IELTS Reading: How does renewable energy adoption affect national economies? – Đề thi mẫu có đáp án chi tiết

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Chủ đề How Does Renewable Energy Adoption Affect National Economies? đang thu hút sự quan tâm lớn vì gắn với xu hướng chuyển dịch năng lượng toàn cầu. Trong IELTS Reading, các bài đọc về năng lượng sạch, kinh tế xanh, và tác động vĩ mô xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên dưới dạng bài báo khoa học, phân tích chính sách, hoặc case study. Bài viết này giúp bạn luyện tập chuyên sâu với một đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh xoay quanh câu hỏi How does renewable energy adoption affect national economies? để hiểu cách đọc – hiểu – phân tích – suy luận dạng nội dung học thuật.

Bạn sẽ nhận được:

• 3 passages theo độ khó tăng dần (Easy → Medium → Hard)
• Dạng câu hỏi đa dạng, sát đề thi thật
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích, từ vựng học thuật và kỹ thuật làm bài
• Phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, muốn nâng kỹ năng đọc học thuật và quản lý thời gian

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1. Hướng dẫn làm bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

• Thời gian: 60 phút cho 3 passages
• Tổng số câu hỏi: 40 câu
• Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
  • Passage 1: 15-17 phút
  • Passage 2: 18-20 phút
  • Passage 3: 23-25 phút

Mẹo nhanh:

• Skim tiêu đề, đoạn đầu và câu chủ đề
• Scan từ khóa đã paraphrase
• Gạch chân tên riêng, số liệu, thuật ngữ
• Trả lời theo thứ tự xuất hiện của thông tin trong bài

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

• Multiple Choice
• True/False/Not Given; Yes/No/Not Given
• Matching Headings
• Matching Information/Matching Features
• Sentence Completion
• Summary/Note Completion
• Short-answer Questions

Tác động năng lượng tái tạo tới nền kinh tế và IELTS Reading strategies

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Everyday Economics of Clean Power

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Renewable energy is often discussed in global terms, but its economic effects begin at the local level. When a country installs more solar panels or wind turbines, it reduces its exposure to volatile fuel prices and creates jobs in planning, installation, and maintenance. These changes may seem small in the short term, yet they can add up across regions and industries. The question is not only environmental: it is economic. How does adopting renewables reshape a nation’s costs, incomes, and stability?

First, there is employment. Solar installers and wind technicians are among the fastest-growing occupations in several countries. A single wind farm employs planners, engineers, and electricians, while also engaging truck drivers, steel suppliers, and local restaurants. Because many tasks are performed near the project site, money circulates within the community. In economics, this is sometimes called a multiplier effect—when one job leads to other jobs as wages are spent locally. While fossil fuel sectors also create employment, renewable projects often spread benefits more widely across rural and suburban areas.

Second, costs are changing. The price of solar and wind power has fallen dramatically over the past decade, thanks to learning-by-doing, larger factories, and better technology. Although the upfront cost of building a wind farm can be high, the fuel—wind—is free. As a result, once built, renewables tend to have predictable operating costs. For households and businesses, this means less risk from sudden fuel price spikes. Governments can further support these trends through auctions, tax incentives, or feed-in tariffs, which provide certainty to investors.

Third, energy security improves when a country depends less on imported fuels. Nations that previously spent a large share of their budgets on oil and gas imports may find their trade balance improves as renewables expand. For small island states, where shipping fuel is expensive, solar panels can lower electricity costs and keep more money onshore. The change is not only financial; it can also reduce vulnerability to geopolitical events that disrupt fossil fuel supply.

Communities also see direct benefits. Farmers can lease land for wind turbines and receive steady payments, diversifying their income. Towns might collect new tax revenues, funding schools and infrastructure. Small businesses near construction sites see more customers. In some regions, renewable projects even become points of local pride, signaling a forward-looking identity that can attract tourism and talent.

