IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Toàn Cầu Thay Đổi Thực Hành Nông Nghiệp – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Giới Thiệu

Chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và tác động của nó đến nông nghiệp là một trong những đề tài phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với tần suất xuất hiện cao trong các đề thi thực tế từ Cambridge IELTS và IDP, việc nắm vững chủ đề “How Global Warming Is Changing Agricultural Practices” sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được xây dựng theo đúng cấu trúc thi thật, từ độ khó Easy đến Hard. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với đầy đủ các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi passage đi kèm với đáp án chi tiết và giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và cách tiếp cận từng loại câu hỏi.

Ngoài ra, bạn sẽ học được hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng liên quan đến biến đổi khí hậu, nông nghiệp và môi trường – những từ vựng học thuật thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS. Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với áp lực thời gian và rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu nhanh, chính xác.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút cho 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm và không bị trừ điểm khi trả lời sai. Điểm số thô (raw score) sau đó được quy đổi thành band điểm từ 1-9.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút

Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet. Trong IELTS Reading, bạn phải viết đáp án trực tiếp vào giấy thi ngay, không có thời gian bổ sung như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định ý kiến/quan điểm của tác giả
5. Matching Headings – Chọn tiêu đề phù hợp cho các đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc hiểu khác nhau, từ scanning (đọc lướt tìm thông tin cụ thể) đến skimming (đọc nhanh nắm ý chính) và careful reading (đọc kỹ để phân tích).

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

Climate change is no longer a distant threat but a present reality that is fundamentally reshaping agricultural practices worldwide. Farmers across the globe are experiencing unprecedented changes in weather patterns, including more frequent droughts, intense rainfall, and unpredictable seasons. These changes are forcing the agricultural sector to adapt rapidly or face significant crop failures and economic losses.

One of the most visible changes in agricultural practice is the shift in planting schedules. Traditionally, farmers have relied on seasonal patterns that have remained relatively stable for generations. However, with rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, these traditional calendars are becoming obsolete. In many regions of North America and Europe, farmers are now planting crops several weeks earlier than they did just two decades ago. This adjustment allows them to take advantage of longer growing seasons while avoiding the risk of late-season heat stress that can damage crops during critical reproductive phases.

Crop selection has also undergone dramatic transformation. Farmers are increasingly abandoning traditional crops in favor of varieties that are more drought-resistant or heat-tolerant. In Australia, for instance, wheat farmers have shifted from conventional varieties to those specifically bred to withstand higher temperatures and require less water. Similarly, in parts of Africa, farmers are replacing maize with more resilient crops such as sorghum and millet, which can survive in harsher conditions. This transition is not merely a matter of choice but often a necessity for survival in regions where rainfall has decreased by 20-30% over the past few decades.

Water management has become a critical priority in agricultural adaptation. With many regions experiencing reduced water availability, farmers are investing heavily in irrigation efficiency. Drip irrigation systems, which deliver water directly to plant roots, are replacing traditional flood irrigation methods that waste significant amounts of water through evaporation. In Israel, widely regarded as a pioneer in water-efficient agriculture, more than 75% of farmland uses drip irrigation. This technology has been adopted in water-scarce regions worldwide, from California to India, reducing water consumption by up to 60% while maintaining or even increasing crop yields.

The adoption of precision agriculture represents another significant response to climate challenges. This approach uses GPS technology, sensors, and data analytics to optimize farming practices. Farmers can now monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and crop health in real-time, allowing them to apply water, fertilizers, and pesticides only where and when needed. This not only conserves resources but also reduces the environmental impact of farming. In the United States, approximately 70% of large-scale farms now use some form of precision agriculture, a dramatic increase from less than 20% in 2005.

Diversification has emerged as a key strategy for managing climate risk. Rather than depending on a single crop, many farmers are growing multiple crops or integrating livestock with crop production. This approach spreads risk across different products and can provide income stability when one crop fails due to weather extremes. In Southeast Asia, farmers are increasingly practicing integrated rice-fish farming, where fish are raised in rice paddies. This system not only provides an additional source of protein and income but also enhances soil fertility and reduces the need for chemical pesticides.

