Mở Bài
Chủ đề du lịch sinh thái (eco-tourism) và ảnh hưởng của nó đến ngành du lịch truyền thống là một trong những đề tài phổ biến trong IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng phát triển bền vững ngày càng được chú trọng toàn cầu, chủ đề này xuất hiện thường xuyên trong các bài thi IELTS từ năm 2018 đến nay, đặc biệt trong các đề thi Cambridge IELTS 14-18.
Bài viết này cung cấp cho bạn một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages được thiết kế theo đúng chuẩn thi thật. Bạn sẽ được luyện tập với:
- Đề thi đầy đủ 3 passages tăng dần độ khó từ Easy (Band 5.0-6.5) đến Medium (Band 6.0-7.5) và Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
- 40 câu hỏi đa dạng bao gồm 7-8 dạng câu hỏi khác nhau giống thi thật 100%
- Đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích vị trí thông tin và kỹ thuật paraphrase
- Từ vựng chuyên ngành về du lịch, môi trường và phát triển bền vững với phiên âm và ví dụ cụ thể
- Chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi
Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên muốn làm quen với chủ đề du lịch sinh thái và nâng cao kỹ năng Reading một cách bài bản.
1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading
Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test
IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm và không bị trừ điểm khi sai.
Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:
- Passage 1: 15-17 phút (độ khó thấp nhất)
- Passage 2: 18-20 phút (độ khó trung bình)
- Passage 3: 23-25 phút (độ khó cao nhất)
Lưu ý dành 2-3 phút cuối để chép đáp án vào Answer Sheet vì bài thi không có thời gian chép bài riêng.
Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này
Đề thi mẫu này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:
- Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
- True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không được nhắc đến
- Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn
- Yes/No/Not Given – Xác định quan điểm tác giả
- Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn
- Summary Completion – Hoàn thành tóm tắt
- Short-answer Questions – Câu hỏi trả lời ngắn
2. IELTS Reading Practice Test
PASSAGE 1 – The Rise of Responsible Travel
Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút
Over the past three decades, the tourism industry has witnessed a remarkable transformation in how people travel and explore the world. Traditional tourism, which often focused solely on visitor satisfaction and economic profit, is now being challenged by a new approach called eco-tourism. This shift represents not just a change in travel preferences, but a fundamental rethinking of how tourism should operate in an environmentally conscious world.
Eco-tourism emerged in the 1980s as a response to the negative environmental impacts caused by mass tourism. Popular destinations were becoming overcrowded, natural habitats were being destroyed, and local communities were often excluded from economic benefits. The World Tourism Organization defines eco-tourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of local people, and involves interpretation and education.” This definition highlights three core principles that distinguish eco-tourism from traditional tourism practices.
The first major influence of eco-tourism on traditional tourism industries has been in destination management. Hotels and resorts that once prioritized luxury and convenience above all else are now implementing sustainable practices. Many accommodation providers have introduced energy-efficient systems, water conservation measures, and waste reduction programs. For example, several hotel chains in Costa Rica have earned prestigious certifications for their environmental efforts, including the use of solar panels, rainwater harvesting, and organic waste composting. These initiatives not only reduce environmental damage but also attract a growing segment of environmentally aware travelers.
Another significant impact can be seen in how tour operators design and market their services. Traditional tour companies typically offered standardized packages focusing on famous landmarks and shopping opportunities. However, the rise of eco-tourism has encouraged operators to create more authentic experiences that connect travelers with local cultures and natural environments. Walking tours led by indigenous guides, wildlife observation trips that follow strict ethical guidelines, and visits to community-based projects are now common offerings. This shift has forced traditional operators to adapt or lose market share to competitors who better understand changing consumer preferences.
The economic model of tourism has also evolved significantly. Traditional tourism often resulted in “economic leakage,” where most profits flowed to international corporations rather than local communities. Eco-tourism, by contrast, emphasizes community involvement and fair distribution of benefits. In countries like Kenya and Tanzania, eco-tourism initiatives have created thousands of jobs for local residents as wildlife guides, hospitality staff, and artisans. Local communities now have financial incentives to protect natural resources rather than exploit them. This community-centered approach has prompted even traditional tourism businesses to restructure their operations to include more local participation.
Transportation within the tourism industry represents another area of transformation. Airlines, cruise ships, and tour buses have long been criticized for their substantial carbon footprints. The eco-tourism movement has accelerated the development of greener transportation alternatives. Some tour companies now offer carbon offset programs, while others have invested in electric vehicles for local transfers. In destinations like Norway and New Zealand, hybrid and electric ferries are replacing traditional diesel-powered boats. These changes are gradually becoming industry standards rather than special features of eco-tourism alone.
Marketing and consumer behavior have shifted dramatically as well. Today’s travelers, particularly millennials and Generation Z, actively seek travel experiences that align with their values. They research companies’ environmental credentials before booking and are willing to pay premium prices for sustainable options. Social media has amplified this trend, as travelers share their eco-friendly adventures online, creating peer pressure for others to follow suit. Traditional tourism companies have noticed this shift and are increasingly highlighting their sustainability efforts in promotional materials, even when these efforts are limited.
However, the influence of eco-tourism is not without challenges. Some critics argue that many businesses engage in “greenwashing” – making exaggerated or false claims about their environmental practices to capitalize on consumer interest without making substantial changes. There are concerns that the term “eco-tourism” has become so popular that it has lost precise meaning. Additionally, some remote natural areas marketed as eco-tourism destinations are experiencing negative impacts from increased visitation, raising questions about the long-term sustainability of the model itself.
Despite these challenges, the overall trajectory is clear: eco-tourism has permanently altered the landscape of the tourism industry. Traditional operators who ignore this shift do so at their own risk, while those who embrace sustainable practices are finding new opportunities for growth and differentiation in a competitive market.
Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. According to the passage, eco-tourism first appeared because:
A) tourists wanted more luxury experiences
B) traditional tourism was causing environmental problems
C) the World Tourism Organization required it
D) local communities requested changes
2. Hotels in Costa Rica are mentioned as examples of:
A) businesses that prioritize profit over environment
B) accommodation that is too expensive for most travelers
C) properties implementing sustainable practices
D) resorts that focus only on luxury services
3. The passage suggests that “economic leakage” refers to:
A) money being lost due to poor management
B) profits going to international companies instead of locals
C) tourists spending less than expected
D) communities wasting economic opportunities
4. What does the passage say about millennial and Generation Z travelers?
A) They travel less frequently than older generations
B) They prefer traditional luxury tourism
C) They research environmental practices before booking
D) They are not interested in social media
5. The term “greenwashing” in the passage means:
A) actually cleaning the environment
B) making false claims about being environmentally friendly
C) washing clothes with eco-friendly products
D) educating tourists about environmental issues
Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
Write:
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
6. The World Tourism Organization created the concept of eco-tourism in the 1980s.
7. All hotels in Costa Rica now use solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems.
8. Eco-tourism has created thousands of jobs in Kenya and Tanzania.
9. Electric vehicles are now used by every tour company for local transportation.
Questions 10-13: Matching Information
Match the following statements (10-13) with the correct aspect of tourism (A-F).
A) Destination management
B) Tour operations
C) Economic model
D) Transportation
E) Marketing
F) Consumer behavior
10. International corporations used to receive most of the financial benefits.
11. Companies are developing carbon offset programs and using electric vehicles.
12. Hotels are installing energy-efficient systems and water conservation measures.
13. Travelers now share their eco-friendly experiences on social media platforms.
PASSAGE 2 – Economic and Social Transformations in Tourism
Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)
Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút
The ascendancy of eco-tourism has precipitated far-reaching changes across the global tourism sector, fundamentally altering not only business practices but also the socioeconomic dynamics of tourist destinations. While the previous generation of tourism development prioritized infrastructure expansion and visitor volume maximization, contemporary approaches increasingly emphasize sustainability metrics, community empowerment, and ecosystem preservation. This paradigm shift has created both opportunities and tensions within an industry traditionally resistant to change.
One of the most profound impacts of eco-tourism’s rise has been the reconfiguration of value chains within the tourism economy. Traditional tourism models operated on a hub-and-spoke system, where multinational corporations controlled most aspects of the travel experience – from international flights and hotel chains to organized excursions and dining venues. This structure ensured operational efficiency and standardized service quality, but it also meant that peripheral regions and local enterprises captured only a small fraction of tourism revenues. Research conducted by the United Nations Environment Programme indicates that in traditional beach resort destinations, up to 80% of traveler expenditure flows back to developed countries through foreign-owned businesses.
Eco-tourism has challenged this model by promoting decentralized, locally-integrated operations. In regions such as Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula and Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, eco-tourism ventures are frequently structured as community-owned cooperatives or social enterprises that retain profits locally and reinvest in conservation initiatives. These operations typically employ indigenous guides who possess intimate knowledge of local ecosystems, support small-scale accommodations that use traditional architectural styles, and source food from nearby farms practicing sustainable agriculture. This approach has demonstrated that tourism can function as a mechanism for wealth distribution rather than wealth concentration, provided that governance structures are designed to prioritize equitable benefit-sharing.
The influence on traditional tourism businesses has been multifaceted and sometimes contentious. Large hotel chains and tour operators initially viewed eco-tourism as a niche market unlikely to affect their core operations. However, as consumer preferences evolved and regulatory frameworks increasingly favored sustainable practices, these companies faced strategic imperatives to adapt. Many responded by developing “green” subsidiary brands or retrofitting existing properties with environmental technologies. The Marriott International group, for instance, launched its sustainability platform that includes goals for carbon emission reduction, water consumption, and waste diversion. Similarly, TUI Group, Europe’s largest tour operator, invested substantially in fuel-efficient aircraft and developed excursion programs that emphasize cultural exchange and environmental education.
Yet critics contend that such efforts often constitute superficial modifications designed primarily for marketing advantage rather than substantive transformation. The phenomenon of “corporate greenwashing” has become increasingly sophisticated, with companies highlighting minor improvements while obscuring continuing harmful practices. A hotel might publicize its towel reuse program and LED lighting installations while failing to address its sourcing of food products from industrial agriculture or its contribution to water scarcity in drought-prone destinations. This selective disclosure makes it difficult for consumers to differentiate between genuinely sustainable operators and those merely appropriating the rhetoric of eco-tourism for competitive positioning.
Ảnh minh họa tác động tích cực của du lịch sinh thái đến cộng đồng địa phương và môi trường thiên nhiên
The rise of eco-tourism has also transformed destination competitiveness and government policy priorities. Countries that once competed primarily on price, accessibility, and infrastructure are now differentiating themselves through environmental credentials and authentic cultural offerings. Bhutan’s implementation of “high-value, low-impact” tourism policy – which includes mandatory daily fees and limits on visitor numbers – represents an extreme example of this shift. The policy has enabled Bhutan to maintain its unique cultural identity and pristine natural environment while generating substantial revenue from tourism. More significantly, it has influenced policy discussions in other destinations facing overtourism challenges, from Venice and Barcelona to Thailand’s Maya Bay, which was closed for ecosystem recovery after suffering damage from excessive visitation.
The employment landscape within tourism has evolved considerably as well. Traditional tourism jobs in hotels and restaurants offered primarily low-skilled, seasonal positions with limited career advancement opportunities. Eco-tourism has created demand for specialized roles requiring environmental knowledge, cultural expertise, and interpretive skills. Wildlife guides, conservation managers, sustainable tourism consultants, and environmental auditors now represent growing professional categories within the sector. Educational institutions have responded by developing specialized programs in sustainable tourism management, producing graduates equipped to navigate the industry’s changing requirements.
Nevertheless, the transition is not without socioeconomic tensions. In some regions, the shift toward eco-tourism has marginalized communities lacking the resources or knowledge to participate in the new economy. Small-scale operators who built businesses serving mass tourism markets may find themselves unable to compete with certified eco-tourism ventures that appeal to higher-spending travelers. Additionally, the emphasis on “authenticity” can create cultural commodification pressures, where communities feel compelled to perform traditional practices for tourist consumption rather than allowing cultures to evolve naturally.
The COVID-19 pandemic has added another dimension to this transformation. The crisis revealed the fragility of tourism-dependent economies and accelerated discussions about building more resilient, sustainable models. Many destinations used the pause in tourism activity to reassess their strategies, with increased interest in regenerative tourism – an approach that goes beyond sustainability to actively restore and improve destinations. Whether these intentions will translate into fundamental restructuring or prove to be temporary crisis-induced reflections remains to be seen.
Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write:
- YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
- NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
- NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
14. Traditional tourism models were more efficient at distributing wealth to local communities than eco-tourism models.
15. Large hotel chains initially underestimated the impact that eco-tourism would have on their businesses.
16. The Marriott International sustainability platform has successfully eliminated all environmental damage from its operations.
17. Consumers can easily identify which tourism companies are genuinely sustainable.
18. The COVID-19 pandemic created opportunities for destinations to rethink their tourism strategies.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for sections A-E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings:
i. The challenge of distinguishing genuine from false environmental claims
ii. How traditional economic structures kept profits away from locals
iii. The creation of new professional opportunities in tourism
iv. Government responses to overtourism problems
v. Community-based alternatives to corporate tourism models
vi. The impact of a global health crisis on tourism thinking
vii. Initial corporate reactions to changing consumer demands
viii. Price competition among international destinations
Section A (Paragraph 2): One of the most profound impacts…
Section B (Paragraph 3): Eco-tourism has challenged this model…
Section C (Paragraph 4): The influence on traditional tourism businesses…
Section D (Paragraph 5): Yet critics contend that such efforts…
Section E (Paragraph 7): The employment landscape within tourism…
19. Section A
20. Section B
21. Section C
22. Section D
23. Section E
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Word Box:
competitive / traditional / revenues / cooperative / sustainable / expensive / profit / modern / multinational / local
Eco-tourism has changed how tourism profits are distributed. In (24) __ tourism models, most money went to (25) __ corporations rather than communities. However, eco-tourism ventures are often structured as (26) __ operations that keep profits in the destination and support conservation.
PASSAGE 3 – Theoretical Frameworks and Future Trajectories
Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)
Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút
The emergence and proliferation of eco-tourism as a dominant discourse within contemporary tourism studies represents a significant epistemological shift in how scholars, practitioners, and policymakers conceptualize the relationship between tourism development and environmental sustainability. This transformation extends beyond mere operational modifications to encompass fundamental theoretical reconceptualizations of tourism’s role in global socioeconomic systems and ecological processes. Understanding how eco-tourism influences traditional tourism industries requires engagement with complex theoretical frameworks that span multiple disciplines, including environmental economics, post-development theory, political ecology, and organizational behavior studies.
At the theoretical nexus of this transformation lies the concept of “sustainable development,” articulated most prominently in the Brundtland Commission’s 1987 report. This framework posits that development should meet present needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet theirs – a principle that fundamentally challenges the growth-oriented paradigms that had characterized post-World War II tourism expansion. Traditional tourism development followed what scholars term the “Tourism Area Life Cycle” model, wherein destinations progress through stages from exploration to involvement, development, consolidation, and eventually stagnation or decline. This model implicitly accepts environmental degradation and cultural commodification as inevitable externalities of tourism growth, with mitigation efforts emerging only in later stages when negative consequences become economically threatening.
Eco-tourism, by contrast, draws on alternative theoretical constructs that privilege ecological integrity and social equity from the outset. The “limits to growth” thesis, popularized by the Club of Rome’s 1972 report, provides intellectual foundations for questioning perpetual expansion models. When applied to tourism, this perspective suggests that carrying capacity constraints – both ecological and social – must inform development planning rather than being treated as obstacles to overcome through technological innovation. This precautionary approach contrasts sharply with the techno-optimism that characterized traditional tourism planning, where environmental problems were viewed as solvable through engineering solutions without requiring fundamental alterations to consumption patterns or business models.
The influence of eco-tourism on traditional industries can be analyzed through the lens of institutional theory, which examines how organizational behaviors are shaped by normative, regulative, and cognitive pressures within institutional environments. From this perspective, eco-tourism has reconfigured the institutional field of tourism by establishing new legitimacy criteria. Organizations now face “isomorphic pressures” to adopt sustainability practices not necessarily because these practices enhance operational efficiency (though they may), but because conformity to emerging norms is essential for maintaining social license to operate. This process manifests in three forms: coercive isomorphism (driven by regulatory requirements and stakeholder demands), mimetic isomorphism (emulating successful competitors), and normative isomorphism (professional standards and education).
Research indicates that larger, well-capitalized firms within traditional tourism sectors have generally pursued “decoupling strategies” in response to these pressures. Decoupling involves creating formal structures and policies that symbolically conform to institutional expectations while maintaining actual practices relatively unchanged. A hotel chain might establish a corporate sustainability office and publish annual environmental reports, yet these symbolic gestures may have minimal impact on core operational decisions regarding property development, supply chain management, or labor practices. This phenomenon highlights a critical tension: institutional pressures can drive superficial adaptation without necessitating substantive transformation, particularly when monitoring mechanisms are weak and information asymmetries allow companies to obscure their actual performance.
Mô hình so sánh sự phát triển giữa du lịch truyền thống và du lịch sinh thái bền vững
Political ecology perspectives offer additional insight into power dynamics underlying the eco-tourism transformation. Traditional tourism development was typically characterized by asymmetric power relations, wherein external capital and state authorities drove development processes with limited input from local communities who bore many costs (environmental degradation, cultural disruption, displacement) while capturing few benefits. Eco-tourism rhetoric emphasizes community participation and benefit-sharing, yet critical scholars question whether this represents genuine empowerment or merely more sophisticated forms of incorporation into global capitalist systems. The concept of “green grabbing” describes situations where conservation initiatives – including eco-tourism projects – become mechanisms for appropriating land and resources from marginalized communities, effectively displacing people in the name of environmental protection.
The psychological and behavioral dimensions of tourism transformation merit examination through consumer behavior theory. The rise of eco-tourism reflects broader shifts in consumer identity construction, wherein purchasing decisions function as expressions of values and desired self-concepts. Social identity theory suggests that individuals derive self-esteem partly from group memberships, and contemporary travelers increasingly identify with environmental consciousness as a salient identity dimension. This creates market segmentation opportunities for eco-tourism providers while simultaneously pressuring traditional operators to reframe their offerings to accommodate these identity concerns. However, research on the “attitude-behavior gap” demonstrates that stated environmental values often fail to translate into corresponding behaviors, particularly when sustainable options involve higher costs or reduced convenience. This gap suggests that value-driven market transformation may be more limited than aggregate survey data would indicate.
Network theory provides frameworks for understanding how eco-tourism innovations diffuse through traditional tourism industries. Early eco-tourism adopters, typically small-scale operators in peripheral locations, functioned as experimental laboratories for alternative approaches. As these experiments demonstrated commercial viability and attracted media attention, they influenced broader networks through various mechanisms: direct learning (larger companies observing and adapting successful innovations), indirect influence through professional associations and industry publications, and institutional leverage as successful examples informed policy frameworks and certification standards. The pace and depth of diffusion depend on network structures, boundary-spanning actors, and the compatibility of innovations with existing organizational routines and cultural norms.
Looking toward future trajectories, several competing scenarios emerge from current trends. An optimistic perspective suggests that continued consumer pressure, regulatory evolution, and technological advancement will drive progressive convergence toward sustainability across the tourism sector. Certification schemes, carbon pricing mechanisms, and transparency technologies (such as blockchain-based supply chain tracking) could reduce information asymmetries and make greenwashing increasingly difficult. Alternatively, a pessimistic scenario anticipates that tourism will remain fundamentally extractive and unsustainable, with eco-tourism functioning primarily as a legitimation strategy that enables continued expansion while deflecting criticism. A third, more nuanced view recognizes persistent heterogeneity: genuine transformation in some contexts coexisting with superficial adaptation or outright resistance in others, with outcomes depending on specific configurations of market conditions, governance structures, civil society capacity, and environmental constraints.
The COVID-19 pandemic’s impact adds another layer of complexity to these trajectories. The crisis demonstrated tourism’s vulnerability to external shocks and sparked discussions about “regenerative tourism” that goes beyond sustainability to actively restore ecosystems and strengthen communities. Whether this represents a genuine inflection point or merely crisis-induced rhetoric that will fade as normal operations resume remains an empirical question requiring longitudinal research. What seems clear is that the influence of eco-tourism on traditional industries has been substantial and multifaceted, operating through market mechanisms, institutional pressures, normative shifts, and power reconfigurations that continue to reshape tourism’s theory and practice.
Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
27. According to the passage, the Brundtland Commission’s 1987 report:
A) supported unlimited tourism growth
B) introduced the concept of sustainable development
C) rejected all forms of traditional tourism
D) focused exclusively on economic benefits
28. The “Tourism Area Life Cycle” model described in the passage:
A) prioritizes environmental protection from the beginning
B) views environmental damage as an inevitable consequence
C) was developed by eco-tourism theorists
D) has been completely replaced by new models
29. The term “decoupling strategies” refers to companies:
A) separating their business operations across different countries
B) creating environmental policies without changing actual practices
C) completely disconnecting from traditional tourism methods
D) refusing to adopt any sustainability measures
30. What does “green grabbing” mean in the context of the passage?
A) Tourists taking plants from protected areas
B) Conservation projects that displace local communities
C) Companies stealing environmental technology
D) Governments protecting land for public use
31. The “attitude-behavior gap” suggests that:
A) all tourists behave according to their environmental values
B) people’s environmental beliefs don’t always match their actions
C) traditional tourism is more popular than eco-tourism
D) consumers have no interest in sustainability
Questions 32-36: Matching Features
Match the theoretical frameworks (32-36) with the correct descriptions (A-H).
Theoretical Frameworks:
32. Institutional theory
33. Political ecology perspectives
34. Social identity theory
35. Network theory
36. Limits to growth thesis
Descriptions:
A) Explains how innovations spread through industries
B) Argues that perpetual expansion is impossible
C) Examines power imbalances in tourism development
D) Focuses on consumer purchasing as value expression
E) Studies how regulations force business changes
F) Analyzes how organizations conform to social expectations
G) Investigates climate change impacts on destinations
H) Explores technological solutions to environmental problems
Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
37. What type of pressures cause organizations to adopt sustainability practices according to institutional theory?
38. What term describes hotels creating sustainability offices without changing core operations?
39. According to the passage, what type of tourism aims to actively restore ecosystems rather than just sustain them?
40. What technology is mentioned as potentially making greenwashing more difficult in the future?
3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án
PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13
- B
- C
- B
- C
- B
- NOT GIVEN
- FALSE
- TRUE
- FALSE
- C
- D
- A
- F
PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26
- NO
- YES
- NOT GIVEN
- NO
- YES
- ii
- v
- vii
- i
- iii
- traditional
- multinational
- cooperative
PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40
- B
- B
- B
- B
- B
- F
- C
- D
- A
- B
- isomorphic pressures
- symbolic gestures / decoupling strategies
- regenerative tourism
- blockchain-based tracking / transparency technologies
4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết
Passage 1 – Giải Thích
Câu 1: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: eco-tourism, first appeared, because
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Bài đọc nói rõ “Eco-tourism emerged in the 1980s as a response to the negative environmental impacts caused by mass tourism.” Đáp án B paraphrase “causing environmental problems” từ “negative environmental impacts”. Các đáp án khác không được đề cập làm nguyên nhân ra đời của eco-tourism.
Câu 2: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Hotels in Costa Rica, examples of
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-8
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn đề cập “several hotel chains in Costa Rica have earned prestigious certifications for their environmental efforts” và liệt kê các sustainable practices như solar panels, rainwater harvesting. Đây là ví dụ về “implementing sustainable practices” (đáp án C).
Câu 3: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: economic leakage, refers to
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết giải thích rõ “economic leakage, where most profits flowed to international corporations rather than local communities.” Đây chính xác là nội dung của đáp án B.
Câu 4: C
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: millennial and Generation Z travelers
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Đoạn văn nói “Today’s travelers, particularly millennials and Generation Z, actively seek travel experiences that align with their values. They research companies’ environmental credentials before booking.” Đáp án C paraphrase chính xác thông tin này.
Câu 5: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: greenwashing, means
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 8, dòng 1-2
- Giải thích: Bài đọc định nghĩa greenwashing là “making exaggerated or false claims about their environmental practices”. Đáp án B diễn đạt đúng ý nghĩa này.
Câu 6: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói World Tourism Organization đưa ra định nghĩa về eco-tourism, không nói họ “created the concept”. Không có thông tin về việc ai tạo ra khái niệm này.
Câu 7: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 5-8
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói “several hotel chains” chứ không phải “all hotels” sử dụng các công nghệ này. Từ “several” mâu thuẫn với “all”.
Câu 8: TRUE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 5-7
- Giải thích: Bài viết nói rõ “In countries like Kenya and Tanzania, eco-tourism initiatives have created thousands of jobs for local residents”. Câu phát biểu khớp hoàn toàn.
Câu 9: FALSE
- Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: Bài chỉ nói “Some tour companies now offer carbon offset programs” và một số đã đầu tư vào xe điện, không nói “every tour company”. Từ “some” mâu thuẫn với “every”.
Câu 10: C (Economic model)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: Thông tin về international corporations nhận hầu hết lợi nhuận được đề cập trong phần bàn về economic model của traditional tourism.
Câu 11: D (Transportation)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Carbon offset programs và electric vehicles được đề cập trong đoạn về transportation.
Câu 12: A (Destination management)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 3, dòng 3-5
- Giải thích: Energy-efficient systems và water conservation measures được đề cập trong phần destination management.
Câu 13: F (Consumer behavior)
- Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: Việc travelers chia sẻ trải nghiệm trên social media là một phần của consumer behavior.
Passage 2 – Giải Thích
Câu 14: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2-3
- Giải thích: Bài viết rõ ràng cho thấy traditional tourism models giữ lại hầu hết lợi nhuận cho multinational corporations (80% flows back to developed countries), trong khi eco-tourism models phân phối wealth tốt hơn cho local communities. Quan điểm của tác giả trái ngược với câu phát biểu.
Câu 15: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “Large hotel chains and tour operators initially viewed eco-tourism as a niche market unlikely to affect their core operations.” Điều này khớp với việc họ underestimated (đánh giá thấp) tác động của eco-tourism.
Câu 16: NOT GIVEN
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: Bài viết chỉ đề cập Marriott có sustainability platform với các mục tiêu, nhưng không nói họ đã “successfully eliminated all environmental damage”. Không có thông tin về mức độ thành công hoàn toàn.
Câu 17: NO
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “This selective disclosure makes it difficult for consumers to differentiate between genuinely sustainable operators and those merely appropriating the rhetoric”. Tác giả rõ ràng cho rằng việc phân biệt là khó (difficult), không phải dễ (easily).
Câu 18: YES
- Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn cuối cùng
- Giải thích: “Many destinations used the pause in tourism activity to reassess their strategies”. Tác giả đồng ý rằng đại dịch tạo ra cơ hội để rethink strategies.
Câu 19: ii (How traditional economic structures kept profits away from locals)
- Vị trí: Section A – Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Đoạn này mô tả chi tiết về hub-and-spoke system và cách multinational corporations giữ lại hầu hết profits, với 80% expenditure flows back to developed countries.
Câu 20: v (Community-based alternatives to corporate tourism models)
- Vị trí: Section B – Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: Đoạn này nói về community-owned cooperatives, social enterprises, và locally-integrated operations như là các alternative models.
Câu 21: vii (Initial corporate reactions to changing consumer demands)
- Vị trí: Section C – Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: Đoạn mô tả cách large hotel chains và tour operators ban đầu phản ứng với eco-tourism và sau đó phải adapt.
Câu 22: i (The challenge of distinguishing genuine from false environmental claims)
- Vị trí: Section D – Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Đoạn này tập trung vào greenwashing và việc khó khăn trong việc differentiate giữa genuine và superficial efforts.
Câu 23: iii (The creation of new professional opportunities in tourism)
- Vị trí: Section E – Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: Đoạn nói về specialized roles, professional categories như wildlife guides và conservation managers, và educational programs mới.
Câu 24: traditional
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2
- Giải thích: Câu đầu đoạn tóm tắt nói về sự khác biệt giữa traditional và eco-tourism models.
Câu 25: multinational
- Vị trí: Đoạn 2, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “multinational corporations controlled most aspects” và profits flowed to them.
Câu 26: cooperative
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “eco-tourism ventures are frequently structured as community-owned cooperatives”.
Chiến lược làm bài IELTS Reading hiệu quả cho đề thi du lịch sinh thái
Passage 3 – Giải Thích
Câu 27: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Brundtland Commission, 1987 report
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 1-3
- Giải thích: “the concept of ‘sustainable development,’ articulated most prominently in the Brundtland Commission’s 1987 report” – rõ ràng báo cáo này introduced (giới thiệu) khái niệm sustainable development.
Câu 28: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: Tourism Area Life Cycle model
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 2, dòng 6-9
- Giải thích: “This model implicitly accepts environmental degradation and cultural commodification as inevitable externalities” – model này xem environmental damage là hậu quả không thể tránh khỏi (inevitable consequence).
Câu 29: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: decoupling strategies
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 5, dòng 2-5
- Giải thích: “Decoupling involves creating formal structures and policies that symbolically conform to institutional expectations while maintaining actual practices relatively unchanged” – tạo policies mà không thay đổi practices thực tế.
Câu 30: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: green grabbing
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 6, dòng cuối
- Giải thích: “conservation initiatives – including eco-tourism projects – become mechanisms for appropriating land and resources from marginalized communities, effectively displacing people” – các dự án bảo tồn làm di dời cộng đồng địa phương.
Câu 31: B
- Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
- Từ khóa: attitude-behavior gap
- Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn 7, dòng 6-8
- Giải thích: “stated environmental values often fail to translate into corresponding behaviors” – giá trị môi trường được nói ra không chuyển thành hành vi tương ứng, nghĩa là beliefs không match actions.
Câu 32: F (Analyzes how organizations conform to social expectations)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4
- Giải thích: Institutional theory được mô tả là examining “how organizational behaviors are shaped by normative, regulative, and cognitive pressures” và “conformity to emerging norms”.
Câu 33: C (Examines power imbalances in tourism development)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 6
- Giải thích: Political ecology perspectives “offer additional insight into power dynamics” và “asymmetric power relations”.
Câu 34: D (Focuses on consumer purchasing as value expression)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 7
- Giải thích: Social identity theory được đề cập trong context của “purchasing decisions function as expressions of values”.
Câu 35: A (Explains how innovations spread through industries)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 8
- Giải thích: Network theory “provides frameworks for understanding how eco-tourism innovations diffuse through traditional tourism industries”.
Câu 36: B (Argues that perpetual expansion is impossible)
- Vị trí: Đoạn 3
- Giải thích: “limits to growth thesis” được mô tả là “questioning perpetual expansion models” và nói về carrying capacity constraints.
Câu 37: isomorphic pressures
- Vị trí: Đoạn 4, dòng 4-5
- Giải thích: “Organizations now face ‘isomorphic pressures’ to adopt sustainability practices”. Đây là exact phrase (ba từ) từ bài.
Câu 38: symbolic gestures / decoupling strategies
- Vị trí: Đoạn 5
- Giải thích: Cả hai đều đúng. Bài nói về “decoupling strategies” và “symbolic gestures” để mô tả việc tạo sustainability offices mà không thay đổi core operations. (Cả hai đều chấp nhận được, tùy cách học viên paraphrase)
Câu 39: regenerative tourism
- Vị trí: Đoạn cuối, dòng 2-3
- Giải thích: “regenerative tourism – an approach that goes beyond sustainability to actively restore and improve destinations”. Exact phrase (hai từ).
Câu 40: blockchain-based tracking / transparency technologies
- Vị trí: Đoạn 9, dòng 3-4
- Giải thích: “transparency technologies (such as blockchain-based supply chain tracking) could reduce information asymmetries and make greenwashing increasingly difficult”. Cả hai đáp án đều chấp nhận được.
5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage
Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remarkable transformation | noun phrase | /rɪˈmɑːkəbl trænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ | sự chuyển đổi đáng chú ý | witnessed a remarkable transformation | undergo/experience a remarkable transformation |
| environmentally conscious | adj | /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəli ˈkɒnʃəs/ | có ý thức về môi trường | environmentally conscious world | environmentally conscious consumer/traveler |
| mass tourism | noun phrase | /mæs ˈtʊərɪzəm/ | du lịch đại chúng | negative impacts caused by mass tourism | mass tourism destination/industry |
| natural habitats | noun phrase | /ˈnætʃrəl ˈhæbɪtæts/ | môi trường sống tự nhiên | natural habitats were being destroyed | protect/preserve natural habitats |
| destination management | noun phrase | /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ | quản lý điểm đến | first major influence on destination management | destination management organization |
| sustainable practices | noun phrase | /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈpræktɪsɪz/ | các hoạt động bền vững | implementing sustainable practices | adopt/introduce sustainable practices |
| energy-efficient | adj | /ˈenədʒi ɪˈfɪʃnt/ | tiết kiệm năng lượng | energy-efficient systems | energy-efficient building/appliance |
| water conservation | noun phrase | /ˈwɔːtə ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ | bảo tồn nước | water conservation measures | water conservation strategy/program |
| indigenous guides | noun phrase | /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ɡaɪdz/ | hướng dẫn viên bản địa | walking tours led by indigenous guides | indigenous communities/knowledge |
| economic leakage | noun phrase | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈliːkɪdʒ/ | rò rỉ kinh tế | resulted in economic leakage | prevent/reduce economic leakage |
| carbon footprints | noun phrase | /ˈkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnts/ | dấu chân carbon | substantial carbon footprints | reduce/minimize carbon footprint |
| greenwashing | noun | /ˈɡriːnwɒʃɪŋ/ | tẩy xanh (quảng cáo môi trường giả) | engage in greenwashing | greenwashing practices/claims |
Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ascendancy | noun | /əˈsendənsi/ | sự thống trị, vượt trội | the ascendancy of eco-tourism | gain/achieve ascendancy |
| far-reaching changes | noun phrase | /fɑː ˈriːtʃɪŋ ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/ | những thay đổi sâu rộng | precipitated far-reaching changes | far-reaching consequences/implications |
| socioeconomic dynamics | noun phrase | /ˌsəʊsiəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk daɪˈnæmɪks/ | động lực kinh tế-xã hội | altering the socioeconomic dynamics | socioeconomic factors/conditions |
| paradigm shift | noun phrase | /ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển đổi mô hình | this paradigm shift has created | undergo a paradigm shift |
| reconfiguration | noun | /ˌriːkənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/ | sự cấu hình lại | reconfiguration of value chains | require/undergo reconfiguration |
| hub-and-spoke system | noun phrase | /hʌb ənd spəʊk ˈsɪstəm/ | hệ thống trung tâm và nan hoa | operated on a hub-and-spoke system | hub-and-spoke network/model |
| peripheral regions | noun phrase | /pəˈrɪfərəl ˈriːdʒənz/ | các vùng ngoại vi | peripheral regions captured only | peripheral areas/communities |
| decentralized operations | noun phrase | /diːˈsentrəlaɪzd ˌɒpəˈreɪʃnz/ | hoạt động phi tập trung | promoting decentralized operations | decentralized system/structure |
| community-owned cooperatives | noun phrase | /kəˈmjuːnəti əʊnd kəʊˈɒpərətɪvz/ | hợp tác xã thuộc sở hữu cộng đồng | structured as community-owned cooperatives | community-owned business/enterprise |
| equitable benefit-sharing | noun phrase | /ˈekwɪtəbl ˈbenɪfɪt ˈʃeərɪŋ/ | chia sẻ lợi ích công bằng | prioritize equitable benefit-sharing | equitable distribution/allocation |
| superficial modifications | noun phrase | /ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃl ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/ | những thay đổi bề ngoài | constitute superficial modifications | superficial changes/improvements |
| corporate greenwashing | noun phrase | /ˈkɔːpərət ˈɡriːnwɒʃɪŋ/ | tẩy xanh của doanh nghiệp | phenomenon of corporate greenwashing | corporate greenwashing tactics/strategies |
| overtourism challenges | noun phrase | /ˌəʊvəˈtʊərɪzəm ˈtʃælɪndʒɪz/ | thách thức du lịch quá tải | facing overtourism challenges | overtourism problems/issues |
| cultural commodification | noun phrase | /ˈkʌltʃərəl kəˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ | thương mại hóa văn hóa | cultural commodification pressures | cultural commodification process |
| regenerative tourism | noun phrase | /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv ˈtʊərɪzəm/ | du lịch tái sinh | increased interest in regenerative tourism | regenerative tourism practices/model |
Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary
| Từ vựng | Loại từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa tiếng Việt | Ví dụ từ bài | Collocation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| emergence and proliferation | noun phrase | /ɪˈmɜːdʒəns ənd prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/ | sự xuất hiện và phát triển | the emergence and proliferation of eco-tourism | emergence and proliferation of technologies |
| epistemological shift | noun phrase | /ɪˌpɪstɪməˈlɒdʒɪkl ʃɪft/ | sự chuyển dịch nhận thức luận | represents an epistemological shift | epistemological framework/approach |
| theoretical nexus | noun phrase | /ˌθɪəˈretɪkl ˈneksəs/ | mối liên kết lý thuyết | at the theoretical nexus | theoretical nexus between concepts |
| growth-oriented paradigms | noun phrase | /ɡrəʊθ ˈɔːrientɪd ˈpærədaɪmz/ | các mô hình định hướng tăng trưởng | challenges growth-oriented paradigms | growth-oriented strategy/model |
| carrying capacity constraints | noun phrase | /ˈkæriɪŋ kəˈpæsəti kənˈstreɪnts/ | các hạn chế về sức chứa | carrying capacity constraints must inform | carrying capacity limits/thresholds |
| techno-optimism | noun | /ˈteknəʊ ˈɒptɪmɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa lạc quan công nghệ | contrasts with the techno-optimism | techno-optimism approach/belief |
| institutional theory | noun phrase | /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl ˈθɪəri/ | lý thuyết thể chế | analyzed through institutional theory | institutional theory framework |
| isomorphic pressures | noun phrase | /ˌaɪsəˈmɔːfɪk ˈpreʃəz/ | áp lực đồng hình | face isomorphic pressures | isomorphic forces/processes |
| social license to operate | noun phrase | /ˈsəʊʃl ˈlaɪsns tuː ˈɒpəreɪt/ | giấy phép xã hội để hoạt động | maintaining social license to operate | social license to operate concept |
| coercive isomorphism | noun phrase | /kəʊˈɜːsɪv ˌaɪsəʊˈmɔːfɪzəm/ | đồng hình ép buộc | driven by coercive isomorphism | coercive isomorphism mechanism |
| decoupling strategies | noun phrase | /diːˈkʌplɪŋ ˈstrætədʒiz/ | chiến lược tách rời | pursued decoupling strategies | decoupling strategies approach |
| information asymmetries | noun phrase | /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn əˈsɪmətriz/ | sự bất cân xứng thông tin | information asymmetries allow companies | information asymmetries problem |
| political ecology | noun phrase | /pəˈlɪtɪkl iˈkɒlədʒi/ | sinh thái chính trị | political ecology perspectives offer | political ecology framework/analysis |
| asymmetric power relations | noun phrase | /ˌeɪsɪˈmetrɪk ˈpaʊə rɪˈleɪʃnz/ | quan hệ quyền lực bất đối xứng | characterized by asymmetric power relations | asymmetric power structures |
| green grabbing | noun phrase | /ɡriːn ˈɡræbɪŋ/ | chiếm đoạt xanh | the concept of green grabbing | green grabbing practices/phenomenon |
| attitude-behavior gap | noun phrase | /ˈætɪtjuːd bɪˈheɪvjə ɡæp/ | khoảng cách giữa thái độ và hành vi | research on the attitude-behavior gap | attitude-behavior gap problem |
| network theory | noun phrase | /ˈnetwɜːk ˈθɪəri/ | lý thuyết mạng lưới | network theory provides frameworks | network theory analysis/approach |
| boundary-spanning actors | noun phrase | /ˈbaʊndri ˈspænɪŋ ˈæktəz/ | các tác nhân xuyên biên giới | boundary-spanning actors influence | boundary-spanning roles/activities |
| blockchain-based tracking | noun phrase | /ˈblɒktʃeɪn beɪst ˈtrækɪŋ/ | theo dõi dựa trên blockchain | blockchain-based supply chain tracking | blockchain-based system/technology |
Kết Bài
Chủ đề “How Is The Rise Of Eco-tourism Influencing Traditional Tourism Industries?” không chỉ phổ biến trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh một xu hướng toàn cầu quan trọng về phát triển bền vững. Qua bộ đề thi mẫu này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm:
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