Mở Bài
Chủ đề về xe điện (electric vehicles – EVs) và sự chuyển đổi trong hệ thống giao thông toàn cầu đang trở thành một trong những đề tài nóng hổi và xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng bảo vệ môi trường và phát triển bền vững đang được quan tâm toàn cầu, các passages liên quan đến công nghệ xanh, giao thông thông minh và năng lượng tái tạo thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các đề thi IELTS chính thức.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn British Council và IDP, bao gồm độ khó tăng dần từ Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng dạng, đầy đủ đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể, hệ thống từ vựng quan trọng và các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả.
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc bài thi thực tế, nâng cao khả năng đọc hiểu học thuật và tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi. Hãy dành 60 phút để hoàn thành bài test này trong điều kiện như thi thật để đánh giá chính xác trình độ của mình.
Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Điểm thô (raw score) sau đó sẽ được quy đổi sang thang điểm band từ 1-9.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)
Lưu ý rằng bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thời gian riêng để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet như phần Listening. Hãy viết đáp án trực tiếp lên answer sheet trong khi làm bài.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Bộ đề thi này bao gồm đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến của tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thiện đoạn tóm tắt
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thiện câu
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Electric Vehicles
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The global transportation landscape is experiencing a revolutionary transformation with the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). What began as a niche market for environmentally conscious consumers has evolved into a mainstream movement that is reshaping how people think about personal and public transport. This shift represents not just a change in technology, but a fundamental rethinking of urban planning, energy infrastructure, and environmental responsibility.
The concept of electric vehicles is not entirely new. In fact, electric cars were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries before being overtaken by gasoline-powered vehicles. However, concerns about climate change, air pollution, and fossil fuel dependency have brought electric vehicles back into the spotlight. Modern EVs benefit from significant technological advances, particularly in battery technology, which have made them more practical and affordable for everyday use.
One of the most compelling advantages of electric vehicles is their environmental impact. Unlike traditional cars that burn fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases, EVs produce zero direct emissions. This is particularly important in urban areas where air quality has become a serious health concern. Cities like London, Paris, and Beijing have reported significant improvements in air quality in neighborhoods where EV adoption has been highest. A recent study showed that replacing just 30% of conventional vehicles with electric ones could reduce urban air pollution by up to 25%.
The economic benefits of electric vehicles are becoming increasingly clear as well. While the initial purchase price of an EV is often higher than a comparable gasoline car, the total cost of ownership is typically lower. Electric vehicles have fewer moving parts than traditional cars, which means less maintenance is required. There is no need for oil changes, and brake systems last longer due to regenerative braking technology. Additionally, electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline on a per-kilometer basis, leading to substantial savings over the vehicle’s lifetime.
Governments around the world are actively promoting EV adoption through various incentive programs. These include tax credits, reduced registration fees, access to carpool lanes, and free parking in city centers. Norway has been particularly successful, with electric vehicles accounting for over 80% of new car sales in 2023. The Norwegian government achieved this through a combination of incentives, including exemption from purchase taxes, reduced toll fees, and free charging at public stations. Other countries are following suit with their own programs designed to make EVs more attractive to consumers.
The development of charging infrastructure has been crucial to the growth of the electric vehicle market. Range anxiety – the fear of running out of battery power with no charging station nearby – was once a major barrier to EV adoption. However, this concern is rapidly diminishing as charging networks expand. In Europe, there are now over 300,000 public charging points, and this number is growing by approximately 30% annually. Fast-charging technology has also improved dramatically, with some systems now capable of adding 200 kilometers of range in just 15 minutes.
The automotive industry has responded to consumer demand and government regulations with an impressive array of new electric models. Major manufacturers like Tesla, Volkswagen, BMW, and BYD are investing billions of dollars in EV development. Tesla’s success has proven that electric vehicles can be both desirable and profitable, encouraging traditional automakers to accelerate their electrification plans. Many companies have announced plans to phase out internal combustion engines entirely within the next 10-20 years.