However, challenges remain. Sun and wind are intermittent; they do not produce power at the same level every hour. Grids must be upgraded to manage the variability, using flexible power plants, storage, or better transmission lines. In the short run, electricity prices may dip during sunny or windy periods and rise at other times. Yet, as more storage and smarter grids are added, the system can balance itself more effectively. Importantly, policymakers must plan for workers in fossil fuel industries by offering retraining and support.

Country experiences vary. Denmark has developed a strong wind industry, exporting turbines and expertise. Morocco expanded solar power to cut fuel imports and increase energy independence. In both cases, renewable adoption affected national economies through lower import bills, job creation, and technology transfer. While each nation faces unique constraints, the basic economic pathways—jobs, costs, and security—are broadly similar.

In short, renewables do not only clean the air; they also reshape how money moves within a country. They can lower long-term energy costs, stabilize budgets, and create local jobs—provided that grids are modernized and policies are designed to include workers in transition. For many nations, the economic argument for clean power is now as compelling as the environmental one.

Lưu ý: Từ vựng quan trọng đã được làm đậm để hỗ trợ luyện đọc.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. What is presented as the starting point of economic effects from renewables?
   A. Global trade policy
   B. Local-level changes
   C. International finance
   D. Fossil fuel subsidies

2. The “multiplier effect” refers to
   A. the declining cost of turbines
   B. jobs created in distant cities
   C. additional jobs stimulated by spending
   D. higher taxes on fossil fuels

3. What is highlighted as free once a wind farm is built?
   A. Maintenance
   B. Fuel
   C. Transmission
   D. Insurance

4. Which policy tool provides certainty to investors?
   A. Carbon taxes
   B. Feed-in tariffs
   C. Quotas on imports
   D. Fuel rebates

Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage?
Write True, False or Not Given.

5. Renewable projects mostly concentrate benefits in major cities.
6. Importing fuel is particularly costly for some island countries.
7. Renewable energy always lowers electricity prices at all times of day.
8. Denmark has focused on exporting wind-related products.
9. The passage argues that environmental benefits are more important than economic ones.

Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Households and businesses face less risk from sudden __ when using renewables.
11. Farmers can earn money by __ their land for turbines.
12. Policymakers should support workers in transition through __.
13. Morocco expanded solar power to reduce __.

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PASSAGE 2 – Macroeconomic Channels of a Green Transition

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

[A] The macroeconomic effects of renewable energy adoption operate through multiple channels. At the most basic level, expanding clean electricity requires investment in generation, grids, and storage. Such investment raises demand in the short run and increases the economy’s productive capacity in the long run. As learning curves steepen, unit costs decline, creating a feedback loop in which lower prices stimulate further uptake. These dynamics reflect a blend of capital deepening and technological progress.

[B] Finance plays a decisive role. Green bonds, concessional loans, and public guarantees can lower the cost of capital, which is crucial because renewables are capital-intensive—they need more spending upfront and less on fuel later. When financial conditions are favorable, private firms enter the market aggressively, and complementary sectors—from power electronics to software—benefit. The quality of jobs also matters: durable, high-skilled positions in engineering and operations can anchor a regional workforce.

[C] Competitiveness is another channel. Countries that specialize in solar modules, batteries, or wind components can develop export strength and global market share. China’s rise in solar manufacturing, for instance, illustrates how scale and logistics reduce costs. Germany’s Energiewende shows how stable domestic demand can support a supplier ecosystem. When policy creates a credible long-term signal—through auctions, standards, or carbon pricing—firms face less uncertainty, and investment is “crowded in,” not pushed out.

[D] Electricity prices, however, shape distributional outcomes. Energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries may be sensitive to price spikes, while households with low incomes may need protection from volatility. Policy design is therefore critical: revenue recycling from carbon pricing can be used to cut payroll taxes or fund targeted rebates, without undermining the emissions signal. In the presence of large shares of variable renewables, the merit-order effect can depress wholesale prices at certain hours, but network charges and retail contracts determine what consumers actually pay.

