socioeconomic dynamics that have historically characterized the relationship between individuals, institutions, and the state. This technological disruption extends far beyond mere technical innovation, touching upon profound questions of sovereignty, autonomy, and the distribution of power in an increasingly digitized society. The implications of this shift are multifaceted, encompassing economic empowerment, social inclusion, geopolitical ramifications, and the potential reformation of institutional trust mechanisms that have underpinned modern governance structures.
From an economic perspective, the democratization of identity management through blockchain technology addresses what economists term “information asymmetries” that have long pervaded financial markets and service provision. In traditional systems, the concentration of identity data within custodial institutions creates substantial barriers to entry for individuals lacking formal documentation or credit histories. The World Bank estimates that approximately 1.7 billion adults remain unbanked, predominantly in developing economies where robust identity infrastructure is absent. Decentralized identity solutions offer a viable pathway to financial inclusion by enabling individuals to establish verifiable credentials independent of traditional gatekeeping institutions. This paradigm could catalyze economic participation among marginalized populations, potentially unlocking trillions of dollars in economic activity currently constrained by identification barriers.
The ramifications for labor markets are particularly noteworthy. Portable digital credentials that travel with workers across jurisdictional boundaries could substantially reduce friction in labor mobility while mitigating the problem of credential fraud that costs employers billions annually. Professional certifications, educational qualifications, and work histories stored as blockchain-verified credentials create transparent, immutable records that streamline hiring processes and enable workers to capitalize on their human capital more effectively. Moreover, the disintermediation of traditional credentialing authorities could reduce costs associated with verification processes, passing efficiency gains to both employers and employees while potentially disrupting established certification industries.
However, the transition to decentralized identity systems raises salient concerns regarding digital divides and the potential exacerbation of existing inequalities. The technical literacy required to manage cryptographic keys and navigate blockchain interfaces may prove prohibitive for certain demographic segments, particularly elderly populations and those in resource-constrained environments with limited technological infrastructure. The irreversibility of blockchain transactions compounds these concerns—lost private keys result in permanent loss of access to one’s digital identity, a significantly more severe consequence than forgotten passwords in traditional systems. These technical barriers risk creating a two-tiered system where digitally sophisticated actors reap benefits while vulnerable populations face heightened exclusion.
The governance implications of self-sovereign identity systems present formidable challenges to existing regulatory frameworks and state authority. Governments have historically monopolized the issuance and validation of official identity documents, using this power to exercise control over citizenship, taxation, and social services. Decentralized identity threatens this monopolistic position, raising questions about how states will maintain regulatory oversight without direct control over identity infrastructure. Some scholars argue this represents a salutary check on governmental overreach, while others contend it could undermine legitimate state functions including law enforcement, tax collection, and national security. The tension between individual privacy and collective security becomes particularly acute in contexts where anonymous or pseudonymous transactions facilitated by blockchain identity systems could enable illicit activities.
Cross-border interoperability presents both unprecedented opportunities and complex challenges. The potential for globally recognized, blockchain-based identity standards could revolutionize international commerce, migration, and cooperation. Yet achieving consensus on technical standards, governance mechanisms, and privacy protections across diverse jurisdictional frameworks proves extraordinarily difficult. The European Union’s GDPR, California’s CCPA, and China’s Personal Information Protection Law embody fundamentally different approaches to data privacy, creating regulatory fragmentation that complicates efforts to establish universal identity protocols. Geopolitical tensions further complicate matters, with concerns that blockchain identity infrastructure controlled by certain nations or private entities could be weaponized for surveillance or economic coercion.
The philosophical dimensions of decentralized identity extend to fundamental questions about the nature of selfhood and identity in digital contexts. Traditional liberal theory conceives of identity as inherent and inalienable, yet digital identities are constructed, mutable, and context-dependent. Blockchain-based systems that privilege immutability and permanence may inadequately accommodate the fluid, evolving nature of human identity, particularly regarding gender identity, religious conversion, or individuals seeking to escape past circumstances. The “right to be forgotten,” enshrined in certain legal jurisdictions, stands in direct tension with blockchain’s foundational immutability. Reconciling these competing values requires nuanced technical solutions such as off-chain data storage with on-chain pointers, though such compromises necessarily dilute some of blockchain’s purported advantages.