Public transportation is also experiencing an electric revolution. Cities worldwide are replacing their diesel bus fleets with electric buses, which are quieter, cleaner, and cheaper to operate. Shenzhen, China, has achieved the remarkable goal of having a completely electric bus fleet of over 16,000 vehicles. Electric trains and trams have long been part of urban transportation, but now electric ferries and even electric aircraft are in development, suggesting that the transformation extends beyond road vehicles.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
1. According to the passage, electric vehicles in the early 20th century were
A. more popular than gasoline vehicles
B. replaced by gasoline-powered vehicles
C. too expensive for most consumers
D. only used for public transportation
2. The main environmental advantage of electric vehicles is that they
A. use renewable energy sources
B. are made from recycled materials
C. produce no direct emissions
D. require less energy to manufacture
3. What does the passage say about the cost of owning an electric vehicle?
A. It is always more expensive than a gasoline car
B. It is cheaper overall despite higher initial costs
C. It depends entirely on government incentives
D. It is only affordable for wealthy consumers
4. Norway’s success with EV adoption was achieved through
A. banning gasoline vehicles completely
B. making electric vehicles mandatory
C. offering multiple types of incentives
D. providing free electric vehicles
5. Range anxiety refers to the concern about
A. the high cost of charging
B. running out of battery power
C. the speed of electric vehicles
D. finding parking spaces
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. Electric vehicles were invented in the late 19th century.
7. Replacing 30% of conventional vehicles with EVs could eliminate urban air pollution completely.
8. Electric vehicles require more frequent maintenance than gasoline cars.
9. All major automotive manufacturers have committed to stopping production of gasoline vehicles by 2030.
Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. Electric vehicles benefit from __ __ in battery technology that make them more practical.
11. Electric vehicles use __ __ technology that helps brake systems last longer.
12. In Europe, the number of public charging points grows by approximately __ annually.
13. Shenzhen, China, has converted its entire fleet of over 16,000 __ to electric power.
PASSAGE 2 – Infrastructure Challenges and Solutions
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The transition to electric vehicles represents one of the most significant infrastructural challenges facing modern societies. While the environmental and economic arguments for electrification are compelling, the practical implementation requires a comprehensive overhaul of existing energy and transportation systems. This transformation extends far beyond simply building more charging stations; it demands fundamental changes in how cities are designed, how power grids operate, and how energy is generated and distributed.
The electricity grid infrastructure in most countries was designed decades ago to handle predictable demand patterns, with peak usage typically occurring during business hours and early evening. The mass adoption of electric vehicles introduces a new and potentially disruptive variable into this equation. If millions of EV owners plug in their vehicles simultaneously after returning home from work, it could create unprecedented demand spikes that existing grids struggle to accommodate. This phenomenon, known as “peak demand clustering,” poses significant challenges for utility companies and grid operators.
Smart charging systems represent one of the most promising solutions to this challenge. These systems use sophisticated algorithms to optimize charging times based on grid capacity, electricity prices, and user preferences. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology takes this concept further by allowing electric vehicles to not only draw power from the grid but also supply power back during peak demand periods. Essentially, EV batteries can function as distributed energy storage systems, helping to stabilize the grid and integrate more renewable energy sources. A pilot program in the Netherlands demonstrated that a fleet of just 150 EVs using V2G technology could provide the same grid stabilization services as a traditional power plant.
The geographical distribution of charging infrastructure presents another complex challenge. Urban areas, with their high population density and relatively short travel distances, are naturally suited to electric vehicle adoption. However, rural and remote regions face significant obstacles. The lower population density makes it economically challenging to install sufficient charging points, yet the longer distances traveled by rural residents make adequate charging infrastructure even more critical. Some countries are addressing this through targeted investment programs that subsidize charging station installation in underserved areas, recognizing that equitable access to EV infrastructure is essential for widespread adoption.
Fast-charging corridors along major highways have emerged as a crucial component of long-distance EV travel infrastructure. These networks of high-power charging stations, typically spaced 50-100 kilometers apart, enable drivers to make long journeys with confidence. The development of ultra-fast charging technology, capable of delivering 350 kilowatts of power, has reduced charging times to levels approaching the convenience of traditional refueling stops. However, these high-power systems require substantial electrical infrastructure upgrades, including dedicated transformers and reinforced grid connections, which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars per installation.
The battery supply chain represents perhaps the most critical bottleneck in the electric vehicle revolution. Modern EV batteries rely heavily on materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. The extraction and processing of these materials raise significant environmental and ethical concerns, particularly regarding mining practices in developing countries. Furthermore, current global production capacity for these materials falls short of projected demand as EV adoption accelerates. The industry is responding through multiple strategies: developing alternative battery chemistries that use more abundant materials, improving recycling processes to recover valuable materials from old batteries, and investing in more sustainable mining practices.