[E] Grid integration sets practical limits. As the share of wind and solar climbs, systems require flexibility—interconnectors, demand response, utility-scale storage, and advanced forecasting. Curtailment—when available wind or solar is not accepted by the grid—can raise costs and undercut returns. Yet experience shows that planning and digitalization improve utilization. The right market design values flexibility services, aligning private profits with system needs.

[F] Regional dynamics deserve attention. Areas dependent on fossil extraction face risks of stranded assets and job losses. A credible “just transition” strategy invests in skills, infrastructure, and entrepreneurship, linking old strengths to new opportunities. The aim is not to abandon legacy regions but to repurpose capabilities—for instance, converting turbine factories to produce components for offshore wind, or retraining geologists for geothermal projects.

[G] Over time, innovation spillovers accumulate. Patents in power electronics, grid software, and materials science can diffuse across sectors, raising productivity even outside energy. Economies that sequence policies—starting with deployment, adding research support, and refining market rules—tend to capture more learning benefits. Nonetheless, critical minerals and supply-chain governance pose new challenges, from environmental safeguards to price volatility.

[H] In sum, national economies experience a complex mix of short-term investment boosts and long-term structural shifts. Outcomes depend on finance, policy credibility, industrial strengths, and how effectively systems integrate variable supply. The transition is neither costless nor chaotic; it is a managed reallocation that can raise resilience and competitiveness if executed with foresight.

Lưu ý: Đã làm đậm từ vựng học thuật và cấu trúc phức tạp.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer?
Write Yes, No or Not Given.

14. Lower capital costs can accelerate private investment in renewables.
15. Germany’s Energiewende succeeded mainly because of cheap labor.
16. Retail consumers always benefit directly from the merit-order effect.
17. A just transition means relocating people away from legacy regions.
18. Policy sequencing can increase the benefits captured from learning.

Questions 19-23
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, next to paragraphs B-F.

List of Headings
i. Protecting households and industry from price shocks
ii. The role of finance in a capital-intensive sector
iii. Why market design determines value
iv. Building export strength through industrial policy
v. Innovation that spreads beyond energy
vi. Managing regional shifts in employment
vii. The importance of storage capacity
viii. How policy clarity reduces uncertainty
ix. The risk of stranded assets

19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F

Questions 24-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Summary
The macroeconomic impact of renewables includes short-run investment demand and long-run productivity growth supported by steepening 24 __. Because projects are 25 __, lowering financing costs is crucial. Effective policy 26 __ can “crowd in” private investment by reducing uncertainty.

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PASSAGE 3 – General Equilibrium, Path Dependence, and Green Competitiveness

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

In textbook terms, energy is an input into almost every sector, so altering its price, volatility, and carbon content has system-wide consequences. When nations adopt renewables at scale, effects propagate through general equilibrium: households adjust consumption; firms reconfigure production; and governments recalibrate taxes, subsidies, and trade policy. What begins as a shift in the power mix becomes a reallocation of capital and labor, a re-weighting of comparative advantage, and a test of institutional capacity.

Consider the interplay between prices and investment. Variable renewables exert a “merit-order” influence, pushing higher-cost generators out of the dispatch stack during sunny or windy hours, sometimes producing negative wholesale prices. This dynamic encourages flexible assets—storage, demand response, and fast-ramping plants—but can undermine the economics of inflexible capacity. Hence, markets experiment with capacity mechanisms and long-term contracts to ensure adequacy. The distribution of costs and benefits is sensitive to contract design; poorly aligned incentives can yield underinvestment, while well-structured auctions accelerate build-out.

