IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu và Sức Khỏe Cộng Đồng Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề về biến đổi khí hậu và ảnh hưởng của nó đến sức khỏe cộng đồng toàn cầu là một trong những chủ đề nóng xuất hiện thường xuyên trong IELTS Reading. Đây là chủ đề liên ngành kết hợp giữa môi trường, y tế và khoa học xã hội, đòi hỏi thí sinh phải có khả năng đọc hiểu văn bản học thuật phức tạp với từ vựng chuyên ngành đa dạng.

Qua hơn 20 năm giảng dạy IELTS, tôi nhận thấy chủ đề này xuất hiện với tần suất cao trong các kỳ thi từ năm 2015 đến nay, đặc biệt trong Passage 2 và Passage 3. Việc làm quen với chủ đề này không chỉ giúp bạn tự tin hơn trong phòng thi mà còn mở rộng vốn kiến thức về một vấn đề toàn cầu quan trọng.

Trong bài viết này, bạn sẽ nhận được:

• Đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng với 7 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau giống thi thật 100%
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí và phương pháp paraphrase
• Từ vựng quan trọng được phân loại theo từng passage với phiên âm, nghĩa và cách sử dụng
• Chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả dựa trên kinh nghiệm thực chiến

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên muốn rèn luyện kỹ năng đọc hiểu và làm quen với format thi thật.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính là 1 điểm, không có điểm âm khi trả lời sai.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó Easy)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó Medium)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó Hard)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì giám thị không nhắc nhở khi chuyển passage. Hãy dành 2-3 phút cuối để chuyển đáp án vào Answer Sheet.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn

Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu chiến lược đọc và kỹ thuật làm bài khác nhau, điều này sẽ được giải thích chi tiết trong phần đáp án.

Học viên đang luyện tập IELTS Reading với chủ đề biến đổi khí hậu và sức khỏe cộng đồng trên giáo trình Cambridge

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Change and Infectious Diseases

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The relationship between climate change and the spread of infectious diseases has become one of the most pressing public health concerns of the twenty-first century. As global temperatures continue to rise, scientists have observed significant shifts in the patterns of disease transmission, particularly those carried by insects and other vectors. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies and protecting vulnerable populations worldwide.

Temperature increases have a direct impact on the life cycles of disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, and flies. Warmer conditions allow these vectors to survive in regions where they previously could not, extending their geographical range significantly. For example, mosquitoes that carry malaria and dengue fever are now found in highland areas of Africa and South America where cooler temperatures once kept them at bay. Research published in 2019 showed that the number of people at risk of malaria in highland regions of East Africa increased by more than 20% over the previous three decades, a change directly linked to rising temperatures.

The breeding cycles of these insects are also affected by climate change. Mosquitoes, for instance, develop faster in warmer water, meaning they can produce more generations in a single season. This accelerated reproduction leads to larger populations of disease-carrying insects, which in turn increases the likelihood of disease transmission to humans. Additionally, warmer temperatures can shorten the incubation period of pathogens within the insect vectors, allowing them to become infectious more quickly.

Rainfall patterns, which are becoming increasingly unpredictable due to climate change, also play a critical role in disease spread. Many disease vectors require water for their reproductive cycle. Heavy rainfall creates more breeding sites for mosquitoes, such as puddles, containers, and flooded areas. Following extreme rainfall events, health authorities often report outbreaks of diseases like dengue fever and cholera. Conversely, droughts can force people to store water in containers near their homes, inadvertently creating ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes in urban areas.

Climate change is not only affecting the vectors themselves but also the pathogens they carry. Studies have shown that warmer temperatures can increase the replication rate of certain viruses and bacteria within their insect hosts, making the vectors more infectious. The West Nile virus, for example, replicates faster in mosquitoes at higher temperatures, leading to higher concentrations of the virus in the insect’s saliva and thus a greater chance of transmission to humans or animals through a single bite.

The impact of climate change on infectious diseases extends beyond vector-borne illnesses. Waterborne diseases such as cholera are also affected by changing climate patterns. Warmer ocean temperatures promote the growth of Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria that causes cholera, in coastal waters. This has led to increased cases of the disease in regions where it was previously rare. Similarly, extreme weather events like floods can contaminate water supplies with sewage and other pollutants, creating conditions favorable for the spread of waterborne diseases.

