IELTS Reading: How Clean Energy Is Driving Job Creation – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở bài

Chủ đề năng lượng sạch và việc làm đang ngày càng trở nên phổ biến trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading, phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về phát triển bền vững và chuyển đổi năng lượng. Đây là một trong những chủ đề “hot” xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế từ năm 2020 đến nay, đặc biệt trong bối cảnh các quốc gia đang đẩy mạnh đầu tư vào năng lượng tái tạo.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh về chủ đề How Clean Energy Is Driving Job Creation, bao gồm ba passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard, giống như trong kỳ thi thật. Bạn sẽ nhận được 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với đầy đủ các dạng bài phổ biến, đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, và bộ từ vựng quan trọng giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ học thuật.

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với format thi thật, rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu nhanh, và áp dụng các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành bài test này trong điều kiện tương tự như thi thật để đánh giá chính xác trình độ của mình.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading test bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi, phải hoàn thành trong vòng 60 phút. Đây là bài thi kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu, xác định thông tin, và phân tích ý chính của bạn.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy, band 5.0-6.5)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium, band 6.0-7.5)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard, band 7.0-9.0)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian phụ để chép đáp án, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định tính đúng sai của thông tin
3. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm của tác giả
4. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
5. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu một kỹ thuật làm bài riêng, và bạn sẽ được hướng dẫn chi tiết trong phần giải thích đáp án.

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Green Jobs in Modern Economies

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The transition to clean energy is not only transforming how we power our homes and businesses, but it is also reshaping the global employment landscape in remarkable ways. Over the past decade, the renewable energy sector has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sources of employment worldwide, creating millions of jobs and offering new career pathways for workers from diverse backgrounds. This shift represents a fundamental change in how economies function and how people earn their livelihoods.

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the renewable energy industry employed approximately 12 million people globally in 2020, a number that has been steadily increasing year after year. Solar photovoltaic (PV) installation remains the largest employer within the sector, accounting for nearly 4 million jobs worldwide. Wind energy follows as the second-largest employer, with over 1.25 million workers involved in both onshore and offshore wind projects. These figures demonstrate the substantial economic potential of clean energy technologies.

The geographical distribution of green jobs reveals interesting patterns. China leads the world in renewable energy employment, with over 4.5 million workers in the sector, representing more than one-third of the global total. The European Union follows with approximately 1.5 million jobs, while Brazil, the United States, and India each employ between 800,000 and 1 million workers in renewable energy. This widespread adoption across different continents highlights how clean energy is becoming a universal driver of economic development.

What makes green jobs particularly attractive is their diversity and accessibility. Unlike traditional fossil fuel industries, which often require highly specialized skills and are concentrated in specific regions, renewable energy jobs span a wide range of skill levels and locations. From manufacturing solar panels and wind turbines to installing them on rooftops and maintaining wind farms, the sector offers opportunities for everyone from entry-level technicians to advanced engineers. This inclusive nature makes clean energy an important tool for reducing unemployment and promoting economic equality.

The economic benefits extend beyond direct employment. For every job created directly in renewable energy, several indirect jobs emerge in supporting industries. These include positions in supply chain management, transportation, legal services, and financial consultation. Research suggests that for every direct job in solar or wind energy, approximately 2.5 additional jobs are created in related sectors. This multiplier effect amplifies the employment impact of investments in clean energy infrastructure.

Educational institutions are responding to this growing demand by developing new training programs and curricula focused on renewable energy technologies. Vocational schools, community colleges, and universities worldwide are now offering specialized courses in solar installation, wind turbine maintenance, energy efficiency, and sustainable building design. These programs are helping to build a skilled workforce capable of supporting the continued expansion of the clean energy sector. Many of these training programs also emphasize hands-on experience, ensuring graduates are job-ready upon completion.

However, the transition to green jobs also presents challenges. Workers in traditional energy sectors, particularly coal mining and oil extraction, face uncertain futures as these industries decline. Retraining programs have become essential to help these workers transition to new careers in renewable energy. Several countries have implemented “just transition” policies designed to support affected workers and communities. These policies typically include financial assistance, skills training, and regional development initiatives aimed at creating new economic opportunities in areas heavily dependent on fossil fuel industries.

The economic competitiveness of renewable energy has improved dramatically in recent years, making green jobs more sustainable and secure. The cost of solar energy has fallen by over 90% since 2010, while wind energy costs have dropped by approximately 70% during the same period. These cost reductions have made renewable energy more attractive to investors and have led to a surge in project development worldwide. As more projects come online, the demand for workers continues to grow, creating a positive feedback loop that reinforces employment growth in the sector.