Path dependence complicates the trajectory. Countries with robust engineering bases, ports, and grid operators can mobilize offshore wind more rapidly, not merely because of resources but because of institutional routines and supply-chain depth. Learning-by-doing drives down costs, but learning itself depends on cumulative deployment and coordinated standards. In other words, dynamic comparative advantage can be created, not just inherited. This is why industrial policy—if transparent, time-bound, and competition-friendly—can catalyze clusters rather than entrench rent-seeking.

Innovation spillovers extend the reach of energy policy. Advances in materials enable lighter blades; power electronics improve grid stability; digital twins refine maintenance. These capabilities diffuse to unrelated sectors, from shipping to data centers, thereby raising total factor productivity. Crucially, innovation has an option value: investing today opens technological pathways that cannot be foreseen ex ante. Countries that internalize this logic treat early deployment as a strategic bet on future competitiveness.

Distributional and geopolitical considerations are unavoidable. Fossil-dependent regions face stranded assets and identity shocks; they require credible transition compacts combining income support, retraining, and place-based investment. On the external front, critical minerals reshape interdependence. Concentration of processing capacity elevates supply risk, motivating diversification, recycling, and standards for environmental and labor practices. Trade policy responds: carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) attempt to equalize carbon costs, though their design must remain WTO-consistent to avoid disputes.

Modeling the macroeconomic effects is difficult because the economy is not static. Input-output tables capture inter-industry linkages, yet they struggle with technological discontinuities and endogenous policy responses. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models incorporate behavioral reactions, but results hinge on elasticities, expectations, and the path of innovation. Empirically, researchers triangulate: they measure the merit-order effect on prices, estimate job multipliers in supply chains, and track export dynamics in emerging clusters. No single method suffices; synthesis is required.

Productivity effects emerge over horizons longer than electoral cycles. If renewables push down the long-run marginal cost of electricity and stabilize volatility, they can unlock electrification of transport, heating, and industry, thereby reducing exposure to fossil fuel shocks. Firms then invest in electrified processes, from heat pumps to electric arc furnaces. The resulting ecosystem—grids, software, manufacturing—feeds back into learning, generating a structural decline in energy intensity. The transition is thus not merely a swap of fuels but a re-architecture of production.

Policy sequencing and credibility determine who captures rents. First movers can lock in standards and platforms, shaping global markets to their advantage. However, excess protectionism risks inefficiency and retaliation. The art lies in combining open markets with strategic support: technology-neutral auctions for deployment; mission-oriented R&D; and social policies that internalize adjustment costs rather than denying them. When done well, countries transform climate policy from a constraint into a source of green competitiveness.

In conclusion, the economic question—How does renewable energy adoption affect national economies?—cannot be answered by a single metric. It affects prices and volatility; investment and innovation; regions and trade balances. The distribution of outcomes reflects the quality of institutions and the coherence of policy. Put differently, renewables are a lever; whether they raise prosperity depends on how the system is built around them.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. The passage suggests that negative wholesale prices are mainly a result of
    A. weak demand across the economy
    B. inflexible fossil generators retiring
    C. variable renewables saturating supply at certain hours
    D. excessive subsidies for consumers

28. Capacity mechanisms are introduced in order to
    A. eliminate merit-order effects
    B. guarantee sufficient firm capacity
    C. reduce household electricity bills directly
    D. support coal-fired plants

29. Path dependence implies that
    A. only natural resources determine energy strategy outcomes
    B. institutions and accumulated capabilities shape deployment
    C. policy has little effect on industrial clustering
    D. rent-seeking is unavoidable in renewable sectors

30. The option value of innovation means that
    A. only mature technologies should be funded
    B. future benefits of current R&D are exactly knowable
    C. early investments create unforeseen opportunities later
    D. patents automatically raise productivity

31. According to the passage, CGE model results depend heavily on
    A. political ideology
    B. assumed elasticities and innovation paths
    C. international conflict
    D. historical fuel prices alone

Questions 32-36
Match the concepts with their descriptions.
Choose the correct letter, A-G, for Questions 32-36.

List of concepts
i. Merit-order effect
ii. Capacity mechanisms
iii. Stranded assets
iv. Carbon border adjustment (CBAM)
v. Total factor productivity

Descriptions
A. A trade tool designed to equalize carbon costs at the border
B. An increase in output not explained by more inputs alone
C. The displacement of high-cost generators by lower-marginal-cost supply
D. Compensation schemes for redundant workers in mining
E. Payments or markets that ensure adequate firm capacity
F. Assets that lose economic value due to structural change
G. A metric for grid reliability under stress

32. i
33. ii
34. iii
35. iv
36. v

Questions 37-40
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. Which kinds of assets may face “identity shocks” in fossil-dependent regions?
38. What kind of consistency must CBAMs maintain to avoid disputes?
39. Name one method researchers use to measure price impacts.
40. What long-run characteristic of electricity may renewables push down?

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3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. fuel price spikes
11. leasing
12. retraining
13. fuel imports

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. Yes
15. No
16. No
17. No
18. Yes
19. ii
20. iv
21. i
22. iii
23. vi
24. learning curves
25. capital-intensive
26. credibility

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. C
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. B
32. C
33. E
34. F
35. A
36. B
37. stranded assets
38. WTO-consistent
39. merit-order effect
40. long-run marginal cost

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4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: starting point, economic effects
• Vị trí: Đoạn 1, câu 1-2
• Giải thích: “economic effects begin at the local level” → B. Không nói về chính sách toàn cầu (A) hay tài chính quốc tế (C), trợ cấp (D).

Câu 2: C

• Dạng: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: multiplier effect
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Được định nghĩa là “one job leads to other jobs as wages are spent locally”.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: free once built
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “the fuel—wind—is free”.

Câu 4: B

• Dạng: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: policy tool, certainty
• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “feed-in tariffs… provide certainty to investors”.

Câu 5: False

• Từ khóa: concentrate benefits in major cities
• Vị trí: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Bài nêu lợi ích lan tỏa ở nông thôn/ngoại ô.

Câu 6: True

• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Island states face expensive shipping → solar lowers costs.

Câu 7: False

• Vị trí: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: Giá có thể xuống/lên tùy giờ; không “always”.

Câu 8: True

• Vị trí: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “Denmark… exporting turbines and expertise.”

Câu 9: False

• Vị trí: Đoạn cuối
• Giải thích: Lập luận kinh tế “as compelling as” môi trường → không nói môi trường quan trọng hơn.

Câu 10: fuel price spikes

• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “less risk from sudden fuel price spikes”.

Câu 11: leasing

• Vị trí: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “Farmers can lease land…”.

Câu 12: retraining

• Vị trí: Đoạn 5
• Giải thích: “offering retraining and support.”

Câu 13: fuel imports

• Vị trí: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “cut fuel imports”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: Yes

• Vị trí: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Hạ chi phí vốn → doanh nghiệp vào thị trường mạnh mẽ.

Câu 15: No

• Vị trí: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Thành công do nhu cầu nội địa ổn định và tín hiệu chính sách, không phải “cheap labor”.

Câu 16: No

• Vị trí: Đoạn D
• Giải thích: Merit-order giảm giá wholesale theo giờ; retail còn phụ thuộc network charges/contract.

Câu 17: No

• Vị trí: Đoạn F
• Giải thích: Không “relocating people away”; mục tiêu là tái định vị năng lực địa phương.

Câu 18: Yes

• Vị trí: Đoạn G
• Giải thích: “Economies that sequence policies… capture more learning benefits.”

Câu 19: ii

• Đoạn B: Vai trò tài chính trong ngành capital-intensive.

Câu 20: iv

• Đoạn C: Năng lực xuất khẩu, thị phần, chính sách công nghiệp.

Câu 21: i

• Đoạn D: Bảo vệ hộ gia đình/ngành trước cú sốc giá.

Câu 22: iii

• Đoạn E: Market design định giá dịch vụ linh hoạt.