Vulnerable populations, particularly in developing countries, face the greatest risks from these climate-related health threats. These regions often lack the infrastructure and resources needed to effectively monitor and respond to disease outbreaks. Poor housing conditions, limited access to clean water, and inadequate healthcare systems make it difficult to prevent or treat infectious diseases. Furthermore, many of these communities depend on agriculture and are already struggling with the impacts of climate change on food security, making them even more susceptible to health problems.

Public health experts emphasize the need for integrated approaches to address this growing challenge. This includes strengthening disease surveillance systems to detect outbreaks early, improving access to healthcare in vulnerable regions, and implementing vector control programs. Education campaigns that teach communities about prevention measures, such as eliminating standing water and using mosquito nets, are also essential. At the same time, global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions remain critical for limiting future temperature increases and reducing the long-term health impacts of climate change.

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, what is the main effect of warmer temperatures on disease-carrying insects?
A. They become less dangerous to humans
B. They can live in areas where they couldn’t before
C. They die more quickly
D. They stop carrying diseases

2. The passage states that mosquitoes in warmer water:
A. develop more slowly
B. produce fewer offspring
C. mature at a faster rate
D. become less infectious

3. What happens to disease vectors during droughts according to the passage?
A. They disappear completely
B. People create breeding sites by storing water
C. They move to coastal areas
D. They become resistant to diseases

4. The West Nile virus is mentioned as an example of:
A. a disease that is not affected by temperature
B. a pathogen that replicates faster in warm conditions
C. a waterborne disease
D. a disease that only affects animals

5. According to the passage, which regions are most at risk from climate-related health threats?
A. Wealthy countries with good healthcare
B. Coastal areas with cold climates
C. Developing countries with limited resources
D. Arctic regions

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Malaria-carrying mosquitoes are now found in highland areas where they were previously absent.

7. Climate change has no effect on the pathogens carried by insects.

8. All countries have equal access to disease surveillance systems.

9. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions can help limit future health impacts of climate change.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Heavy rainfall creates more __ for mosquitoes to reproduce.

11. Warmer ocean temperatures encourage the growth of the bacteria that causes __.

12. Poor housing and limited access to clean water make communities more __ to health problems.

13. Public health experts recommend __ approaches to tackle climate-related health challenges.

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PASSAGE 2 – The Complex Web of Climate Change and Disease Distribution

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A. The intricate relationship between climate change and the spatial distribution of infectious diseases represents a multifaceted challenge for global health systems. While the direct effects of rising temperatures on disease vectors have been well documented, emerging research reveals that the mechanisms through which climate change influences public health are far more complex than initially understood. These mechanisms involve intricate interactions between environmental factors, human behavior, ecosystem dynamics, and socioeconomic conditions, creating a web of causation that defies simple explanations or solutions.

B. One particularly concerning aspect is the phenomenon known as “range expansion” – the movement of disease vectors and pathogens into previously unaffected geographical areas. This is not merely a simple northward or upward movement in response to warming temperatures. Instead, it represents a nuanced redistribution influenced by multiple climate variables including temperature, precipitation, humidity, and seasonal patterns. For instance, the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), a vector for dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, has established populations in temperate regions of Europe and North America over the past two decades. Its success in these new territories is attributed not only to warmer winters that allow overwintering of eggs but also to increased summer rainfall and urban heat island effects that create favorable microhabitats.

C. The concept of “thermal optimum” adds another layer of complexity to disease transmission dynamics. Each vector-pathogen system has an optimal temperature range within which transmission is most efficient. Contrary to the assumption that warmer temperatures always increase disease risk, research demonstrates that excessive heat can actually reduce transmission in some cases. When temperatures exceed the thermal optimum, vectors may experience shortened lifespans, reduced biting rates, or decreased vector competence – the ability to transmit pathogens effectively. This non-linear relationship means that climate change could potentially reduce disease burden in some currently endemic areas while increasing it in others, creating a shifting epidemiological landscape that challenges traditional public health planning.

D. Climate variability and extreme weather events introduce additional unpredictability into disease patterns. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), for example, has been linked to epidemic outbreaks of malaria, dengue, and cholera in various parts of the world. During El Niño events, altered precipitation and temperature patterns can create conditions that favor explosive increases in vector populations. However, the specific impacts vary dramatically by region and are modulated by local environmental conditions and human interventions. This variability makes it extremely difficult to predict future disease patterns based solely on climate projections, necessitating the development of sophisticated forecasting models that integrate multiple data sources.