The role of traditional knowledge combined with modern science is gaining recognition in climate adaptation. Indigenous farming practices, developed over centuries, often contain valuable insights for dealing with environmental variability. In the Andes Mountains, farmers are reviving ancient techniques such as raised bed systems that protect crops from both flooding and frost. Scientists are now studying these methods to understand their effectiveness and potentially scale them to other regions facing similar challenges.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, farmers are changing their planting schedules because:

   • A) They want to grow different types of crops
   • B) Traditional seasonal patterns are no longer reliable
   • C) Government regulations require earlier planting
   • D) Modern equipment allows faster planting

2. What is the main reason farmers in Africa are replacing maize with sorghum and millet?

   • A) These crops are more profitable
   • B) Consumers prefer these grains
   • C) They can survive in tougher environmental conditions
   • D) They require less labor to cultivate

3. Drip irrigation systems are preferred over flood irrigation because they:

   • A) Are cheaper to install
   • B) Require less maintenance
   • C) Can be used on any type of crop
   • D) Reduce water loss through evaporation

4. Precision agriculture helps farmers by:

   • A) Eliminating the need for fertilizers
   • B) Allowing targeted application of resources
   • C) Reducing labor costs significantly
   • D) Guaranteeing higher crop prices

5. The practice of integrated rice-fish farming benefits farmers by:

   • A) Reducing water requirements
   • B) Eliminating all pests naturally
   • C) Providing multiple income sources
   • D) Increasing rice yields by 50%

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Farmers in North America and Europe now plant crops earlier than they did twenty years ago.

7. More than half of farmland in Israel uses drip irrigation technology.

8. Precision agriculture has completely replaced traditional farming methods in the United States.

9. Indigenous farming practices are being ignored by modern agricultural scientists.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Climate change has caused more frequent droughts and __ in many agricultural regions.

11. In Australia, wheat farmers have switched to varieties that need less __ to grow successfully.

12. Precision agriculture uses GPS technology, sensors, and __ to improve farming efficiency.

13. In the Andes, farmers use ancient __ to protect their crops from flooding and frost.

Nông dân điều chỉnh lịch trồng trọt do biến đổi khí hậu toàn cầu ảnh hưởng thực hành nông nghiệp

---

PASSAGE 2 – The Economic and Social Impact of Climate-Driven Agricultural Change

Độ khí: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The transformation of agricultural practices in response to global warming extends far beyond technical adjustments to planting dates or crop varieties. It represents a fundamental restructuring of rural economies, social structures, and international trade patterns that will have profound implications for decades to come. Understanding these broader consequences is essential for policymakers, economists, and communities attempting to navigate the challenges of a warming planet.

A

The financial burden of adapting to climate change falls disproportionately on small-scale farmers, particularly those in developing nations. While large agribusinesses in wealthy countries can invest millions in cutting-edge technology such as autonomous tractors, climate-controlled greenhouses, and sophisticated forecasting systems, subsistence farmers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America often lack access to even basic agricultural inputs. A recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organization found that smallholder farmers, who produce approximately one-third of the world’s food, would need an estimated $240 billion annually to adapt their practices to climate change. This figure is roughly ten times the amount currently allocated through international development assistance for agricultural adaptation. The disparity creates a dangerous situation where those most vulnerable to climate impacts have the fewest resources to respond effectively.

B

The migration patterns triggered by agricultural disruption are already reshaping demographics across multiple continents. When traditional farming becomes unviable due to persistent drought, soil degradation, or extreme weather events, rural populations face a stark choice: adapt, migrate, or face destitution. In sub-Saharan Africa, climate-related agricultural stress is considered a primary driver behind the movement of millions of people from rural areas to urban centers and, increasingly, across international borders. The World Bank projects that by 2050, climate change could force 143 million people to move within their countries, with agricultural disruption being a leading cause. This mass displacement creates cascading challenges, including urban overcrowding, resource competition, and potential political instability in receiving regions.

C

International trade dynamics are being fundamentally altered as climate change shifts the geographical distribution of agricultural productivity. Regions that once enjoyed competitive advantages in certain crops may find their suitability diminishing, while previously marginal areas could become prime agricultural zones. Climate models suggest that grain production in southern Europe and parts of the United States may decline significantly, while countries like Canada and Russia could see expanded agricultural potential in their northern territories as temperatures rise. This geographical redistribution will inevitably create new economic winners and losers, potentially destabilizing existing trade relationships and agricultural markets. Nations that have built their economies around specific agricultural exports may face existential threats if their climate envelope shifts beyond the tolerance range of their primary crops.