Battery recycling itself is emerging as both a critical necessity and a significant business opportunity. Current EV batteries retain approximately 70-80% of their original capacity after their useful life in vehicles, making them suitable for “second-life” applications such as stationary energy storage. After this second phase, the batteries can be broken down and the valuable materials recovered. However, the recycling infrastructure is still in its early stages, and standardization of battery designs would greatly improve the efficiency and economics of recycling operations. Companies and research institutions are developing new recycling techniques that can recover up to 95% of battery materials, potentially creating a circular economy for EV batteries.
The integration of renewable energy with EV charging infrastructure offers synergistic benefits that could accelerate both the clean energy transition and electric vehicle adoption. Solar-powered charging stations can generate electricity on-site, reducing demand on the grid and providing clean energy directly to vehicles. When combined with battery storage systems, these stations can operate independently of the grid, providing charging services even during power outages. In California, several companies have deployed mobile solar-powered charging units that can be positioned at events or in areas with temporary high demand, demonstrating the flexibility of this approach.
Workplace charging has emerged as a particularly effective strategy for expanding EV infrastructure while alleviating pressure on residential grids. Since vehicles typically remain parked at workplaces for extended periods, they can charge slowly using less power, which is both cheaper and less stressful for the electrical system. Many companies view workplace charging as an attractive employee benefit that supports sustainability goals while requiring relatively modest investment. Studies suggest that access to workplace charging increases EV adoption rates by 15-20% among employees who might otherwise be deterred by limited home charging options.
Hệ thống sạc xe điện thông minh kết nối lưới điện với công nghệ Vehicle-to-Grid tại đô thị hiện đại
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. The existing electricity grid infrastructure is adequate for mass EV adoption without modifications.
15. Vehicle-to-grid technology could help integrate more renewable energy into the power system.
16. Rural areas have more advantages than urban areas for EV charging infrastructure development.
17. The current production of battery materials is insufficient to meet future EV demand.
18. All automotive companies have agreed on a standard battery design for recycling purposes.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
The passage has nine paragraphs (A-I). Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The promise of renewable energy integration
ii. Grid capacity concerns from simultaneous charging
iii. Workplace solutions for charging infrastructure
iv. Material scarcity and supply chain issues
v. Geographic inequality in charging access
vi. The business case for battery reuse
vii. Advanced charging management technologies
viii. Long-distance travel infrastructure requirements
19. Paragraph B
20. Paragraph C
21. Paragraph D
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph F
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Battery recycling is becoming increasingly important for the EV industry. After their use in vehicles, batteries still retain 70-80% capacity and can serve in 24. __ __ such as stationary energy storage. Advanced recycling techniques can now recover up to 25. __ of battery materials, potentially establishing a 26. __ __ for EV batteries. However, the current recycling infrastructure requires further development.
PASSAGE 3 – Socioeconomic Implications and Future Trajectories
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The proliferation of electric vehicles represents far more than a mere technological substitution; it constitutes a paradigmatic shift with profound socioeconomic ramifications that extend across multiple dimensions of contemporary society. As this transformation accelerates, it is catalyzing fundamental changes in employment patterns, urban design philosophies, energy market dynamics, and geopolitical power structures. Understanding these multifaceted implications is essential for policymakers, businesses, and citizens attempting to navigate the complex transition ahead.
The automotive industry, which has been a cornerstone of industrial economies for over a century, faces an existential transformation. Electric vehicles, with their fundamentally simpler mechanical architecture, require substantially fewer components than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. A conventional gasoline engine comprises approximately 2,000 moving parts, whereas an electric motor contains fewer than 20. This dramatic simplification has significant implications for manufacturing employment. Research suggests that the transition to EVs could result in the displacement of 20-30% of automotive manufacturing jobs in traditional automotive regions by 2035, as demand for components such as pistons, valves, fuel systems, and complex transmissions evaporates. However, this represents only part of the employment equation. New positions are simultaneously being created in battery manufacturing, software development, charging infrastructure installation, and related fields, though these jobs may not emerge in the same geographical locations or require identical skill sets to those being eliminated.
The ripple effects extend well beyond vehicle manufacturing. The fossil fuel industry, which has shaped geopolitical dynamics for the past century, confronts a gradual erosion of one of its primary markets. Transportation accounts for approximately 60% of global oil consumption, and the electrification of this sector poses an existential challenge to oil-dependent economies. Nations such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela, whose economies are heavily reliant on petroleum exports, are being compelled to diversify and reinvent their economic models. Conversely, countries with abundant lithium reserves, such as Australia, Chile, and Argentina, or those developing battery manufacturing capabilities, like China and South Korea, are positioned to gain strategic economic advantages in the emerging energy landscape.