Economic models underlying decentralized identity ecosystems remain nascent and contested. While proponents envision individuals monetizing their identity data by selectively granting access to advertisers and service providers, creating a “personal data economy,” skeptics question whether power asymmetries between individuals and corporate entities would simply reproduce existing exploitation in new forms. The commodification of identity data, even under user control, risks reducing personhood to a tradable asset and potentially coercing individuals into data transactions by economic necessity. Alternative models emphasizing identity as a public good rather than private property have gained traction in some academic circles, though practical implementations remain largely theoretical.
Looking forward, the trajectory of blockchain-based identity systems will likely be shaped by the interplay between technological capabilities, regulatory frameworks, market forces, and social acceptance. Hybrid models that integrate blockchain’s security benefits with traditional institutional safeguards may prove more viable than purist decentralized approaches. The success of these systems will ultimately hinge not solely on technical superiority but on their ability to navigate complex socioeconomic realities while delivering tangible benefits that justify their adoption costs and associated risks. As societies grapple with these transformative technologies, ensuring that decentralized identity systems serve human flourishing rather than merely technical efficiency must remain paramount.
Questions 27-40
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, what is the primary economic benefit of decentralized identity systems?
- A. They increase government tax revenue
- B. They reduce information asymmetries in financial markets
- C. They eliminate all forms of fraud
- D. They make traditional banks obsolete
28. What does the passage suggest about portable digital credentials?
- A. They will completely replace traditional employment records
- B. They are too expensive for most workers to afford
- C. They could reduce friction in labor mobility
- D. They are only useful for highly skilled professionals
29. The passage indicates that lost private keys in blockchain systems:
- A. Can be easily recovered with proper documentation
- B. Result in permanent loss of digital identity access
- C. Are less serious than forgotten passwords
- D. Can be reset by contacting customer service
30. According to the passage, what challenge do decentralized identity systems pose to governments?
- A. They are too expensive for governments to implement
- B. They threaten governmental monopoly over identity validation
- C. They require too much technical expertise
- D. They are incompatible with existing laws
31. What philosophical concern does the passage raise about blockchain-based identity?
- A. It makes identity verification too complicated
- B. It is incompatible with religious beliefs
- C. Its immutability may conflict with the fluid nature of human identity
- D. It costs too much to maintain long-term
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each concept (A-G) with the correct description (Questions 32-36).
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 32-36.
Concepts:
- A. Information asymmetries
- B. Digital divide
- C. Regulatory fragmentation
- D. Right to be forgotten
- E. Personal data economy
- F. Disintermediation
- G. Geopolitical tensions
32. The removal of traditional intermediaries from processes ___
33. Differences in data privacy laws across jurisdictions ___
34. Individuals monetizing their own identity data ___
35. Gaps in technical literacy and access to technology ___
36. Legal principle that conflicts with blockchain immutability ___
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. According to the World Bank, how many adults globally remain unbanked?
38. What type of theory conceives of identity as inherent and inalienable?
39. What type of models might prove more viable than purist decentralized approaches?
40. What must remain paramount as societies implement decentralized identity systems?
Ảnh hưởng kinh tế xã hội của hệ thống danh tính phi tập trung blockchain
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- A
- C
- D
- B
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- biometric data
- encrypted
- detection
- piloting
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NO
- YES
- NO
- iii
- vii
- ix
- viii
- ii
- cryptographic keys / decentralized identifiers
- Verifiable credentials
- selective disclosure
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- B
- B
- C
- F
- C
- E
- B
- D
- 1.7 billion adults
- liberal theory
- Hybrid models
- human flourishing
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main disadvantage, traditional identity management systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nêu rõ “Data breaches have become alarmingly common” và “over 4.1 billion records were compromised in data breaches worldwide, highlighting the vulnerability of centralized identity management systems.” Đây chính là nhược điểm chính được nhấn mạnh.
Câu 2: A
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: blockchain technology differ, traditional systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that stores information across a network of computers rather than in a single location.” Đây là sự khác biệt cốt lõi giữa blockchain và hệ thống truyền thống.