D

The social fabric of rural communities is being tested as traditional knowledge and practices prove insufficient for unprecedented climate conditions. Generational conflicts sometimes emerge as younger farmers, often more educated and connected to information networks, advocate for novel approaches that contradict methods used successfully for generations. However, this tension can also produce creative synthesis, where ancestral wisdom about local ecosystems combines with scientific insights to develop culturally appropriate adaptation strategies. In parts of India, for example, farmer cooperatives are blending traditional water harvesting techniques with modern weather forecasting to optimize irrigation timing, a fusion that respects cultural heritage while embracing innovation.

E

The insurance industry is being forced to recalibrate its models as historical data becomes less reliable for predicting future agricultural risks. Traditional crop insurance operated on the principle that extreme weather events were statistical outliers occurring with predictable frequency. Climate change has invalidated this assumption, leading to increased insurance premiums and, in some high-risk areas, complete withdrawal of coverage. This creates a vicious cycle: farmers most exposed to climate risks may be unable to afford risk protection, making them more vulnerable to catastrophic losses that could force them out of farming entirely. Some governments are developing publicly subsidized insurance schemes to address this market failure, but these programs place additional strain on already stretched public finances.

F

Food security, both at national and global levels, is being reconceptualized in light of climate-driven agricultural change. The traditional focus on producing maximum caloric output is giving way to more nuanced considerations of nutritional quality, supply chain resilience, and environmental sustainability. Countries that once prioritized self-sufficiency in staple crops are now developing more diversified sourcing strategies that include strategic reserves, multiple supplier relationships, and investments in agricultural development in partner nations. This shift reflects a growing recognition that in an era of climate volatility, flexibility and redundancy in food systems may be more valuable than pure productive capacity.

The interconnected nature of these challenges means that effective responses must be similarly comprehensive. Technological solutions alone, while important, cannot address the full scope of changes required. Success will demand coordinated action across governmental, commercial, and civil society sectors, combining policy reform, financial investment, knowledge sharing, and institutional innovation. As the effects of climate change continue to intensify, the window for proactive adaptation is narrowing, making urgent action not just advisable but imperative.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Large agricultural companies have better access to adaptation technology than small farmers.

15. The amount of money currently available for agricultural adaptation is sufficient for most small farmers.

16. Climate-induced migration will only affect developing countries.

17. Traditional farming knowledge is completely useless in dealing with modern climate challenges.

18. Historical weather data is becoming less useful for predicting agricultural risks.

Questions 19-22: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:

• i. The challenge of crop insurance in a changing climate
• ii. Population movements resulting from agricultural failures
• iii. Conflicts between farming generations over methods
• iv. Changing patterns in global agricultural trade
• v. The role of technology in modern farming
• vi. Government support for struggling farmers
• vii. Combining old and new farming knowledge
• viii. The impact of weather on crop yields

19. Section B
20. Section C
21. Section D
22. Section E (Note: Section E discusses insurance, but also appears after Section D)

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The adaptation to climate change in agriculture requires significant financial resources. Smallholder farmers need approximately 23. __ billion dollars each year to modify their farming methods. This amount is much larger than the current 24. __ provided by international programs. The situation is particularly difficult because farmers who face the greatest climate risks often cannot afford 25. __ to protect against losses. Meanwhile, the focus of food security is shifting from simply maximizing 26. __ to considering factors like nutrition and supply chain stability.

Tác động kinh tế xã hội của biến đổi khí hậu lên thực hành nông nghiệp toàn cầu

---

PASSAGE 3 – Biotechnological Innovations and Ethical Considerations in Climate-Adaptive Agriculture

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The intensification of climate pressures on global agriculture has catalyzed an unprecedented acceleration in biotechnological research aimed at developing crops capable of thriving under increasingly hostile environmental conditions. While conventional breeding techniques continue to play a role, the temporal constraints imposed by rapid climate change have driven many researchers toward more interventionist approaches, including genetic modification and, more recently, gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9. These scientific advances promise dramatic improvements in crop resilience, yet they simultaneously raise profound ethical questions about the appropriate boundaries of human manipulation of natural systems, the concentration of agricultural biotechnology in corporate hands, and the potential for unforeseen ecological consequences.

