IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu và Thương Mại Quốc Tế – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến thương mại quốc tế là một trong những đề tài phổ biến và quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với sự gia tăng về nhận thức toàn cầu về môi trường và kinh tế bền vững, Cambridge và IDP thường xuyên đưa các bài đọc liên quan đến climate change, international trade, economic impacts vào đề thi thực tế.

Qua kinh nghiệm giảng dạy hơn 20 năm, tôi nhận thấy chủ đề này xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong IELTS Academic Reading, đặc biệt từ Cambridge IELTS 12 trở đi. Đề thi mẫu này được thiết kế dựa trên format chuẩn IELTS, bao gồm:

• 3 passages hoàn chỉnh với độ khó tăng dần (Easy → Medium → Hard)
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng khác nhau giống thi thật 100%
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và kỹ thuật paraphrase
• Từ vựng chuyên ngành về climate change và international trade
• Chiến lược làm bài thực chiến cho từng dạng câu hỏi

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với các bài đọc học thuật về môi trường và kinh tế, đồng thời rèn luyện kỹ năng quản lý thời gian và chiến thuật trả lời câu hỏi hiệu quả.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được 1 điểm, không trừ điểm cho câu sai. Đặc biệt, bạn cần tự chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet trong thời gian này (không có thêm thời gian phụ).

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (13 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Easy
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (13 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Medium
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (14 câu hỏi) – Độ khó Hard

Chiến lược tốt nhất là đọc câu hỏi trước khi đọc passage để biết thông tin cần tìm. Gạch chán từ khóa trong câu hỏi và tìm paraphrase của chúng trong bài đọc.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice – Chọn đáp án đúng từ A, B, C, D
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng, sai hay không được nhắc đến
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu với từ trong bài
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho mỗi đoạn
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời câu hỏi ngắn

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Agricultural Trade

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The relationship between climate change and international agricultural trade has become increasingly important in recent years. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, farmers around the world are experiencing significant challenges in crop production. These changes are not only affecting local food supplies but are also having a profound impact on the global trade of agricultural products.

Temperature increases are altering the growing seasons in many regions. In some areas, such as northern Europe and Canada, warmer temperatures are actually extending the period during which crops can be grown. This has led to an increase in the production of certain crops like wheat and barley in these regions. Farmers who previously struggled with short growing seasons are now able to plant earlier in spring and harvest later in autumn. However, this advantage is offset by challenges in other parts of the world.

In tropical and subtropical regions, rising temperatures are creating serious problems for agriculture. Crops that once thrived in these areas are now suffering from heat stress. Coffee production in Brazil and Colombia has been particularly affected, with beans developing more slowly and producing lower yields. Similarly, cocoa farmers in West Africa are reporting decreased production as temperatures exceed the optimal range for cocoa trees. These changes are forcing farmers to either adapt their farming methods or consider relocating to more suitable areas.

Extreme weather events are another major concern. The frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, and storms have increased dramatically over the past two decades. In Australia, prolonged droughts have severely impacted wheat exports, which were once a major source of income for the country. Conversely, excessive rainfall in Southeast Asian countries has damaged rice paddies, leading to reduced exports of this staple grain. These fluctuations in supply create instability in international markets, causing prices to swing wildly and making it difficult for both producers and consumers to plan effectively.

Water availability is becoming a critical factor in agricultural production. Many of the world’s major agricultural regions depend on irrigation systems fed by rivers and underground water sources. As climate change affects precipitation patterns, some areas are experiencing water shortages while others face flooding. The Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, which produces a significant portion of the country’s agricultural exports, has suffered from reduced water flow, limiting the amount of land that can be irrigated. This has direct consequences for the volume of products available for export.

The impact of climate change on pest and disease patterns is also significant. Warmer temperatures allow insects and plant diseases to survive in regions where they were previously controlled by cold winters. For example, the coffee berry borer, a destructive pest, has expanded its range to higher altitudes in Central America as temperatures have risen. This expansion has reduced coffee yields and quality, affecting exports from countries that depend heavily on coffee sales. Similarly, new plant diseases are emerging in regions where they were previously unknown, requiring farmers to invest in new pest control methods and resistant crop varieties.

Transportation and logistics in the agricultural trade sector are also being affected. Sea level rise threatens port facilities in many countries, potentially disrupting the export of agricultural goods. Additionally, changes in ocean temperatures and currents are affecting shipping routes, sometimes making them longer or more dangerous. Insurance costs for shipping agricultural products have increased as the risk of damage from extreme weather events grows.

In response to these challenges, countries are beginning to adjust their trade policies and agricultural strategies. Some nations are investing in climate-resistant crop varieties and new farming technologies. Others are seeking to diversify their trading partners to reduce dependence on regions that are particularly vulnerable to climate change. International cooperation is becoming more important as countries recognize that climate change is a global problem requiring coordinated solutions. Trade agreements are increasingly including provisions related to sustainability and climate adaptation.

The economic implications of these changes are substantial. Countries that have traditionally been major exporters of certain agricultural products may lose their competitive advantage as climate change makes production less viable. At the same time, new opportunities may emerge in regions that become more suitable for agriculture. This redistribution of agricultural production capacity will likely reshape global trade patterns over the coming decades, creating winners and losers in the international marketplace.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, what effect have rising temperatures had on northern regions?
A. They have shortened the growing season
B. They have made farming impossible
C. They have extended the period for growing crops
D. They have reduced wheat production

2. What problem are coffee producers in Brazil and Colombia facing?
A. Increased pest infestations
B. Heat stress affecting crop development
C. Excessive rainfall
D. Soil degradation

3. The Murray-Darling Basin example illustrates problems with:
A. Pest control
B. Temperature increases
C. Water availability
D. Transportation

4. How are insurance costs for shipping agricultural products changing?
A. They are decreasing due to better technology
B. They are increasing due to weather risks
C. They remain stable
D. They are being subsidized by governments

5. According to the passage, what are countries doing in response to climate change impacts?
A. Stopping all agricultural exports
B. Investing only in traditional farming methods
C. Developing climate-resistant crops and diversifying trade partners
D. Ignoring the problem completely

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Climate change has had no positive effects on agriculture anywhere in the world.

7. Rice production in Southeast Asia has been affected by excessive rainfall.

8. The coffee berry borer can now survive at higher altitudes than before.

9. All countries have agreed on a unified policy to address climate change impacts on trade.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. In some tropical regions, crops are suffering from __ due to higher temperatures.

11. Extreme weather events create __ in international markets for agricultural products.

12. Port facilities are threatened by __ caused by climate change.

13. Trade agreements are now including provisions related to sustainability and climate __.

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PASSAGE 2 – Supply Chain Disruptions in a Changing Climate

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The intricate web of global supply chains that facilitate international trade is increasingly vulnerable to climate-related disruptions. As businesses have optimized their operations for efficiency over the past few decades, adopting just-in-time inventory systems and concentrating production in specific geographic locations, they have inadvertently created systems that are highly susceptible to climate shocks. The consequences of this vulnerability are becoming more apparent as the frequency and severity of climate-related events increase.

Manufacturing hubs in coastal Asia, which produce a substantial proportion of the world’s consumer goods, face multiple climate-related threats. Rising sea levels threaten to inundate industrial zones, while increased typhoon intensity can shut down production facilities for extended periods. In 2011, severe flooding in Thailand disrupted global supply chains for computer hard drives and automobiles, demonstrating how concentrated production in climate-vulnerable regions can have cascading effects on international trade. Companies that had relied on Thai suppliers found themselves unable to fulfill orders, leading to significant financial losses and highlighting the need for more resilient supply chain strategies.

The concept of supply chain resilience has gained prominence among business leaders and policymakers. Traditional approaches to supply chain management focused primarily on cost reduction and efficiency gains. However, the increasing unpredictability of climate patterns is forcing companies to reassess this approach. Diversification of suppliers across different geographic regions is now seen as essential, even if it increases costs. Companies are also investing in advanced forecasting systems that incorporate climate data to anticipate potential disruptions before they occur.

Transportation infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to climate impacts. Roads, railways, and bridges designed decades ago often cannot withstand the intensity of modern extreme weather events. In 2021, severe flooding in Germany damaged critical railway lines, disrupting the flow of goods across Europe for several weeks. Similarly, drought conditions have repeatedly lowered water levels in major rivers used for cargo transport, such as the Rhine in Europe and the Mississippi in the United States, forcing ships to carry lighter loads and making transportation less efficient and more expensive.

The aviation industry, which plays a crucial role in transporting high-value goods and perishable items, is also experiencing climate-related challenges. Higher temperatures reduce air density, which decreases aircraft performance and payload capacity, particularly at airports located at high elevations or in hot climates. More frequent and severe thunderstorms are causing increased flight delays and cancellations, affecting the timely delivery of goods. Additionally, changes in wind patterns, particularly jet streams, are altering flight times and fuel consumption, impacting the economics of air freight.

Port operations, essential for maritime trade that accounts for approximately 80% of global trade by volume, face multiple climate risks. Sea level rise threatens to overwhelm existing coastal defenses and drainage systems. Increased storm intensity can damage port infrastructure, including cranes, warehouses, and loading facilities. Some major ports are investing billions of dollars in adaptation measures, such as raising dock heights and improving drainage systems, but the scale of investment required is enormous and may not be feasible for all facilities, particularly in developing countries.

The insurance industry is responding to these risks by adjusting premiums and coverage terms for climate-vulnerable assets and operations. Some insurers are refusing to provide coverage for facilities located in areas deemed too high-risk, effectively forcing businesses to either relocate or bear the full cost of potential climate-related losses themselves. This trend is creating a new geography of risk, where the cost of doing business varies significantly based on climate vulnerability, potentially redirecting trade flows toward less vulnerable regions.

Perishable goods trade, particularly for fruits, vegetables, and flowers, is especially sensitive to supply chain disruptions. These products require temperature-controlled logistics throughout their journey from farm to consumer. Power outages caused by extreme weather can compromise cold storage facilities, leading to significant losses. The international flower trade from countries like Kenya and Ecuador to markets in Europe and North America demonstrates this vulnerability. Any disruption to the cold chain can result in entire shipments becoming worthless.

Digital infrastructure supporting modern trade is also at risk. Data centers that process transactions, track shipments, and manage inventory require consistent power supplies and cooling systems. Extreme heat events can strain these systems, while flooding can cause catastrophic failures. The increasing digitalization of trade, including the use of blockchain technology for supply chain transparency and artificial intelligence for logistics optimization, ironically creates new vulnerabilities as these systems depend on physical infrastructure that is susceptible to climate impacts.

Companies are exploring various adaptation strategies to maintain trade flows despite climate disruptions. Some are nearshoring production, bringing manufacturing closer to end markets to reduce transportation distances and exposure to climate risks. Others are investing in redundant capacity, maintaining backup suppliers and alternative transportation routes that can be activated when primary channels are disrupted. There is also growing interest in climate-resilient infrastructure, such as elevated warehouses in flood-prone areas and renewable energy systems to ensure power availability during grid disruptions.

The financial implications of supply chain climate risks are substantial. A study by a major consulting firm estimated that companies in climate-vulnerable supply chains could face additional costs of up to 10% of their annual revenue due to disruptions. This is prompting investors and financial institutions to scrutinize companies’ climate risk management strategies more carefully. Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria now include supply chain resilience, with companies that fail to adequately address these risks potentially facing higher borrowing costs or reduced investor interest.

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Just-in-time inventory systems have made supply chains more resilient to climate disruptions.

15. The 2011 Thailand flooding demonstrated the risks of concentrated production in vulnerable regions.

16. Traditional supply chain management adequately prepared businesses for climate-related risks.

17. All insurance companies have stopped providing coverage for climate-vulnerable facilities.

18. Nearshoring production can help reduce exposure to climate risks.

Questions 19-22: Matching Information

Match each statement with the correct paragraph (A-K).

You may use any letter more than once.

19. A description of how temperature affects aircraft performance

20. An example of how river conditions have impacted transportation efficiency

21. Information about the vulnerability of products requiring cold storage

22. A mention of how investors are evaluating climate risk management

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate change is creating significant challenges for global supply chains. Manufacturing facilities in coastal Asia face threats from rising sea levels and stronger typhoons. The concept of 23 __ has become important as companies realize traditional efficiency-focused approaches are inadequate. Transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges often cannot cope with modern 24 __. The aviation industry experiences reduced 25 __ due to higher temperatures, while ports must invest heavily in adaptation measures. The insurance industry is adjusting premiums and creating a new 26 __ based on climate vulnerability.

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PASSAGE 3 – The Macroeconomic Dimensions of Climate-Trade Interactions

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The nexus between climate change and international trade operates at multiple scales, from the micro-level disruptions to individual supply chains discussed previously, to macro-economic transformations that are reshaping the fundamental architecture of global commerce. This multifaceted relationship encompasses not only the direct physical impacts of climate phenomena but also the complex web of policy responses, market mechanisms, and structural adjustments that collectively constitute what economists are increasingly terming the “climate-trade paradigm shift”.

Comparative advantage, the cornerstone principle of international trade theory articulated by David Ricardo in the early nineteenth century, is being fundamentally recalibrated by climate change. Traditionally, comparative advantage was determined by factors such as factor endowments (labor, capital, natural resources), technological capabilities, and economies of scale. However, climate change is introducing a new dimension: climate suitability for economic activities. Regions that have historically possessed comparative advantages in certain industries may find these advantages eroding as climate conditions become less favorable, while previously disadvantaged regions may emerge as new centers of production. This spatial redistribution of economic activity has profound implications for trade patterns, employment, and economic development trajectories.

The carbon intensity of production and transportation is increasingly influencing trade competitiveness through both market mechanisms and policy interventions. As carbon pricing schemes proliferate—whether through emissions trading systems, carbon taxes, or other mechanisms—the effective cost of producing and transporting goods varies depending on their carbon footprint. Industries with high emissions intensity, such as steel, cement, and chemicals, face particular challenges. Countries with stringent climate policies may find their domestic industries at a competitive disadvantage compared to producers in jurisdictions with laxer regulations, a phenomenon known as “carbon leakage”. This concern has prompted discussions about border carbon adjustments (BCAs), which would impose tariffs on imports from countries with less stringent climate policies, effectively internalizing the carbon cost of production regardless of origin.

The implementation of BCAs represents a contentious frontier in international trade law and diplomacy. Proponents argue that such measures are necessary to maintain a level playing field for domestic industries subject to carbon pricing while incentivizing other countries to adopt stronger climate policies. Critics, however, contend that BCAs constitute protectionist barriers that violate World Trade Organization principles and could trigger trade disputes. Developing countries, in particular, view BCAs with suspicion, arguing that they unfairly penalize nations that have contributed minimally to historical emissions and are only now industrializing. This debate exemplifies the tension between climate policy effectiveness and trade liberalization, two objectives that policymakers once viewed as complementary but now increasingly see as requiring careful balancing.

Trade policy itself is being deployed as a climate policy instrument with growing frequency. Tariff preferences for environmental goods and services aim to facilitate the international diffusion of clean technologies. The Environmental Goods Agreement, currently under negotiation, seeks to eliminate tariffs on products deemed essential for environmental protection and climate change mitigation. Similarly, some trade agreements now include provisions requiring parties to uphold environmental standards and implement climate commitments, representing a departure from traditional trade agreements that focused narrowly on tariff reduction and market access.

The concept of “green protectionism” has emerged in trade discourse, referring to the use of environmental regulations as disguised barriers to trade. While legitimate environmental standards serve important public policy objectives, they can also be designed or implemented in ways that disproportionately burden foreign producers. For instance, stringent sustainability certifications required for imported products might impose compliance costs that are prohibitive for small-scale producers in developing countries, effectively excluding them from lucrative markets. Distinguishing between genuine environmental protection measures and protectionist instruments cloaked in green rhetoric presents a significant challenge for trade governance institutions.

Climate-induced migration represents another dimension of the climate-trade relationship that is only beginning to receive serious analytical attention. As environmental degradation renders certain regions less habitable, population movements—both within and across national borders—will alter labor market dynamics and, consequently, patterns of production and trade. Climate refugees seeking livelihoods in new locations bring their labor to different markets, potentially creating new comparative advantages in recipient regions while depleting the workforce in origin areas. The demographic shifts resulting from climate migration will reshape the geography of production in ways that are difficult to predict but potentially profound in their implications for trade flows.

Financial architecture supporting international trade is also adapting to climate realities. Trade finance institutions are incorporating climate risk assessments into their lending decisions, potentially making it more difficult or expensive for businesses in vulnerable regions or carbon-intensive industries to access the credit necessary for international transactions. Export credit agencies, which provide insurance and financing for cross-border trade, are beginning to exclude support for fossil fuel projects and other activities deemed incompatible with climate objectives. This greening of trade finance may accelerate the transition to lower-carbon trade patterns but also raises concerns about access to finance for developing countries.

The digitalization of trade, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, presents both opportunities and challenges in the context of climate change. On one hand, digital platforms reduce the need for physical presence in trade transactions, potentially lowering the carbon footprint associated with business travel and enabling dematerialization of certain products and services. On the other hand, the energy consumption of data centers and digital infrastructure is substantial and growing, raising questions about the net climate impact of digital trade. Moreover, digital trade facilitates the rapid scaling of business models, which could either accelerate the diffusion of green technologies or, conversely, the proliferation of carbon-intensive consumption patterns.

Sectoral heterogeneity in climate-trade interactions deserves emphasis. Different industries experience climate impacts and policy responses in distinct ways. The energy sector faces fundamental transformation as countries transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources, reshaping trade in energy commodities. The automotive industry is experiencing a parallel shift toward electric vehicles, with implications for trade in both vehicles and the inputs required for their production, such as lithium and rare earth elements. Agriculture, as discussed earlier, faces direct physical impacts from changing climate conditions. Services trade, particularly tourism, is affected by changing climate patterns that alter destination attractiveness and seasonality.

The governance architecture for managing climate-trade interactions remains fragmented and inadequate. Climate policy is primarily coordinated through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, while trade policy operates under the World Trade Organization and numerous bilateral and regional trade agreements. These parallel governance systems interact imperfectly, creating potential conflicts and coordination failures. Some scholars advocate for a more integrated approach that explicitly addresses the climate-trade nexus, perhaps through a new international framework or significant reforms to existing institutions. However, the political complexity of achieving such integration should not be underestimated, given the diverse interests and perspectives of countries at different development stages with varying climate vulnerabilities and economic structures.

Looking forward, the trajectory of climate-trade interactions will depend on numerous factors, including the pace and nature of technological innovation, the stringency and design of climate policies, the evolution of consumer preferences toward sustainability, and the extent of international cooperation in addressing both climate change and trade governance. What seems certain is that the relationship between climate and trade will become increasingly central to global economic architecture, requiring adaptive strategies from businesses, policy coherence from governments, and innovative thinking from scholars and practitioners seeking to navigate this complex terrain.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, comparative advantage is being recalibrated by:
A. Labor costs alone
B. Climate suitability for economic activities
C. Only technological capabilities
D. Traditional factor endowments exclusively

28. Carbon leakage refers to:
A. Physical leaks in carbon storage facilities
B. Competitive disadvantage faced by industries in countries with strict climate policies
C. The spread of pollution across borders
D. Loss of carbon through deforestation

29. Developing countries view border carbon adjustments as:
A. An excellent opportunity for economic growth
B. A fair way to distribute climate responsibility
C. Unfair penalties on nations with minimal historical emissions
D. Irrelevant to their economic interests

30. The concept of “green protectionism” refers to:
A. Protecting forests and green spaces
B. Using environmental regulations as disguised trade barriers
C. Subsidies for environmental products
D. International cooperation on climate issues

31. According to the passage, the governance of climate-trade interactions is:
A. Highly effective and well-coordinated
B. Primarily managed by the WTO alone
C. Fragmented between different international systems
D. Non-existent

Questions 32-36: Matching Sentence Endings

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.

32. The carbon intensity of production is increasingly affecting

33. Trade finance institutions are incorporating climate risk assessments

34. The digitalization of trade presents opportunities by

35. The energy sector is experiencing fundamental transformation

36. Sectoral heterogeneity means

A. into their lending decisions.
B. different industries experience climate impacts differently.
C. trade competitiveness through various mechanisms.
D. by eliminating all carbon emissions immediately.
E. reducing the need for physical presence in transactions.
F. as countries shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources.
G. through increased government subsidies only.
H. by ignoring environmental considerations.
I. without any economic consequences.

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of adjustments have been proposed to address the competitive impact of different carbon pricing policies?

38. What term describes the movement of production activity across different regions due to climate change?

39. What elements are becoming increasingly important in trade finance decisions according to export credit agencies?

40. What two parallel systems create potential coordination failures in managing climate-trade issues?

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. heat stress
11. instability
12. sea level rise
13. adaptation

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. NO
15. YES
16. NO
17. NO
18. YES
19. Paragraph E (aviation industry paragraph)
20. Paragraph D (transportation infrastructure paragraph)
21. Paragraph H (perishable goods paragraph)
22. Paragraph K (financial implications paragraph)
23. supply chain resilience
24. extreme weather events
25. payload capacity
26. geography of risk

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. B
31. C
32. C
33. A
34. E
35. F
36. B
37. border carbon adjustments
38. spatial redistribution
39. climate objectives
40. governance systems

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: rising temperatures, northern regions, effect
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “In some areas, such as northern Europe and Canada, warmer temperatures are actually extending the period during which crops can be grown.” Đây là paraphrase trực tiếp của đáp án C – “extended the period for growing crops”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc mâu thuẫn với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: coffee producers, Brazil, Colombia, problem
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Passage nói “Coffee production in Brazil and Colombia has been particularly affected, with beans developing more slowly and producing lower yields” sau khi đề cập đến “heat stress”. Đây chính xác là đáp án B. Đáp án A về pests được nhắc đến ở đoạn khác về coffee berry borer, không phải ở Brazil và Colombia trong context này.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: no positive effects, agriculture, anywhere
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Statement này là FALSE vì đoạn 2 rõ ràng mô tả các tác động tích cực ở vùng phía Bắc: “warmer temperatures are actually extending the period during which crops can be grown” và “This has led to an increase in the production of certain crops”. Từ “no positive effects anywhere” mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với thông tin này.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: rice production, Southeast Asia, excessive rainfall
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Passage nói rõ “excessive rainfall in Southeast Asian countries has damaged rice paddies, leading to reduced exports of this staple grain.” Đây là match chính xác với statement nên đáp án là TRUE.

Câu 10: heat stress

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: tropical regions, crops, suffering, higher temperatures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2
• Giải thích: Câu trong passage: “Crops that once thrived in these areas are now suffering from heat stress”. Đây là exact phrase cần điền, theo sau “suffering from”.

Câu 13: adaptation

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: trade agreements, provisions, sustainability, climate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng cuối
• Giải thích: Passage nói “Trade agreements are increasingly including provisions related to sustainability and climate adaptation.” Từ cần điền là “adaptation” để hoàn thành cụm “climate adaptation”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: just-in-time inventory systems, more resilient, climate disruptions
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Writer’s view rõ ràng là ngược lại: “As businesses have optimized their operations… adopting just-in-time inventory systems… they have inadvertently created systems that are highly susceptible to climate shocks.” “Susceptible” (dễ bị tổn thương) mâu thuẫn với “more resilient” (có khả năng phục hồi cao hơn) nên đáp án là NO.

Câu 15: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: 2011 Thailand flooding, demonstrated, risks, concentrated production
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-6
• Giải thích: Passage nói “In 2011, severe flooding in Thailand… demonstrating how concentrated production in climate-vulnerable regions can have cascading effects”. Đây chính xác là view của writer về việc Thailand flooding demonstrated risks, nên đáp án là YES.

Câu 19: Paragraph E (aviation industry paragraph)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: temperature affects aircraft performance
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5 (E)
• Giải thích: Đoạn này nói rõ “Higher temperatures reduce air density, which decreases aircraft performance and payload capacity”. Đây là mô tả về cách temperature ảnh hưởng đến aircraft performance.

Câu 23: supply chain resilience

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: concept, become important, traditional approaches inadequate
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Passage nói “The concept of supply chain resilience has gained prominence” sau khi đề cập rằng traditional approaches focused on cost reduction. Đây là exact phrase cần điền.

Câu 25: payload capacity

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: aviation industry, reduced, higher temperatures
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: “Higher temperatures reduce air density, which decreases aircraft performance and payload capacity”. Từ cần điền là “payload capacity” vì đây là điều bị giảm (reduced) do nhiệt độ cao.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: comparative advantage, recalibrated
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Passage nói “climate change is introducing a new dimension: climate suitability for economic activities”. Đây là điều đang recalibrate (điều chỉnh lại) comparative advantage, nên đáp án là B. Các yếu tố truyền thống khác vẫn tồn tại nhưng không phải là yếu tố mới đang thay đổi comparative advantage.

Câu 28: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: carbon leakage, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “Countries with stringent climate policies may find their domestic industries at a competitive disadvantage compared to producers in jurisdictions with laxer regulations, a phenomenon known as ‘carbon leakage'”. Đáp án B paraphrase chính xác ý này.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: developing countries, view, border carbon adjustments
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: “Developing countries, in particular, view BCAs with suspicion, arguing that they unfairly penalize nations that have contributed minimally to historical emissions”. Đây là paraphrase của đáp án C về “unfair penalties on nations with minimal historical emissions”.

Câu 32: C – trade competitiveness through various mechanisms

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Sentence Endings
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “The carbon intensity of production and transportation is increasingly influencing trade competitiveness through both market mechanisms and policy interventions.” Ending C là paraphrase chính xác.

Câu 37: border carbon adjustments

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: adjustments, proposed, address, competitive impact, carbon pricing
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, cuối đoạn
• Giải thích: “This concern has prompted discussions about border carbon adjustments (BCAs), which would impose tariffs on imports”. BCAs chính là loại adjustment được propose để address competitive impacts của các carbon pricing policies khác nhau.

Câu 40: governance systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: two parallel systems, coordination failures, climate-trade
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “Climate policy is primarily coordinated through the UNFCCC… while trade policy operates under the WTO… These parallel governance systems interact imperfectly, creating potential conflicts and coordination failures.” Từ cần tìm là “governance systems” (không vượt quá 3 từ).

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
profound impact	noun phrase	/prəˈfaʊnd ˈɪmpækt/	tác động sâu sắc	having a profound impact on the global trade	have/make a profound impact on
offset	verb	/ˈɒfset/	bù đắp, cân bằng	this advantage is offset by challenges	offset by, offset the impact
heat stress	noun	/hiːt stres/	căng thẳng nhiệt	suffering from heat stress	suffer from heat stress
optimal range	noun phrase	/ˈɒptɪməl reɪndʒ/	phạm vi tối ưu	temperatures exceed the optimal range	exceed/within the optimal range
extreme weather events	noun phrase	/ɪkˈstriːm ˈweðə ɪˈvents/	các hiện tượng thời tiết cực đoan	frequency of extreme weather events	frequency/intensity of extreme weather events
fluctuations	noun	/ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃənz/	sự biến động	these fluctuations in supply	fluctuations in supply/demand/price
instability	noun	/ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/	sự bất ổn	create instability in international markets	create/cause instability
irrigation systems	noun phrase	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃən ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống tưới tiêu	depend on irrigation systems	depend on/install irrigation systems
resistant crop varieties	noun phrase	/rɪˈzɪstənt krɒp vəˈraɪətiz/	các giống cây trồng kháng	invest in resistant crop varieties	develop/invest in resistant varieties
sustainability	noun	/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/	tính bền vững	provisions related to sustainability	environmental sustainability, promote sustainability
economic implications	noun phrase	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃənz/	hệ quả kinh tế	economic implications are substantial	economic/political implications
competitive advantage	noun phrase	/kəmˈpetɪtɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/	lợi thế cạnh tranh	lose their competitive advantage	gain/lose/maintain competitive advantage

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intricate web	noun phrase	/ˈɪntrɪkət web/	mạng lưới phức tạp	intricate web of global supply chains	intricate web of connections/relationships
climate-related disruptions	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈleɪtɪd dɪsˈrʌpʃənz/	gián đoạn liên quan khí hậu	vulnerable to climate-related disruptions	climate-related risks/impacts/disruptions
just-in-time inventory	noun phrase	/dʒʌst ɪn taɪm ˈɪnvəntri/	hàng tồn kho đúng lúc	adopting just-in-time inventory systems	just-in-time delivery/production
cascading effects	noun phrase	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ ɪˈfekts/	hiệu ứng dây chuyền	can have cascading effects	cascading effects/consequences
resilient supply chain	noun phrase	/rɪˈzɪliənt səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng có khả năng phục hồi	resilient supply chain strategies	build/develop resilient supply chains
diversification	noun	/daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/	sự đa dạng hóa	diversification of suppliers	diversification of products/suppliers
advanced forecasting	noun phrase	/ədˈvɑːnst ˈfɔːkɑːstɪŋ/	dự báo tiên tiến	investing in advanced forecasting systems	advanced forecasting techniques/systems
payload capacity	noun phrase	/ˈpeɪləʊd kəˈpæsəti/	trọng tải	decreases payload capacity	reduce/increase payload capacity
coastal defenses	noun phrase	/ˈkəʊstəl dɪˈfensɪz/	phòng thủ ven biển	overwhelm coastal defenses	strengthen/improve coastal defenses
cold chain	noun phrase	/kəʊld tʃeɪn/	chuỗi lạnh	any disruption to the cold chain	maintain/break the cold chain
nearshoring	noun	/ˈnɪəʃɔːrɪŋ/	đưa sản xuất về gần	nearshoring production	nearshoring strategy/operations
redundant capacity	noun phrase	/rɪˈdʌndənt kəˈpæsəti/	công suất dự phòng	investing in redundant capacity	build/maintain redundant capacity
ESG criteria	noun phrase	/iː es dʒiː kraɪˈtɪəriə/	tiêu chí môi trường-xã hội-quản trị	Environmental, Social, and Governance criteria	meet/assess ESG criteria
climate-resilient infrastructure	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliənt ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə/	cơ sở hạ tầng chống chịu khí hậu	interest in climate-resilient infrastructure	invest in/build climate-resilient infrastructure
temperature-controlled logistics	noun phrase	/ˈtemprətʃə kənˈtrəʊld ləˈdʒɪstɪks/	logistics kiểm soát nhiệt độ	require temperature-controlled logistics	temperature-controlled storage/transport

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nexus	noun	/ˈneksəs/	mối liên hệ, nút thắt	nexus between climate change and trade	nexus between/of
macro-economic transformations	noun phrase	/ˈmækrəʊ ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃənz/	chuyển đổi kinh tế vĩ mô	macro-economic transformations	undergo macro-economic transformations
multifaceted relationship	noun phrase	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/	mối quan hệ đa diện	this multifaceted relationship	multifaceted approach/nature
comparative advantage	noun phrase	/kəmˈpærətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/	lợi thế so sánh	comparative advantage is being recalibrated	have/gain/lose comparative advantage
factor endowments	noun phrase	/ˈfæktə ɪnˈdaʊmənts/	các yếu tố phú quỹ	determined by factor endowments	factor endowments theory
spatial redistribution	noun phrase	/ˈspeɪʃəl ˌriːdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/	phân bổ lại không gian	spatial redistribution of economic activity	spatial redistribution/distribution
carbon intensity	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ɪnˈtensəti/	cường độ carbon	carbon intensity of production	reduce/measure carbon intensity
emissions trading systems	noun phrase	/ɪˈmɪʃənz ˈtreɪdɪŋ ˈsɪstəmz/	hệ thống giao dịch khí thải	through emissions trading systems	implement emissions trading systems
carbon leakage	noun phrase	/ˈkɑːbən ˈliːkɪdʒ/	rò rỉ carbon	phenomenon known as carbon leakage	prevent/address carbon leakage
border carbon adjustments	noun phrase	/ˈbɔːdə ˈkɑːbən əˈdʒʌstmənts/	điều chỉnh carbon biên giới	discussions about border carbon adjustments	implement/propose border carbon adjustments
contentious frontier	noun phrase	/kənˈtenʃəs frʌnˈtɪə/	lĩnh vực gây tranh cãi	represents a contentious frontier	contentious issue/debate
level playing field	idiom	/ˈlevəl ˈpleɪɪŋ fiːld/	sân chơi bình đẳng	maintain a level playing field	create/ensure a level playing field
protectionist barriers	noun phrase	/prəˈtekʃənɪst ˈbæriəz/	rào cản bảo hộ	constitute protectionist barriers	erect/remove protectionist barriers
green protectionism	noun phrase	/ɡriːn prəˈtekʃənɪzəm/	chủ nghĩa bảo hộ xanh	concept of green protectionism	green protectionism measures
climate-induced migration	noun phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ɪnˈdjuːst maɪˈɡreɪʃən/	di cư do khí hậu	climate-induced migration	climate-induced displacement/migration
demographic shifts	noun phrase	/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk ʃɪfts/	thay đổi nhân khẩu	demographic shifts resulting from	demographic shifts/changes/trends
dematerialization	noun	/ˌdiːməˌtɪəriəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/	phi vật chất hóa	enabling dematerialization of products	dematerialization of services
sectoral heterogeneity	noun phrase	/sekˈtɔːrəl ˌhetərədʒəˈniːəti/	tính không đồng nhất ngành	sectoral heterogeneity deserves emphasis	sectoral heterogeneity/differences
coordination failures	noun phrase	/kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən ˈfeɪljəz/	thất bại phối hợp	creating coordination failures	avoid/overcome coordination failures
policy coherence	noun phrase	/ˈpɒləsi kəʊˈhɪərəns/	tính mạch lạc chính sách	policy coherence from governments	ensure/promote policy coherence

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How Does Climate Change Impact International Trade?” không chỉ là một trong những topic phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh các vấn đề toàn cầu cấp thiết hiện nay. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được tiếp cận với:

• Passage 1 giới thiệu những tác động cơ bản của biến đổi khí hậu lên nông nghiệp và thương mại, phù hợp với band 5.0-6.5
• Passage 2 đi sâu vào vấn đề gián đoạn chuỗi cung ứng với vocabulary học thuật phong phú hơn, phù hợp band 6.0-7.5
• Passage 3 phân tích các khía cạnh kinh tế vĩ mô với ngôn ngữ chuyên ngành cao cấp, phù hợp band 7.0-9.0

Đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp 40 câu hỏi hoàn chỉnh thuộc 7 dạng khác nhau: Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Yes/No/Not Given, Matching Information, Sentence Completion, Matching Headings/Sentence Endings, và Short-answer Questions. Mỗi dạng đều có kỹ thuật làm bài riêng mà bạn cần nắm vững.

Đáp án chi tiết với giải thích vị trí và phương pháp paraphrase giúp bạn không chỉ biết câu trả lời đúng mà còn hiểu tại sao đó là đáp án chính xác. Đây là chìa khóa để cải thiện band điểm Reading của bạn.

Hơn 50 từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo passage với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật, đặc biệt về các chủ đề environment, economy và international relations – những topic thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS.

Để tận dụng tối đa đề thi này, hãy:

1. Làm bài trong điều kiện thi thật (60 phút, không tra từ điển)
2. Chấm điểm và phân tích những câu sai để hiểu lỗi sai
3. Học từ vựng theo ngữ cảnh, không học thuộc lòng riêng lẻ
4. Luyện lại các dạng câu hỏi bạn còn yếu
5. Đọc lại passages để cải thiện reading speed và comprehension

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới! Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading đến từ sự luyện tập đều đặn và chiến lược làm bài thông minh, không chỉ dựa vào trình độ tiếng Anh tổng quát.