The transformation of urban environments represents another profound dimension of the EV revolution. Traditional cities have been shaped by the demands of internal combustion vehicles, with substantial space dedicated to fueling stations, parking structures, and infrastructure to mitigate noise and air pollution. Electric vehicles, being inherently quieter and producing no local emissions, enable reimagining urban design in ways that prioritize pedestrian spaces, cycling infrastructure, and green areas. The reduced need for large-scale fueling infrastructure could free up valuable urban real estate for alternative purposes. Furthermore, the pairing of autonomous vehicle technology with electrification could revolutionize urban mobility even more dramatically, potentially reducing the need for private vehicle ownership and the associated parking infrastructure that currently consumes 30-50% of land area in many city centers.
The intersection of electric vehicles with autonomous driving technology and shared mobility services creates potential synergies that could fundamentally alter transportation paradigms. The convergence of these technologies points toward a future where vehicles are increasingly viewed as a service rather than a product – a shift from personal ownership to shared access. This transition could substantially reduce the total number of vehicles required, as studies suggest that autonomous shared EVs could replace up to ten privately owned vehicles while providing equivalent mobility services. Such a transformation would have cascading effects on industries ranging from insurance and parking to automotive financing and urban planning.
However, this ostensibly progressive vision is not without its problematic dimensions and potential equity concerns. The initial high cost of electric vehicles, despite decreasing, continues to make them less accessible to lower-income populations. This affordability gap risks creating a two-tier transportation system where affluent individuals benefit from clean, quiet, technologically advanced vehicles while economically disadvantaged communities remain dependent on aging, polluting ICE vehicles. Some urban planners and social scientists warn of emerging “mobility inequality” where premium electric and autonomous services cater primarily to wealthy urban cores while underserved communities lack access to either adequate public transportation or affordable private EV options.
The labor market disruptions associated with the EV transition raise questions about social equity and the distribution of costs and benefits. While new jobs are being created, they often require different skills and educational backgrounds than traditional automotive manufacturing positions. A factory worker who spent thirty years assembling engines may find limited transferability of their expertise to software engineering or battery chemistry. The geographic concentration of new opportunities may also differ substantially from current automotive manufacturing centers, requiring either significant internal migration or targeted regional economic development initiatives. Several European countries have implemented comprehensive “just transition” programs aimed at supporting affected workers and communities through retraining initiatives, unemployment support, and incentives for new industries to locate in affected regions.
The environmental credentials of electric vehicles, while generally superior to ICE vehicles, merit nuanced examination. The production of EV batteries is energy-intensive and currently generates significant carbon emissions, particularly when manufacturing occurs in regions where electricity generation relies heavily on coal. A comprehensive lifecycle analysis indicates that an EV must typically be driven 20,000-50,000 kilometers before its cumulative emissions (including manufacturing) fall below those of a comparable gasoline vehicle, with the exact break-even point depending on the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid. As electricity generation becomes cleaner and battery manufacturing processes improve, these advantages will become more pronounced, but the current reality is more complex than simplified narratives sometimes suggest.
Furthermore, the extraction of battery materials raises significant environmental and social concerns. Lithium mining can consume substantial water resources, which is particularly problematic in arid regions like the Atacama Desert in Chile, where mining operations compete with local agriculture and communities for scarce water. Cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo has been associated with child labor and hazardous working conditions. These ethical dimensions have prompted increased scrutiny from consumers, investors, and regulatory bodies, pushing the industry toward more sustainable and ethical sourcing practices. Some manufacturers are responding by developing cobalt-free battery chemistries or implementing blockchain-based supply chain tracking to ensure ethical sourcing.
The temporal dynamics of the EV transition also warrant careful consideration. While the pace of change has been remarkable, with global EV sales growing at over 40% annually, the complete transformation of the vehicle fleet is a decades-long process. Given that the average vehicle lifespan exceeds 15 years in developed countries and can reach 20-30 years in developing nations, substantial numbers of ICE vehicles will remain operational for decades even if all new vehicle sales were electric tomorrow. This transitional period requires maintaining parallel infrastructure systems for both electric and conventional vehicles, creating additional costs and planning complexity. It also means that the environmental benefits will accumulate gradually rather than appearing immediately.