Genetic modification of crops to enhance climate resilience operates through several distinct mechanisms. Drought tolerance can be engineered by introducing genes that regulate stomatal closure (the opening and closing of pores in leaves through which water evaporates) or by enhancing the plant’s ability to produce osmoprotectants—molecules that protect cellular structures during water stress. Heat tolerance improvements often focus on heat-shock proteins that help maintain protein stability at elevated temperatures. Flood tolerance has been achieved in some rice varieties by incorporating genes that allow the plant to elongate rapidly when submerged, keeping leaves above water, or alternatively, to enter a state of suspended animation that conserves energy during submersion. More ambitious projects seek to develop perennial versions of annual crops, which would establish deeper root systems capable of accessing water during drought while also reducing soil erosion and the need for repeated planting.

The advent of CRISPR technology has revolutionized the possibilities for crop improvement by allowing precise modifications to a plant’s own genetic material rather than introducing foreign genes. This distinction is significant both scientifically and regulatorily: several countries that maintain strict restrictions on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have adopted more lenient frameworks for gene-edited crops, reasoning that the technology merely accelerates changes that could theoretically occur through natural mutation and selection. Researchers have used CRISPR to develop tomatoes with enhanced heat tolerance, wheat resistant to powdery mildew (a fungal disease expected to worsen with climate change), and rice varieties that require significantly less water. The technology’s relative accessibility—compared to older genetic modification techniques that required specialized infrastructure—has democratized crop improvement research, enabling scientists in resource-limited settings to develop varieties suited to their specific regional challenges.

However, the deployment of these technologies occurs within a fraught socioeconomic context that complicates their implementation. The concentration of agricultural biotechnology in a handful of multinational corporations has created what critics characterize as a neo-colonial dynamic, where intellectual property rights enable companies from wealthy nations to exert control over the agricultural inputs of developing countries. The requirement that farmers purchase new seeds annually rather than saving seeds from their harvest—enforced through both biological mechanisms (such as terminator genes that render seeds sterile) and legal frameworks—represents a fundamental shift in the relationship between farmers and their crops. Proponents argue that strong intellectual property protection is necessary to incentivize the massive research investments required for biotechnology development, while critics contend that these arrangements prioritize corporate profit over food security and farmer autonomy.

The ecological ramifications of introducing climate-modified crops into complex agricultural ecosystems remain incompletely understood, despite extensive safety testing. One concern centers on gene flow—the potential for modified genetic material to spread to wild relatives of crops through cross-pollination. While this might seem benign or even beneficial when the traits involved are stress tolerance, some scientists worry about unintended consequences. For instance, if herbicide resistance genes (often co-introduced with other traits) spread to wild plant populations, they could create more aggressive weeds. Similarly, traits that enhance a crop’s ability to survive drought or poor soil conditions might enable feral populations (domesticated plants that escape cultivation) to invade ecosystems where they would not naturally survive, potentially displacing native species.

The distributional justice implications of climate-adaptive agriculture technologies warrant careful consideration. If these innovations remain accessible primarily to large-scale commercial operations in wealthy countries, they could exacerbate existing agricultural inequalities, creating a scenario where those least responsible for climate change lack the tools to adapt while those most responsible are insulated from consequences. Public sector research institutions play a crucial role in developing and disseminating technologies specifically for resource-poor farmers, yet these organizations face chronic underfunding relative to private sector entities. The Golden Rice project—an effort to develop vitamin A-enriched rice to address nutritional deficiencies in developing countries—illustrates both the potential and challenges of this approach; despite being developed with humanitarian intentions and offered royalty-free to subsistence farmers, the project has faced decades of regulatory delays, public resistance, and technical setbacks.