Câu 3: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: self-sovereign identity, allow users
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rằng SSI “gives individuals complete control over their own digital identities, allowing them to decide exactly what information to share, with whom, and for how long.”
Câu 4: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: country, pioneer, blockchain-based digital identity
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Estonia, a small European nation, has been a pioneer in this area” được đề cập rõ ràng trong văn bản.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: challenge, adoption, blockchain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Many people remain unfamiliar with the technology and may be reluctant to trust a system they don’t fully understand” là một thách thức chính được nêu ra.
Câu 6: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 4 billion records, stolen, 2021
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “over 4.1 billion records were compromised in data breaches” – con số này lớn hơn 4 billion nên câu phát biểu là đúng.
Câu 7: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: blockchain, stores information, single location
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói blockchain “stores information across a network of computers rather than in a single location” – trái ngược hoàn toàn với phát biểu.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: companies, reduce costs, blockchain-based identity systems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Companies can streamline their customer verification processes, reducing costs and improving efficiency” xác nhận phát biểu này là đúng.
Câu 9: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all countries, Europe, blockchain, identity management
- Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ đề cập đến Estonia và một số quốc khác đang thử nghiệm, không có thông tin về tất cả các quốc gia châu Âu.
Câu 10: biometric data
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: digital identity includes, usernames, passwords
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “including usernames, passwords, social security numbers, and biometric data” – biometric data là từ cuối cùng trong danh sách.
Câu 11: encrypted
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: information stored, blockchain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6
- Giải thích: “Each piece of information stored on a blockchain is encrypted and linked to previous entries.”
Câu 12: detection
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: chain of records, cannot be changed
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “creating an immutable chain of records that cannot be altered or deleted without detection.”
Câu 13: piloting
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: several countries, blockchain identity projects
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3
- Giải thích: “Several countries, including Canada, Switzerland, and Singapore, are already piloting blockchain identity projects.”
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: traditional databases, more secure, blockchain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1-2
- Giải thích: Toàn bộ passage nhấn mạnh blockchain an toàn hơn hệ thống truyền thống với “tamper-evident credentials” và “virtually impossible to alter retroactively.”
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: asymmetric cryptography, prove identity, without revealing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 6-7
- Giải thích: “This asymmetric cryptography ensures that users can prove their identity without revealing sensitive personal information” khớp chính xác với phát biểu.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all blockchain identity systems, same technical implementation
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “The technical implementation of blockchain identity systems varies depending on the specific use case and chosen platform” – rõ ràng là khác nhau, không giống nhau.
Câu 17: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: smart contracts, automatically enforce, identity-related agreements
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “These self-executing programs can automatically enforce the terms of identity-related agreements without human intervention” xác nhận phát biểu này.
Câu 18: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: zero-knowledge proofs, share all personal data
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Zero-knowledge proofs “allows one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information” – trái ngược với việc chia sẻ tất cả dữ liệu.
Câu 19: iii (Paragraph B)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn B mô tả cấu trúc blockchain với “cryptographically linked blocks,” “append-only ledger,” và “immutability” – tất cả liên quan đến việc đảm bảo tính toàn vẹn dữ liệu.
Câu 20: vii (Paragraph D)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn D nói về “Decentralized identifiers (DIDs)” và việc chúng “created, owned, and controlled entirely by the identity holder” – hệ thống nhận dạng do người dùng kiểm soát.
Câu 21: ix (Paragraph F)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn F thảo luận về “Permissionless blockchains” và “Permissioned blockchains” – các loại mạng blockchain khác nhau.
Câu 22: viii (Paragraph G)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn G tập trung vào “Smart contracts” và chức năng của chúng trong “automating identity verification processes.”
Câu 23: ii (Paragraph H)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
- Giải thích: Đoạn H đề cập đến “Energy consumption” và “environmental concerns” của blockchain – mối quan ngại về môi trường.
Câu 24: cryptographic keys / decentralized identifiers
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3 và 4
- Giải thích: Cả hai thuật ngữ đều được sử dụng để tạo unique identifiers. Đoạn 3 nói về “cryptographic keys” và đoạn 4 về “Decentralized identifiers (DIDs).”
Câu 25: Verifiable credentials
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1
- Giải thích: “Verifiable credentials constitute another crucial component” và chúng “can prove specific attributes or qualifications about an individual without revealing unnecessary information.”