Ảnh hưởng kinh tế xã hội của xe điện đến đô thị tương lai với không gian xanh và cơ sở hạ tầng thông minh
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
27. According to the passage, electric motors contain
A. the same number of parts as gasoline engines
B. approximately 2,000 moving parts
C. fewer than 20 moving parts
D. more parts than traditional engines but they are simpler
28. The transition to EVs could result in job displacement primarily because
A. electric vehicles are less popular than gasoline cars
B. EVs have a simpler mechanical structure requiring fewer components
C. workers lack the education to work with electric vehicles
D. automotive companies are moving production overseas
29. Countries with significant oil exports are being forced to
A. increase their oil production capacity
B. ban electric vehicles in their territories
C. diversify and transform their economic structures
D. form alliances with battery manufacturers
30. The passage suggests that autonomous shared EVs could
A. completely eliminate the need for public transportation
B. replace approximately ten privately owned vehicles
C. only be available to wealthy consumers
D. make urban parking more necessary than before
31. According to lifecycle analysis, an electric vehicle’s cumulative emissions become lower than a gasoline vehicle after driving
A. exactly 20,000 kilometers
B. more than 100,000 kilometers
C. between 20,000 and 50,000 kilometers
D. less than 10,000 kilometers
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match each statement (32-36) with the correct concern (A-F) from the list below.
List of Concerns:
A. Equity and accessibility
B. Geographic displacement
C. Environmental production impact
D. Ethical sourcing
E. Infrastructure redundancy
F. Energy grid capacity
32. High initial costs may create a two-tier transportation system.
33. New employment opportunities may not emerge in traditional automotive manufacturing regions.
34. Battery production currently generates significant carbon emissions.
35. Cobalt mining has been linked to child labor and dangerous working conditions.
36. Both electric and conventional vehicle infrastructure must be maintained simultaneously for decades.
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
37. What percentage of urban land area in many city centers is currently used for parking?
38. What type of programs have European countries implemented to support workers affected by the EV transition?
39. In which desert region does lithium mining compete with agriculture for water resources?
40. What technology are some manufacturers using to track ethical sourcing in their supply chains?
Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- B
- C
- B
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- FALSE
- NOT GIVEN
- technological advances
- regenerative braking
- 30% / thirty percent
- buses
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- ii
- vii
- v
- viii
- iv
- second-life applications
- 95% / ninety-five percent
- circular economy
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- C
- B
- C
- B
- C
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 30-50% / thirty to fifty percent
- just transition programs
- Atacama Desert
- blockchain-based (tracking) / blockchain
Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: electric vehicles, early 20th century
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “electric cars were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries before being overtaken by gasoline-powered vehicles” – xe điện phổ biến trước khi bị thay thế bởi xe chạy xăng, tức là đáp án B đúng. Đáp án A sai vì không nói xe điện phổ biến HƠN xe xăng.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: main environmental advantage
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “EVs produce zero direct emissions” – đây chính là lợi thế môi trường chính được nhấn mạnh trong đoạn văn.
Câu 3: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: cost of owning
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: “While the initial purchase price…is often higher…the total cost of ownership is typically lower” – có paraphrase rõ ràng giữa “cheaper overall despite higher initial costs” và thông tin trong bài.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Range anxiety
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 2
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “Range anxiety – the fear of running out of battery power with no charging station nearby”
Câu 6: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: invented, late 19th century
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ nói xe điện “popular” (phổ biến) vào cuối thế kỷ 19, không đề cập đến việc chúng được phát minh khi nào.
Câu 7: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: 30%, eliminate completely
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “reduce…by up to 25%” chứ không phải “eliminate completely” (loại bỏ hoàn toàn).
Câu 8: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: maintenance, more frequent
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “less maintenance is required” – trái ngược hoàn toàn với “more frequent maintenance”.
Câu 10: technological advances
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: battery technology, more practical
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Cụm “significant technological advances” xuất hiện trong câu đúng với ngữ cảnh.
Câu 11: regenerative braking
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: brake systems last longer
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “brake systems last longer due to regenerative braking technology”
Câu 12: 30% / thirty percent
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Europe, charging points, grows annually
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Con số cụ thể “growing by approximately 30% annually”
Câu 13: buses
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: Shenzhen, 16,000
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 2
- Giải thích: “completely electric bus fleet of over 16,000 vehicles”
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: existing grid, adequate, without modifications
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, toàn đoạn
- Giải thích: Tác giả rõ ràng cho rằng grid hiện tại sẽ gặp khó khăn với “unprecedented demand spikes” – không đủ nếu không có thay đổi.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: V2G, integrate renewable energy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: “helping to stabilize the grid and integrate more renewable energy sources” – tác giả đồng ý với quan điểm này.