E. The impact of climate change on disease transmission is further mediated by human adaptation behaviors and public health responses. In regions where dengue has recently emerged, for instance, communities may lack the endemic awareness and behavioral practices that help control transmission in areas where the disease has long been established. Conversely, well-resourced health systems may be able to implement effective surveillance and control measures that mitigate the increased risk posed by favorable climate conditions. This means that the health impacts of climate change will be distributed inequitably, with the greatest burden falling on communities that already face multiple challenges including poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and weak health systems.

F. Ecosystem changes driven by climate factors also play a crucial but often overlooked role in disease dynamics. Deforestation, changes in land use, and alterations to wetland ecosystems can modify the abundance and distribution of both vectors and their natural predators. For example, the loss of biodiversity in tick habitats has been associated with increased Lyme disease risk in some regions, a phenomenon explained by the “dilution effect” hypothesis. This suggests that diverse ecosystems with multiple host species can reduce disease transmission by diluting the concentration of infected vectors, whereas degraded ecosystems with fewer species may amplify transmission cycles.

G. The interaction between climate change and antimicrobial resistance presents an emerging concern that has received insufficient attention. Some researchers hypothesize that higher temperatures may accelerate the evolution and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, though this remains an area requiring further investigation. Additionally, climate-related stresses on agriculture and food systems could drive increased use of antimicrobials in livestock production, exacerbating resistance problems. The convergence of these issues underscores the need for holistic approaches that address multiple dimensions of the climate-health nexus simultaneously.

H. Looking forward, addressing the public health challenges posed by climate change requires paradigm shifts in how we conceptualize and respond to infectious disease threats. Traditional disease control programs focused on specific pathogens or vectors may prove inadequate in the face of rapidly changing environmental conditions. Instead, health systems must develop adaptive capacity – the ability to monitor changing risks, anticipate emerging threats, and rapidly implement appropriate responses. This includes investing in climate-sensitive disease surveillance systems, strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration between health, environment, and development agencies, and building community resilience through improved living conditions and healthcare access. Ultimately, the most effective long-term strategy remains urgent action to mitigate climate change itself by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to sustainable development pathways.

Questions 14-19: Matching Headings

The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The role of ecosystems in disease control
ii. Limitations of traditional disease control approaches
iii. The unpredictable nature of climate-disease relationships
iv. How temperature extremes affect disease transmission
v. Unequal distribution of health impacts
vi. The spread of disease vectors to new regions
vii. Understanding the complexity of climate and health connections
viii. The connection between drug resistance and climate
ix. The influence of ocean cycles on disease outbreaks
x. Economic factors in disease prevention

14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph F
19. Paragraph H

Questions 20-23: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage? Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

20. The Asian tiger mosquito has successfully established itself in temperate regions solely due to warmer winters.

21. Extremely high temperatures always increase the risk of disease transmission.

22. Communities with existing knowledge about dengue are better equipped to control its transmission.

23. All researchers agree that climate change accelerates antimicrobial resistance.

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The relationship between disease transmission and temperature is not straightforward. Each vector-pathogen combination has a 24. __, and when temperatures go beyond this range, transmission may actually decrease. This occurs because vectors may have shorter lifespans or reduced 25. __, which is their ability to transmit diseases effectively. This 26. __ relationship creates challenges for public health planning.

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Bản đồ thế giới thể hiện sự phân bố các bệnh truyền nhiễm liên quan đến biến đổi khí hậu theo vùng địa lý

PASSAGE 3 – Quantifying the Global Burden: Epidemiological Perspectives on Climate-Attributable Health Impacts

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The quantification of health impacts attributable to anthropogenic climate change represents one of the most formidable challenges confronting contemporary epidemiological research. Unlike acute environmental exposures with direct and immediate health consequences, climate change operates through protracted temporal pathways and complex mediating mechanisms, making causal attribution extraordinarily difficult. Nevertheless, advances in climate science, disease modeling, and counterfactual analysis have enabled researchers to develop increasingly sophisticated frameworks for estimating the current and projected health burden of climate change, with implications that extend far beyond academic discourse to inform policy interventions and resource allocation decisions.