Regulatory frameworks governing climate-adaptive crops vary dramatically across jurisdictions, reflecting different cultural values, risk tolerances, and political pressures. The European Union maintains one of the world’s most restrictive approaches to genetically modified crops, requiring extensive testing and mandatory labeling, driven in part by strong public skepticism toward biotechnology. In contrast, the United States employs a more permissive framework that focuses on the characteristics of the final product rather than the process by which it was developed. This regulatory fragmentation complicates international agricultural trade and technology transfer, as crops approved in one jurisdiction may be prohibited in major export markets, creating economic disincentives for adoption. Several developing countries find themselves caught between their need for climate-adaptive technologies and their economic dependence on export markets with strict GMO regulations.

The ethical deliberations surrounding these technologies ultimately reflect deeper questions about humanity’s relationship with nature and the appropriate response to environmental crises of our own making. Techno-optimists view biotechnology as an essential tool for maintaining agricultural productivity and food security in a destabilized climate, arguing that the risks of inaction far outweigh the potential hazards of carefully regulated innovation. More cautionary voices emphasize the importance of agroecological approaches that work with natural processes rather than seeking to engineer solutions, warning against overconfidence in our ability to predict and control the complex interactions within biological systems. A pragmatic middle path might involve pursuing multiple strategies simultaneously—developing biotechnological innovations for situations where they offer clear advantages while also investing in lower-technology approaches such as improved water management, soil conservation, and crop diversification that may be more accessible and culturally acceptable in many contexts.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, CRISPR technology differs from traditional genetic modification because it:

• A) Is cheaper to implement in developing countries
• B) Modifies a plant’s existing genes rather than adding foreign ones
• C) Produces crops that grow faster than conventional varieties
• D) Has been approved by all international regulatory bodies

28. The passage suggests that “terminator genes” are used to:

• A) Protect crops from insect damage
• B) Improve drought tolerance in plants
• C) Prevent farmers from saving seeds for replanting
• D) Increase the nutritional value of crops

29. What concern do scientists have about herbicide resistance genes spreading to wild plants?

• A) It could reduce biodiversity in agricultural areas
• B) It might create more difficult-to-control weeds
• C) It would make crops more expensive to grow
• D) It could contaminate food supplies

30. The Golden Rice project example illustrates:

• A) The rapid success of humanitarian biotechnology
• B) How public-private partnerships always succeed
• C) The challenges facing non-commercial agricultural innovation
• D) Why genetic modification should be banned globally

31. The passage describes the European Union’s approach to genetically modified crops as:

• A) More restrictive than the United States’ approach
• B) Focused primarily on economic considerations
• C) The global standard for biotechnology regulation
• D) Recently relaxed to allow more innovation

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each description (32-36) with the correct biotechnology approach (A-E).

Biotechnology Approaches:

• A) Drought tolerance engineering
• B) Heat tolerance improvements
• C) Flood tolerance development
• D) Perennial crop development
• E) CRISPR gene editing

32. Allows plants to maintain stable proteins at high temperatures

33. Can enable rice plants to survive being underwater

34. Helps plants establish deeper root systems that access more water

35. Regulates the opening and closing of leaf pores to reduce water loss

36. Makes precise changes to a plant’s existing genetic material

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of dynamic do critics say is created by large corporations controlling agricultural biotechnology?

38. Which organization has faced chronic underfunding compared to private biotechnology companies?

39. What term describes domesticated plants that escape from cultivation into wild environments?

40. What type of voices emphasize working with natural processes rather than engineering solutions?

Công nghệ sinh học CRISPR chỉnh sửa gen cây trồng chống biến đổi khí hậu

---

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. TRUE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. FALSE
10. intense rainfall
11. water
12. data analytics
13. raised bed systems

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. NOT GIVEN
17. NO
18. YES
19. ii
20. iv
21. vii
22. i
23. 240 billion
24. development assistance
25. risk protection
26. caloric output

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. C
31. A
32. B
33. C
34. D
35. A
36. E
37. neo-colonial dynamic
38. Public sector (research institutions)
39. feral populations
40. cautionary voices

---

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: farmers, changing planting schedules
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Bài văn nói rõ “However, with rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, these traditional calendars are becoming obsolete” – các lịch truyền thống đang trở nên lỗi thời. Đáp án B paraphrase ý này thành “seasonal patterns are no longer reliable” (các mô hình mùa vụ không còn đáng tin cậy).