Câu 16: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: rural areas, more advantages
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D
- Giải thích: Tác giả cho rằng khu vực nông thôn “face significant obstacles” – ngược lại với “more advantages”.
Câu 17: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: current production, insufficient, future demand
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “current global production capacity…falls short of projected demand”
Câu 19: ii (Grid capacity concerns from simultaneous charging)
- Vị trí: Paragraph B
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào vấn đề “unprecedented demand spikes” và “peak demand clustering” khi nhiều xe cùng sạc.
Câu 20: vii (Advanced charging management technologies)
- Vị trí: Paragraph C
- Giải thích: Đoạn này bàn về “smart charging systems”, “sophisticated algorithms”, và “V2G technology” – các công nghệ quản lý sạc tiên tiến.
Câu 21: v (Geographic inequality in charging access)
- Vị trí: Paragraph D
- Giải thích: Đoạn so sánh urban areas và rural regions, nhấn mạnh vấn đề “equitable access”.
Câu 22: viii (Long-distance travel infrastructure requirements)
- Vị trí: Paragraph E
- Giải thích: “Fast-charging corridors along major highways” và “long-distance EV travel infrastructure” là trọng tâm.
Câu 23: iv (Material scarcity and supply chain issues)
- Vị trí: Paragraph F
- Giải thích: “battery supply chain” và vấn đề “critical bottleneck” với các vật liệu như lithium, cobalt.
Câu 24: second-life applications
- Từ khóa: 70-80% capacity, after use in vehicles
- Vị trí: Đoạn G, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Cụm từ chính xác trong bài.
Câu 25: 95% / ninety-five percent
- Từ khóa: recover, battery materials
- Vị trí: Đoạn G, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “recover up to 95% of battery materials”
Câu 26: circular economy
- Từ khóa: potentially creating
- Vị trí: Đoạn G, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “potentially creating a circular economy for EV batteries”
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: electric motors contain
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “an electric motor contains fewer than 20” – rất cụ thể và rõ ràng.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: job displacement, primarily because
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1-5
- Giải thích: “fundamentally simpler mechanical architecture, require substantially fewer components” là nguyên nhân chính.
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: oil exports, being forced to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “being compelled to diversify and reinvent their economic models”
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: autonomous shared EVs could
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “could replace up to ten privately owned vehicles”
Câu 31: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: lifecycle analysis, cumulative emissions
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: “must typically be driven 20,000-50,000 kilometers before its cumulative emissions fall below”
Câu 32: A (Equity and accessibility)
- Từ khóa: High initial costs, two-tier system
- Vị trí: Đoạn F
- Giải thích: “affordability gap risks creating a two-tier transportation system”
Câu 33: B (Geographic displacement)
- Từ khóa: New employment, not emerge, traditional regions
- Vị trí: Đoạn G
- Giải thích: “geographic concentration of new opportunities may differ substantially from current automotive manufacturing centers”
Câu 34: C (Environmental production impact)
- Từ khóa: Battery production, carbon emissions
- Vị trí: Đoạn H
- Giải thích: “production of EV batteries is energy-intensive and currently generates significant carbon emissions”
Câu 35: D (Ethical sourcing)
- Từ khóa: Cobalt mining, child labor, dangerous conditions
- Vị trí: Đoạn I
- Giải thích: “Cobalt mining…has been associated with child labor and hazardous working conditions”
Câu 36: E (Infrastructure redundancy)
- Từ khóa: Both electric and conventional, maintained simultaneously
- Vị trí: Đoạn J
- Giải thích: “maintaining parallel infrastructure systems for both electric and conventional vehicles”
Câu 37: 30-50% / thirty to fifty percent
- Từ khóa: parking, land area, city centers
- Vị trí: Đoạn D, dòng 5-6
