IELTS Reading: Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Và Di Cư – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Biến đổi khí hậu đang tác động sâu rộng đến các mô hình di cư toàn cầu, tạo nên một trong những chủ đề nóng bỏng nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading hiện nay. Chủ đề “How Is Climate Change Influencing Migration Patterns?” xuất hiện với tần suất ngày càng cao trong các đề thi IELTS thực tế, đặc biệt từ năm 2020 trở lại đây, khi các vấn đề môi trường trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu toàn cầu.

Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn Cambridge IELTS, bao gồm:

• Đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages với độ khó tăng dần từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
• 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading
• Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tìm thông tin và paraphrase
• Từ vựng chuyên ngành về môi trường, khí hậu và di cư với ví dụ thực tế

Đề thi này phù hợp cho học viên có trình độ từ band 5.0 trở lên, giúp bạn làm quen với cấu trúc bài thi thực tế và rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài hiệu quả.

Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test là phần thi kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng tương ứng với 1 điểm, không có điểm âm cho câu trả lời sai.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
• Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
• Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)

Lưu ý quan trọng: Bạn cần tự quản lý thời gian vì không có thời gian riêng để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet như phần Listening.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
3. Matching Information – Ghép thông tin với đoạn văn
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
5. Matching Headings – Ghép tiêu đề cho đoạn văn
6. Summary Completion – Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi ngắn

IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – Climate Refugees: A Growing Global Phenomenon

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The connection between climate change and human migration has become increasingly evident over the past two decades. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, millions of people around the world are being forced to leave their homes. These individuals, often referred to as climate refugees or environmental migrants, represent one of the most significant humanitarian challenges of the 21st century.

Rising sea levels pose a direct threat to coastal communities worldwide. Small island nations in the Pacific Ocean, such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, are particularly vulnerable. Scientists predict that many of these islands could become uninhabitable within the next 50 years as ocean waters continue to rise. The residents of these nations face an uncertain future, with many already beginning to relocate to neighbouring countries like New Zealand and Australia. The government of Kiribati has even purchased land in Fiji as a potential refuge for its entire population of approximately 110,000 people.

Drought and water scarcity are driving migration patterns in numerous regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. In Syria, a severe drought between 2006 and 2010 contributed to rural communities abandoning their farms and moving to urban areas. This mass internal migration placed enormous pressure on city resources and services, creating social tensions that many experts believe were among the factors leading to the Syrian civil war. Similarly, in East Africa, prolonged droughts have forced pastoralist communities to leave their traditional lands in search of water and grazing areas for their livestock.

The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are also compelling people to migrate. In Bangladesh, one of the world’s most densely populated countries, annual flooding displaces hundreds of thousands of people. Many move to the capital city, Dhaka, which has seen its population swell dramatically over recent decades. Cyclones and storm surges in coastal areas regularly destroy homes and livelihoods, making it impossible for affected families to remain in their original locations. The International Organization for Migration estimates that between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshis migrate from rural to urban areas each year, with climate-related factors playing a significant role.

Agricultural disruption caused by changing climate patterns is another major driver of migration. Farmers depend on predictable seasonal patterns for planting and harvesting crops. However, shifting rainfall patterns, unexpected frosts, and extreme heat waves are making traditional farming practices increasingly difficult. In Central America, prolonged droughts and unpredictable weather have devastated coffee and maize crops, primary sources of income for many rural families. This has contributed to the significant migration flows from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador toward Mexico and the United States.

Bản đồ toàn cầu các khu vực di cư do biến đổi khí hậu và dòng người di chuyển

The legal status of climate migrants remains a contentious issue. Unlike refugees fleeing war or persecution, who are protected under the 1951 Refugee Convention, climate migrants have no specific international legal protection. This means that people displaced by environmental factors often lack access to the support and rights afforded to traditional refugees. Some countries, like Sweden and Finland, have begun to consider humanitarian grounds related to climate change in asylum applications, but this practice is not widespread.

Internal migration, where people move within their own country’s borders, represents the majority of climate-related displacement. The World Bank estimates that by 2050, up to 216 million people could be internally displaced due to climate change impacts, with sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America being the most affected regions. These internal migrants often move from rural to urban areas, creating challenges for city infrastructure and services.

Some researchers argue that climate change acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities rather than being the sole cause of migration. Poverty, political instability, lack of economic opportunities, and social inequality all interact with environmental pressures to influence migration decisions. For instance, wealthy farmers with resources may be able to adapt to changing conditions by investing in irrigation systems or drought-resistant crops, while poorer families have no choice but to leave.

Understanding the relationship between climate change and migration is essential for developing appropriate policy responses. Governments and international organizations need to invest in climate adaptation measures in vulnerable regions, including improved water management, resilient agricultural practices, and coastal defences. At the same time, migration pathways need to be better managed to ensure that people moving due to environmental pressures have access to safety, legal protection, and opportunities to rebuild their lives.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

1. According to the passage, small island nations in the Pacific are threatened by:
A. Severe droughts
B. Rising sea levels
C. Agricultural disruption
D. Political instability

2. The drought in Syria between 2006 and 2010 resulted in:
A. International refugees fleeing to Europe
B. Improved agricultural practices
C. Rural populations moving to cities
D. Government land purchases in other countries

3. How many Bangladeshis migrate from rural to urban areas annually according to the International Organization for Migration?
A. 110,000 people
B. Between 200,000 and 400,000 people
C. 216 million people
D. 50 million people

4. Climate migrants differ from traditional refugees because they:
A. Move to urban areas within their own countries
B. Are wealthier and have more resources
C. Lack specific international legal protection
D. Only move due to rising sea levels

5. According to the World Bank, by 2050, how many people could be internally displaced due to climate change?
A. Up to 110,000
B. Up to 400,000
C. Up to 50 million
D. Up to 216 million

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information in the passage, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, or NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

6. The government of Kiribati has already relocated its entire population to Fiji.

7. Climate-related factors were among the causes that contributed to the Syrian civil war.

8. Sweden and Finland have implemented universal policies accepting all climate migrants.

9. Wealthy farmers are better able to adapt to climate change than poor farmers.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. In Bangladesh, annual flooding and coastal storms force many people to move to the capital city, __.

11. In Central America, climate change has particularly affected crops such as coffee and __.

12. Researchers describe climate change as a __, which makes existing problems worse.

13. To help vulnerable regions, governments should invest in climate adaptation measures including improved water management and __.

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PASSAGE 2 – The Complexity of Climate-Induced Displacement

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

A. The relationship between climate change and human migration is far more nuanced and complex than popular discourse often suggests. While dramatic images of submerging islands and drought-stricken landscapes dominate media coverage, the actual mechanisms through which environmental change influences migration decisions involve multiple interacting factors. Scholars in the field of environmental migration studies have increasingly moved away from deterministic models that portray climate change as directly causing population movements, instead adopting more sophisticated frameworks that recognize human agency and the role of social, economic, and political contexts.

B. One of the most significant challenges in studying climate-induced migration is establishing causality. Environmental factors rarely operate in isolation; they interact with pre-existing vulnerabilities, economic structures, and political systems. Consider the case of the Sahel region in West Africa, where desertification and erratic rainfall patterns have been documented for decades. While these environmental stresses have undoubtedly contributed to population movements, researchers have found that migration patterns in the Sahel are also heavily influenced by colonial-era land policies, post-independence political instability, ethnic tensions, and changing economic opportunities in urban areas. Attempting to disaggregate the purely climate-related components of migration from these other factors presents significant methodological difficulties.

C. The concept of “trapped populations” has emerged as an important consideration in climate migration research. Contrary to the assumption that environmental degradation automatically leads to out-migration, evidence suggests that the poorest and most vulnerable populations often lack the resources necessary to relocate. Migration, even over short distances, requires financial capital for transportation, initial settlement costs, and the ability to forego immediate income. In regions experiencing severe environmental stress, those with the fewest resources may find themselves unable to move, effectively trapped in increasingly uninhabitable conditions. This phenomenon has been observed in parts of rural Bangladesh, where the poorest households remain in flood-prone areas while those with moderate means migrate to cities.

D. Seasonal and circular migration patterns represent another layer of complexity often overlooked in simplified narratives about climate refugees. In many agricultural societies, temporary migration during particular seasons has long been a traditional livelihood strategy. Climate change may be altering the timing, duration, and destinations of these movements, but it does not necessarily create entirely new migration patterns. For instance, in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta region, farmers have traditionally engaged in seasonal migration to urban areas during the monsoon season when agricultural work is limited. As flooding has intensified due to climate change, these seasonal movements have become longer and more frequent, but they build upon existing migration networks and cultural practices rather than representing a complete break from the past.

E. The role of social networks and remittances in facilitating or constraining climate-related migration deserves greater attention. Migration decisions are rarely made by isolated individuals but rather within family and community contexts. Established migration pathways, with networks of relatives and community members already settled in destination areas, significantly reduce the risks and costs of moving. These networks provide information, accommodation, and employment assistance to new arrivals. Remittances—money sent back by migrants to their families—can serve dual functions: they may enable additional family members to migrate, or they may provide resources that allow families to remain in vulnerable areas by investing in adaptation measures such as drought-resistant seeds or improved housing.

F. Urban destinations of climate-induced migrants face their own set of challenges. Cities in developing countries are often ill-equipped to absorb large influxes of rural migrants, many of whom arrive with limited financial resources and few marketable skills for urban economies. This can lead to the proliferation of informal settlements or slums with inadequate infrastructure, limited access to clean water and sanitation, and vulnerability to environmental hazards such as flooding or landslides. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, it is estimated that up to 70% of the city’s growth over recent decades can be attributed to rural-to-urban migration, much of it driven by environmental factors. The city’s infrastructure has struggled to keep pace, resulting in overcrowded living conditions and environmental degradation in urban areas themselves.

Sơ đồ các yếu tố phức tạp ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư do khí hậu

G. International cooperation on climate-induced migration remains limited and fragmented. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted by the United Nations in 2018, acknowledges climate change as a driver of migration but offers no binding commitments or specific protection mechanisms for climate migrants. The Task Force on Displacement under the Warsaw International Mechanism has worked to develop recommendations, but implementation has been slow and uneven. Some regional agreements, such as the Kampala Convention in Africa, provide frameworks for protecting internally displaced persons, including those displaced by environmental factors, but global consensus remains elusive.

H. The gender dimensions of climate-induced migration warrant particular attention. Environmental stresses and subsequent migration affect men and women differently, reflecting broader patterns of gender inequality. In many societies, men migrate first, leaving women to manage households and agricultural work under increasingly difficult environmental conditions. Women left behind may face increased workloads, reduced access to resources, and limited decision-making authority. Conversely, when women do migrate, they may face specific vulnerabilities including limited access to certain types of employment, increased risk of exploitation, and barriers to accessing services. Research from Nepal has shown that women remaining in mountain villages after male out-migration bear greater responsibilities for managing water scarcity and agricultural challenges resulting from climate change.

I. Looking forward, projections of future climate-induced migration vary widely, ranging from tens of millions to over a billion people potentially displaced by 2050, depending on the scenarios and methodologies used. These projections are complicated by uncertainties about future climate trajectories, the pace of adaptation efforts, and socioeconomic developments that will shape both vulnerability and migration capacity. What remains clear is that climate change will increasingly influence migration patterns across the globe, and that effective responses will require integrated approaches that address both the drivers of displacement and the needs of mobile populations.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Matching Headings

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.

List of Headings:
i. The financial aspects of moving populations
ii. Difficulties in identifying direct causes
iii. Traditional movement patterns modified by climate
iv. The paradox of immobile vulnerable groups
v. Urban infrastructure under pressure
vi. The importance of family and community connections
vii. Historical patterns of human settlement
viii. Government responses to migration
ix. The economic benefits of migration

14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
17. Paragraph E
18. Paragraph F

Questions 19-22: Yes/No/Not Given

Write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer, NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer, or NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

19. Early models of climate migration oversimplified the relationship between environmental change and population movement.

20. The poorest populations are always the first to migrate when environmental conditions deteriorate.

21. Remittances sent by migrants always enable more family members to leave vulnerable areas.

22. The Global Compact for Migration provides comprehensive legal protection for climate refugees.

Questions 23-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Climate-induced migration is influenced by 23. __ rather than just environmental factors alone. The concept of 24. __ describes people who cannot afford to relocate despite dangerous conditions. Migration patterns are often 25. __ in nature, with people moving temporarily during certain times of the year. The gender dimensions are significant, as women left behind may face increased 26. __ when managing environmental challenges.

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PASSAGE 3 – Theoretical Frameworks and Policy Implications for Climate Mobility

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The academic discourse surrounding climate-induced migration has undergone substantial theoretical evolution over the past three decades, moving from relatively simplistic neo-Malthusian perspectives toward more sophisticated, multi-scalar analytical frameworks. Early scholarship, particularly during the 1990s, frequently employed environmentally deterministic logic, positing direct causal pathways between environmental degradation and human displacement. These approaches, exemplified by Norman Myers’ widely cited but methodologically contested estimate that 200 million people would become “environmental refugees” by 2050, have been progressively critiqued for their failure to account for human agency, adaptive capacity, and the multifaceted nature of migration drivers.

Contemporary theoretical approaches increasingly draw upon the concept of “environmental change as threat multiplier”, a framework that recognizes climate change as amplifying pre-existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities rather than operating as an independent migration determinant. This perspective aligns with the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) theory, which conceptualizes migration as a household-level risk diversification strategy rather than merely an individual response to wage differentials. Under conditions of environmental stress, households may strategically deploy members to different geographical locations, creating income streams less vulnerable to localized environmental shocks. Remittance flows become crucial mechanisms for financing adaptation investments in origin communities, potentially reducing subsequent displacement pressures.

The “migration as adaptation” paradigm represents a significant conceptual shift in how climate mobility is framed within policy discourse. Rather than viewing environmentally-induced population movements solely through the lens of crisis and failure to adapt in situ, this perspective recognizes migration as a potentially positive adaptive strategy. This reframing has important policy implications: it suggests that facilitating certain forms of mobility, rather than exclusively focusing on preventing displacement, may constitute appropriate climate adaptation policy. The Cancun Adaptation Framework, adopted at COP16 in 2010, reflects this thinking by calling for measures that enhance understanding of and address climate change-induced migration, displacement, and planned relocation.

However, the “migration as adaptation” framework faces important critiques. Critical scholars have highlighted how this paradigm may serve to absolve states and the international community of responsibility for addressing the root causes of displacement, effectively normalizing what should be viewed as climate injustice. The framework risks depoliticizing displacement by casting it as a technical adaptation challenge rather than as a human rights issue demanding protection mechanisms and accountability from major greenhouse gas emitters. Furthermore, the adaptive potential of migration is highly contingent upon reception contexts, legal status, and access to livelihood opportunities in destination areas—factors often absent for vulnerable populations undertaking distress migration.

The question of legal protection for climate-displaced populations remains one of the most contentious and unresolved aspects of the climate migration nexus. The 1951 Refugee Convention’s definition of a refugee requires a “well-founded fear of persecution” based on specific grounds (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion) and presumes cross-border movement. Climate-displaced persons typically fail to meet these criteria, creating a protection gap in international law. Various proposals have emerged to address this lacuna, including expanding the refugee definition, creating a new legal instrument specifically for climate displacement, or developing complementary protection mechanisms through human rights law.

The 2020 landmark decision by the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the case of Teitiota v. New Zealand established an important, albeit limited, precedent. The Committee ruled that countries may not deport individuals to places where climate change-induced conditions threaten the right to life. While Ioane Teitiota’s asylum claim was ultimately unsuccessful—the Committee found that the immediate threat threshold had not been met—the decision establishes the principle that climate-related impacts can, in extreme circumstances, trigger non-refoulement obligations. This represents a potential pathway for protection, though one with a notably high threshold that may exclude many climate-affected migrants.

Sơ đồ khung lý thuyết và chính sách về di cư khí hậu qua các thập kỷ

At the regional level, several innovative governance approaches have emerged. The Nansen Initiative (2012-2015) and its successor, the Platform on Disaster Displacement, have worked to build consensus on protecting cross-border disaster-displaced persons through a state-led consultative process. The resulting Nansen Protection Agenda identifies effective practices, including humanitarian visas, temporary protection mechanisms, and planned relocation protocols. In the Pacific region, the Pacific Access Category and Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme implemented by New Zealand provide limited migration pathways for Pacific island populations facing long-term climate threats, though scholars debate whether these constitute genuine protection mechanisms or primarily serve destination country labour needs.

The concept of “planned relocation” or “managed retreat” has gained traction as a proactive response to slow-onset climate processes such as sea-level rise. Several small island developing states have begun exploring or implementing relocations of coastal communities to safer locations. However, planned relocation presents profound challenges beyond the logistical. These include the loss of cultural identity tied to ancestral lands, the dissolution of community cohesion, psychological trauma associated with displacement, and questions of procedural justice regarding who decides relocation parameters and how affected communities participate in decision-making processes. The experience of the Carteret Islands in Papua New Guinea, often cited as the world’s first “climate refugees,” illustrates these complexities: relocation efforts have proceeded slowly, facing funding challenges, land tenure disputes, and resistance from both relocating and receiving communities.

From a climate justice perspective, the uneven distribution of climate migration impacts and responsibilities demands attention. The populations most vulnerable to climate-induced displacement typically bear minimal responsibility for historical greenhouse gas emissions, while major emitting nations face comparatively limited direct displacement risks. This asymmetry raises questions of international responsibility and compensatory justice. Some scholars and activists have called for the establishment of an international fund to support climate-displaced populations, potentially financed through mechanisms like carbon taxes on major emitters. The Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage, established in 2013, provides a potential institutional framework, though progress on financial commitments has been limited, with developed nations resistant to accepting liability for climate impacts.

Methodologically, improving projections and understanding of climate migration requires addressing several challenges. Current models often rely on correlational approaches, examining historical relationships between climate variables and migration rates, then projecting these relationships onto future climate scenarios. However, such methods assume static relationships that may not hold as climate change intensifies, adaptive capacities evolve, and socioeconomic contexts transform. Agent-based modeling approaches offer potential advantages by simulating individual or household decision-making processes under varying conditions, though they require extensive data and involve numerous assumptions about behavioral parameters.

The phenomenon of “trapped populations”—those unable to migrate despite severe environmental threats—requires more systematic research and policy attention. Being immobile in contexts of environmental degradation can be more dangerous than migration, yet current policy frameworks predominantly address the needs of those who move rather than those who remain involuntarily. Interventions should therefore encompass both facilitating adaptive migration for those who choose it and enhancing in situ adaptive capacity for those who remain, whether by choice or constraint. This dual approach recognizes the heterogeneity of climate-affected populations and the necessity of context-specific responses rather than one-size-fits-all policies.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

27. According to the passage, early scholarship on climate migration has been criticized for:
A. Overestimating the number of potential migrants
B. Ignoring the role of human agency and adaptation
C. Focusing too much on economic factors
D. Being influenced by political considerations

28. The New Economics of Labour Migration theory suggests that households:
A. Always send their youngest members to migrate
B. Use migration as a strategy to reduce financial risk
C. Migrate only when environmental conditions become extreme
D. Rely primarily on government assistance

29. The main critique of the “migration as adaptation” paradigm is that it:
A. Requires too much government investment
B. Is technically difficult to implement
C. May reduce accountability for causing displacement
D. Only works in developed countries

30. The Teitiota v. New Zealand case established that:
A. All climate migrants must be granted refugee status
B. Countries can never deport climate-affected individuals
C. Climate impacts can trigger protection obligations in extreme cases
D. The Refugee Convention definition must be expanded

31. According to the passage, planned relocation programs face challenges including:
A. Lack of suitable land in destination areas
B. Loss of cultural identity and community cohesion
C. Resistance from international organizations
D. Insufficient climate data to justify relocation

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each concept (32-36) with the correct description (A-H).

Concepts:
32. Neo-Malthusian perspectives
33. Non-refoulement obligations
34. Agent-based modeling
35. Nansen Protection Agenda
36. Loss and Damage mechanism

Descriptions:
A. A method that simulates individual decision-making under various conditions
B. Early theories that emphasized direct environmental causes of migration
C. Legal duty not to return people to dangerous conditions
D. International framework for addressing climate impact responsibilities
E. A strategy for reducing household economic vulnerability
F. Recommendations for protecting disaster-displaced persons
G. Programs that provide temporary work visas
H. Theoretical framework emphasizing human rights violations

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What type of flow becomes important for financing adaptation in communities of origin according to NELM theory?

38. What was adopted at COP16 in 2010 that addressed climate-induced migration?

39. What do Pacific island populations experience according to the concept of “managed retreat”?

40. What type of approaches do current climate migration models primarily use when examining historical relationships?

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Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. NOT GIVEN
9. TRUE
10. Dhaka
11. maize
12. threat multiplier
13. coastal defences / resilient agricultural practices

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. ii
15. iv
16. iii
17. vi
18. v
19. YES
20. NO
21. NOT GIVEN
22. NO
23. multiple factors / interacting factors
24. trapped populations
25. seasonal / circular
26. workloads

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. B
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. C
34. A
35. F
36. D
37. Remittance flows
38. Cancun Adaptation Framework
39. Planned relocation
40. Correlational approaches

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Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: B (Rising sea levels)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: small island nations, Pacific, threatened
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài viết “Rising sea levels pose a direct threat to coastal communities worldwide. Small island nations in the Pacific Ocean, such as Tuvalu and Kiribati, are particularly vulnerable.” Từ “pose a direct threat” được paraphrase thành “threatened by” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 2: C (Rural populations moving to cities)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: drought, Syria, 2006-2010, resulted in
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “a severe drought between 2006 and 2010 contributed to rural communities abandoning their farms and moving to urban areas”. “Rural communities moving to urban areas” = “rural populations moving to cities”. Đây là paraphrase điển hình trong IELTS.

Câu 3: B (Between 200,000 and 400,000 people)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice – chi tiết số liệu
• Từ khóa: Bangladeshis, migrate, rural to urban, annually
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Câu trong bài: “The International Organization for Migration estimates that between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshis migrate from rural to urban areas each year”. Đây là thông tin số liệu cụ thể, cần đọc kỹ.

Câu 6: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Kiribati, relocated, entire population, Fiji
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “The government of Kiribati has even purchased land in Fiji as a potential refuge” (đã mua đất như một nơi trú ẩn tiềm năng), chứ chưa relocate toàn bộ dân số. Từ “potential” cho thấy đây là kế hoạch tương lai, chưa thực hiện.

Câu 7: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: climate-related factors, Syrian civil war, causes
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết: “This mass internal migration placed enormous pressure on city resources and services, creating social tensions that many experts believe were among the factors leading to the Syrian civil war.” Cụm “among the factors” được paraphrase thành “among the causes” trong câu hỏi.

Câu 9: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: wealthy farmers, adapt, better, poor farmers
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: “Wealthy farmers with resources may be able to adapt to changing conditions by investing in irrigation systems or drought-resistant crops, while poorer families have no choice but to leave.” So sánh rõ ràng giữa wealthy farmers (có thể adapt) và poor farmers (buộc phải rời đi).

Câu 10: Dhaka

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: Bangladesh, flooding, coastal storms, capital city
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: “Many move to the capital city, Dhaka, which has seen its population swell dramatically over recent decades.”

Câu 12: threat multiplier

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: climate change, researchers describe, makes existing problems worse
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “Some researchers argue that climate change acts as a threat multiplier, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities”. Từ “exacerbating” (làm trầm trọng thêm) được paraphrase thành “makes existing problems worse”.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: ii (Difficulties in identifying direct causes)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph B
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn tập trung vào “establishing causality” và “methodological difficulties” khi cố gắng tách các yếu tố khí hậu khỏi các yếu tố khác. Câu chủ đề: “One of the most significant challenges in studying climate-induced migration is establishing causality.”

Câu 15: iv (The paradox of immobile vulnerable groups)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph C
• Giải thích: Đoạn này giới thiệu khái niệm “trapped populations” – những người nghèo nhất không thể di cư dù điều kiện môi trường xấu đi. “Paradox” (nghịch lý) phản ánh ý rằng người dễ bị tổn thương nhất lại không di cư được.

Câu 16: iii (Traditional movement patterns modified by climate)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Headings
• Vị trí: Paragraph D
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn thảo luận về “seasonal and circular migration” là các mô hình truyền thống đang bị thay đổi bởi biến đổi khí hậu, chứ không phải là mô hình hoàn toàn mới.

Câu 19: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: early models, oversimplified
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph A
• Giải thích: Đoạn A nói rõ “Scholars… have increasingly moved away from deterministic models that portray climate change as directly causing population movements”. Điều này cho thấy tác giả đồng ý rằng các mô hình cũ quá đơn giản hóa.

Câu 20: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: poorest populations, first to migrate
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph C
• Giải thích: Đoạn C chỉ ra điều ngược lại: “the poorest and most vulnerable populations often lack the resources necessary to relocate”, họ thường bị “trapped” chứ không phải là người đầu tiên di cư.

Câu 22: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Global Compact for Migration, comprehensive legal protection
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph G
• Giải thích: Bài viết nói “acknowledges climate change as a driver of migration but offers no binding commitments or specific protection mechanisms”. Rõ ràng không có “comprehensive legal protection”.

Câu 23: multiple factors / interacting factors

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph A và B
• Giải thích: Câu mở đầu của Passage 2 nhấn mạnh “multiple interacting factors” ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư.

Câu 25: seasonal / circular

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Vị trí trong bài: Paragraph D, câu đầu
• Giải thích: “Seasonal and circular migration patterns” là cụm từ chính trong đoạn văn, mô tả việc di cư theo mùa hoặc tuần hoàn.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B (Ignoring the role of human agency and adaptation)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: early scholarship, criticized
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 3-5
• Giải thích: “These approaches… have been progressively critiqued for their failure to account for human agency, adaptive capacity, and the multifaceted nature of migration drivers.” Đây là lý do chính cho việc phê phán các nghiên cứu ban đầu.

Câu 28: B (Use migration as a strategy to reduce financial risk)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: New Economics of Labour Migration, theory suggests
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
• Giải thích: “…conceptualizes migration as a household-level risk diversification strategy”. “Risk diversification” = “reduce financial risk”. Đây là ý chính của lý thuyết NELM.

Câu 29: C (May reduce accountability for causing displacement)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: migration as adaptation, main critique
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
• Giải thích: “Critical scholars have highlighted how this paradigm may serve to absolve states and the international community of responsibility for addressing the root causes of displacement”. “Absolve… of responsibility” = “reduce accountability”.

Câu 30: C (Climate impacts can trigger protection obligations in extreme cases)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: Teitiota v. New Zealand, established
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
• Giải thích: “The Committee ruled that countries may not deport individuals to places where climate change-induced conditions threaten the right to life.” Tuy nhiên có điều kiện “in extreme circumstances” (trong trường hợp cực đoan).

Câu 31: B (Loss of cultural identity and community cohesion)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: planned relocation, challenges
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
• Giải thích: “These include the loss of cultural identity tied to ancestral lands, the dissolution of community cohesion, psychological trauma…”. Đây là những thách thức được liệt kê cụ thể.

Câu 32: B (Early theories that emphasized direct environmental causes of migration)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1
• Giải thích: Neo-Malthusian perspectives được mô tả là “environmentally deterministic logic, positing direct causal pathways between environmental degradation and human displacement”.

Câu 34: A (A method that simulates individual decision-making under various conditions)

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Features
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
• Giải thích: “Agent-based modeling approaches offer potential advantages by simulating individual or household decision-making processes under varying conditions”.

Câu 37: Remittance flows

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: financing adaptation, communities of origin, NELM
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, câu cuối
• Giải thích: “Remittance flows become crucial mechanisms for financing adaptation investments in origin communities”.

Câu 38: Cancun Adaptation Framework

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: COP16, 2010, climate-induced migration
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
• Giải thích: “The Cancun Adaptation Framework, adopted at COP16 in 2010, reflects this thinking by calling for measures…”

Câu 40: Correlational approaches

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: current models, examining historical relationships
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
• Giải thích: “Current models often rely on correlational approaches, examining historical relationships between climate variables and migration rates”.

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Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
climate refugee	n	/ˈklaɪmət ˌrefjuˈdʒiː/	người tị nạn khí hậu	These individuals, often referred to as climate refugees	environmental refugees, climate migrants
uninhabitable	adj	/ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbl/	không thể sinh sống được	could become uninhabitable within the next 50 years	become uninhabitable, render uninhabitable
relocate	v	/ˌriːləʊˈkeɪt/	di dời, chuyển đến nơi khác	many already beginning to relocate to neighbouring countries	relocate to, forced to relocate
drought	n	/draʊt/	hạn hán	a severe drought between 2006 and 2010	severe drought, prolonged drought
mass internal migration	n phrase	/mæs ɪnˈtɜːnl maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	di cư nội bộ hàng loạt	This mass internal migration placed enormous pressure	trigger mass migration, cause internal migration
densely populated	adj phrase	/ˈdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/	đông dân cư	one of the world’s most densely populated countries	densely populated area, densely populated region
cyclone	n	/ˈsaɪkləʊn/	bão nhiệt đới	Cyclones and storm surges in coastal areas	tropical cyclone, devastating cyclone
storm surge	n	/stɔːm sɜːdʒ/	nước dâng do bão	Cyclones and storm surges regularly destroy homes	coastal storm surge, powerful storm surge
agricultural disruption	n phrase	/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl dɪsˈrʌpʃn/	gián đoạn nông nghiệp	Agricultural disruption caused by changing climate	cause agricultural disruption, face agricultural disruption
threat multiplier	n phrase	/θret ˈmʌltɪplaɪə/	yếu tố nhân đôi mối đe dọa	climate change acts as a threat multiplier	act as threat multiplier, serve as threat multiplier
climate adaptation	n phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/	thích ứng với khí hậu	invest in climate adaptation measures	climate adaptation strategy, climate adaptation policy
humanitarian grounds	n phrase	/hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən ɡraʊndz/	cơ sở nhân đạo	consider humanitarian grounds related to climate change	on humanitarian grounds, for humanitarian grounds

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
nuanced	adj	/ˈnjuːɑːnst/	tinh tế, phức tạp	far more nuanced and complex than popular discourse	nuanced understanding, nuanced approach
deterministic	adj	/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈnɪstɪk/	mang tính quyết định luận	moved away from deterministic models	deterministic model, deterministic approach
causality	n	/kɔːˈzæləti/	quan hệ nhân quả	establishing causality	establish causality, demonstrate causality
disaggregate	v	/ˌdɪsˈæɡrɪɡeɪt/	tách riêng, phân tích chi tiết	Attempting to disaggregate the purely climate-related components	disaggregate data, disaggregate factors
trapped populations	n phrase	/træpt ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃnz/	dân số bị mắc kẹt	The concept of trapped populations	vulnerable trapped populations, immobile trapped populations
livelihood strategy	n phrase	/ˈlaɪvlihʊd ˈstrætədʒi/	chiến lược sinh kế	temporary migration has long been a traditional livelihood strategy	alternative livelihood strategy, diversify livelihood strategy
seasonal migration	n phrase	/ˈsiːzənl maɪˈɡreɪʃn/	di cư theo mùa	Seasonal and circular migration patterns	engage in seasonal migration, traditional seasonal migration
remittances	n (plural)	/rɪˈmɪtnsɪz/	tiền kiều hối	social networks and remittances	send remittances, receive remittances
informal settlements	n phrase	/ɪnˈfɔːml ˈsetlmənts/	khu định cư không chính thức	proliferation of informal settlements or slums	growth of informal settlements, expand informal settlements
environmental degradation	n phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/	suy thoái môi trường	resulting in environmental degradation in urban areas	cause environmental degradation, prevent environmental degradation
Global Compact	n phrase	/ˈɡləʊbl ˈkɒmpækt/	Hiệp ước toàn cầu	The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration	adopt Global Compact, implement Global Compact
Task Force on Displacement	n phrase	/tɑːsk fɔːs ɒn dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/	Lực lượng đặc nhiệm về Di dời	Task Force on Displacement under the Warsaw International Mechanism	establish Task Force, recommendations from Task Force
gender dimensions	n phrase	/ˈdʒendə daɪˈmenʃnz/	khía cạnh giới	The gender dimensions of climate-induced migration	examine gender dimensions, address gender dimensions
workload	n	/ˈwɜːkləʊd/	khối lượng công việc	Women left behind may face increased workloads	heavy workload, increased workload

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
neo-Malthusian	adj	/ˌniːəʊ mælˈθjuːziən/	thuộc thuyết tân Malthus	moving from relatively simplistic neo-Malthusian perspectives	neo-Malthusian theory, neo-Malthusian perspective
environmentally deterministic	adj phrase	/ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentli dɪˌtɜːmɪˈnɪstɪk/	mang tính quyết định luận môi trường	frequently employed environmentally deterministic logic	environmentally deterministic approach
multifaceted	adj	/ˌmʌltiˈfæsɪtɪd/	đa diện, nhiều khía cạnh	the multifaceted nature of migration drivers	multifaceted problem, multifaceted approach
adaptive capacity	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thích ứng	failure to account for adaptive capacity	enhance adaptive capacity, build adaptive capacity
adaptive strategy	n phrase	/əˈdæptɪv ˈstrætədʒi/	chiến lược thích ứng	migration as a potentially positive adaptive strategy	effective adaptive strategy, develop adaptive strategy
absolve	v	/əbˈzɒlv/	miễn trừ, giải thoát	may serve to absolve states of responsibility	absolve from responsibility, absolve of blame
depoliticizing	v	/diːpəˈlɪtɪsaɪzɪŋ/	phi chính trị hóa	risks depoliticizing displacement	depoliticizing the issue, depoliticizing approach
contingent upon	adj phrase	/kənˈtɪndʒənt əˈpɒn/	phụ thuộc vào	highly contingent upon reception contexts	contingent upon conditions, contingent upon factors
protection gap	n phrase	/prəˈtekʃn ɡæp/	khoảng trống bảo vệ	creating a protection gap in international law	close protection gap, address protection gap
complementary protection	n phrase	/ˌkɒmplɪˈmentri prəˈtekʃn/	sự bảo vệ bổ sung	developing complementary protection mechanisms	offer complementary protection, provide complementary protection
non-refoulement	n	/nɒn rəˈfuːlmɑː/	không trục xuất (thuật ngữ pháp lý)	trigger non-refoulement obligations	principle of non-refoulement, non-refoulement obligation
managed retreat	n phrase	/ˈmænɪdʒd rɪˈtriːt/	rút lui có quản lý	The concept of planned relocation or managed retreat	implement managed retreat, policy of managed retreat
procedural justice	n phrase	/prəˈsiːdʒərəl ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công lý thủ tục	questions of procedural justice regarding who decides	ensure procedural justice, principles of procedural justice
climate justice	n phrase	/ˈklaɪmət ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công lý khí hậu	From a climate justice perspective	promote climate justice, achieve climate justice
compensatory justice	n phrase	/kəmˈpensətri ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công lý bồi thường	raises questions of compensatory justice	demand compensatory justice, principles of compensatory justice
correlational approaches	n phrase	/ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃənl əˈprəʊtʃɪz/	các phương pháp tương quan	Current models often rely on correlational approaches	use correlational approaches, limitations of correlational approaches
agent-based modeling	n phrase	/ˈeɪdʒənt beɪst ˈmɒdəlɪŋ/	mô hình hóa dựa trên tác nhân	Agent-based modeling approaches offer potential advantages	develop agent-based modeling, apply agent-based modeling
in situ adaptive capacity	n phrase	/ɪn ˈsɪtjuː əˈdæptɪv kəˈpæsəti/	năng lực thích ứng tại chỗ	enhancing in situ adaptive capacity for those who remain	strengthen in situ capacity, improve in situ adaptation

Infographic từ vựng chuyên ngành IELTS Reading về biến đổi khí hậu và di cư

Kết Bài

Chủ đề “How is climate change influencing migration patterns?” không chỉ là một trong những đề tài nóng nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh thực trạng toàn cầu đang diễn ra. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0).

Ba passages đã cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề di cư khí hậu từ nhiều góc độ: từ các tác động cụ thể như nước biển dâng và hạn hán (Passage 1), đến các yếu tố phức tạp ảnh hưởng đến quyết định di cư (Passage 2), và cuối cùng là các khung lý thuyết và chính sách quốc tế (Passage 3). Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu mà còn giúp bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật và hiểu biết về một chủ đề quan trọng của thời đại.

Với 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading, bạn đã luyện tập toàn diện các kỹ năng cần thiết: xác định thông tin chi tiết, phân biệt True/False/Not Given, ghép thông tin, hoàn thành câu và tóm tắt. Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã chỉ ra cách tìm thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi.

Đặc biệt, bộ từ vựng chuyên ngành về khí hậu, môi trường và di cư được tổng hợp từ cả ba passages sẽ là tài liệu quý giá giúp bạn nâng cao vốn từ không chỉ cho phần Reading mà còn cho cả Writing Task 2 khi gặp các đề bài liên quan đến môi trường và xã hội.

Hãy dành thời gian xem lại những câu trả lời sai, hiểu rõ lý do và rút ra bài học. Luyện tập thường xuyên với các đề thi đa dạng chủ đề và luôn chú ý đến kỹ thuật quản lý thời gian sẽ giúp bạn tự tin đạt band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading thực tế. Chúc bạn học tập hiệu quả và thành công!