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Africa, replacing maize, sorghum and millet
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết đề cập “farmers are replacing maize with more resilient crops such as sorghum and millet, which can survive in harsher conditions” – có thể sống sót trong điều kiện khắc nghiệt hơn. Đây chính là đáp án C.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: North America, Europe, plant crops earlier, twenty years ago
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Thông tin trong bài: “farmers are now planting crops several weeks earlier than they did just two decades ago” – đúng khớp với câu hỏi, “two decades” = “twenty years”.

Câu 8: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: precision agriculture, completely replaced, traditional farming, United States
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “approximately 70% of large-scale farms now use some form of precision agriculture” – chỉ 70% trang trại lớn sử dụng, không phải tất cả, và không nói đến việc “hoàn toàn thay thế”. Do đó câu này SAI.

Câu 10: intense rainfall

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: more frequent droughts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “more frequent droughts, intense rainfall, and unpredictable seasons” – cần điền “intense rainfall”.

Câu 13: raised bed systems

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Andes, ancient, protect crops, flooding and frost
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: “farmers are reviving ancient techniques such as raised bed systems that protect crops from both flooding and frost” – đáp án chính xác là “raised bed systems”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: large agricultural companies, better access, adaptation technology, small farmers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết phân biệt rõ: “large agribusinesses in wealthy countries can invest millions in cutting-edge technology” trong khi “subsistence farmers…often lack access to even basic agricultural inputs”. Điều này khẳng định quan điểm của tác giả.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: money currently available, sufficient, small farmers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 7-9
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ số tiền cần thiết là “ten times the amount currently allocated” – gấp 10 lần số tiền hiện có, chứng tỏ không đủ. Đáp án là NO.

Câu 19: ii (Section B)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa: migration patterns, rural populations
• Giải thích: Section B tập trung vào “migration patterns triggered by agricultural disruption” và “movement of millions of people from rural areas” – khớp với heading ii “Population movements resulting from agricultural failures”.

Câu 20: iv (Section C)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Từ khóa: international trade dynamics, geographical distribution
• Giải thích: Section C thảo luận về “International trade dynamics are being fundamentally altered” và sự thay đổi trong “geographical distribution of agricultural productivity” – phù hợp với heading iv về thay đổi trong thương mại nông nghiệp toàn cầu.

Câu 23: 240 billion

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: smallholder farmers need, dollars each year
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn A, dòng 7
• Giải thích: “smallholder farmers…would need an estimated $240 billion annually” – đáp án là “240 billion”.

Câu 26: caloric output

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: maximizing, focus of food security shifting
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: “The traditional focus on producing maximum caloric output is giving way to…” – đáp án là “caloric output”.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: CRISPR technology differs, traditional genetic modification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: “allowing precise modifications to a plant’s own genetic material rather than introducing foreign genes” – CRISPR chỉnh sửa gen sẵn có thay vì thêm gen ngoại lai, đúng với đáp án B.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: terminator genes, used to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích “enforced through both biological mechanisms (such as terminator genes that render seeds sterile)” trong ngữ cảnh “requirement that farmers purchase new seeds annually rather than saving seeds” – đáp án C đúng.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: herbicide resistance genes, concern, wild plants
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: “if herbicide resistance genes…spread to wild plant populations, they could create more aggressive weeds” – tạo ra cỏ dại khó kiểm soát hơn, đáp án B.

Câu 31: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: European Union’s approach, genetically modified crops
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: “The European Union maintains one of the world’s most restrictive approaches” và “In contrast, the United States employs a more permissive framework” – EU nghiêm ngặt hơn Mỹ, đáp án A đúng.

Câu 32: B (Heat tolerance improvements)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-6
• Giải thích: “Heat tolerance improvements often focus on heat-shock proteins that help maintain protein stability at elevated temperatures” – khớp với mô tả câu 32.

Câu 35: A (Drought tolerance engineering)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Drought tolerance can be engineered by introducing genes that regulate stomatal closure (the opening and closing of pores in leaves)” – đúng với mô tả.

Câu 37: neo-colonial dynamic

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: critics say, created by, large corporations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “critics characterize as a neo-colonial dynamic” – đáp án chính xác trong giới hạn 3 từ.