Câu 23: vi

• Đoạn F: Quản trị dịch chuyển khu vực, việc làm.

Câu 24: learning curves

• Đoạn A: “As learning curves steepen…”

Câu 25: capital-intensive

• Đoạn B: “renewables are capital-intensive”.

Câu 26: credibility

• Đoạn C: “credible long-term signal…”

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: C

• Vị trí: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Biến động do nguồn tái tạo dư thừa theo giờ.

Câu 28: B

• Vị trí: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: Đảm bảo adequacy của công suất “firm”.

Câu 29: B

• Vị trí: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: Năng lực thể chế và chuỗi cung ứng quyết định nhờ path dependence.

Câu 30: C

• Vị trí: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “option value” → cơ hội chưa thể dự báo trước.

Câu 31: B

• Vị trí: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: CGE phụ thuộc elasticities, expectations, innovation path.

Câu 32-36:

• i → C: merit-order loại phần phát điện chi phí cao.
• ii → E: cơ chế công suất đảm bảo adequacy.
• iii → F: tài sản kẹt giá trị.
• iv → A: công cụ biên giới carbon.
• v → B: năng suất nhân tố tổng hợp.

Câu 37: stranded assets

• Vị trí: Đoạn 5

Câu 38: WTO-consistent

• Vị trí: Đoạn 5

Câu 39: merit-order effect

• Vị trí: Đoạn 6

Câu 40: long-run marginal cost

• Vị trí: Đoạn 7

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5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
exposure	n	/ɪkˈspoʊʒər/	mức độ phơi nhiễm, chịu tác động	reduces its exposure to volatile fuel prices	exposure to risk
volatile	adj	/ˈvɑːlətl/	biến động mạnh	volatile fuel prices	volatile prices
add up	v	/ˌæd ˈʌp/	cộng dồn	they can add up across regions	add up across
multiplier effect	n	/ˈmʌltɪˌplaɪər ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng số nhân	this is called a multiplier effect	employment multiplier
learning-by-doing	n	/ˌlɜːrnɪŋ baɪ ˈduːɪŋ/	học qua thực hành	thanks to learning-by-doing	learning curve
feed-in tariff	n	/ˌfiːd ɪn ˈtærɪf/	biểu giá ưu đãi đầu vào	feed-in tariffs provide certainty	guaranteed feed-in tariff
trade balance	n	/ˈtreɪd ˈbæləns/	cán cân thương mại	improves its trade balance	improve trade balance
vulnerability	n	/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/	dễ tổn thương	reduce vulnerability to events	vulnerability to shocks
intermittent	adj	/ˌɪntərˈmɪtənt/	gián đoạn	sun and wind are intermittent	intermittent supply
storage	n	/ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/	lưu trữ	add more storage and smarter grids	energy storage
technology transfer	n	/tɛkˈnɑːlədʒi ˈtrænsfɜːr/	chuyển giao công nghệ	exporting turbines and technology transfer	transfer of technology
forward-looking	adj	/ˈfɔːrwərd ˌlʊkɪŋ/	hướng về tương lai	a forward-looking identity	forward-looking policy