- Giải thích: “parking infrastructure that currently consumes 30-50% of land area”
Câu 38: just transition programs
- Từ khóa: European countries, support workers
- Vị trí: Đoạn G, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: Cụm từ chính xác: “just transition programs”
Câu 39: Atacama Desert
- Từ khóa: lithium mining, water, agriculture
- Vị trí: Đoạn I, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Atacama Desert in Chile, where mining operations compete with local agriculture”
Câu 40: blockchain-based (tracking) / blockchain
- Từ khóa: track, ethical sourcing, supply chains
- Vị trí: Đoạn I, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “blockchain-based supply chain tracking”
Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| revolutionary | adj | /ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/ | mang tính cách mạng | revolutionary transformation | revolutionary change/idea |
| reshape | v | /riːˈʃeɪp/ | định hình lại, thay đổi hoàn toàn | reshaping how people think | reshape the future/industry |
| overtake | v | /ˌəʊvəˈteɪk/ | vượt qua, thay thế | being overtaken by gasoline-powered vehicles | overtake a competitor |
| compelling | adj | /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ | thuyết phục, hấp dẫn | compelling advantages | compelling evidence/reason |
| emission | n | /ɪˈmɪʃn/ | khí thải | zero direct emissions | carbon/greenhouse emissions |
| conventional | adj | /kənˈvenʃənl/ | truyền thống, thông thường | conventional vehicles | conventional method/wisdom |
| incentive | n | /ɪnˈsentɪv/ | khuyến khích, ưu đãi | incentive programs | financial/tax incentive |
| infrastructure | n | /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)/ | cơ sở hạ tầng | charging infrastructure | transport/digital infrastructure |
| range anxiety | n | /reɪndʒ æŋˈzaɪəti/ | lo lắng về quãng đường di chuyển | range anxiety was a major barrier | overcome/reduce range anxiety |
| electrification | n | /ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | sự điện khí hóa | electrification plans | vehicle/transport electrification |
| phase out | phrasal v | /feɪz aʊt/ | loại bỏ dần | phase out internal combustion engines | phase out gradually |
| fleet | n | /fliːt/ | đội xe | electric bus fleet | vehicle/taxi fleet |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| comprehensive | adj | /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ | toàn diện, bao quát | comprehensive overhaul | comprehensive study/plan |
| disruptive | adj | /dɪsˈrʌptɪv/ | gây gián đoạn, đột phá | disruptive variable | disruptive technology/innovation |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | unprecedented demand spikes | unprecedented scale/levels |
| optimize | v | /ˈɒptɪmaɪz/ | tối ưu hóa | optimize charging times | optimize performance/efficiency |
| distributed | adj | /dɪˈstrɪbjuːtɪd/ | phân tán, phân bổ | distributed energy storage | distributed network/system |
| stabilize | v | /ˈsteɪbəlaɪz/ | ổn định | stabilize the grid | stabilize prices/economy |
| bottleneck | n | /ˈbɒtlnek/ | điểm nghẽn, rào cản | critical bottleneck | supply/production bottleneck |
| extraction | n | /ɪkˈstrækʃn/ | sự khai thác | extraction and processing | mineral/resource extraction |
| sustainable | adj | /səˈsteɪnəbl/ | bền vững | sustainable mining practices | sustainable development/growth |
| synergistic | adj | /ˌsɪnəˈdʒɪstɪk/ | tương hỗ, hiệp đồng | synergistic benefits | synergistic effect/relationship |
| alleviate | v | /əˈliːvieɪt/ | giảm nhẹ, làm dịu | alleviating pressure | alleviate symptoms/concerns |
| circular economy | n | /ˈsɜːkjələr ɪˈkɒnəmi/ | kinh tế tuần hoàn | creating a circular economy | circular economy model |
| retrofit | v | /ˈretrəʊfɪt/ | trang bị thêm, cải tạo | retrofit existing buildings | retrofit with technology |
| utility company | n | /juːˈtɪləti ˈkʌmpəni/ | công ty tiện ích (điện, nước) | utility companies and grid operators | major utility company |
| subsidize | v | /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/ | trợ cấp, hỗ trợ tài chính | subsidize charging station installation | government-subsidized program |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proliferation | n | /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ | sự gia tăng nhanh chóng | proliferation of electric vehicles | nuclear/weapons proliferation |