Câu 40: cautionary voices

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: emphasize, working with natural processes, rather than engineering
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: “More cautionary voices emphasize the importance of agroecological approaches that work with natural processes” – đáp án là “cautionary voices”.

---

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	unprecedented changes in weather patterns	unprecedented growth/scale
drought	n	/draʊt/	hạn hán	more frequent droughts	severe drought, prolonged drought
resilient	adj	/rɪˈzɪliənt/	có khả năng phục hồi	more resilient crops	resilient economy/system
evaporation	n	/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃn/	sự bay hơi	waste water through evaporation	water evaporation, evaporation rate
precision agriculture	n	/prɪˈsɪʒn ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/	nông nghiệp chính xác	adoption of precision agriculture	precision farming, precision technology
diversification	n	/daɪˌvɜːrsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự đa dạng hóa	diversification has emerged as key strategy	crop diversification, portfolio diversification
indigenous	adj	/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/	bản địa	indigenous farming practices	indigenous people/culture
livestock	n	/ˈlaɪvstɒk/	gia súc	integrating livestock with crops	raise livestock, livestock farming
fertility	n	/fəˈtɪləti/	độ màu mỡ	enhances soil fertility	soil fertility, fertility rate
pesticide	n	/ˈpestɪsaɪd/	thuốc trừ sâu	reduces need for chemical pesticides	pesticide use, pesticide residue
crop yield	n	/krɒp jiːld/	năng suất cây trồng	maintaining crop yields	increase yields, crop yields decline
irrigation	n	/ˌɪrɪˈɡeɪʃn/	hệ thống tưới tiêu	drip irrigation systems	irrigation efficiency, flood irrigation

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformation	n	/ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi	transformation of agricultural practices	digital transformation, complete transformation
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃənətli/	không cân đối	falls disproportionately on small farmers	disproportionately affected
subsistence	n	/səbˈsɪstəns/	sinh kế, tự cung tự cấp	subsistence farmers in Asia	subsistence farming/agriculture
disparity	n	/dɪˈspærəti/	sự chênh lệch	the disparity creates dangerous situation	income disparity, wealth disparity
migration pattern	n	/maɪˈɡreɪʃn ˈpætərn/	xu hướng di cư	migration patterns triggered by disruption	migration patterns change
demographics	n	/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪks/	nhân khẩu học	reshaping demographics	changing demographics
destitution	n	/ˌdestɪˈtuːʃn/	cảnh túng thiếu	adapt, migrate, or face destitution	extreme destitution
cascading	adj	/kæsˈkeɪdɪŋ/	dây chuyền, liên hoàn	creates cascading challenges	cascading effects/failures
competitive advantage	n	/kəmˈpetətɪv ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/	lợi thế cạnh tranh	regions that enjoyed competitive advantages	gain/maintain competitive advantage
existential threat	n	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa sinh tồn	may face existential threats	pose existential threat
vicious cycle	n	/ˈvɪʃəs ˈsaɪkl/	vòng luẩn quẩn	creates a vicious cycle	trapped in vicious cycle
food security	n	/fuːd sɪˈkjʊərəti/	an ninh lương thực	food security is being reconceptualized	ensure food security, food security crisis
supply chain	n	/səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/	chuỗi cung ứng	supply chain resilience	supply chain disruption/management
volatility	n	/ˌvɒləˈtɪləti/	sự biến động	era of climate volatility	market volatility, price volatility
comprehensive	adj	/ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/	toàn diện	responses must be comprehensive	comprehensive approach/plan