The methodological approaches employed in climate-health attribution studies generally fall into three broad categories: empirical-statistical models, process-based mechanistic models, and integrated assessment frameworks. Empirical-statistical models leverage historical relationships between climate variables and health outcomes to project future impacts under different climate scenarios. These models have been particularly valuable in analyzing temperature-mortality relationships and have generated robust evidence that climate change is already increasing heat-related mortality in many regions. A landmark meta-analysis published in Nature Climate Change in 2021 synthesized data from 732 locations across 43 countries and concluded that approximately 37% of warm-season heat-related deaths could be attributed to anthropogenic climate change, corresponding to tens of thousands of excess deaths annually.

Process-based mechanistic models, in contrast, attempt to simulate the biological and environmental processes underlying disease transmission, incorporating detailed information about vector biology, pathogen development, host immunity, and environmental conditions. These dynamic transmission models have been extensively applied to vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria, for which sophisticated models can simulate the effects of temperature, rainfall, and humidity on sporogonic cycles (pathogen development within vectors), gonotrophic cycles (vector feeding and reproduction), and vector survival. While such models offer greater biological realism and can capture non-linear dynamics and threshold effects, they require extensive parameterization and are subject to considerable structural uncertainty regarding which processes and interactions to include.

Integrated assessment frameworks represent the most comprehensive but also the most challenging approach, attempting to model the full causal chain from greenhouse gas emissions through climate change, environmental and ecological impacts, and ultimately to health outcomes. These frameworks must grapple with cascade uncertainties that compound at each stage of the causal pathway. Moreover, they must address the counterfactual question: what would health outcomes have been in the absence of anthropogenic climate change? This requires constructing plausible baseline scenarios that account for how non-climate factors affecting health would have evolved over the same period, including economic development, healthcare improvements, and public health interventions.

One of the most contentious issues in climate-health attribution concerns the role of socioeconomic determinants and adaptation. Climate change does not impact health in a vacuum but rather interacts with existing social, economic, and political structures that shape vulnerability and adaptive capacity. For instance, while climate change may be expanding the climatic suitability for dengue transmission in certain regions, whether this translates into actual disease burden depends critically on factors such as housing quality, access to water and sanitation, vector control programs, and healthcare infrastructure. Some scholars argue that disentangling the contributions of climate change from these other determinants is not only methodologically fraught but conceptually problematic, as climate impacts are inextricably intertwined with development pathways and societal choices.

This debate has profound implications for how we understand and respond to climate-related health risks. If we view climate change as simply adding an incremental risk factor to existing disease burdens, the appropriate response might focus primarily on strengthening health systems and specific disease control measures. However, if we recognize that climate change is fundamentally altering the context within which health risks emerge and propagate, creating novel threat multipliers and cascading risks, then a more transformative response is warranted – one that addresses the root causes of both climate change and health inequities simultaneously.

Recent research has begun to illuminate additional pathways through which climate change affects health that were previously underappreciated or poorly quantified. These include impacts on nutritional health through effects on food production and quality, particularly concerning micronutrient concentrations in crops; mental health impacts related to extreme weather events, displacement, and climate anxiety; and indirect effects mediated through conflict, migration, and economic disruption. A comprehensive accounting of the health burden of climate change must consider this expansive array of pathways, yet doing so strains the methodological capacities of current epidemiological approaches.

The temporal dimension of climate-health impacts adds further complexity. Current populations are experiencing health consequences from climate change that has already occurred (committed impacts), but future populations will face far greater risks unless emissions are rapidly reduced. Economic frameworks such as the social cost of carbon attempt to monetize these future health damages, but such calculations involve normative decisions about how to value health impacts across different populations and time periods, including the choice of discount rates that determine how much weight we give to future versus present harms. These are not merely technical questions but reflect fundamental ethical judgments about intergenerational justice and the intrinsic value of health.

Despite these formidable challenges, the weight of evidence leaves little doubt that climate change is already harming human health and that these impacts will intensify substantially if greenhouse gas emissions continue on current trajectories. The most recent assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded with “very high confidence” that climate change has led to increased morbidity and mortality from extreme heat, altered the geographical distribution of climate-sensitive infectious diseases, and negatively impacted food security and nutrition in multiple regions. Probabilistic projections suggest that under high-emission scenarios, climate change could lead to hundreds of thousands of additional deaths annually by mid-century through pathways including heat exposure, malnutrition, malaria, and dengue alone, not accounting for other health impacts.