Câu 26: selective disclosure
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 6
- Giải thích: “Selective disclosure of information through verifiable credentials addresses one of the major privacy concerns.”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: primary economic benefit
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “The democratization of identity management through blockchain technology addresses what economists term ‘information asymmetries'” – đây là lợi ích kinh tế chính được đề cập đầu tiên và nhấn mạnh nhất.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: portable digital credentials
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “Portable digital credentials that travel with workers across jurisdictional boundaries could substantially reduce friction in labor mobility” – khớp với đáp án C.
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: lost private keys
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “lost private keys result in permanent loss of access to one’s digital identity” – rõ ràng là mất vĩnh viễn quyền truy cập.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: challenge, governments
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “Decentralized identity threatens this monopolistic position” – đe dọa vị trí độc quyền của chính phủ trong việc xác thực danh tính.
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: philosophical concern
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: “Blockchain-based systems that privilege immutability and permanence may inadequately accommodate the fluid, evolving nature of human identity” – mối quan ngại về tính bất biến xung đột với bản chất linh hoạt của nhân tính.
Câu 32: F
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Disintermediation nghĩa là “the removal of traditional intermediaries” được đề cập trong đoạn 3.
Câu 33: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Regulatory fragmentation được mô tả trong đoạn 6 như “different approaches to data privacy, creating regulatory fragmentation.”
Câu 34: E
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Personal data economy được giải thích trong đoạn 8 như “individuals monetizing their identity data.”
Câu 35: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Digital divide liên quan đến “technical literacy” và “gaps in access” được đề cập trong đoạn 4.
Câu 36: D
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
- Giải thích: Right to be forgotten được nói trong đoạn 7 là “stands in direct tension with blockchain’s foundational immutability.”
Câu 37: 1.7 billion adults
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5
- Giải thích: “The World Bank estimates that approximately 1.7 billion adults remain unbanked.”
Câu 38: liberal theory
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Traditional liberal theory conceives of identity as inherent and inalienable.”
Câu 39: Hybrid models
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “Hybrid models that integrate blockchain’s security benefits with traditional institutional safeguards may prove more viable.”
Câu 40: human flourishing
- Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 5
- Giải thích: “ensuring that decentralized identity systems serve human flourishing rather than merely technical efficiency must remain paramount.”
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| interconnected | adj | /ˌɪntəkəˈnektɪd/ | Kết nối lẫn nhau | In today’s increasingly interconnected world | interconnected network, interconnected systems |
| digital footprint | noun phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈfʊtprɪnt/ | Dấu vết kỹ thuật số | We leave behind a digital footprint | leave a digital footprint, track digital footprint |
| uniquely identifies | verb phrase | /juːˈniːkli aɪˈdentɪfaɪz/ | Xác định duy nhất | Information that uniquely identifies an individual | uniquely identify users, uniquely identify data |
| vulnerability | noun | /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ | Tính dễ bị tổn thương | Highlighting the vulnerability of systems | security vulnerability, system vulnerability |
| distributed ledger | noun phrase | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd ˈledʒə/ | Sổ cái phân tán | Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology | distributed ledger technology, maintain distributed ledger |
| decentralized approach | noun phrase | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd əˈprəʊtʃ/ | Cách tiếp cận phi tập trung | This decentralized approach makes it difficult | adopt decentralized approach, implement decentralized approach |
| immutable chain | noun phrase | /ɪˈmjuːtəbl tʃeɪn/ | Chuỗi bất biến | Creating an immutable chain of records | immutable chain of blocks, maintain immutable chain |