| paradigmatic | adj | /ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk/ | thuộc mô hình, mang tính mẫu mực | paradigmatic shift | paradigmatic example/change |
| ramification | n | /ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | hệ quả, tác động | socioeconomic ramifications | serious/far-reaching ramifications |
| catalyze | v | /ˈkætəlaɪz/ | xúc tác, thúc đẩy | catalyzing fundamental changes | catalyze change/growth |
| geopolitical | adj | /ˌdʒiːəʊpəˈlɪtɪkl/ | thuộc địa chính trị | geopolitical power structures | geopolitical tensions/factors |
| multifaceted | adj | /ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/ | nhiều mặt, đa chiều | multifaceted implications | multifaceted problem/approach |
| existential | adj | /ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl/ | hiện sinh, liên quan đến sự tồn tại | existential transformation | existential threat/crisis |
| displacement | n | /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ | sự thay thế, di dời | displacement of jobs | job/population displacement |
| erosion | n | /ɪˈrəʊʒn/ | sự xói mòn, suy giảm dần | gradual erosion | soil/coastal erosion |
| convergence | n | /kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ | sự hội tụ, kết hợp | convergence of technologies | technology/market convergence |
| cascading | adj | /kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/ | dây chuyền, liên tiếp | cascading effects | cascading failure/consequences |
| equity | n | /ˈekwəti/ | công bằng, bình đẳng | equity concerns | social/gender equity |
| affordability gap | n | /əˌfɔːdəˈbɪləti ɡæp/ | khoảng cách về khả năng chi trả | affordability gap risks | close the affordability gap |
| transferability | n | /trænsˌfɜːrəˈbɪləti/ | tính có thể chuyển giao | limited transferability | skill transferability |
| nuanced | adj | /ˈnjuːɑːnst/ | tinh tế, nhiều sắc thái | nuanced examination | nuanced understanding/view |
| lifecycle analysis | n | /ˈlaɪfsaɪkl əˈnæləsɪs/ | phân tích vòng đời | comprehensive lifecycle analysis | conduct lifecycle analysis |
| carbon intensity | n | /ˈkɑːbən ɪnˈtensəti/ | cường độ carbon | carbon intensity of electricity | reduce carbon intensity |
| scrutiny | n | /ˈskruːtəni/ | sự xem xét kỹ lưỡng | increased scrutiny | public/intense scrutiny |
| temporal dynamics | n | /ˈtempərəl daɪˈnæmɪks/ | động lực thời gian | temporal dynamics of transition | understand temporal dynamics |
Kết Bài
Qua bộ đề thi IELTS Reading mẫu này, bạn đã có cơ hội tiếp cận với một chủ đề vô cùng thời sự và quan trọng – sự thay đổi của xe điện đối với hệ thống giao thông toàn cầu. Đây là một chủ đề điển hình thường xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading với các góc độ khác nhau: công nghệ, môi trường, kinh tế và xã hội.
Ba passages trong đề thi này đã được thiết kế cẩn thận với độ khó tăng dần, phản ánh chính xác cấu trúc của bài thi IELTS thực tế. Passage 1 giới thiệu khái niệm cơ bản về xe điện và lợi ích của chúng với ngôn ngữ dễ hiểu. Passage 2 đi sâu vào các thách thức về cơ sở hạ tầng với từ vựng học thuật và cấu trúc câu phức tạp hơn. Passage 3 phân tích những tác động sâu rộng về kinh tế-xã hội với ngôn ngữ tinh vi và yêu cầu tư duy phản biện cao.
Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng khác nhau, bạn đã được luyện tập toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết: scanning để tìm thông tin cụ thể, skimming để nắm ý chính, paraphrasing để nhận diện câu trả lời, và inference để suy luận ý tác giả. Đặc biệt, phần giải thích chi tiết đáp án giúp bạn hiểu rõ tại sao một đáp án đúng và cách định vị thông tin trong bài đọc.
Hệ thống từ vựng được tổng hợp theo từng passage với hơn 40 từ và cụm từ quan trọng sẽ là tài liệu quý giá để bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật. Những từ này không chỉ hữu ích cho IELTS Reading mà còn cho cả Writing và Speaking khi bạn thảo luận về các chủ đề liên quan đến môi trường, công nghệ và phát triển bền vững.
Hãy xem bộ đề thi này như một công cụ học tập hiệu quả. Sau khi hoàn thành lần đầu, bạn có thể quay lại làm lại để cải thiện tốc độ và độ chính xác. Phân tích kỹ những câu bạn làm sai để hiểu rõ điểm yếu và điều chỉnh chiến lược làm bài. Với sự luyện tập đều đặn và có phương pháp, bạn hoàn toàn có thể đạt được band điểm IELTS Reading mong muốn. Chúc bạn ôn thi hiệu quả và thành công!