Looking ahead, the outlook for green job creation remains extremely positive. The International Energy Agency projects that achieving global climate goals could create up to 30 million jobs in clean energy and related sectors by 2030. This growth will be driven by ambitious government policies, technological innovation, and increasing private sector investment in sustainable energy solutions. As countries worldwide commit to reducing carbon emissions and achieving net-zero targets, the demand for renewable energy workers will only intensify.

Questions 1-6: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the largest employer within the renewable energy sector?
   A. Wind energy installation
   B. Solar photovoltaic installation
   C. Offshore wind projects
   D. Energy efficiency consulting

2. How many people were employed in the renewable energy industry globally in 2020?
   A. 4 million
   B. 4.5 million
   C. 12 million
   D. 30 million

3. Which country leads the world in renewable energy employment?
   A. The United States
   B. Brazil
   C. China
   D. India

4. What is the approximate multiplier effect for indirect jobs in renewable energy?
   A. 1.5 additional jobs for every direct job
   B. 2.5 additional jobs for every direct job
   C. 3.5 additional jobs for every direct job
   D. 4.5 additional jobs for every direct job

5. By approximately what percentage has the cost of solar energy fallen since 2010?
   A. 50%
   B. 70%
   C. 90%
   D. 95%

6. How many jobs could be created in clean energy by 2030 according to the International Energy Agency?
   A. 12 million
   B. 20 million
   C. 25 million
   D. 30 million

Questions 7-10: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7. Renewable energy jobs require more specialized skills than fossil fuel industry jobs.

8. The European Union has approximately 1.5 million renewable energy jobs.

9. Most renewable energy training programs cost more than traditional vocational training.

10. The decline in renewable energy costs has made green jobs more secure.

Questions 11-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

11. Educational institutions are developing new __ focused on renewable energy technologies.

12. Countries have implemented __ policies to support workers from declining fossil fuel industries.

13. The growth in green jobs will be driven by government policies, technological innovation, and increasing __ investment.

---

PASSAGE 2 – The Economic Transformation Through Clean Energy Employment

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The paradigm shift toward renewable energy is catalyzing an economic transformation that extends far beyond simple job creation. It is fundamentally restructuring labor markets, redefining skill requirements, and creating entirely new occupational categories that didn’t exist a generation ago. This evolution represents not merely a substitution of one energy source for another, but a comprehensive reimagining of how modern economies function and how human capital is deployed across sectors. Similar to how renewable energy can help achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, the employment transformation encompasses multiple dimensions of sustainable development.

The sophistication of modern renewable energy systems demands a workforce with hybrid skill sets that blend traditional craftsmanship with cutting-edge technological expertise. Solar panel installers, for instance, must possess electrical knowledge, understand building codes, navigate safety protocols, and increasingly, work with sophisticated monitoring systems and digital analytics platforms. Wind turbine technicians operate in challenging environments, often at considerable heights or in remote offshore locations, requiring not only mechanical and electrical skills but also advanced troubleshooting capabilities and familiarity with complex control systems. These roles exemplify how green jobs are pushing workers to become more versatile and technologically adept.

Kỹ thuật viên năng lượng tái tạo đang làm việc với hệ thống điện mặt trời hiện đại trên mái nhà

The ripple effects of renewable energy employment extend into unexpected sectors of the economy. The manufacturing of solar panels and wind turbines has revitalized industrial regions previously affected by the decline of traditional manufacturing. For example, several former automotive manufacturing hubs in the American Midwest have successfully transitioned to producing components for wind turbines, leveraging existing metalworking expertise and manufacturing infrastructure. This industrial regeneration demonstrates how clean energy can breathe new life into communities facing economic stagnation.

Moreover, the decentralized nature of renewable energy generation is creating employment opportunities in rural and previously underserved areas. Unlike large fossil fuel power plants, which are typically located in specific industrial zones, solar and wind installations are geographically dispersed, often in agricultural or coastal regions. This spatial distribution of employment helps address regional economic disparities and can stem rural depopulation by providing local career opportunities. In many developing nations, off-grid renewable energy projects are creating the first formal employment opportunities in remote villages, bringing economic vitality to areas traditionally marginalized from mainstream economic activity.