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
intensification	n	/ɪnˌtensɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự tăng cường	intensification of climate pressures	intensification of efforts
catalyze	v	/ˈkætəlaɪz/	xúc tác, thúc đẩy	has catalyzed unprecedented acceleration	catalyze change/growth
biotechnological	adj	/ˌbaɪəʊˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc công nghệ sinh học	biotechnological research	biotechnological advances/innovations
interventionist	adj	/ˌɪntərˈvenʃənɪst/	can thiệp mạnh	more interventionist approaches	interventionist policies
genetic modification	n	/dʒəˈnetɪk ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	biến đổi gen	genetic modification of crops	genetic modification technology
osmoprotectant	n	/ˌɒzməʊprəˈtektənt/	chất bảo vệ thẩm thấu	produce osmoprotectants	osmoprotectant molecules
cellular structure	n	/ˈseljələr ˈstrʌktʃər/	cấu trúc tế bào	protect cellular structures	cellular structure damage
submersion	n	/səbˈmɜːrʃn/	sự ngập nước	conserves energy during submersion	temporary submersion
advent	n	/ˈædvent/	sự ra đời	the advent of CRISPR technology	advent of new technology
gene editing	n	/dʒiːn ˈedɪtɪŋ/	chỉnh sửa gen	gene editing technologies	gene editing tools
lenient	adj	/ˈliːniənt/	khoan dung, nới lỏng	more lenient frameworks	lenient regulations/approach
fraught	adj	/frɔːt/	đầy rẫy	within a fraught socioeconomic context	fraught with difficulties
neo-colonial	adj	/ˌniːəʊkəˈləʊniəl/	thuộc chủ nghĩa thực dân mới	neo-colonial dynamic	neo-colonial practices
intellectual property	n	/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl ˈprɒpərti/	sở hữu trí tuệ	intellectual property rights	intellectual property protection
cross-pollination	n	/ˌkrɒs ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃn/	thụ phấn chéo	spread through cross-pollination	cross-pollination between species
feral population	n	/ˈferəl ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn/	quần thể hoang dã	feral populations invade ecosystems	feral population growth
distributional justice	n	/ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃənl ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công bằng phân phối	distributional justice implications	distributional justice concerns
regulatory framework	n	/ˈreɡjələtəri ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/	khung quy định	regulatory frameworks vary	regulatory framework development
techno-optimist	n	/ˌteknəʊ ˈɒptɪmɪst/	người lạc quan công nghệ	techno-optimists view biotechnology	techno-optimist perspective
agroecological	adj	/ˌæɡrəʊˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/	thuộc sinh thái nông nghiệp	agroecological approaches	agroecological practices/systems

Phương pháp sinh thái nông nghiệp kết hợp kiến thức truyền thống ứng phó biến đổi khí hậu

---

Kết Luận

Chủ đề “How global warming is changing agricultural practices” không chỉ là một đề tài quan trọng trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh những thách thức thực tế mà thế giới đang phải đối mặt. Qua ba passages với độ khó tăng dần, bạn đã được tiếp cận với nhiều khía cạnh khác nhau của vấn đề: từ những thay đổi cơ bản trong thực hành canh tác (Passage 1), đến tác động kinh tế-xã hội rộng lớn hơn (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là những tranh luận phức tạp xung quanh công nghệ sinh học (Passage 3).

Bộ đề thi này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm làm bài đầy đủ với 40 câu hỏi thuộc 7 dạng khác nhau, giúp bạn rèn luyện khả năng xử lý đa dạng format câu hỏi trong thời gian giới hạn. Các đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tiếp cận từng loại câu hỏi một cách có hệ thống.

Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được trình bày trong các bảng từ vựng không chỉ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật mà còn cung cấp các collocations thường gặp – yếu tố then chốt để đạt band điểm cao. Để tham khảo thêm về các chủ đề liên quan, bạn có thể tìm hiểu The effects of climate change on global food security và Impact of climate change on energy consumption patterns, cả hai đều là những đề tài được ưa chuộng trong IELTS Reading.

Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading không chỉ đến từ việc hiểu nội dung mà còn từ khả năng quản lý thời gian hiệu quả, xác định thông tin nhanh chóng và áp dụng đúng kỹ thuật cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi chất lượng như thế này sẽ giúp bạn xây dựng sự tự tin và đạt được mục tiêu band điểm mong muốn. Để hiểu sâu hơn về tác động cụ thể của nhiệt độ lên năng suất nông nghiệp, bạn có thể xem Impact of rising temperatures on agricultural yields.

Việc quản lý nước trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu cũng là một khía cạnh quan trọng, và bạn có thể tìm hiểu thêm về chủ đề này qua bài viết What are the implications of climate change on water management?. Cuối cùng, để có cái nhìn tổng quan về tác động rộng hơn của biến đổi khí hậu, đừng bỏ qua Effects of climate change on global economic stability, một chủ đề thường xuyên xuất hiện trong các bài thi IELTS gần đây.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới!