Mở Bài
Chủ đề về sự phát triển của các nền tảng số và tác động của chúng đến thương mại toàn cầu đang trở thành một trong những đề tài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading. Với sự bùng nổ của công nghệ và thương mại điện tử trong những năm gần đây, Cambridge IELTS và các tổ chức thi thường xuyên đưa các bài đọc liên quan đến chuyển đổi số, e-commerce, và kinh doanh quốc tế vào đề thi thực tế.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages từ dễ đến khó, bao gồm 40 câu hỏi đa dạng giống như thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, và nhiều dạng khác. Mỗi câu hỏi đều có đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và cách paraphrase.
Đặc biệt, bài viết còn cung cấp bảng từ vựng học thuật quan trọng với phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt và ví dụ sử dụng, giúp bạn không chỉ luyện kỹ năng làm bài mà còn mở rộng vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading và Writing.
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, từ những người mới bắt đầu làm quen với format IELTS Reading đến những người đang hướng tới band điểm 7.0-8.0.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút và bao gồm 3 passages với tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Đây là phần thi không có thời gian phụ để chuyển đáp án sang answer sheet, vì vậy bạn cần quản lý thời gian một cách hiệu quả.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (câu hỏi 1-13)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (câu hỏi 14-26)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (câu hỏi 27-40)
Lưu ý rằng độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3. Passage 1 thường có nội dung dễ hiểu hơn với từ vựng cơ bản, trong khi Passage 3 yêu cầu khả năng phân tích và hiểu sâu với từ vựng học thuật phức tạp hơn.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Bộ đề thi mẫu này bao gồm các dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất trong IELTS Reading:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được đề cập
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt
- Matching Features – Nối đặc điểm
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
Mỗi dạng câu hỏi yêu cầu kỹ năng đọc khác nhau: skimming (đọc lướt), scanning (đọc tìm kiếm), đọc hiểu chi tiết, và khả năng paraphrase.
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Digital Marketplace Revolution
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
The emergence of digital platforms has fundamentally transformed the way businesses and consumers interact in the global marketplace. Over the past two decades, the rise of e-commerce giants like Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay has created unprecedented opportunities for cross-border trade, enabling even the smallest enterprises to reach international customers with minimal investment.
Traditional retail businesses once dominated the commercial landscape, requiring significant capital for physical stores, inventory management, and local marketing campaigns. Today, a start-up entrepreneur can launch an online store from their bedroom, accessing global supply chains and reaching customers across continents through digital marketing tools and social media platforms. This democratization of commerce has leveled the playing field, allowing innovative small businesses to compete with established corporations.
The convenience factor represents one of the most significant advantages of digital platforms. Consumers can now browse thousands of products, compare prices instantly, read customer reviews, and complete purchases within minutes, all from the comfort of their homes. This seamless shopping experience operates 24/7, eliminating the constraints of traditional business hours and geographical limitations. Mobile commerce has further accelerated this trend, with smartphone applications enabling purchases on-the-go, from ordering food delivery to booking international flights.
Payment systems have evolved dramatically to support this digital transformation. Secure payment gateways, digital wallets like PayPal and Alipay, and cryptocurrency options have made international transactions faster, safer, and more accessible. These technological innovations have reduced transaction costs and eliminated many barriers that previously hindered global trade, such as currency conversion complications and payment security concerns.
However, the rise of digital platforms has also introduced new challenges for traditional businesses. Brick-and-mortar retailers have witnessed declining foot traffic as consumers increasingly prefer online shopping. Many established businesses have been forced to develop omnichannel strategies, integrating their physical stores with online platforms to remain competitive. The concept of showrooming – where customers examine products in physical stores but purchase them online for better prices – has become a significant concern for traditional retailers.
The labor market has experienced substantial changes due to the expansion of digital commerce. While some traditional retail jobs have disappeared, new employment opportunities have emerged in areas such as digital marketing, logistics and delivery services, web development, and customer service. The gig economy has flourished, with platforms like Uber, Deliveroo, and Upwork connecting freelance workers with short-term assignments and flexible work arrangements.
Data collection and analysis have become crucial competitive advantages in the digital marketplace. Platforms gather vast amounts of information about consumer behavior, preferences, and purchasing patterns. This big data enables businesses to personalize recommendations, optimize pricing strategies, and predict market trends with remarkable accuracy. However, these practices have raised important questions about privacy protection and ethical use of personal information.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have particularly benefited from digital platform access. Previously, international expansion required substantial financial resources and market knowledge. Today, platforms like Etsy, Shopify, and Amazon Marketplace provide ready-made infrastructure, including payment processing, customer service support, and logistics solutions. This has enabled artisans, craftspeople, and small manufacturers to build sustainable global businesses without massive upfront investments.
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically accelerated the shift toward digital commerce. Lockdowns and social distancing measures forced consumers and businesses to adopt online solutions rapidly. Many consumers who had previously resisted online shopping discovered its convenience and continued these habits even after restrictions eased. Businesses that had delayed digital transformation were compelled to adapt quickly or risk becoming obsolete.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Passage 1?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
- Digital platforms have made it possible for small businesses to access international markets easily.
- Traditional retail businesses required less initial investment than modern online stores.
- Mobile applications have contributed to the growth of digital commerce.
- All traditional retailers have successfully transitioned to online business models.
- The gig economy offers only full-time employment opportunities.
- The COVID-19 pandemic slowed down the adoption of digital commerce platforms.
Questions 7-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
- Digital platforms have created a __ of commerce by allowing small businesses to compete with large corporations.
- Consumers can complete their purchases quickly due to the __ offered by digital platforms.
- The practice of examining products in stores but buying them online is called __.
- Businesses use __ to personalize recommendations and predict market trends.
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, what is one major advantage of digital payment systems?
- A. They are only available in developed countries
- B. They have reduced costs and barriers in international trade
- C. They require cryptocurrency for all transactions
- D. They are more expensive than traditional payment methods
-
How have traditional retailers responded to the growth of online shopping?
- A. They have closed all physical stores
- B. They have ignored the digital marketplace
- C. They have developed strategies combining physical and online presence
- D. They have increased prices in physical stores
-
What role has data collection played in the digital marketplace?
- A. It has no significant impact on business
- B. It helps businesses understand and predict customer behavior
- C. It is only used by government agencies
- D. It has made products more expensive
PASSAGE 2 – Transforming Global Supply Chains Through Digital Innovation
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The digital revolution has precipitated a fundamental restructuring of global supply chain networks, transforming them from linear, sequential processes into dynamic, interconnected ecosystems. This transformation extends far beyond simple online transactions, encompassing sophisticated technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced analytics that collectively enable real-time visibility and unprecedented operational efficiency across international borders.
A. The Technology Foundation
At the core of this transformation lies a complex technological infrastructure that facilitates seamless information exchange between multiple stakeholders. Cloud computing platforms enable businesses to store and access vast quantities of data without maintaining expensive physical servers, while IoT sensors embedded in products and shipping containers provide continuous tracking and environmental monitoring. These technologies generate comprehensive data streams that offer insights into every stage of the supply chain journey, from raw material sourcing to final delivery.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a particularly transformative innovation in global commerce. By creating immutable, transparent records of transactions, blockchain addresses longstanding issues of trust and verification in international trade. Each transaction or movement of goods is recorded in a distributed ledger that cannot be altered retroactively, providing an auditable trail that reduces fraud, counterfeiting, and disputes. Major corporations and shipping consortiums have begun implementing blockchain solutions to streamline customs clearance, reduce paperwork, and accelerate cross-border transactions.
B. Market Access and Consumer Reach
Digital platforms have dismantled traditional geographical barriers, enabling businesses to access markets that were previously economically unfeasible. The concept of long-tail economics has gained prominence, where platforms can profitably serve niche markets by aggregating diverse, specialized products for global audiences. This phenomenon has been particularly beneficial for cultural products, artisanal goods, and specialized services that appeal to geographically dispersed consumer segments.
The algorithmic recommendation systems employed by digital platforms play a crucial role in matching products with potential consumers. These sophisticated systems analyze browsing patterns, purchase history, and demographic information to suggest products that users are likely to find appealing. While these algorithms enhance consumer discovery and increase sales for businesses, they have also raised concerns about creating filter bubbles that limit exposure to diverse products and potentially reinforce consumer biases.
C. Competitive Dynamics and Market Concentration
The digital marketplace has introduced paradoxical competitive dynamics. While platforms have lowered entry barriers for new businesses, they have simultaneously fostered unprecedented market concentration among a few dominant platform operators. These platform monopolies or oligopolies wield considerable power over pricing structures, search visibility, and market access terms, creating what economists term “platform dependency” among smaller merchants.
Network effects – where platforms become more valuable as more users join – have contributed to winner-takes-most outcomes in many digital sectors. Once a platform achieves critical mass, it becomes increasingly difficult for competitors to challenge its dominance. This dynamic has prompted regulatory scrutiny in numerous jurisdictions, with authorities examining whether anti-competitive practices harm consumers and stifle innovation.
D. Logistical Innovation and Fulfillment
The fulfillment infrastructure supporting digital commerce has evolved into a sophisticated logistical ecosystem. Automated warehouses employing robotics and AI can process thousands of orders hourly with minimal human intervention. Predictive analytics enable anticipatory shipping, where products are moved closer to likely customers before orders are even placed, dramatically reducing delivery times.
Last-mile delivery – the final leg of the journey to consumers’ doors – represents both the most expensive and most innovation-intensive aspect of digital commerce logistics. Companies are experimenting with diverse solutions, including autonomous delivery vehicles, drone delivery systems, and crowdsourced delivery networks utilizing ordinary citizens as ad-hoc couriers. These innovations aim to reduce costs while meeting escalating consumer expectations for rapid, convenient delivery.
E. Economic and Social Implications
The transformation of commerce through digital platforms has generated significant macroeconomic consequences. Cross-border e-commerce has grown exponentially, with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development estimating that global online sales exceeded $26 trillion in recent years. This growth has redistributed economic value, shifting profits from traditional intermediaries to platform operators and creating new value chain configurations.
The labor implications of this transformation are complex and multifaceted. While digital platforms have created employment in technology, logistics, and digital services, they have simultaneously displaced workers in traditional retail and intermediary roles. The quality and security of employment have become contentious issues, particularly regarding gig economy workers who often lack traditional employee protections, benefits, and stable income guarantees.
F. Regulatory Challenges
Policymakers worldwide are grappling with regulatory frameworks appropriate for the digital economy. Traditional regulations designed for physical commerce often prove inadequate for addressing issues specific to digital platforms, including data privacy, tax compliance in international transactions, consumer protection in cross-border purchases, and intellectual property enforcement. The jurisdictional complexity of digital commerce – where a transaction might involve parties in multiple countries, each with different legal systems – compounds these challenges.
Questions 14-20
The passage has six sections, A-F.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F.
- Discussion of how platforms maintain their dominant market position
- Explanation of how goods are tracked throughout their transportation journey
- Information about the final stage of product delivery to customers
- Description of technology that prevents fraud in international transactions
- Reference to government concerns about fair competition
- Details about how platforms suggest products to users
- Information about workers who lack traditional employment benefits
Questions 21-24
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Digital platforms have created opportunities for businesses to serve 21. __ through a strategy called long-tail economics. However, the growth of platforms has led to 22. __ where a few large companies control the market. This concentration of power has attracted 23. __ from government authorities concerned about anti-competitive behavior. Meanwhile, companies are developing innovations in 24. __ using robots and AI to process orders more efficiently.
Questions 25-26
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO challenges related to digital commerce regulation are mentioned in the passage?
- A. Creating laws that work across different countries
- B. Banning all international transactions
- C. Protecting consumer data privacy
- D. Eliminating all digital platforms
- E. Increasing prices for online purchases
PASSAGE 3 – The Socioeconomic Metamorphosis of Global Commerce in the Digital Age
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The ascendancy of digital platforms in contemporary commerce represents not merely a technological innovation but a profound socioeconomic metamorphosis that is reconfiguring the fundamental architecture of global trade, labor relations, consumer behavior, and economic power structures. This transformation transcends the simplistic narrative of physical retail being supplanted by online alternatives, encompassing instead a comprehensive restructuring of how value is created, distributed, and captured within the modern economy. The ramifications extend across multiple dimensions – economic, social, political, and cultural – warranting rigorous academic scrutiny and nuanced policy responses.
From a microeconomic perspective, digital platforms function as intermediaries that reduce transaction costs and information asymmetries – two fundamental impediments to market efficiency identified in classical economic theory. By aggregating supply and demand, platforms diminish search costs for consumers seeking specific products and customer acquisition costs for businesses seeking markets. The instantaneous price comparison facilitated by digital tools approximates the conditions of perfect information theorized in neoclassical economics, theoretically driving prices toward competitive equilibria. However, empirical research reveals a more complex reality wherein algorithmic pricing, personalized offers, and dynamic pricing strategies introduce new forms of price discrimination that challenge conventional notions of market transparency.
The macroeconomic implications of platform-mediated commerce manifest in several interconnected phenomena. Disintermediation – the elimination of traditional middlemen such as wholesalers, distributors, and retail chains – has restructured value chains across industries, potentially improving allocative efficiency but simultaneously disrupting established employment patterns. The concentration of market power among dominant platforms raises questions about monopolistic or oligopolistic market structures and their consequences for consumer welfare, innovation incentives, and rent-seeking behavior. Platform operators’ ability to extract significant economic rents through commissions, advertising, and data monetization has generated unprecedented wealth concentration, contributing to broader patterns of income inequality observed in advanced economies.
Digital platforms exhibit distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from conventional businesses and generate unique economic dynamics. Multi-sided markets connect different user groups – such as buyers and sellers, or content creators and audiences – with cross-side network effects where the value to each group increases with participation from the other. This creates positive feedback loops that drive market tipping toward dominant platforms, a phenomenon economists describe as increasing returns to adoption. Once a platform achieves critical mass, switching costs and lock-in effects perpetuate its dominance even if competitors offer superior technology or terms.
The platform business model fundamentally differs from traditional pipeline models of value creation. Rather than controlling a linear process from production to delivery, platforms orchestrate ecosystems of independent actors, establishing governance structures, rules, and incentive mechanisms that shape participant behavior. This orchestration role grants platforms considerable power to determine who can participate, under what conditions, and with what visibility – decisions that profoundly affect livelihoods and market access for millions of businesses and workers worldwide.
Labor market transformations induced by digital platforms represent one of the most contested dimensions of this transition. The rise of platform-mediated work – encompassing ride-sharing, food delivery, freelance marketplaces, and microtask platforms – has generated the so-called gig economy, characterized by flexible, task-based engagements rather than traditional employment relationships. Proponents emphasize the autonomy, flexibility, and supplementary income opportunities these arrangements provide, particularly for individuals facing barriers to conventional employment. Critics highlight the precarity, income volatility, absence of benefits, and asymmetric power relations inherent in these arrangements, arguing they represent a degradation of labor standards achieved through decades of worker organization and regulatory intervention.
The algorithmic management systems employed by platforms introduce novel forms of workplace control that differ markedly from traditional supervision. Workers receive assignments, have their performance continuously monitored, and are evaluated through automated systems employing opaque algorithms that workers cannot contest or even fully understand. This information asymmetry – where platforms possess comprehensive data about workers while workers lack insight into the systems governing their work – exacerbates power imbalances and raises questions about procedural fairness and dignity in work arrangements.
Geographically, digital platforms produce contradictory effects on spatial inequality. On one hand, they potentially reduce the tyranny of distance that historically disadvantaged peripheral regions, enabling businesses and workers in remote areas to access global markets. Rural artisans, specialized service providers, and niche manufacturers can find customers worldwide regardless of local market size. Conversely, the platform economy exhibits strong agglomeration effects, with the highest-value activities – including platform development, algorithmic design, strategic decision-making, and high-skilled technical work – concentrating in a handful of global cities. This creates bifurcated opportunities where routine, lower-paid work is distributed globally while knowledge-intensive, well-compensated employment clusters in privileged locations.
The data-intensive nature of platform commerce raises profound questions about privacy, surveillance, and the commodification of personal information. Platforms accumulate granular data about user behavior, preferences, social connections, and even psychological characteristics. This information serves multiple purposes: improving service quality through personalization, generating advertising revenue through targeted marketing, and creating predictive models that anticipate future behavior. The concept of “surveillance capitalism,” articulated by scholar Shoshana Zuboff, describes an economic system predicated on the unilateral claiming of private human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioral data, which is then computed and packaged as prediction products sold to business customers.
Regulatory frameworks worldwide are struggling to adapt to the distinctive challenges posed by digital platforms. Traditional regulatory categories – distinguishing between employers and contractors, publishers and distributors, common carriers and private businesses – map poorly onto platform business models that deliberately cultivate ambiguity to avoid regulatory obligations. The jurisdictional complexity of platforms operating across borders complicates enforcement, as does the regulatory arbitrage platforms engage in, structuring operations to minimize tax obligations and regulatory compliance costs. The political influence wielded by dominant platforms, through both lobbying expenditures and their role in mediating public discourse, further complicates efforts to establish appropriate governance frameworks.
The COVID-19 pandemic served as a natural experiment demonstrating both the resilience and vulnerabilities of platform-mediated commerce. As social distancing mandates closed physical retail, digital platforms proved essential for maintaining economic continuity and meeting basic needs. However, the crisis also exposed dependencies on platform infrastructure, exacerbated power asymmetries between platforms and dependent businesses, and highlighted differential impacts across social groups – with white-collar workers transitioning to remote work facilitated by digital platforms while essential workers in logistics and delivery faced elevated health risks.
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
-
According to the passage, how do digital platforms affect market efficiency?
- A. They completely eliminate all transaction costs
- B. They reduce search costs and information problems, but create new complexities
- C. They make markets less efficient than traditional retail
- D. They have no impact on market efficiency
-
What does the passage suggest about market concentration in the platform economy?
- A. It has decreased significantly
- B. It is impossible to measure
- C. It has increased, raising concerns about monopolistic behavior
- D. It only affects small businesses
-
The term “orchestration role” in paragraph 5 refers to:
- A. Musical performances on digital platforms
- B. Platforms controlling linear production processes
- C. Platforms managing ecosystems of independent participants
- D. Traditional business management techniques
-
What does the passage indicate about the gig economy?
- A. It only provides benefits with no drawbacks
- B. It offers both flexibility and precarity, with contested implications
- C. It has replaced all traditional employment
- D. It is only relevant in developed countries
-
According to the passage, “surveillance capitalism” involves:
- A. Government monitoring of all online activity
- B. Platforms using personal data to create prediction products for sale
- C. Consumers willingly selling their information
- D. Eliminating all forms of privacy
Questions 32-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.
Digital platforms operate differently from traditional businesses through 32. __, where they connect multiple user groups and benefit from network effects. This creates 33. __ that help dominant platforms maintain their position. The platforms use 34. __ to control workers in new ways, creating power imbalances through information asymmetry. While platforms can reduce 35. __ by connecting remote businesses to global markets, they also create 36. __ where high-skilled jobs concentrate in major cities.
Word List:
- A. spatial inequality
- B. multi-sided markets
- C. physical stores
- D. switching costs
- E. traditional employment
- F. agglomeration effects
- G. algorithmic management
- H. manual supervision
- I. linear production
- J. government regulation
- K. price controls
- L. social connections
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 3?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Digital platforms have successfully created perfectly transparent markets as predicted by economic theory.
- The COVID-19 pandemic revealed both advantages and problems with platform-based commerce.
- All workers in the gig economy are satisfied with their working conditions.
- Regulating digital platforms is challenging because they operate across multiple countries and don’t fit traditional legal categories.
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- TRUE
- FALSE
- TRUE
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- FALSE
- democratization
- seamless (shopping) experience / convenience (factor)
- showrooming
- big data
- B
- C
- B
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- C
- A
- D
- A
- C
- B
- E
- niche markets
- market concentration
- regulatory scrutiny
- automated warehouses
25-26. A, C (in any order)
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- C
- C
- B
- B
- B
- D
- G
- A
- F
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- YES
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: digital platforms, small businesses, international markets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 1, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “the rise of e-commerce giants… has created unprecedented opportunities for cross-border trade, enabling even the smallest enterprises to reach international customers with minimal investment.” Điều này khớp hoàn toàn với câu phát biểu rằng digital platforms đã giúp small businesses tiếp cận international markets dễ dàng.
Câu 2: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: traditional retail, less investment
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc khẳng định “Traditional retail businesses once dominated… requiring significant capital for physical stores” trong khi modern online stores chỉ cần “minimal investment”. Điều này mâu thuẫn trực tiếp với câu phát biểu, nên đáp án là FALSE.
Câu 3: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: mobile applications, growth, digital commerce
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 4-6
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn chỉ rõ “Mobile commerce has further accelerated this trend, with smartphone applications enabling purchases on-the-go”. Từ “accelerated” được paraphrase thành “contributed to the growth”, khớp với câu hỏi.
Câu 4: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all traditional retailers, successfully transitioned
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ đề cập “Many established businesses have been forced to develop omnichannel strategies” nhưng không nói rằng TẤT CẢ đều thành công. Từ khóa “all” và “successfully” không có thông tin xác nhận trong bài.
Câu 5: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: gig economy, only full-time employment
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói “The gig economy has flourished, with platforms… connecting freelance workers with short-term assignments and flexible work arrangements.” Đây rõ ràng không phải là full-time employment mà là flexible và short-term, nên câu phát biểu SAI.
Câu 6: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Từ khóa: COVID-19, slowed down
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Đoạn cuối khẳng định “The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically accelerated the shift toward digital commerce.” Từ “accelerated” (tăng tốc) hoàn toàn trái ngược với “slowed down” (làm chậm lại) trong câu hỏi.
Câu 7: democratization
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: small businesses, compete with large corporations
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Cụm “This democratization of commerce has leveled the playing field, allowing… small businesses to compete with established corporations” cung cấp đáp án chính xác.
Câu 8: seamless (shopping) experience / convenience (factor)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: complete purchases quickly
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc đề cập “This seamless shopping experience operates 24/7” và “The convenience factor represents one of the most significant advantages”, cả hai đều phù hợp với ngữ cảnh hoàn thành mua hàng nhanh chóng.
Câu 9: showrooming
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: examining products in stores, buying online
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: Bài đọc định nghĩa rõ ràng: “The concept of showrooming – where customers examine products in physical stores but purchase them online for better prices”.
Câu 10: big data
- Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
- Từ khóa: personalize recommendations, predict market trends
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Câu “This big data enables businesses to personalize recommendations, optimize pricing strategies, and predict market trends” khớp chính xác với yêu cầu câu hỏi.
Nền tảng số đang thay đổi cách thức kinh doanh và mua sắm toàn cầu trong kỷ nguyên thương mại điện tử hiện đại
Câu 11: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: digital payment systems, advantage
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 2-4
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “These technological innovations have reduced transaction costs and eliminated many barriers that previously hindered global trade”. Đáp án B chính xác phản ánh thông tin này. Các đáp án khác: A sai vì không giới hạn ở developed countries; C sai vì không yêu cầu cryptocurrency cho tất cả giao dịch; D sai vì payment systems giảm chi phí, không tăng.
Câu 12: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: traditional retailers, responded
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “Many established businesses have been forced to develop omnichannel strategies, integrating their physical stores with online platforms” – đây chính là việc kết hợp physical và online presence như đáp án C. A sai vì không đóng cửa tất cả; B sai vì họ đã phản ứng; D không được đề cập.
Câu 13: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: data collection, role
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “Data collection and analysis have become crucial… This big data enables businesses to personalize recommendations, optimize pricing strategies, and predict market trends”. Đáp án B chính xác tóm tắt vai trò này.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: C (Section C)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: platforms, maintain, dominant position
- Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Section C thảo luận về “Network effects” và “winner-takes-most outcomes”, giải thích cách platforms duy trì vị trí thống trị: “Once a platform achieves critical mass, it becomes increasingly difficult for competitors to challenge its dominance.”
Câu 15: A (Section A)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: goods tracked, transportation journey
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Section A mô tả “IoT sensors embedded in products and shipping containers provide continuous tracking and environmental monitoring… insights into every stage of the supply chain journey.”
Câu 16: D (Section D)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: final stage, delivery, customers
- Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Section D có đoạn bắt đầu “Last-mile delivery – the final leg of the journey to consumers’ doors” và thảo luận chi tiết về giai đoạn giao hàng cuối cùng.
Câu 17: A (Section A)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: technology, prevents fraud, international transactions
- Vị trí trong bài: Section A, đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Section A giải thích về blockchain: “By creating immutable, transparent records of transactions, blockchain addresses longstanding issues of trust and verification… providing an auditable trail that reduces fraud, counterfeiting, and disputes.”
Câu 18: C (Section C)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: government concerns, fair competition
- Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “This dynamic has prompted regulatory scrutiny in numerous jurisdictions, with authorities examining whether anti-competitive practices harm consumers” – đây là government concerns về competition.
Câu 19: B (Section B)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: platforms suggest products, users
- Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Section B mô tả “The algorithmic recommendation systems employed by digital platforms… analyze browsing patterns, purchase history, and demographic information to suggest products.”
Câu 20: E (Section E)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Từ khóa: workers, lack, traditional employment benefits
- Vị trí trong bài: Section E, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “The quality and security of employment have become contentious issues, particularly regarding gig economy workers who often lack traditional employee protections, benefits, and stable income guarantees.”
Câu 21: niche markets
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: long-tail economics
- Vị trí trong bài: Section B, đoạn 1
- Giải thích: “The concept of long-tail economics has gained prominence, where platforms can profitably serve niche markets” – đáp án trực tiếp từ văn bản.
Câu 22: market concentration
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: few large companies control
- Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 1
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói về “unprecedented market concentration among a few dominant platform operators” và “platform monopolies or oligopolies.”
Câu 23: regulatory scrutiny
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: government authorities, concerned
- Vị trí trong bài: Section C, đoạn 2
- Giải thích: “This dynamic has prompted regulatory scrutiny in numerous jurisdictions, with authorities examining whether anti-competitive practices harm consumers.”
Câu 24: automated warehouses
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
- Từ khóa: robots, AI, process orders
- Vị trí trong bài: Section D, đoạn 1
- Giải thích: “Automated warehouses employing robotics and AI can process thousands of orders hourly with minimal human intervention” – khớp chính xác với mô tả trong summary.
Câu 25-26: A, C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice (chọn 2 đáp án)
- Từ khóa: challenges, regulation
- Vị trí trong bài: Section F
- Giải thích:
- A đúng: “The jurisdictional complexity of digital commerce – where a transaction might involve parties in multiple countries, each with different legal systems”
- C đúng: “including data privacy, tax compliance… consumer protection”
- B, D, E không được đề cập và không phải là challenges thực tế.
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: market efficiency
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích platforms “reduce transaction costs and information asymmetries” nhưng sau đó nói “empirical research reveals a more complex reality” với “algorithmic pricing” và “dynamic pricing strategies” tạo ra “new forms of price discrimination”. Đáp án B chính xác phản ánh sự cân bằng này – giảm một số vấn đề nhưng tạo ra những phức tạp mới.
Câu 28: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: market concentration
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: “The concentration of market power among dominant platforms raises questions about monopolistic or oligopolistic market structures” – cho thấy market concentration đã tăng và gây ra concerns về monopolistic behavior, khớp với đáp án C.
Câu 29: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: orchestration role, meaning
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Ngay sau thuật ngữ, bài viết giải thích: “Rather than controlling a linear process… platforms orchestrate ecosystems of independent actors, establishing governance structures, rules, and incentive mechanisms”. Đáp án C chính xác mô tả ý nghĩa này.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: gig economy
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn trình bày cả hai quan điểm: “Proponents emphasize the autonomy, flexibility, and supplementary income opportunities” nhưng “Critics highlight the precarity, income volatility, absence of benefits, and asymmetric power relations”. Đáp án B chính xác phản ánh sự tranh cãi này.
Câu 31: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: surveillance capitalism
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 9
- Giải thích: Định nghĩa rõ ràng: “surveillance capitalism… describes an economic system predicated on the unilateral claiming of private human experience… for translation into behavioral data… packaged as prediction products sold to business customers” – khớp với đáp án B.
Chuỗi cung ứng toàn cầu được số hóa với công nghệ blockchain và IoT trong thương mại điện tử quốc tế
Câu 32: B (multi-sided markets)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
- Từ khóa: connect multiple user groups
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: “Multi-sided markets connect different user groups – such as buyers and sellers” – từ khóa “connect multiple user groups” trong câu hỏi paraphrase “connect different user groups” trong bài.
Câu 33: D (switching costs)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
- Từ khóa: maintain their position
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: “Once a platform achieves critical mass, switching costs and lock-in effects perpetuate its dominance” – switching costs giúp platforms duy trì vị trí thống trị.
Câu 34: G (algorithmic management)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
- Từ khóa: control workers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: “The algorithmic management systems employed by platforms introduce novel forms of workplace control” – khớp chính xác với yêu cầu.
Câu 35: A (spatial inequality)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
- Từ khóa: reduce, remote businesses, global markets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: “On one hand, they potentially reduce the tyranny of distance… enabling businesses and workers in remote areas to access global markets” – reducing spatial inequality.
Câu 36: F (agglomeration effects)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion with word list
- Từ khóa: high-skilled jobs, concentrate, major cities
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: “Conversely, the platform economy exhibits strong agglomeration effects, with the highest-value activities… concentrating in a handful of global cities” – agglomeration effects tạo ra concentration.
Câu 37: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: perfectly transparent markets
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói platforms “approximates the conditions of perfect information theorized in neoclassical economics” nhưng ngay lập tức thêm “However, empirical research reveals a more complex reality” với các forms mới của price discrimination. Tác giả không đồng ý rằng markets đã đạt perfect transparency.
Câu 38: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: COVID-19, advantages and problems
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 11
- Giải thích: “digital platforms proved essential for maintaining economic continuity” (advantage) nhưng “the crisis also exposed dependencies… exacerbated power asymmetries… and highlighted differential impacts” (problems). Tác giả rõ ràng đồng ý với cả hai mặt.
Câu 39: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: all workers, satisfied
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: Bài viết trình bày quan điểm của cả proponents và critics về gig economy nhưng KHÔNG đưa ra thông tin về mức độ hài lòng của workers. Không có data hay claim về satisfaction levels.
Câu 40: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Từ khóa: challenging to regulate, multiple countries, don’t fit traditional categories
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 10
- Giải thích: “Traditional regulatory categories… map poorly onto platform business models” và “The jurisdictional complexity of platforms operating across borders complicates enforcement”. Tác giả rõ ràng đồng ý rằng regulation là challenging vì hai lý do này.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| digital platforms | n | /ˈdɪdʒɪtl ˈplætfɔːmz/ | nền tảng số | The emergence of digital platforms has fundamentally transformed commerce | digital transformation, platform economy |
| cross-border trade | n | /krɒs ˈbɔːdə treɪd/ | thương mại xuyên biên giới | enabling even the smallest enterprises to reach international customers | facilitate cross-border, international trade |
| democratization | n | /dɪˌmɒkrətaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | dân chủ hóa, phổ cập | This democratization of commerce has leveled the playing field | democratization of access, knowledge democratization |
| seamless | adj | /ˈsiːmləs/ | liền mạch, không gián đoạn | This seamless shopping experience operates 24/7 | seamless integration, seamless transition |
| transaction costs | n | /trænˈzækʃn kɒsts/ | chi phí giao dịch | These innovations have reduced transaction costs | reduce costs, minimize costs |
| brick-and-mortar | adj | /brɪk ənd ˈmɔːtə/ | (cửa hàng) truyền thống có cơ sở vật chất | Brick-and-mortar retailers have witnessed declining foot traffic | brick-and-mortar stores, traditional retailers |
| omnichannel | adj | /ˈɒmnɪtʃænl/ | đa kênh | develop omnichannel strategies | omnichannel approach, omnichannel retail |
| showrooming | n | /ˈʃəʊruːmɪŋ/ | xem hàng ở cửa hàng nhưng mua online | The concept of showrooming has become a concern | showrooming behavior, reverse showrooming |
| gig economy | n | /ɡɪɡ ɪˈkɒnəmi/ | nền kinh tế việc làm tạm thời | The gig economy has flourished | gig workers, gig platforms |
| big data | n | /bɪɡ ˈdeɪtə/ | dữ liệu lớn | This big data enables businesses to personalize recommendations | big data analytics, leverage big data |
| logistics | n | /ləˈdʒɪstɪks/ | hậu cần | providing logistics solutions | logistics network, supply chain logistics |
| sustainable | adj | /səˈsteɪnəbl/ | bền vững | build sustainable global businesses | sustainable growth, sustainable development |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vượng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| precipitate | v | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ | gây ra, thúc đẩy (nhanh chóng) | The digital revolution has precipitated a fundamental restructuring | precipitate a crisis, precipitate change |
| unprecedented | adj | /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ | chưa từng có | enabling unprecedented operational efficiency | unprecedented growth, unprecedented scale |
| immutable | adj | /ɪˈmjuːtəbl/ | bất biến, không thể thay đổi | By creating immutable, transparent records | immutable records, immutable laws |
| auditable | adj | /ˈɔːdɪtəbl/ | có thể kiểm toán | providing an auditable trail | auditable records, auditable process |
| algorithmic | adj | /ˌælɡəˈrɪðmɪk/ | thuật toán | The algorithmic recommendation systems | algorithmic trading, algorithmic decision-making |
| niche markets | n | /niːʃ ˈmɑːkɪts/ | thị trường ngách | platforms can profitably serve niche markets | target niche markets, niche products |
| paradoxical | adj | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkl/ | nghịch lý | paradoxical competitive dynamics | paradoxical situation, paradoxical effect |
| oligopolies | n | /ˌɒlɪˈɡɒpəliz/ | thị trường độc quyền nhóm | platform monopolies or oligopolies | market oligopolies, oligopolies dominate |
| network effects | n | /ˈnetwɜːk ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng mạng lưới | Network effects have contributed to winner-takes-most outcomes | positive network effects, strong network effects |
| anticipatory shipping | n | /ænˈtɪsɪpətri ˈʃɪpɪŋ/ | vận chuyển dự đoán trước | Predictive analytics enable anticipatory shipping | anticipatory approach, anticipatory measures |
| last-mile delivery | n | /lɑːst maɪl dɪˈlɪvəri/ | giao hàng chặng cuối | Last-mile delivery represents the most expensive aspect | last-mile logistics, last-mile solution |
| crowdsourced | adj | /ˈkraʊdsɔːst/ | huy động từ cộng đồng | crowdsourced delivery networks | crowdsourced funding, crowdsourced information |
| macroeconomic | adj | /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ | vĩ mô kinh tế | significant macroeconomic consequences | macroeconomic policy, macroeconomic indicators |
| jurisdictional | adj | /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃənl/ | thuộc quyền tài phán | The jurisdictional complexity of digital commerce | jurisdictional issues, jurisdictional boundaries |
| grappling with | v phrase | /ˈɡræplɪŋ wɪð/ | vật lộn với, đối mặt với | Policymakers are grappling with regulatory frameworks | grappling with problems, grappling with challenges |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ascendancy | n | /əˈsendənsi/ | sự thống trị, sự lên ngôi | The ascendancy of digital platforms | gain ascendancy, ascendancy over | |
| metamorphosis | n | /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəsɪs/ | sự biến đổi, chuyển hóa | a profound socioeconomic metamorphosis | undergo metamorphosis, complete metamorphosis | |
| intermediaries | n | /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiəriz/ | trung gian | platforms function as intermediaries | financial intermediaries, eliminate intermediaries | |
| asymmetries | n | /eɪˈsɪmətriz/ | sự bất cân xứng | reduce information asymmetries | information asymmetries, power asymmetries | |
| disintermediation | n | /dɪsˌɪntəˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn/ | loại bỏ trung gian | Disintermediation has restructured value chains | financial disintermediation, market disintermediation | |
| allocative efficiency | n | /ˈæləkeɪtɪv ɪˈfɪʃnsi/ | hiệu quả phân bổ | potentially improving allocative efficiency | achieve allocative efficiency, optimal allocative efficiency | |
| rent-seeking | adj/n | /rent ˈsiːkɪŋ/ | tìm kiếm lợi nhuận phi sản xuất | rent-seeking behavior | rent-seeking activities, prevent rent-seeking | |
| multi-sided markets | n | /ˌmʌlti ˈsaɪdɪd ˈmɑːkɪts/ | thị trường đa bên | Multi-sided markets connect different user groups | multi-sided platforms, two-sided markets | |
| lock-in effects | n | /lɒk ɪn ɪˈfekts/ | hiệu ứng khóa chặt | switching costs and lock-in effects perpetuate dominance | customer lock-in, vendor lock-in | |
| orchestrate | v | /ˈɔːkɪstreɪt/ | dàn dựng, điều phối | platforms orchestrate ecosystems of independent actors | orchestrate efforts, carefully orchestrated | |
| precarity | n | /prɪˈkeərəti/ | tính bấp bênh, không ổn định | Critics highlight the precarity of gig work | employment precarity, economic precarity | |
| opaque | adj | /əʊˈpeɪk/ | mờ đục, không rõ ràng | employing opaque algorithms | opaque systems, remain opaque | |
| agglomeration | n | /əˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃn/ | sự tập trung, tụ họp | strong agglomeration effects | urban agglomeration, economic agglomeration | |
| bifurcated | adj | /ˈbaɪfəkeɪtɪd/ | chia đôi, phân nhánh | bifurcated opportunities | bifurcated system, bifurcated structure | |
| granular | adj | /ˈɡrænjələ/ | chi tiết, cụ thể | Platforms accumulate granular data | granular data, granular level | |
| commodification | n | /kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | hàng hóa hóa | the commodification of personal information | commodification of labor, prevent commodification | |
| surveillance capitalism | n | /səˈveɪləns ˈkæpɪtəlɪzm/ | chủ nghĩa tư bản giám sát | The concept of surveillance capitalism | surveillance capitalism era, critique surveillance capitalism | |
| unilateral | adj | /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəl/ | đơn phương | the unilateral claiming of private experience | unilateral decision, unilateral action | |
| regulatory arbitrage | n | /ˈreɡjələtri ˈɑːbɪtrɑːʒ/ | lách luật quy định | the regulatory arbitrage platforms engage in | exploit regulatory arbitrage, regulatory arbitrage opportunities |
Tác động kinh tế xã hội của nền tảng số đến lao động và bất bình đẳng trong kỷ nguyên số
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “How Is The Rise Of Digital Platforms Affecting Global Commerce?” không chỉ phổ biến trong các đề thi IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một xu hướng quan trọng của thế giới hiện đại. Việc nắm vững từ vựng và hiểu sâu về các khía cạnh kinh tế, xã hội và công nghệ của chủ đề này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn không chỉ trong phần Reading mà còn trong Writing Task 2 khi gặp các đề bài liên quan.
Bộ đề thi mẫu này đã cung cấp cho bạn trải nghiệm hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng cấu trúc IELTS Reading Test thực tế:
- Passage 1 giới thiệu các khái niệm cơ bản về digital platforms với độ khó phù hợp cho band 5.0-6.5
- Passage 2 đi sâu vào supply chain transformation và competitive dynamics ở mức độ 6.0-7.5
- Passage 3 phân tích học thuật về socioeconomic implications cho những bạn hướng đến band 7.0-9.0
40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm tất cả các dạng phổ biến trong IELTS Reading, giúp bạn làm quen với nhiều kỹ thuật làm bài khác nhau. Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích cụ thể về vị trí thông tin và cách paraphrase sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách tìm đáp án chính xác và tránh những sai lầm phổ biến.
Đặc biệt, bảng từ vựng với hơn 40 từ/cụm từ quan trọng kèm phiên âm, nghĩa tiếng Việt, ví dụ và collocations sẽ là tài liệu quý giá để bạn mở rộng vốn từ vựng học thuật. Hãy ghi chú những từ mới, tạo flashcards và ôn tập thường xuyên để vocabulary trở thành thế mạnh của bạn.
Hãy nhớ rằng, để đạt band điểm cao trong IELTS Reading, bạn cần luyện tập đều đặn với các đề thi chất lượng, phân tích kỹ các lỗi sai, và không ngừng cải thiện cả kỹ năng đọc hiểu lẫn vốn từ vựng. Chúc bạn ôn thi hiệu quả và đạt được mục tiêu IELTS của mình!