The imperative for action is clear, but the pathways forward are contested. Public health advocates emphasize that climate change mitigation – reducing greenhouse gas emissions – represents the ultimate primary prevention strategy, addressing the root cause rather than merely treating symptoms. However, given the climatic changes already locked in due to past emissions and ongoing inertia in energy systems, substantial investment in adaptation measures is also essential. These include climate-resilient health systems, early warning systems for extreme weather and disease outbreaks, and addressing the social determinants that shape vulnerability. Critically, the communities facing the greatest climate-health risks – often those that have contributed least to causing climate change – must be centered in decision-making processes about both mitigation and adaptation strategies, ensuring that responses promote rather than undermine health equity.

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. What is the main challenge in determining health impacts caused by climate change?
A. Lack of available data
B. The indirect and complex nature of the causal pathways
C. Disagreement among researchers
D. Insufficient funding for research

28. According to the passage, empirical-statistical models are especially useful for analyzing:
A. vector-borne disease transmission
B. relationships between temperature and mortality
C. economic impacts of climate change
D. pathogen development in insects

29. What percentage of warm-season heat-related deaths were attributed to climate change according to the 2021 meta-analysis?
A. 25%
B. 32%
C. 37%
D. 43%

30. The passage suggests that process-based mechanistic models:
A. are simpler than statistical models
B. require less data than other approaches
C. offer greater biological realism but need extensive parameterization
D. are only used for waterborne diseases

31. According to the passage, which communities face the greatest climate-health risks?
A. Those in developed countries with aging populations
B. Those that have contributed least to causing climate change
C. Those living in the Arctic regions
D. Those with the largest populations

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each description (32-36) with the correct model type (A-C). You may use any letter more than once.

Model Types:
A. Empirical-statistical models
B. Process-based mechanistic models
C. Integrated assessment frameworks

32. Uses historical data to predict future health outcomes

33. Attempts to model the complete chain from emissions to health impacts

34. Simulates biological processes of disease transmission in detail

35. Subject to cascade uncertainties at multiple stages

36. Has been extensively used for malaria modeling

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the question of what health outcomes would have been without climate change?

38. What do scholars say climate impacts are inextricably intertwined with?

39. What does the passage call climate change when discussing its role in creating novel risks?

40. What strategy do public health advocates describe as the ultimate approach to preventing climate-related health impacts?

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Các chuyên gia y tế công cộng đang phân tích dữ liệu về tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến sức khỏe cộng đồng

Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. TRUE
10. breeding sites
11. cholera
12. susceptible
13. integrated approaches

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. vii
15. vi
16. iv
17. ix
18. i
19. ii
20. NO
21. NO
22. YES
23. NOT GIVEN
24. thermal optimum
25. vector competence
26. non-linear

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. A
33. C
34. B
35. C
36. B
37. counterfactual (question)
38. development pathways
39. threat multipliers
40. primary prevention (strategy)

Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main effect, warmer temperatures, disease-carrying insects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-4
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài viết: “Warmer conditions allow these vectors to survive in regions where they previously could not, extending their geographical range significantly.” Đáp án B paraphrase ý “survive in regions where they previously could not” thành “can live in areas where they couldn’t before”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập hoặc mâu thuẫn với thông tin trong bài.

Câu 2: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: mosquitoes, warmer water
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ: “Mosquitoes, for instance, develop faster in warmer water”. “Develop faster” được paraphrase thành “mature at a faster rate” trong đáp án C.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: disease vectors, droughts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “droughts can force people to store water in containers near their homes, inadvertently creating ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes”. Đáp án B tóm tắt chính xác ý này.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: malaria-carrying mosquitoes, highland areas
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết khẳng định: “mosquitoes that carry malaria…are now found in highland areas of Africa and South America where cooler temperatures once kept them at bay”. Câu hỏi phù hợp hoàn toàn với thông tin này.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate change, pathogens, insects
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ: “Climate change is not only affecting the vectors themselves but also the pathogens they carry”, sau đó giải thích chi tiết về việc nhiệt độ ảnh hưởng đến tốc độ nhân bản của virus và vi khuẩn. Câu hỏi nói “no effect” nên là FALSE.

Câu 10: breeding sites

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: heavy rainfall, creates, mosquitoes reproduce
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu gốc: “Heavy rainfall creates more breeding sites for mosquitoes”. Cụm “breeding sites” là đáp án chính xác, nằm trong giới hạn TWO WORDS.

Câu 13: integrated approaches

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: public health experts, recommend
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1
• Giải thích: Đoạn cuối bắt đầu bằng: “Public health experts emphasize the need for integrated approaches to address this growing challenge”. Đáp án là “integrated approaches”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: vii

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn A giới thiệu về mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa biến đổi khí hậu và sức khỏe, nhấn mạnh “complex”, “intricate interactions”, “web of causation”. Heading vii “Understanding the complexity of climate and health connections” phù hợp nhất.

Câu 15: vi

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn B tập trung vào “range expansion” – sự di chuyển của vectors đến các khu vực địa lý mới, với ví dụ về muỗi Asian tiger. Heading vi “The spread of disease vectors to new regions” khớp chính xác.

Câu 16: iv

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Giải thích: Đoạn C thảo luận về “thermal optimum” và cách nhiệt độ cực đoan có thể giảm truyền bệnh, không phải lúc nào nhiệt cũng tăng nguy cơ. Heading iv “How temperature extremes affect disease transmission” phù hợp.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Asian tiger mosquito, temperate regions, solely, warmer winters
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói thành công của muỗi “is attributed not only to warmer winters…but also to increased summer rainfall and urban heat island effects”. Từ “not only…but also” chứng tỏ không chỉ do mùa đông ấm hơn, nên câu hỏi với từ “solely” là NO.

Câu 21: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: extremely high temperatures, always increase
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C nói rõ: “Contrary to the assumption that warmer temperatures always increase disease risk, research demonstrates that excessive heat can actually reduce transmission in some cases”. Từ “Contrary” và “actually reduce” chứng tỏ câu hỏi với “always increase” là NO.

Câu 24: thermal optimum

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: vector-pathogen combination
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết: “Each vector-pathogen system has an optimal temperature range” và sử dụng thuật ngữ “thermal optimum”. Đây là đáp án chính xác.

Câu 25: vector competence

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: ability to transmit diseases
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “or decreased vector competence – the ability to transmit pathogens effectively”. Định nghĩa trong dấu gạch ngang khớp với “ability to transmit diseases” trong câu hỏi.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: main challenge, determining health impacts
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, câu 2
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói: “Unlike acute environmental exposures with direct and immediate health consequences, climate change operates through protracted temporal pathways and complex mediating mechanisms, making causal attribution extraordinarily difficult”. Đáp án B “The indirect and complex nature of the causal pathways” paraphrase chính xác ý này.

Câu 29: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: percentage, warm-season heat-related deaths, 2021 meta-analysis
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-8
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “concluded that approximately 37% of warm-season heat-related deaths could be attributed to anthropogenic climate change”. Đáp án là C – 37%.

Câu 32: A

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Giải thích: Đoạn 2 nói về empirical-statistical models: “leverage historical relationships between climate variables and health outcomes to project future impacts”. “Historical data” trong câu hỏi khớp với “historical relationships”.

Câu 33: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Giải thích: Đoạn 4 mô tả integrated assessment frameworks: “attempting to model the full causal chain from greenhouse gas emissions through climate change…and ultimately to health outcomes”. “Complete chain from emissions to health impacts” khớp với mô tả này.

Câu 37: counterfactual (question)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: what health outcomes would have been without climate change
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 6-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết: “they must address the counterfactual question: what would health outcomes have been in the absence of anthropogenic climate change?” Đáp án là “counterfactual” hoặc “counterfactual question” (cả hai đều đúng vì không quá THREE WORDS).

Câu 40: primary prevention (strategy)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: ultimate approach, public health advocates
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “Public health advocates emphasize that climate change mitigation…represents the ultimate primary prevention strategy”. Đáp án là “primary prevention” hoặc “primary prevention strategy”.

Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
pressing	adj	/ˈpresɪŋ/	cấp bách, khẩn cấp	pressing public health concerns	pressing issue, pressing need
vector	n	/ˈvektər/	vật trung gian truyền bệnh	disease-carrying vectors	disease vector, insect vector
crucial	adj	/ˈkruːʃəl/	cực kỳ quan trọng	crucial for developing strategies	crucial role, crucial factor
geographical range	n phrase	/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl reɪndʒ/	phạm vi địa lý	extending their geographical range	expand geographical range
breeding cycle	n phrase	/ˈbriːdɪŋ ˈsaɪkəl/	chu kỳ sinh sản	breeding cycles of insects	complete breeding cycle
incubation period	n phrase	/ˌɪŋkjuˈbeɪʃən ˈpɪəriəd/	thời gian ủ bệnh	incubation period of pathogens	shorten incubation period
unpredictable	adj	/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/	không thể dự đoán	increasingly unpredictable	highly unpredictable
outbreak	n	/ˈaʊtbreɪk/	sự bùng phát dịch bệnh	outbreaks of diseases	disease outbreak, outbreak control
pathogen	n	/ˈpæθədʒən/	mầm bệnh, tác nhân gây bệnh	pathogens they carry	bacterial pathogen, viral pathogen
replication rate	n phrase	/ˌreplɪˈkeɪʃən reɪt/	tốc độ nhân bản	replication rate of viruses	increase replication rate
susceptible	adj	/səˈseptəbl/	dễ bị ảnh hưởng	susceptible to health problems	highly susceptible, susceptible population
infrastructure	n	/ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃər/	cơ sở hạ tầng	lack the infrastructure	health infrastructure, poor infrastructure

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
spatial distribution	n phrase	/ˈspeɪʃəl ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/	sự phân bố không gian	spatial distribution of diseases	spatial distribution pattern
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltɪˈfæsɪtɪd/	nhiều mặt, đa diện	multifaceted challenge	multifaceted approach, multifaceted problem
intricate	adj	/ˈɪntrɪkət/	phức tạp, rắc rối	intricate interactions	intricate relationship, intricate system
ecosystem dynamics	n phrase	/ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực học hệ sinh thái	ecosystem dynamics	study ecosystem dynamics
range expansion	n phrase	/reɪndʒ ɪkˈspænʃən/	sự mở rộng phạm vi	range expansion of vectors	rapid range expansion
overwintering	n	/ˌəʊvəˈwɪntərɪŋ/	việc qua đông	overwintering of eggs	successful overwintering
microhabitat	n	/ˈmaɪkrəʊˌhæbɪtæt/	môi trường sống nhỏ	create favorable microhabitats	suitable microhabitat
thermal optimum	n phrase	/ˈθɜːməl ˈɒptɪməm/	nhiệt độ tối ưu	thermal optimum for transmission	exceed thermal optimum
vector competence	n phrase	/ˈvektər ˈkɒmpɪtəns/	năng lực truyền bệnh	decreased vector competence	high vector competence
endemic	adj	/enˈdemɪk/	đặc hữu, địa phương	endemic areas	endemic disease, become endemic
epidemiological	adj	/ˌepɪˌdiːmiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/	thuộc dịch tễ học	epidemiological landscape	epidemiological study, epidemiological data
modulated	v	/ˈmɒdjuleɪtɪd/	được điều chỉnh	modulated by local conditions	modulated response
mitigate	v	/ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/	giảm nhẹ, làm dịu	mitigate the increased risk	mitigate impact, mitigate effects
deforestation	n	/diːˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/	nạn phá rừng	deforestation and land use changes	prevent deforestation
exacerbate	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/	làm trầm trọng hơn	exacerbating resistance problems	exacerbate the situation

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
attributable	adj	/əˈtrɪbjətəbl/	có thể quy cho	health impacts attributable to	attributable to climate change
anthropogenic	adj	/ˌænθrəpəˈdʒenɪk/	do con người gây ra	anthropogenic climate change	anthropogenic emissions
protracted	adj	/prəˈtræktɪd/	kéo dài	protracted temporal pathways	protracted conflict, protracted process
causal attribution	n phrase	/ˈkɔːzəl ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃən/	sự quy kết nguyên nhân	making causal attribution difficult	establish causal attribution
counterfactual	adj/n	/ˌkaʊntəˈfæktʃuəl/	phản thực, giả định ngược	counterfactual analysis	counterfactual scenario
empirical-statistical	adj	/ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl stəˈtɪstɪkəl/	thuộc thống kê thực nghiệm	empirical-statistical models	empirical-statistical evidence
mechanistic	adj	/ˌmekəˈnɪstɪk/	thuộc cơ chế	process-based mechanistic models	mechanistic understanding
sporogonic cycle	n phrase	/ˌspɒrəˈɡɒnɪk ˈsaɪkəl/	chu kỳ sinh bào tử	sporogonic cycles in vectors	complete sporogonic cycle
parameterization	n	/pəˌræmɪtəraɪˈzeɪʃən/	sự xác định tham số	require extensive parameterization	model parameterization
cascade uncertainties	n phrase	/kæˈskeɪd ʌnˈsɜːtəntiz/	các bất định dây chuyền	cascade uncertainties compound	address cascade uncertainties
climatic suitability	n phrase	/klaɪˈmætɪk ˌsuːtəˈbɪləti/	sự thích hợp về khí hậu	expanding climatic suitability	assess climatic suitability
disentangle	v	/ˌdɪsɪnˈtæŋɡl/	tách ra, gỡ rối	disentangling the contributions	disentangle effects
inextricably	adv	/ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbli/	không thể tách rời	inextricably intertwined	inextricably linked
threat multiplier	n phrase	/θret ˈmʌltɪplaɪər/	yếu tố nhân lên mối đe dọa	novel threat multipliers	act as threat multiplier
micronutrient	n	/ˈmaɪkrəʊˌnjuːtriənt/	vi chất dinh dưỡng	micronutrient concentrations	micronutrient deficiency
discount rate	n phrase	/ˈdɪskaʊnt reɪt/	tỷ lệ chiết khấu	choice of discount rates	apply discount rate
intrinsic value	n phrase	/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk ˈvæljuː/	giá trị nội tại	intrinsic value of health	recognize intrinsic value
probabilistic projection	n phrase	/ˌprɒbəbɪˈlɪstɪk prəˈdʒekʃən/	dự báo xác suất	probabilistic projections suggest	develop probabilistic projections

Sơ đồ minh họa các chiến lược ứng phó với tác động của biến đổi khí hậu lên sức khỏe cộng đồng

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How Is Climate Change Influencing Global Public Health?” không chỉ là một trong những chủ đề quan trọng nhất của thế kỷ 21 mà còn là một chủ đề xuất hiện ngày càng thường xuyên trong các kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Qua đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ mức cơ bản đến nâng cao.

Ba passages trong đề thi đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện về chủ đề từ nhiều góc độ khác nhau. Passage 1 giới thiệu những tác động cơ bản và trực tiếp của biến đổi khí hậu lên các bệnh truyền nhiễm. Passage 2 đi sâu vào phân tích mối quan hệ phức tạp giữa khí hậu và sự phân bố bệnh tật trên toàn cầu. Passage 3 đưa ra góc nhìn dịch tễ học chuyên sâu về việc định lượng và phân tích tác động này.

Đáp án chi tiết kèm theo giải thích cụ thể về vị trí, từ khóa và phương pháp paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn tự đánh giá năng lực hiện tại và hiểu rõ tại sao một đáp án là đúng hoặc sai. Đây là chìa khóa để cải thiện kỹ năng làm bài Reading một cách bài bản và hiệu quả.

Hơn 40 từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp và phân loại theo từng passage, kèm theo phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và cách sử dụng thực tế sẽ giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ học thuật. Đây đều là những từ vựng có tần suất xuất hiện cao trong IELTS, đặc biệt với các chủ đề liên quan đến môi trường, y tế và khoa học.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất, bạn nên:

• Làm bài trong điều kiện giống thi thật (60 phút, không ngắt quãng)
• Đọc kỹ giải thích đáp án để hiểu phương pháp làm bài
• Ghi chép và học thuộc các từ vựng quan trọng
• Phân tích cấu trúc câu phức tạp trong Passage 3
• Luyện tập thường xuyên với các chủ đề đa dạng

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Hãy nhớ rằng, thành công trong IELTS Reading không chỉ đến từ việc biết nhiều từ vựng mà còn từ việc hiểu rõ cấu trúc đề thi, nắm vững các dạng câu hỏi và có chiến lược làm bài khoa học. Hãy kiên trì luyện tập và bạn sẽ thấy sự tiến bộ rõ rệt!