The gender dynamics of renewable energy employment present both opportunities and challenges. While traditional fossil fuel industries have been overwhelmingly male-dominated, with women representing less than 20% of the workforce, the renewable energy sector shows somewhat better gender diversity, with women comprising approximately 32% of employees globally. However, this representation varies significantly by role and region, with women still underrepresented in technical and leadership positions. Progressive companies are implementing targeted recruitment strategies and mentorship programs to improve gender balance, recognizing that diverse teams bring enhanced problem-solving capabilities and innovation potential.

The financial architecture supporting green job creation has become increasingly sophisticated. Green bonds, climate investment funds, and specialized financing mechanisms are channeling unprecedented capital into renewable energy projects, each new project representing both physical infrastructure and employment generation. The financial sector itself has created numerous positions focused on evaluating renewable energy investments, assessing climate risks, and structuring sustainable finance deals. This financialization of the green economy has created an entire subsector of professional employment that barely existed fifteen years ago.

Challenges in workforce development remain substantial, despite the positive trends. The rapid pace of technological change means that skills can become outdated quickly, requiring continuous professional development and adaptive learning. Many educational systems struggle to keep curricula current with industry needs, leading to skill mismatches where graduates lack practical competencies sought by employers. Industry associations and employers are increasingly partnering with educational institutions to ensure training programs remain relevant, sometimes even providing equipment and instructors to bridge the gap between academic learning and workplace reality.

The concept of a “just transition” has gained prominence in policy discussions about renewable energy employment. This framework acknowledges that as economies shift away from fossil fuels, certain workers and communities will face hardship unless proactive measures are taken. Comprehensive just transition strategies include not only retraining programs but also income support, pension protection, and economic diversification initiatives for affected regions. The success of these programs varies widely, with some regions managing smooth transitions while others face protracted economic difficulties and social disruption.

Entrepreneurial opportunities within the clean energy sector have proliferated, creating pathways for small business development and self-employment. Local solar installation companies, energy efficiency consulting firms, and specialized maintenance services have emerged across the globe, often founded by individuals who identified market gaps or local needs. This entrepreneurial ecosystem contributes to economic resilience and innovation, as small firms often prove more agile in adapting to new technologies and local market conditions than large corporations. Similar patterns are discussed in impacts of renewable energy on national energy policies, where local entrepreneurship shapes policy implementation.

Looking at comparative international experiences provides valuable insights. Germany’s Energiewende (energy transition) has created over 300,000 jobs in renewable energy while phasing out nuclear power and reducing coal dependence. Denmark’s focus on wind energy has made it a global leader in turbine manufacturing, with this single industry supporting approximately 33,000 jobs in a nation of just 6 million people. Meanwhile, India’s massive expansion of solar capacity has created hundreds of thousands of jobs while addressing energy poverty and air pollution simultaneously. These examples demonstrate that with appropriate policies and investments, clean energy can become a cornerstone of national economic strategies.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Modern renewable energy jobs require workers to have more diverse skills than traditional energy sector jobs.

15. Women are equally represented across all levels of renewable energy employment.

16. Small businesses in the renewable energy sector adapt more quickly to changes than large corporations.

17. All countries implementing just transition programs have been equally successful.

18. Germany’s Energiewende policy has been more successful than Denmark’s wind energy strategy.

Questions 19-23: Matching Headings

The passage has nine paragraphs (numbered 1-9 in the original structure).

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs 2-6 from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:

• i. Financial innovations supporting renewable energy growth
• ii. Gender representation in the clean energy workforce
• iii. Geographic distribution of renewable energy employment
• iv. The need for diverse technical competencies
• v. Challenges in keeping education systems updated
• vi. International comparisons of transition success
• vii. Retraining programs for fossil fuel workers
• viii. Manufacturing sector revival through clean energy

19. Paragraph 2
20. Paragraph 3
21. Paragraph 4
22. Paragraph 5
23. Paragraph 6

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The renewable energy sector is creating employment in unexpected ways. Former automotive manufacturing regions have successfully 24. __ to producing wind turbine components. The 25. __ of renewable energy means jobs are created in rural areas, helping to address regional economic differences. In the financial sector, new positions have emerged focused on renewable energy investments and 26. __, creating an entire subsector of professional employment.

---

PASSAGE 3 – Macroeconomic Implications of Clean Energy Employment Growth

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The proliferation of employment opportunities within the clean energy sector represents far more than a sectoral reallocation of labor; it constitutes a fundamental restructuring of economic systems with profound implications for macroeconomic stability, income distribution, and the very nature of post-industrial economic development. Contemporary economic theory is being challenged and refined by the observable patterns emerging from this transition, patterns that suggest renewable energy employment may possess characteristics that distinguish it markedly from both traditional energy sector employment and broader manufacturing employment trends. The analytical frameworks employed by economists, policymakers, and international development institutions must evolve to adequately capture these novel dynamics and their cascading effects across multiple economic dimensions.

At the macroeconomic level, the employment intensity of renewable energy investments—that is, the number of jobs created per unit of capital invested—exceeds that of fossil fuel infrastructure by a substantial margin. Empirical studies conducted across various national contexts suggest that renewable energy projects generate approximately 2 to 3 times more jobs per million dollars invested compared to conventional energy infrastructure. This differential stems from several factors: renewable energy projects are typically more labor-intensive during construction phases, require distributed installation rather than centralized facilities, and involve more complex supply chains with greater domestic content potential. The implications for fiscal policy and economic stimulus strategies are considerable, particularly for governments seeking to maximize employment outcomes from infrastructure spending while simultaneously advancing decarbonization objectives.

Biểu đồ phân tích so sánh mật độ việc làm giữa năng lượng tái tạo và năng lượng hóa thạch truyền thống

The skill composition of renewable energy employment presents intriguing contradictions to prevailing narratives about technological unemployment and the polarization of labor markets. Contrary to the bifurcation observed in many advanced economies—where employment growth concentrates at either the high-skill, high-wage end or the low-skill, low-wage end, with hollowing out of middle-skill positions—renewable energy appears to generate a more balanced distribution across skill levels. The sector simultaneously creates opportunities for PhD-level researchers developing next-generation photovoltaic materials, for mid-skill technicians maintaining wind farms and installing solar arrays, and for workers in manufacturing facilities producing components. This inclusive skill profile may help counteract the labor market polarization that has contributed to rising inequality in many developed nations. The social implications extend beyond mere employment numbers to encompass questions of economic mobility and the sustainability of middle-class prosperity.

Regional economic theory suggests that renewable energy development could reconfigure spatial patterns of economic activity in ways that challenge decades of agglomeration-driven urbanization. The locationally-specific nature of renewable resources—solar potential varying with latitude and local climate, wind resources concentrated in particular geographic zones, hydroelectric opportunities dependent on topography—necessitates decentralized development that may revitalize peripheral regions. This stands in marked contrast to the spatial concentration characteristic of fossil fuel extraction and the urban clustering typical of service economies. However, the actualization of this potential depends critically on policy frameworks that ensure equitable distribution of development benefits and prevent the emergence of new forms of resource colonialism, where profits flow to distant investors while local communities bear environmental impacts without commensurate economic gains. For instance, insights from the future of renewable energy in developing countries highlight how spatial distribution affects development outcomes.

The labor economics of the renewable energy transition involves complex transitional dynamics that economic models struggle to capture fully. Hysteresis effects—where temporary unemployment becomes permanent due to skill deterioration and labor force detachment—pose significant risks for workers displaced from fossil fuel industries. Even with robust retraining programs, age-related barriers, geographic immobility due to family or property ownership, and the psychological challenges of career reinvention can impede smooth transitions. Emerging research suggests that successful labor market transitions require not merely technical retraining but comprehensive support systems addressing financial security, mental health, and community cohesion. The political economy of these transitions matters profoundly: regions and demographics experiencing transition failures become potential sources of political opposition to climate action, creating feedback loops that can undermine policy stability.

The heterogeneity of labor market impacts across national contexts underscores the importance of institutional factors and pre-existing economic structures. Germany’s success in renewable energy job creation built upon strong vocational training systems, cooperative labor-management relations, and existing manufacturing capabilities in precision engineering. Conversely, countries lacking these institutional foundations may struggle to capture equivalent employment benefits, even with similar levels of renewable energy investment. This path dependency suggests that technology transfer alone proves insufficient; institutional capacity building and context-appropriate policy design are equally critical. The implications for international development assistance and climate finance are significant: effective support must extend beyond hardware provision to encompass human capital development and institutional strengthening.

Gendered analyses of renewable energy employment reveal how ostensibly neutral technological transitions can perpetuate or disrupt existing inequalities. While the sector offers opportunities for improved gender balance relative to fossil fuel industries, occupational segregation persists, with women overrepresented in administrative and underrepresented in technical roles. Structural factors including educational streaming, workplace cultures, and domestic care responsibilities create barriers to women’s full participation. However, intentional interventions—such as targeted training programs, flexible work arrangements, and anti-discrimination enforcement—have demonstrated capacity to shift these patterns. The broader question of whether technological transitions inherently challenge or reinforce existing social hierarchies remains contested, with renewable energy employment providing an empirical testing ground for competing theoretical perspectives.

The financialization of renewable energy development has created what some economists term a “green financial-industrial complex,” with implications for employment quality and security. As institutional investors, private equity firms, and asset managers increasingly dominate renewable energy ownership, employment relations may shift toward models emphasizing cost minimization and operational efficiency over employment stability and wage growth. The prevalence of subcontracting, project-based employment, and contingent work arrangements in some segments of the renewable energy sector raises questions about whether green jobs will fulfill promises of decent work and economic security. Regulatory frameworks governing employment standards, collective bargaining rights, and benefit provision will critically shape whether renewable energy employment becomes a foundation for shared prosperity or another iteration of precarious post-industrial work.

Technological trajectories in renewable energy suggest that employment patterns may evolve substantially in coming decades. Automation, artificial intelligence, and digitalization are progressively being integrated into renewable energy systems, from robotic solar panel cleaning to AI-optimized grid management. While these advances enhance efficiency and reduce costs, they simultaneously raise questions about long-term employment trajectories. Will technological advancement in renewable energy follow patterns observed in agriculture and manufacturing, where productivity gains led to absolute employment reductions? Or will continued sector expansion outpace labor-saving technological change, maintaining robust employment growth? The answer depends on factors including the pace of global decarbonization, the scope of energy access expansion in developing nations, and the extent to which circular economy principles create enduring employment in equipment maintenance, refurbishment, and recycling.

The analytical challenge facing economists and policymakers is to develop integrated frameworks that account for the multidimensional nature of clean energy employment impacts. Traditional economic models treating employment as a homogeneous quantity miss critical distinctions in job quality, skill requirements, geographic distribution, and temporal dynamics. More sophisticated analytical approaches incorporating agent-based modeling, input-output analysis with disaggregated sectors, and qualitative case study research are needed to guide effective policy development. As the global economy navigates this historic transition, the adequacy of our analytical tools for understanding and shaping employment outcomes will significantly influence whether the promise of a just and prosperous renewable energy future is realized.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, renewable energy projects generate approximately how many times more jobs per million dollars invested compared to fossil fuel infrastructure?
    A. 1 to 2 times
    B. 2 to 3 times
    C. 3 to 4 times
    D. 4 to 5 times

28. What does the author suggest about the skill distribution in renewable energy employment?
    A. It is heavily concentrated in low-skill positions
    B. It primarily creates high-skill jobs
    C. It shows a more balanced distribution across skill levels
    D. It mirrors the polarization in other sectors

29. What is meant by “hysteresis effects” in the context of labor economics?
    A. The rapid creation of new jobs in growing sectors
    B. Temporary unemployment becoming permanent due to skill loss
    C. The geographic mobility of workers
    D. The training required for renewable energy jobs

30. According to the passage, what was crucial to Germany’s success in renewable energy job creation?
    A. Large financial investments only
    B. Technology transfer from other countries
    C. Strong vocational training systems and existing manufacturing capabilities
    D. Government subsidies for workers

31. What concern does the passage raise about the financialization of renewable energy?
    A. It increases the cost of renewable energy projects
    B. It may lead to employment models emphasizing cost minimization over job security
    C. It prevents institutional investors from participating
    D. It reduces the efficiency of renewable energy systems

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concept (A-H) from the list below.

Write the correct letter, A-H.

List of Concepts:

• A. Occupational segregation
• B. Path dependency
• C. Agglomeration-driven urbanization
• D. Resource colonialism
• E. Fiscal policy
• F. Labor market polarization
• G. Circular economy
• H. Agent-based modeling

32. The risk that profits from renewable energy projects flow to distant investors while local communities receive limited benefits

33. The hollowing out of middle-skill positions in labor markets

34. The idea that a country’s success depends on its existing institutions and economic structures

35. Women being overrepresented in some roles and underrepresented in others

36. Principles that could create employment in equipment maintenance and recycling

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of work arrangements are becoming more prevalent in some segments of the renewable energy sector?

38. According to the passage, what two technologies, besides artificial intelligence, are being integrated into renewable energy systems?

39. What did Germany build its renewable energy success upon, apart from vocational training and manufacturing capabilities?

40. What type of analytical approaches does the passage suggest are needed to guide effective policy development?

---

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. TRUE
11. training programs / curricula
12. just transition
13. private sector

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. YES
17. NO
18. NOT GIVEN
19. iv
20. viii
21. iii
22. ii
23. i
24. transitioned
25. decentralized nature
26. climate risks

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. B
32. D
33. F
34. B
35. A
36. G
37. contingent work arrangements / project-based employment
38. automation, digitalization / robotic, digitalization
39. cooperative labor-management relations
40. sophisticated analytical approaches / integrated frameworks

---

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B – Solar photovoltaic installation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: largest employer, renewable energy sector
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “Solar photovoltaic (PV) installation remains the largest employer within the sector, accounting for nearly 4 million jobs worldwide.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp, không có thông tin nào khác trong đoạn này đề cập đến nhóm việc làm lớn hơn.

Câu 2: C – 12 million

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: employed, renewable energy industry, globally, 2020
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Câu “the renewable energy industry employed approximately 12 million people globally in 2020” cho thông tin chính xác. Con số 4 million và 4.5 million là số lượng việc làm trong các lĩnh vực cụ thể (solar PV và jobs ở Trung Quốc), còn 30 million là dự đoán cho năm 2030.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: renewable energy jobs, specialized skills, fossil fuel
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói “Unlike traditional fossil fuel industries, which often require highly specialized skills… renewable energy jobs span a wide range of skill levels.” Điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu hỏi, cho thấy việc làm năng lượng tái tạo thực tế ít đòi hỏi kỹ năng chuyên môn hơn.

Câu 9: NOT GIVEN

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: training programs, cost, traditional vocational training
• Vị trí trong bài: Không có thông tin
• Giải thích: Đoạn 6 đề cập đến các chương trình đào tạo về năng lượng tái tạo nhưng không so sánh chi phí với đào tạo nghề truyền thống. Không có thông tin nào về giá cả được đề cập.

Câu 11: training programs / curricula

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Educational institutions, developing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Câu gốc là “Educational institutions are responding to this growing demand by developing new training programs and curricula focused on renewable energy technologies.” Cả hai từ đều phù hợp với ngữ cảnh.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: modern renewable energy jobs, diverse skills
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, toàn bộ
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 mô tả chi tiết về “hybrid skill sets” và liệt kê nhiều kỹ năng cần thiết cho công việc năng lượng tái tạo, phản ánh quan điểm của tác giả rằng các công việc này đòi hỏi kỹ năng đa dạng hơn.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Women, equally represented, all levels
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “this representation varies significantly by role and region, with women still underrepresented in technical and leadership positions,” mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với ý kiến rằng phụ nữ được đại diện công bằng ở tất cả các cấp.

Câu 19: iv – The need for diverse technical competencies

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 tập trung vào việc mô tả các kỹ năng khác nhau cần thiết cho công việc năng lượng tái tạo (“hybrid skill sets,” “electrical knowledge,” “mechanical and electrical skills”), phù hợp hoàn hảo với heading này.

Câu 20: viii – Manufacturing sector revival through clean energy

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về “revitalized industrial regions” và “former automotive manufacturing hubs” chuyển sang sản xuất linh kiện turbine gió, rõ ràng đề cập đến sự hồi sinh của ngành sản xuất.

Câu 24: transitioned

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: automotive manufacturing regions, producing wind turbine components
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu gốc là “former automotive manufacturing hubs… have successfully transitioned to producing components for wind turbines.”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B – 2 to 3 times

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: renewable energy projects, jobs per million dollars
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “renewable energy projects generate approximately 2 to 3 times more jobs per million dollars invested compared to conventional energy infrastructure.”

Câu 28: C – It shows a more balanced distribution across skill levels

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: skill distribution, renewable energy employment
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: Tác giả chỉ ra rằng “renewable energy appears to generate a more balanced distribution across skill levels,” tạo việc làm cho nhiều cấp độ kỹ năng khác nhau.

Câu 29: B – Temporary unemployment becoming permanent due to skill loss

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: hysteresis effects, labor economics
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng trong bài: “Hysteresis effects—where temporary unemployment becomes permanent due to skill deterioration and labor force detachment.”

Câu 32: D – Resource colonialism

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Từ khóa: profits flow to distant investors, local communities
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: Bài văn mô tả “new forms of resource colonialism, where profits flow to distant investors while local communities bear environmental impacts without commensurate economic gains.”

Câu 37: contingent work arrangements / project-based employment

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: work arrangements, prevalent, renewable energy sector
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, giữa đoạn
• Giải thích: Câu gốc đề cập đến “subcontracting, project-based employment, and contingent work arrangements” đang trở nên phổ biến hơn.

---

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transition	n	/trænˈzɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi, quá trình chuyển tiếp	The transition to clean energy	energy transition, smooth transition
renewable energy sector	n phrase	/rɪˈnjuːəbl ˈenədʒi ˈsektə/	ngành năng lượng tái tạo	employed in the renewable energy sector	sector growth, sector employment
steadily increasing	adv + v	/ˈstedɪli ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/	tăng đều đặn	has been steadily increasing year after year	steadily growing, steadily rising
substantial	adj	/səbˈstænʃl/	đáng kể, lớn lao	substantial economic potential	substantial growth, substantial benefits
geographical distribution	n phrase	/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkl ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/	sự phân bố địa lý	geographical distribution of green jobs	even distribution, regional distribution
multiplier effect	n phrase	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪə ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng nhân lên	This multiplier effect amplifies the impact	economic multiplier, employment multiplier
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng	clean energy infrastructure	build infrastructure, infrastructure investment
skilled workforce	n phrase	/skɪld ˈwɜːkfɔːs/	lực lượng lao động có tay nghề	build a skilled workforce	train workforce, develop workforce
retraining programs	n phrase	/riːˈtreɪnɪŋ ˈprəʊɡræmz/	các chương trình đào tạo lại	Retraining programs have become essential	implement programs, offer programs
economic competitiveness	n phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk kəmˈpetɪtɪvnəs/	tính cạnh tranh kinh tế	economic competitiveness has improved	enhance competitiveness, maintain competitiveness
cost reductions	n phrase	/kɒst rɪˈdʌkʃnz/	sự giảm giá thành	These cost reductions have made	achieve reductions, significant reductions
net-zero targets	n phrase	/net ˈzɪərəʊ ˈtɑːɡɪts/	mục tiêu phát thải ròng bằng không	achieving net-zero targets	reach targets, set targets

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
paradigm shift	n phrase	/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/	sự thay đổi mô hình cơ bản	paradigm shift toward renewable energy	major paradigm shift, fundamental shift
catalyzing	v	/ˈkætəlaɪzɪŋ/	xúc tác, thúc đẩy	catalyzing an economic transformation	catalyzing change, catalyzing growth
hybrid skill sets	n phrase	/ˈhaɪbrɪd skɪl sets/	bộ kỹ năng kết hợp	workforce with hybrid skill sets	develop skill sets, require skill sets
sophisticated	adj	/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/	tinh vi, phức tạp	sophisticated monitoring systems	sophisticated technology, sophisticated approach
decentralized nature	n phrase	/diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˈneɪtʃə/	tính chất phi tập trung	decentralized nature of renewable energy	decentralized system, decentralized approach
underrepresented	adj	/ˌʌndəˌreprɪˈzentɪd/	thiếu đại diện	underrepresented in technical positions	historically underrepresented, remain underrepresented
just transition	n phrase	/dʒʌst trænˈzɪʃn/	chuyển đổi công bằng	concept of a just transition	ensure just transition, support just transition
entrepreneurial opportunities	n phrase	/ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜːriəl ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtiz/	cơ hội khởi nghiệp	Entrepreneurial opportunities have proliferated	create opportunities, identify opportunities
agile	adj	/ˈædʒaɪl/	linh hoạt, nhanh nhẹn	small firms prove more agile	agile response, remain agile
phasing out	v phrase	/ˈfeɪzɪŋ aʊt/	loại bỏ dần	phasing out nuclear power	gradually phasing out, phasing out coal
leveraging	v	/ˈlevərɪdʒɪŋ/	tận dụng, khai thác	leveraging existing expertise	leveraging resources, leveraging technology
stem rural depopulation	v phrase	/stem ˈrʊərəl diːˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/	ngăn chặn tình trạng giảm dân số nông thôn	can stem rural depopulation	stem the tide, stem migration
targeted recruitment	n phrase	/ˈtɑːɡɪtɪd rɪˈkruːtmənt/	tuyển dụng có mục tiêu	implementing targeted recruitment strategies	targeted approach, targeted programs
bridge the gap	v phrase	/brɪdʒ ðə ɡæp/	thu hẹp khoảng cách	bridge the gap between learning and reality	bridge the divide, bridge differences
market gaps	n phrase	/ˈmɑːkɪt ɡæps/	khoảng trống thị trường	identified market gaps	fill market gaps, exploit gaps

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
proliferation	n	/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/	sự gia tăng nhanh chóng	proliferation of employment opportunities	nuclear proliferation, rapid proliferation
macroeconomic stability	n phrase	/ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk stəˈbɪlɪti/	ổn định kinh tế vĩ mô	implications for macroeconomic stability	maintain stability, ensure stability
cascading effects	n phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng tầng (lan tỏa)	cascading effects across dimensions	cascading impact, cascading consequences
employment intensity	n phrase	/ɪmˈplɔɪmənt ɪnˈtensɪti/	mật độ việc làm	employment intensity of investments	high intensity, labor intensity
empirical studies	n phrase	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkl ˈstʌdiz/	các nghiên cứu thực nghiệm	Empirical studies conducted	empirical evidence, empirical research
labor-intensive	adj	/ˈleɪbər ɪnˈtensɪv/	sử dụng nhiều lao động	more labor-intensive during construction	labor-intensive industry, labor-intensive process
fiscal policy	n phrase	/ˈfɪskl ˈpɒlɪsi/	chính sách tài khóa	implications for fiscal policy	fiscal policy measures, sound fiscal policy
bifurcation	n	/ˌbaɪfəˈkeɪʃn/	sự phân đôi, phân chia	Contrary to the bifurcation observed	labor market bifurcation, bifurcation point
hollowing out	v phrase	/ˈhɒləʊɪŋ aʊt/	làm rỗng ruột (tầng lớp trung lưu)	hollowing out of middle-skill positions	hollowing out effect, economic hollowing out
agglomeration	n	/əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃn/	sự tập trung, kết tụ	agglomeration-driven urbanization	urban agglomeration, industrial agglomeration
hysteresis effects	n phrase	/ˌhɪstəˈriːsɪs ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng trễ (thất nghiệp kéo dài)	Hysteresis effects pose risks	hysteresis phenomenon, unemployment hysteresis
path dependency	n phrase	/pɑːθ dɪˈpendənsi/	sự phụ thuộc đường đi	This path dependency suggests	path dependency theory, technological path dependency
occupational segregation	n phrase	/ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃənl ˌseɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	sự phân chia nghề nghiệp (theo giới)	occupational segregation persists	gender segregation, reduce segregation
financialization	n	/faɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tài chính hóa	financialization of renewable energy	economic financialization, increasing financialization
precarious	adj	/prɪˈkeəriəs/	bấp bênh, không ổn định	precarious post-industrial work	precarious employment, precarious situation
agent-based modeling	n phrase	/ˈeɪdʒənt beɪst ˈmɒdlɪŋ/	mô hình dựa trên tác nhân	incorporating agent-based modeling	agent-based simulation, agent-based approach
input-output analysis	n phrase	/ˈɪnpʊt ˈaʊtpʊt əˈnælɪsɪs/	phân tích đầu vào – đầu ra	input-output analysis with disaggregated sectors	economic input-output, input-output model
analytical frameworks	n phrase	/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl ˈfreɪmwɜːks/	khung phân tích	develop integrated frameworks	theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks

---

Kết bài

Chủ đề How clean energy is driving job creation không chỉ phản ánh xu hướng toàn cầu về phát triển bền vững mà còn là một topic cực kỳ phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading hiện đại. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu hoàn chỉnh này với 3 passages từ Easy đến Hard, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài test giống như thi thật với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng bài.

Ba passages đã cung cấp cho bạn góc nhìn toàn diện từ cơ bản đến nâng cao về việc tạo công ăn việc làm trong ngành năng lượng sạch. Passage 1 giới thiệu những thông tin nền tảng với độ khó vừa phải, Passage 2 đi sâu hơn vào các khía cạnh kinh tế và xã hội, còn Passage 3 phân tích ở cấp độ học thuật với các khái niệm kinh tế vĩ mô phức tạp. Sự phân bổ độ khó này giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc thi thật và phát triển chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.

Phần đáp án chi tiết không chỉ cung cấp câu trả lời đúng mà còn giải thích rõ ràng vị trí thông tin, cách paraphrase, và lý do tại sao các đáp án khác không phù hợp. Đây là yếu tố then chốt giúp bạn tự đánh giá và cải thiện kỹ năng làm bài. Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng được trình bày chi tiết với phiên âm, nghĩa, ví dụ và collocations sẽ giúp bạn không chỉ hiểu từ đơn lẻ mà còn biết cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật.

Hãy tận dụng tối đa bộ đề này bằng cách làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật, đối chiếu đáp án cẩn thận, và học thuộc từ vựng quan trọng. Việc luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi chất lượng như thế này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công!