| self-sovereign identity | noun phrase | /self ˈsɒvrɪn aɪˈdentəti/ | Danh tính tự chủ | The concept of self-sovereign identity | implement self-sovereign identity, adopt self-sovereign identity |
| tamper-proof | adj | /ˈtæmpə pruːf/ | Chống giả mạo | Create tamper-proof digital identification | tamper-proof system, tamper-proof records |
| widespread adoption | noun phrase | /ˈwaɪdspred əˈdɒpʃn/ | Sự áp dụng rộng rãi | The widespread adoption of blockchain | encourage widespread adoption, achieve widespread adoption |
| interoperable standards | noun phrase | /ˌɪntərˈɒpərəbl ˈstændədz/ | Tiêu chuẩn tương tác | Creating interoperable standards | develop interoperable standards, establish interoperable standards |
| pressing concerns | noun phrase | /ˈpresɪŋ kənˈsɜːnz/ | Mối quan tâm cấp thiết | Address many of the pressing concerns | address pressing concerns, raise pressing concerns |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| paradigm shift | noun phrase | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | Sự chuyển đổi mô hình | Represents a paradigm shift in how data is stored | undergo paradigm shift, drive paradigm shift |
| consensus mechanisms | noun phrase | /kənˈsensəs ˈmekənɪzmz/ | Cơ chế đồng thuận | Where consensus mechanisms ensure data integrity | implement consensus mechanisms, use consensus mechanisms |
| cryptographically linked | adj phrase | /ˌkrɪptəˈɡræfɪkli lɪŋkt/ | Liên kết mật mã học | Cryptographically linked blocks of data | cryptographically linked chains, cryptographically linked records |
| append-only ledger | noun phrase | /əˈpend ˈəʊnli ˈledʒə/ | Sổ cái chỉ ghi thêm | Form an append-only ledger | maintain append-only ledger, use append-only ledger |
| tamper-evident credentials | noun phrase | /ˈtæmpər ˈevɪdənt krɪˈdenʃlz/ | Thông tin xác thực phát hiện giả mạo | Creation of tamper-evident credentials | issue tamper-evident credentials, verify tamper-evident credentials |
| asymmetric cryptography | noun phrase | /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/ | Mật mã bất đối xứng | This asymmetric cryptography ensures security | use asymmetric cryptography, implement asymmetric cryptography |
| digital signature | noun phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈsɪɡnətʃə/ | Chữ ký số | Functions as their digital signature | verify digital signature, create digital signature |
| breakthrough innovation | noun phrase | /ˈbreɪkθruː ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn/ | Đổi mới đột phá | Represent a breakthrough innovation | achieve breakthrough innovation, drive breakthrough innovation |
| verifiable credentials | noun phrase | /ˈverɪfaɪəbl krɪˈdenʃlz/ | Thông tin xác thực có thể kiểm chứng | Verifiable credentials constitute another component | issue verifiable credentials, present verifiable credentials |
| selective disclosure | noun phrase | /sɪˈlektɪv dɪsˈkləʊʒə/ | Tiết lộ có chọn lọc | Selective disclosure of information | enable selective disclosure, practice selective disclosure |
| smart contracts | noun phrase | /smɑːt ˈkɒntræcts/ | Hợp đồng thông minh | Smart contracts play a pivotal role | execute smart contracts, deploy smart contracts |
| self-executing programs | noun phrase | /self ˈeksɪkjuːtɪŋ ˈprəʊɡræmz/ | Chương trình tự thực thi | These self-executing programs can enforce | run self-executing programs, create self-executing programs |
| zero-knowledge proofs | noun phrase | /ˈzɪərəʊ ˈnɒlɪdʒ pruːfs/ | Chứng minh tri thức bằng không | Zero-knowledge proofs represent an advanced technique | implement zero-knowledge proofs, use zero-knowledge proofs |
| transaction throughput | noun phrase | /trænˈzækʃn ˈθruːpʊt/ | Thông lượng giao dịch | Transaction throughput on blockchain networks | increase transaction throughput, measure transaction throughput |
| formidable technical challenges | noun phrase | /ˈfɔːmɪdəbl ˈteknɪkl ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ | Thách thức kỹ thuật to lớn | Presents formidable technical challenges | face formidable technical challenges, overcome formidable technical challenges |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| socioeconomic dynamics | noun phrase | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk daɪˈnæmɪks/ | Động lực kinh tế xã hội | Reconfiguration of socioeconomic dynamics | influence socioeconomic dynamics, study socioeconomic dynamics |
| technological disruption | noun phrase | /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl dɪsˈrʌpʃn/ | Sự gián đoạn công nghệ | This technological disruption extends far | cause technological disruption, embrace technological disruption |
| information asymmetries | noun phrase | /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn eɪˈsɪmətriz/ | Bất cân xứng thông tin | Addresses information asymmetries in markets | reduce information asymmetries, eliminate information asymmetries |
| custodial institutions | noun phrase | /kʌˈstəʊdiəl ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnz/ | Tổ chức giám hộ | Concentration within custodial institutions | traditional custodial institutions, regulated custodial institutions |
| barriers to entry | noun phrase | /ˈbæriəz tə ˈentri/ | Rào cản gia nhập | Creates substantial barriers to entry | lower barriers to entry, overcome barriers to entry |
| gatekeeping institutions | noun phrase | /ˈɡeɪtkiːpɪŋ ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnz/ | Tổ chức kiểm soát | Independent of gatekeeping institutions | bypass gatekeeping institutions, challenge gatekeeping institutions |
| marginalized populations | noun phrase | /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃnz/ | Nhóm dân số bị thiệt thòi | Economic participation among marginalized populations | support marginalized populations, include marginalized populations |
| disintermediation | noun | /dɪsˌɪntəmiːdiˈeɪʃn/ | Xóa bỏ trung gian | The disintermediation of authorities | enable disintermediation, promote disintermediation |
| digital divides | noun phrase | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl dɪˈvaɪdz/ | Khoảng cách kỹ thuật số | Concerns regarding digital divides | bridge digital divides, widen digital divides |
| technical literacy | noun phrase | /ˈteknɪkl ˈlɪtərəsi/ | Kiến thức kỹ thuật | The technical literacy required | improve technical literacy, lack technical literacy |
| regulatory frameworks | noun phrase | /ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːks/ | Khung pháp lý | Challenges to existing regulatory frameworks | establish regulatory frameworks, adapt regulatory frameworks |
| governmental overreach | noun phrase | /ˌɡʌvənˈmentl ˈəʊvəriːtʃ/ | Vượt thẩm quyền chính phủ | A salutary check on governmental overreach | prevent governmental overreach, limit governmental overreach |
| cross-border interoperability | noun phrase | /krɒs ˈbɔːdə ˌɪntərˌɒpərəˈbɪləti/ | Khả năng tương tác xuyên biên giới | Cross-border interoperability presents opportunities | achieve cross-border interoperability, ensure cross-border interoperability |
| regulatory fragmentation | noun phrase | /ˈreɡjələtəri ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/ | Sự phân mảnh quy định | Creating regulatory fragmentation | address regulatory fragmentation, reduce regulatory fragmentation |
| geopolitical tensions | noun phrase | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl ˈtenʃnz/ | Căng thẳng địa chính trị | Geopolitical tensions further complicate matters | escalate geopolitical tensions, navigate geopolitical tensions |
| commodification | noun | /kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | Sự thương mại hóa | The commodification of identity data | prevent commodification, resist commodification |
| power asymmetries | noun phrase | /ˈpaʊə eɪˈsɪmətriz/ | Bất cân xứng quyền lực | Whether power asymmetries would reproduce | address power asymmetries, reduce power asymmetries |
| human flourishing | noun phrase | /ˈhjuːmən ˈflʌrɪʃɪŋ/ | Sự phát triển con người | Systems serve human flourishing | promote human flourishing, prioritize human flourishing |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “How Blockchain Technology Is Revolutionizing Digital Identity Management” đang ngày càng phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading, phản ánh tầm quan trọng của công nghệ này trong thế giới hiện đại. Đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) qua Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) đến Hard (Band 7.0-9.0), giúp bạn làm quen với nhiều mức độ thách thức khác nhau.
Thông qua 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác, bạn đã có cơ hội rèn luyện toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết cho kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế. Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tìm thông tin, paraphrase và xác định đáp án đúng trong văn bản.
Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng phong phú được trình bày theo từng passage không chỉ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ mà còn cung cấp các collocation và cấu trúc ngữ pháp quan trọng. Những từ vựng này rất hữu ích không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho Writing và Speaking.
Hãy tận dụng đề thi này để thực hành thường xuyên, phân tích kỹ các chiến lược làm bài và cải thiện tốc độ đọc hiểu của mình. Nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading đến từ sự luyện tập kiên trì và việc nắm vững phương pháp làm bài. Chúc bạn đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!