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
learning curve	n	/ˈlɜːrnɪŋ kɜːrv/	đường học tập/kinh nghiệm	As learning curves steepen	steep learning curve
capital deepening	n	/ˈkæpɪtl ˈdiːpənɪŋ/	tăng tích lũy vốn	blend of capital deepening	capital deepening effect
capital-intensive	adj	/ˈkæpɪtl ɪnˈtensɪv/	thâm dụng vốn	renewables are capital-intensive	capital-intensive projects
power electronics	n	/ˈpaʊər ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪks/	điện tử công suất	from power electronics to software	advanced power electronics
market share	n	/ˈmɑːrkɪt ʃer/	thị phần	develop export strength and market share	gain market share
carbon pricing	n	/ˈkɑːrbən ˈpraɪsɪŋ/	định giá carbon	through carbon pricing	effective carbon pricing
revenue recycling	n	/ˈrevənjuː rɪˈsaɪklɪŋ/	tái phân phối nguồn thu	revenue recycling can cut taxes	recycling of revenues
merit-order effect	n	/ˈmerɪt ˈɔːrdər ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng ưu tiên chi phí	can depress wholesale prices	strong merit-order effect
utility-scale	adj	/juːˈtɪləti skeɪl/	quy mô tiện ích	utility-scale storage	utility-scale battery
market design	n	/ˈmɑːrkɪt dɪˈzaɪn/	thiết kế thị trường	the right market design	efficient market design
stranded assets	n	/ˈstrændɪd ˈæsets/	tài sản mắc kẹt	risks of stranded assets	stranded fossil assets
just transition	n	/dʒʌst trænˈzɪʃn/	chuyển dịch công bằng	a credible just transition	fund a just transition
sequence	v	/ˈsiːkwəns/	sắp xếp theo trình tự	economies that sequence policies	policy sequencing
spillover	n	/ˈspɪlˌoʊvər/	lan tỏa	innovation spillovers accumulate	positive spillovers
concessional loan	n	/kənˈseʃənl loʊn/	khoản vay ưu đãi	concessional loans can lower costs	concessional financing

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
general equilibrium	n	/ˈdʒenrəl ɪˈkwɪlɪbrɪəm/	cân bằng tổng quát	effects propagate through general equilibrium	general equilibrium model
re-weighting	n	/ˌriːˈweɪtɪŋ/	tái cân đối tỷ trọng	a re-weighting of comparative advantage	re-weighting of sectors
capacity mechanism	n	/kəˈpæsɪti ˈmekənɪzəm/	cơ chế công suất	markets experiment with capacity mechanisms	capacity market
underinvestment	n	/ˌʌndərɪnˈvestmənt/	đầu tư thiếu	poorly aligned incentives can yield underinvestment	chronic underinvestment
institutional routines	n	/ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənl ruːˈtiːnz/	thói quen thể chế	because of institutional routines	entrenched routines
rent-seeking	n	/ˈrent ˌsiːkɪŋ/	trục lợi chính sách	entrench rent-seeking	curb rent-seeking
total factor productivity	n	/ˈtoʊtl ˈfæktər ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvɪti/	năng suất nhân tố tổng hợp	raising total factor productivity	TFP growth
option value	n	/ˈɒpʃən ˈvæljuː/	giá trị lựa chọn	innovation has an option value	option value of R&D
stranded assets	n	/ˈstrændɪd ˈæsets/	tài sản mắc kẹt	regions face stranded assets	stranded infrastructure
WTO-consistent	adj	/ˌdʌbəljuː tiː oʊ kənˈsɪstənt/	phù hợp WTO	remain WTO-consistent	WTO-consistent design
computable general equilibrium (CGE)	n	/kəmˈpjuːtəbl/	mô hình Cân bằng tổng quát tính toán	CGE models incorporate behavior	CGE modeling
elasticity	n	/ˌiːlæˈstɪsɪti/	độ co giãn	results hinge on elasticities	demand elasticity
merit-order effect	n	/ˈmerɪt ˈɔːrdər ɪˈfekt/	hiệu ứng ưu tiên chi phí	measure the merit-order effect	strong merit-order effect
long-run marginal cost	n	/lɔːŋ rʌn ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəl kɒst/	chi phí biên dài hạn	push down long-run marginal cost	declining marginal cost
intensity	n	/ɪnˈtensɪti/	cường độ	structural decline in energy intensity	energy intensity
internalize	v	/ɪnˈtɜːrnəlaɪz/	nội hóa	internalize adjustment costs	internalize externalities
sequencing	n	/ˈsiːkwənsɪŋ/	trình tự hóa	policy sequencing and credibility	careful sequencing

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Kết bài

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