IELTS Reading: Năng Lượng Tái Tạo và Thị Trường Dầu Mỏ Toàn Cầu – Đề Thi Mẫu Có Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Mở Bài

Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và ảnh hưởng của nó đến thị trường dầu mỏ toàn cầu đang trở thành một trong những nội dung phổ biến nhất trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Với xu hướng chuyển đổi năng lượng xanh đang diễn ra mạnh mẽ trên toàn thế giới, Cambridge và IDP thường xuyên đưa các bài đọc liên quan đến chủ đề này vào đề thi thực tế, đặc biệt từ năm 2020 trở lại đây.

Bài viết này cung cấp một bộ đề thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với 3 passages theo đúng chuẩn thi thật, bao gồm đầy đủ 40 câu hỏi với độ khó tăng dần. Bạn sẽ được trải nghiệm các dạng câu hỏi đa dạng như Multiple Choice, True/False/Not Given, Matching Headings, Summary Completion và nhiều dạng khác thường gặp trong bài thi thực tế.

Đi kèm với mỗi passage là đáp án chi tiết với giải thích cụ thể về cách xác định thông tin, kỹ thuật paraphrase, và chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả. Phần từ vựng quan trọng được tổng hợp theo từng passage giúp bạn không chỉ nâng cao vốn từ mà còn hiểu được cách sử dụng chúng trong ngữ cảnh học thuật.

Bộ đề này phù hợp cho học viên từ band 5.0 trở lên, đặc biệt hữu ích cho những bạn đang nhắm đến band 6.5-7.5 trong phần Reading.

1. Hướng Dẫn Làm Bài IELTS Reading

Tổng Quan Về IELTS Reading Test

IELTS Reading Test kéo dài 60 phút với 3 passages và tổng cộng 40 câu hỏi. Mỗi câu trả lời đúng được tính 1 điểm, không bị trừ điểm khi sai. Độ dài mỗi passage dao động từ 650-1000 từ, với độ khó tăng dần từ Passage 1 đến Passage 3.

Phân bổ thời gian khuyến nghị:

• Passage 1 (Easy): 15-17 phút cho 13 câu hỏi
• Passage 2 (Medium): 18-20 phút cho 13 câu hỏi
• Passage 3 (Hard): 23-25 phút cho 14 câu hỏi

Lưu ý quan trọng: Không có thời gian chép bài riêng, vì vậy bạn cần viết đáp án trực tiếp vào answer sheet trong 60 phút.

Các Dạng Câu Hỏi Trong Đề Này

Bộ đề thi này bao gồm 7 dạng câu hỏi phổ biến nhất:

1. Multiple Choice – Câu hỏi trắc nghiệm nhiều lựa chọn
2. True/False/Not Given – Xác định thông tin đúng/sai/không có trong bài
3. Matching Information – Nối thông tin với đoạn văn tương ứng
4. Sentence Completion – Hoàn thành câu từ thông tin trong bài
5. Matching Headings – Nối tiêu đề với đoạn văn phù hợp
6. Summary Completion – Điền từ vào đoạn tóm tắt
7. Short-answer Questions – Trả lời ngắn theo yêu cầu từ hạn chế

2. IELTS Reading Practice Test

PASSAGE 1 – The Dawn of Clean Energy Revolution

Độ khó: Easy (Band 5.0-6.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 15-17 phút

The global energy landscape is undergoing a remarkable transformation as renewable energy sources increasingly challenge the dominance of fossil fuels, particularly oil. This shift represents not merely a change in energy production methods but a fundamental restructuring of economic and political power dynamics that have defined international relations for over a century.

Solar and wind power have emerged as the frontrunners in this energy revolution. In 2023, renewable energy capacity additions reached an unprecedented 507 gigawatts worldwide, marking a 50% increase from the previous year. This dramatic expansion has been driven by plummeting costs – solar panel prices have fallen by approximately 90% since 2010, while wind turbine costs have decreased by nearly 70% over the same period. These technological advances have made renewable energy economically competitive with traditional fossil fuels in many regions, eliminating the need for government subsidies in several markets.

The impact on global oil markets has been substantial and multifaceted. Traditional oil-producing nations, which have long enjoyed economic prosperity and geopolitical influence through their fossil fuel reserves, now face an uncertain future. The International Energy Agency projects that global oil demand will peak before 2030, a watershed moment that was unthinkable just a decade ago. This projected decline is attributed to multiple factors: the rapid electrification of transportation, improved energy efficiency in buildings and industry, and increasingly stringent environmental regulations worldwide.

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent perhaps the most visible manifestation of this transition. Sales of electric cars surpassed 14 million units globally in 2023, representing 18% of all new car sales. Major automotive manufacturers have announced plans to phase out internal combustion engines entirely by 2035, with some brands targeting even earlier dates. This shift in the transportation sector, which currently accounts for approximately 60% of global oil consumption, poses an existential threat to traditional petroleum markets.

However, the transition is not without its complexities and challenges. Oil-producing nations have responded to this threat through various strategies. Some, like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, are diversifying their economies through massive investments in technology, tourism, and renewable energy infrastructure. Others maintain that oil will remain indispensable for decades to come, pointing to continued demand from the aviation industry, petrochemicals sector, and developing economies where vehicle electrification remains economically unfeasible.

Market volatility has become increasingly pronounced as these competing forces interact. Oil prices have experienced significant fluctuations in recent years, influenced not only by traditional factors like geopolitical tensions and production decisions but also by announcements of new renewable energy projects and electric vehicle sales figures. This heightened sensitivity to renewable energy developments represents a fundamental shift in market dynamics.

The financial sector has also played a crucial role in accelerating this transition. Major investment funds and banks are increasingly divesting from fossil fuel projects, citing both environmental concerns and financial risks associated with stranded assets – oil reserves that may become economically unviable before they can be extracted. This capital reallocation towards renewable energy projects has created a self-reinforcing cycle, making it increasingly difficult for oil companies to secure funding for new exploration and development.

Despite these challenges, experts caution against underestimating the resilience of the oil industry. Petroleum products remain deeply embedded in modern life, from plastics and pharmaceuticals to fertilizers and countless other materials. Additionally, renewable energy infrastructure requires substantial upfront investment and faces its own challenges, including intermittency issues and the need for improved energy storage solutions. The transition to a post-oil economy will likely take several decades and will proceed unevenly across different regions and sectors.

Questions 1-13

Questions 1-5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. According to the passage, what was the increase in renewable energy capacity in 2023 compared to the previous year?
   A) 90%
   B) 70%
   C) 50%
   D) 18%

2. The International Energy Agency predicts global oil demand will peak:
   A) before 2025
   B) before 2030
   C) after 2035
   D) after 2040

3. What percentage of new car sales did electric vehicles represent in 2023?
   A) 14%
   B) 18%
   C) 50%
   D) 60%

4. Which sector currently accounts for approximately 60% of global oil consumption?
   A) Aviation
   B) Petrochemicals
   C) Transportation
   D) Energy production

5. What term describes oil reserves that may become economically unviable before extraction?
   A) Stranded assets
   B) Fossil reserves
   C) Embedded resources
   D) Capital allocation

Questions 6-9: True/False/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?

Write:

• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Solar panel prices have decreased by 90% since 2010.
7. All oil-producing nations are successfully diversifying their economies.
8. The aviation industry no longer requires petroleum products.
9. Renewable energy infrastructure faces challenges with intermittency and storage.

Questions 10-13: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

10. Some oil-producing nations believe oil will remain __ for decades due to continued demand from various sectors.

11. The __ has accelerated the transition by divesting from fossil fuel projects.

12. Petroleum products remain deeply __ in modern life through various applications.

13. The transition to a post-oil economy will likely __ across different regions and sectors.

---

PASSAGE 2 – Economic Ripples and Geopolitical Realignments

Độ khó: Medium (Band 6.0-7.5)

Thời gian đề xuất: 18-20 phút

The ascendancy of renewable energy technologies is precipitating profound economic and geopolitical ramifications that extend far beyond simple energy market dynamics. This transition represents what economists term a “creative destruction” process – the simultaneous dismantling of established industries and power structures while fostering the emergence of new economic paradigms and international relationships. Understanding these multifarious impacts requires examining not only direct market effects but also the intricate web of secondary and tertiary consequences that ripple through global economic systems.

The immediate economic impact on oil-exporting nations varies dramatically based on their fiscal dependence on petroleum revenues and the sophistication of their adaptive strategies. Nations such as Norway, which has prudently managed its oil wealth through sovereign funds and proactive economic diversification, are relatively well-positioned to navigate this transition. Conversely, countries like Venezuela and Nigeria, where oil revenues constitute over 80% of export earnings and government budgets remain critically dependent on petroleum income, face potentially catastrophic economic disruption. The fiscal vulnerabilities of these nations are exacerbated by declining oil prices and dwindling market share, creating a precarious situation that threatens social stability and economic development.

However, the impact of renewable energy extends beyond traditional oil producers. The emergence of what analysts term the “new energy superpowers” is reshaping global influence patterns. China has positioned itself as the dominant force in solar panel manufacturing, controlling approximately 80% of global production capacity. Similarly, rare earth elements crucial for wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries are disproportionately concentrated in Chinese territories or Chinese-controlled mines, conferring significant strategic leverage. This concentration of critical resources has prompted concerns about merely substituting one form of energy dependency for another, with implications for energy security and international relations.

The transformation is also catalyzing significant shifts in commodity markets and trade patterns. Traditional energy commodity traders are recalibrating their portfolios, pivoting towards electricity trading and renewable energy certificates. Shipping routes and infrastructure investments are being reevaluated in light of changing energy flows. For instance, proposed hydrogen pipelines from North Africa to Europe could supplant traditional oil tanker routes, fundamentally altering Mediterranean geopolitical dynamics. These infrastructural reconfigurations require massive capital investments and create new interdependencies between nations.

Financial markets have become increasingly attuned to what investors call “transition risk” – the potential for asset devaluation resulting from the shift away from fossil fuels. Oil companies’ market valuations increasingly incorporate expectations about future demand trajectories, creating a self-fulfilling dynamic where anticipated decline leads to reduced investment, which in turn accelerates the transition to alternatives. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the debt markets, where oil companies face escalating borrowing costs as lenders reassess the long-term viability of petroleum-based assets. The rating agencies have begun downgrading oil company bonds, reflecting concerns about their ability to generate sufficient returns in a decarbonizing world.

[image-1|thi-truong-nang-luong-tai-tao-va-dau-mo|Biểu đồ thể hiện sự chuyển dịch từ thị trường dầu mỏ sang năng lượng tái tạo toàn cầu|A detailed infographic showing the global transition from oil markets to renewable energy, featuring declining oil demand curves, rising renewable energy capacity graphs, comparative cost analysis charts, and geographical distribution of new energy superpowers with emphasis on China’s dominance in solar manufacturing and rare earth elements, professional business style with blue and green color scheme|

The labor market implications of this transition are similarly complex and far-reaching. While renewable energy creates employment opportunities – the International Renewable Energy Agency estimates the sector employed 13.7 million people globally in 2023 – these jobs often require different skill sets and are geographically dispersed differently than traditional oil industry employment. Oil-producing regions face potential “rust belt” scenarios, where concentrated employment losses in fossil fuel extraction create localized economic depression. Conversely, regions with strong renewable resources or manufacturing capabilities are experiencing economic revitalization, though the net global employment effect remains a subject of ongoing debate among economists.

The technological trajectory of renewable energy continues to evolve in ways that compound pressure on oil markets. Energy storage breakthroughs, particularly in battery technology, are addressing one of renewable energy’s primary limitations. As storage costs decline and capacity increases, the intermittency challenges that have historically necessitated fossil fuel backup are diminishing. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as green hydrogen – produced through renewable-powered electrolysis – offer potential applications in sectors previously considered difficult to decarbonize, including heavy industry and long-distance transportation.

The regulatory environment has become increasingly inhospitable to fossil fuel investments. Over 130 countries have announced net-zero emissions targets, translating into concrete policies that incentivize renewable adoption while penalizing carbon emissions. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which imposes tariffs on imports from countries with lax environmental standards, exemplifies how climate policy is becoming intertwined with trade policy. Such measures create additional market pressures on oil consumption while fostering competitive advantages for nations and companies embracing renewable energy.

Yet, paradoxically, some analysts observe what they term “green transition bottlenecks” that may temporarily sustain oil demand. The massive scale of renewable infrastructure required – solar farms, wind installations, transmission lines, and manufacturing facilities – itself requires substantial energy inputs during construction, much of which currently comes from fossil fuels. Additionally, the raw material requirements for renewable technologies, particularly rare earth elements and lithium, are straining existing supply chains, potentially decelerating the pace of transition. These transitional dynamics suggest the path to a post-oil economy may be more protracted and non-linear than some optimistic projections indicate.

Questions 14-26

Questions 14-18: Yes/No/Not Given

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?

Write:

• YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
• NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
• NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Norway is better prepared for the energy transition than Venezuela due to its economic diversification strategies.
15. China’s dominance in renewable energy manufacturing eliminates all energy dependency concerns.
16. The shift to renewable energy will create more jobs globally than the oil industry currently provides.
17. Energy storage technology improvements are reducing the need for fossil fuel backup power.
18. The construction of renewable energy infrastructure itself requires no fossil fuel inputs.

Questions 19-23: Matching Information

Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-J.

19. Examples of how climate policy is affecting international trade
20. The concept of “creative destruction” in the energy transition
21. Concerns about substituting one form of energy dependency for another
22. The impact of anticipated decline on investment decisions
23. Challenges faced by oil-producing regions regarding employment

Questions 24-26: Summary Completion

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Financial markets are increasingly concerned about 24) __, which refers to the risk of asset devaluation due to moving away from fossil fuels. This concern has led to oil companies facing 25) __ as lenders reconsider the viability of petroleum assets. Additionally, the massive 26) __ needed for renewable technologies may temporarily sustain oil demand during the construction phase.

---

PASSAGE 3 – Paradigmatic Shifts and the Reconceptualization of Energy Security

Độ khó: Hard (Band 7.0-9.0)

Thời gian đề xuất: 23-25 phút

The inexorable advance of renewable energy technologies is engendering not merely quantitative changes in energy markets but a fundamental reconceptualization of energy security, economic power, and international relations. This transformation transcends traditional zero-sum energy geopolitics, where control of finite hydrocarbon reserves conferred hegemonic advantages, ushering in a more nuanced paradigm characterized by technological prowess, supply chain dominance, and the strategic control of critical minerals and rare earth elements. The implications of this shift are profound and multifaceted, necessitating a comprehensive reassessment of the theoretical frameworks through which we understand global energy dynamics and their intersection with economic development, political stability, and environmental sustainability.

The traditional petro-state model – wherein nations leveraged abundant hydrocarbon resources to subsidize domestic consumption, fund extensive welfare systems, and project international influence – is experiencing what political economists term “structural obsolescence.” This model’s viability was predicated on sustained high oil prices and inelastic global demand, both assumptions now increasingly untenable. The erosion of this model creates multifarious challenges for resource-dependent economies. Beyond immediate fiscal pressures, these nations face what sociologists identify as “institutional path dependency” – the entrenchment of political and economic structures around oil revenues that inhibit adaptation to alternative economic models. The rentier state apparatus, with its patronage networks and diminished accountability mechanisms, proves particularly resistant to the institutional reforms necessary for economic diversification.

The ascendancy of renewable energy engenders a qualitatively different form of energy security concern. Unlike hydrocarbon reserves, which are geologically determined and concentrated in specific regions, renewable energy potential is more geographically dispersed, theoretically democratizing energy access. However, this ostensible democratization is countervailed by new dependencies and vulnerabilities. The manufacturing of renewable energy technologies exhibits extreme geographical concentration, with China alone accounting for over 80% of polysilicon production (essential for solar panels), 75% of lithium-ion battery manufacturing capacity, and dominant positions in wind turbine component production. This concentration has prompted what security analysts term “critical dependencies” – vulnerabilities to supply disruptions that could impede the energy transition in dependent nations.

Moreover, the critical minerals essential for renewable technologies – including lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, and copper – present their own geopolitical complexities. Unlike oil, which is relatively homogeneous regardless of source, these minerals often require sophisticated processing to become usable in technology applications, and this processing capacity is even more concentrated than raw material extraction. China controls approximately 90% of global rare earth processing capacity, a strategic bottleneck that confers considerable leverage. Furthermore, many critical mineral deposits are located in politically unstable regions or nations with problematic governance structures, introducing different but equally significant supply security concerns compared to traditional oil markets.

The financialization of energy markets has taken novel forms in the renewable era, with profound implications for price stability and investment patterns. Traditional oil markets, while volatile, operated according to relatively well-understood dynamics involving supply-demand balances, geopolitical risk premiums, and inventory levels. Renewable energy markets are characterized by fundamentally different economics – high upfront capital costs but near-zero marginal production costs, creating pricing dynamics that challenge traditional commodity market models. This has led to the emergence of new financial instruments, including renewable energy certificates, power purchase agreements, and increasingly sophisticated electricity derivatives markets that attempt to capture and price the unique characteristics of renewable energy, including its intermittency and geographical variability.

[image-2|chuyen-doi-dia-chinh-tri-nang-luong-toan-cau|Bản đồ minh họa sự thay đổi địa chính trị năng lượng từ dầu mỏ sang năng lượng tái tạo|A sophisticated world map illustrating the geopolitical energy transition showing traditional oil-producing nations in darker tones with declining indicators, emerging renewable energy superpowers highlighted with green energy symbols, critical mineral concentration zones marked with relevant icons, supply chain routes for rare earth elements, and arrows indicating the shift of power dynamics, professional geographic visualization style|

The technological trajectory of renewable energy and its impact on oil markets exhibits what complexity theorists identify as “non-linear dynamics” and potential for disruptive tipping points. Current projections of oil demand trajectories are predicated on assumptions about technology adoption rates, cost curves, and policy interventions, yet historical analysis of technological transitions suggests these processes often accelerate unexpectedly once certain thresholds are crossed. The automotive electrification provides an illustrative example: electric vehicle adoption followed a gradual trajectory for years before accelerating dramatically once battery costs crossed certain thresholds and consumer perception shifted. Similar tipping points may exist in other sectors, potentially precipitating more rapid oil demand decline than linear projections suggest.

The concept of “energy justice” has emerged as an important analytical framework for understanding the distributional consequences of the renewable energy transition. While wealthy nations and affluent populations can readily afford the upfront costs of renewable infrastructure and electric vehicles, capturing long-term savings and environmental benefits, less wealthy nations and populations face structural barriers to participation in the energy transition. This creates potential for exacerbating existing inequalities, both within and between nations. Furthermore, communities that have historically depended on fossil fuel extraction face disproportionate adjustment costs, raising questions of intergenerational justice and the appropriate allocation of transition costs and benefits.

The oil industry’s strategic response to renewable energy competition has evolved from initial dismissiveness to increasingly sophisticated adaptation strategies. Major oil companies are pursuing what business strategists term “portfolio diversification” – maintaining profitable oil operations while incrementally expanding renewable energy investments. However, the optimal balance remains contentious. Some analysts argue that oil companies possess organizational capabilities, financial resources, and stakeholder relationships that position them well for renewable energy leadership. Others contend that institutional inertia, conflicting incentives, and fundamentally different business models make oil companies ill-suited to drive renewable innovation, suggesting that disruption will more likely come from specialized renewable energy firms or technology companies entering the energy sector.

The regulatory and policy landscape has become increasingly fragmented and contested, reflecting divergent national interests and ideological positions regarding energy transition pace and mechanisms. While European nations have generally embraced ambitious decarbonization timelines and interventionist policies to accelerate renewable adoption, other nations maintain more gradualist approaches or actively resist transition pressures. This regulatory divergence creates arbitrage opportunities for energy-intensive industries, potentially undermining climate objectives through “carbon leakage” – the relocation of emissions-intensive activities to jurisdictions with lax regulations. Addressing this requires unprecedented international coordination, yet the geopolitical tensions surrounding energy transition itself impede such cooperation.

Paradoxically, the very success of renewable energy in challenging oil market dominance may create new vulnerabilities and transition risks. As oil demand peaks and declines, the economic viability of maintaining excess production capacity diminishes, potentially leading to underinvestment in oil infrastructure. Should the energy transition proceed more slowly than anticipated – perhaps due to unforeseen technological obstacles or political reversals – this could result in supply shortfalls and price spikes, creating economic disruption. Managing this “transition tightrope” – maintaining sufficient fossil fuel supply to meet demand during a multi-decade transition while not overinvesting in assets that will become stranded – represents one of the most significant challenges for energy policy makers.

Questions 27-40

Questions 27-31: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

27. According to the passage, what does “structural obsolescence” refer to?
    A) The physical breakdown of oil infrastructure
    B) The outdated nature of the petro-state economic model
    C) The geological depletion of hydrocarbon reserves
    D) The technological inferiority of fossil fuels

28. What percentage of global rare earth processing capacity does China control?
    A) 75%
    B) 80%
    C) 90%
    D) 95%

29. What concept describes the uneven distribution of costs and benefits in the energy transition?
    A) Structural obsolescence
    B) Energy justice
    C) Carbon leakage
    D) Institutional path dependency

30. The passage suggests that electric vehicle adoption:
    A) Followed a steady, predictable growth pattern
    B) Accelerated unexpectedly after crossing certain thresholds
    C) Has been slower than anticipated by experts
    D) Will plateau within the next decade

31. What does “carbon leakage” refer to in the passage?
    A) Methane emissions from natural gas infrastructure
    B) Inefficiencies in renewable energy systems
    C) Relocation of emissions-intensive activities to less regulated areas
    D) Loss of carbon sequestration capacity in forests

Questions 32-36: Matching Features

Match each characteristic (32-36) with the correct energy type (A-C). You may use any letter more than once.

A) Traditional oil markets
B) Renewable energy markets
C) Both

32. Characterized by high upfront capital costs but near-zero marginal production costs
33. Exhibits geographical concentration in specific regions
34. Requires sophisticated processing of raw materials
35. Operates according to well-understood supply-demand dynamics
36. Creates dependencies on critical minerals and rare earth elements

Questions 37-40: Short-answer Questions

Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

37. What term describes the resistance of oil-dependent economies to structural change due to established political systems?

38. What type of analysis suggests energy transitions may accelerate unexpectedly?

39. What strategy are major oil companies pursuing by expanding into renewable energy while maintaining oil operations?

40. What challenge involves maintaining fossil fuel supply during transition without overinvestment?

---

3. Answer Keys – Đáp Án

PASSAGE 1: Questions 1-13

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. indispensable
11. financial sector
12. embedded
13. proceed unevenly

PASSAGE 2: Questions 14-26

14. YES
15. NO
16. NOT GIVEN
17. YES
18. NO
19. Paragraph I
20. Paragraph A
21. Paragraph C
22. Paragraph E
23. Paragraph G
24. transition risk
25. escalating borrowing costs
26. raw material requirements

PASSAGE 3: Questions 27-40

27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. C
35. A
36. B
37. institutional path dependency
38. complexity theorists
39. portfolio diversification
40. transition tightrope

---

4. Giải Thích Đáp Án Chi Tiết

Passage 1 – Giải Thích

Câu 1: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: increase, renewable energy capacity, 2023
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu “In 2023, renewable energy capacity additions reached an unprecedented 507 gigawatts worldwide, marking a 50% increase from the previous year” cho thấy rõ ràng mức tăng là 50%, tương ứng với đáp án C.

Câu 2: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: International Energy Agency, oil demand, peak
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Thông tin “The International Energy Agency projects that global oil demand will peak before 2030” chỉ rõ mốc thời gian là trước năm 2030.

Câu 3: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: electric vehicles, percentage, new car sales, 2023
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Câu “Sales of electric cars surpassed 14 million units globally in 2023, representing 18% of all new car sales” cung cấp con số chính xác 18%.

Câu 6: TRUE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: solar panel prices, decreased, 90%, 2010
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 3-4
• Giải thích: Câu “solar panel prices have fallen by approximately 90% since 2010” khẳng định chính xác thông tin trong câu hỏi.

Câu 7: FALSE

• Dạng câu hỏi: True/False/Not Given
• Từ khóa: all oil-producing nations, successfully diversifying
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Bài đọc chỉ nói “Some, like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, are diversifying” – chỉ một số quốc gia, không phải tất cả, do đó câu khẳng định “all” là sai.

Câu 10: indispensable

• Dạng câu hỏi: Sentence Completion
• Từ khóa: oil-producing nations, remain, decades
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu “Others maintain that oil will remain indispensable for decades to come” cung cấp từ cần điền.

Passage 2 – Giải Thích

Câu 14: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: Norway, Venezuela, better prepared, diversification
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 2-5
• Giải thích: Bài viết so sánh rõ ràng “Norway, which has prudently managed its oil wealth…are relatively well-positioned” với “Venezuela…face potentially catastrophic economic disruption”, thể hiện quan điểm của tác giả về sự chuẩn bị tốt hơn của Na Uy.

Câu 15: NO

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: China’s dominance, eliminates, energy dependency concerns
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn C, dòng 4-6
• Giải thích: Tác giả nêu rõ “This concentration of critical resources has prompted concerns about merely substituting one form of energy dependency for another”, mâu thuẫn với quan điểm rằng sự thống trị của Trung Quốc loại bỏ các mối lo ngại về phụ thuộc năng lượng.

Câu 17: YES

• Dạng câu hỏi: Yes/No/Not Given
• Từ khóa: energy storage, improvements, reducing need, fossil fuel backup
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-4
• Giải thích: Tác giả khẳng định “As storage costs decline and capacity increases, the intermittency challenges that have historically necessitated fossil fuel backup are diminishing”, thể hiện rõ quan điểm đồng tình.

Câu 19: Paragraph I

• Dạng câu hỏi: Matching Information
• Từ khóa: climate policy, international trade
• Giải thích: Đoạn I đề cập đến “The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which imposes tariffs on imports” là ví dụ rõ ràng về chính sách khí hậu ảnh hưởng đến thương mại quốc tế.

Câu 24: transition risk

• Dạng câu hỏi: Summary Completion
• Từ khóa: Financial markets, concerned, asset devaluation
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn E, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Cụm “Financial markets have become increasingly attuned to what investors call ‘transition risk’ – the potential for asset devaluation” cung cấp đáp án chính xác.

Passage 3 – Giải Thích

Câu 27: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: structural obsolescence, refers to
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 1-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn giải thích “The traditional petro-state model…is experiencing what political economists term ‘structural obsolescence'” và sau đó mô tả sự lỗi thời của mô hình kinh tế dựa vào dầu mỏ.

Câu 28: C

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: China, rare earth processing capacity, percentage
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn D, dòng 4-5
• Giải thích: Câu “China controls approximately 90% of global rare earth processing capacity” cung cấp con số chính xác.

Câu 29: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: uneven distribution, costs and benefits, energy transition
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn G, dòng 1-2
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn giới thiệu “The concept of ‘energy justice’ has emerged as an important analytical framework for understanding the distributional consequences of the renewable energy transition.”

Câu 30: B

• Dạng câu hỏi: Multiple Choice
• Từ khóa: electric vehicle adoption, pattern
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn F, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Bài viết nêu “electric vehicle adoption followed a gradual trajectory for years before accelerating dramatically once battery costs crossed certain thresholds”, cho thấy sự tăng tốc bất ngờ sau khi vượt qua ngưỡng nhất định.

Câu 37: institutional path dependency

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: resistance, oil-dependent economies, structural change, political systems
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn B, dòng 5-7
• Giải thích: Cụm “institutional path dependency” được định nghĩa là “the entrenchment of political and economic structures around oil revenues that inhibit adaptation to alternative economic models.”

Câu 39: portfolio diversification

• Dạng câu hỏi: Short-answer Questions
• Từ khóa: major oil companies, strategy, renewable energy, maintaining oil operations
• Vị trí trong bài: Đoạn H, dòng 2-3
• Giải thích: Đoạn văn nêu rõ “Major oil companies are pursuing what business strategists term ‘portfolio diversification’ – maintaining profitable oil operations while incrementally expanding renewable energy investments.”

---

5. Từ Vựng Quan Trọng Theo Passage

Passage 1 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
transformation	n	/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/	sự chuyển đổi, biến đổi	The global energy landscape is undergoing a remarkable transformation	undergo transformation, digital transformation
dominance	n	/ˈdɒmɪnəns/	sự thống trị, chi phối	challenge the dominance of fossil fuels	market dominance, establish dominance
unprecedented	adj	/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/	chưa từng có	renewable energy capacity additions reached an unprecedented 507 gigawatts	unprecedented growth, unprecedented levels
plummeting	adj	/ˈplʌmɪtɪŋ/	giảm mạnh, sụt giảm	driven by plummeting costs	plummeting prices, plummeting sales
watershed moment	n phrase	/ˈwɔːtəʃed ˈməʊmənt/	thời điểm bước ngoặt	a watershed moment that was unthinkable	mark a watershed moment
electrification	n	/ɪˌlektrɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	sự điện khí hóa	the rapid electrification of transportation	vehicle electrification, transport electrification
stringent	adj	/ˈstrɪndʒənt/	nghiêm ngặt	increasingly stringent environmental regulations	stringent regulations, stringent measures
manifestation	n	/ˌmænɪfeˈsteɪʃn/	biểu hiện, sự thể hiện	the most visible manifestation of this transition	physical manifestation, clear manifestation
phase out	phrasal v	/feɪz aʊt/	loại bỏ dần	plans to phase out internal combustion engines	phase out gradually, phase out completely
existential threat	n phrase	/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃl θret/	mối đe dọa hiện hữu	poses an existential threat to traditional petroleum markets	pose an existential threat
diversifying	v	/daɪˈvɜːsɪfaɪɪŋ/	đa dạng hóa	diversifying their economies through massive investments	diversifying portfolios, diversifying revenue streams
stranded assets	n phrase	/strændɪd ˈæsets/	tài sản bị mắc kẹt	financial risks associated with stranded assets	risk of stranded assets

Passage 2 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
ascendancy	n	/əˈsendənsi/	sự trỗi dậy, thống trị	The ascendancy of renewable energy technologies	rise to ascendancy, political ascendancy
precipitating	v	/prɪˈsɪpɪteɪtɪŋ/	gây ra, thúc đẩy	is precipitating profound economic ramifications	precipitating a crisis, precipitating change
ramifications	n	/ˌræmɪfɪˈkeɪʃnz/	hậu quả, tác động	profound economic and geopolitical ramifications	serious ramifications, far-reaching ramifications
fiscal dependence	n phrase	/ˈfɪskl dɪˈpendəns/	sự phụ thuộc tài khóa	based on their fiscal dependence on petroleum revenues	reduce fiscal dependence
exacerbated	v	/ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪtɪd/	làm trầm trọng thêm	vulnerabilities are exacerbated by declining oil prices	exacerbated the situation, exacerbated tensions
disproportionately	adv	/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃnətli/	không cân đối, bất cân xứng	rare earth elements are disproportionately concentrated	disproportionately affected, disproportionately high
conferring	v	/kənˈfɜːrɪŋ/	trao, ban cho	conferring significant strategic leverage	conferring benefits, conferring authority
catalyzing	v	/ˈkætəlaɪzɪŋ/	xúc tác, thúc đẩy	The transformation is also catalyzing significant shifts	catalyzing change, catalyzing growth
recalibrating	v	/ˌriːˈkælɪbreɪtɪŋ/	điều chỉnh lại	energy commodity traders are recalibrating their portfolios	recalibrating strategies, recalibrating expectations
attuned	adj	/əˈtjuːnd/	quan tâm, nhạy cảm với	Financial markets have become increasingly attuned to	finely attuned, well attuned
transition risk	n phrase	/trænˈzɪʃn rɪsk/	rủi ro chuyển đổi	what investors call “transition risk”	assess transition risk, manage transition risk
self-fulfilling	adj	/self fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/	tự ứng nghiệm	creating a self-fulfilling dynamic	self-fulfilling prophecy
pronounced	adj	/prəˈnaʊnst/	rõ rệt, nổi bật	This phenomenon is particularly pronounced	more pronounced, increasingly pronounced
geographically dispersed	adj phrase	/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkli dɪˈspɜːst/	phân tán về mặt địa lý	these jobs are often geographically dispersed	widely dispersed, geographically dispersed
compound	v	/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/	làm trầm trọng thêm	in ways that compound pressure on oil markets	compound the problem, compound interest

Passage 3 – Essential Vocabulary

Từ vựng	Loại từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa tiếng Việt	Ví dụ từ bài	Collocation
inexorable	adj	/ɪnˈeksərəbl/	không thể cưỡng lại	The inexorable advance of renewable energy	inexorable decline, inexorable force
engendering	v	/ɪnˈdʒendərɪŋ/	tạo ra, sinh ra	is engendering not merely quantitative changes	engendering trust, engendering debate
reconceptualization	n	/ˌriːkənˌseptʃuəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tái khái niệm hóa	a fundamental reconceptualization of energy security	require reconceptualization
hegemonic	adj	/ˌheɡəˈmɒnɪk/	bá quyền, thống trị	conferred hegemonic advantages	hegemonic power, hegemonic position
ushering in	phrasal v	/ˈʌʃərɪŋ ɪn/	mở ra, dẫn đến	ushering in a more nuanced paradigm	ushering in a new era
petro-state	n	/ˈpetrəʊ steɪt/	quốc gia dầu mỏ	The traditional petro-state model	petro-state economy
structural obsolescence	n phrase	/ˈstrʌktʃərəl ˌɒbsəˈlesns/	lỗi thời về cấu trúc	experiencing what economists term “structural obsolescence”	face structural obsolescence
predicated	adj	/ˈpredɪkeɪtɪd/	dựa trên	viability was predicated on sustained high oil prices	predicated on assumptions
entrenchment	n	/ɪnˈtrentʃmənt/	sự cố thủ, khăng khít	the entrenchment of political structures	political entrenchment, entrenchment of power
rentier state	n phrase	/ˈrentieɪ steɪt/	nhà nước ăn lợi tức	The rentier state apparatus	rentier state economy
ostensible	adj	/ɒˈstensəbl/	bề ngoài, có vẻ	this ostensible democratization	ostensible reason, ostensible purpose
countervailed	v	/ˌkaʊntəˈveɪld/	chống lại, cân bằng	is countervailed by new dependencies	countervailed by factors
promulgated	v	/ˈprɒmlɡeɪtɪd/	ban hành, công bố	regulations promulgated by authorities	promulgated laws, promulgated rules
homogeneous	adj	/ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs/	đồng nhất	oil, which is relatively homogeneous	homogeneous mixture, homogeneous group
financialization	n	/faɪˌnænʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/	tài chính hóa	The financialization of energy markets	financialization of the economy
intermittency	n	/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənsi/	tính gián đoạn	including its intermittency and geographical variability	intermittency issues, address intermittency
non-linear dynamics	n phrase	/nɒn ˈlɪniə daɪˈnæmɪks/	động lực phi tuyến	exhibits what complexity theorists identify as “non-linear dynamics”	complex non-linear dynamics
intergenerational justice	n phrase	/ˌɪntədʒenəˈreɪʃənl ˈdʒʌstɪs/	công bằng liên thế hệ	raising questions of intergenerational justice	promote intergenerational justice
portfolio diversification	n phrase	/pɔːtˈfəʊliəʊ daɪˌvɜːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/	đa dạng hóa danh mục đầu tư	pursuing what strategists term “portfolio diversification”	achieve portfolio diversification

---

Kết Bài

Chủ đề năng lượng tái tạo và ảnh hưởng của nó đến thị trường dầu mỏ toàn cầu không chỉ là một nội dung thường xuyên xuất hiện trong IELTS Reading mà còn phản ánh xu hướng quan trọng của thế giới hiện đại. Qua bộ đề thi này, bạn đã được trải nghiệm một bài thi IELTS Reading hoàn chỉnh với đầy đủ 3 passages có độ khó tăng dần, từ Easy đến Hard.

Ba passages trong đề thi đã cung cấp cái nhìn toàn diện về vấn đề, từ những tác động cơ bản nhất của năng lượng tái tạo lên thị trường dầu mỏ, đến các hệ lụy kinh tế và địa chính trị phức tạp, và cuối cùng là những phân tích học thuật sâu sắc về sự thay đổi mô hình năng lượng toàn cầu. Mỗi passage không chỉ kiểm tra khả năng đọc hiểu của bạn mà còn yêu cầu các kỹ năng phân tích, suy luận và nhận diện thông tin ở các mức độ khác nhau.

Phần đáp án chi tiết kèm giải thích đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ cách xác định thông tin, nhận biết paraphrase và áp dụng các chiến lược làm bài hiệu quả cho từng dạng câu hỏi. Danh sách từ vựng được phân loại theo passage không chỉ giúp mở rộng vốn từ học thuật mà còn cung cấp collocation và ngữ cảnh sử dụng thực tế.

Để đạt kết quả tốt nhất trong IELTS Reading, hãy luyện tập đều đặn với các đề thi có cấu trúc tương tự, chú ý quản lý thời gian, và không ngừng nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật. Nếu bạn quan tâm đến các chủ đề liên quan về How green technologies are influencing global agriculture, đây cũng là một nội dung xuất hiện thường xuyên trong kỳ thi IELTS Reading. Hãy nhớ rằng, việc hiểu sâu nội dung và luyện tập các kỹ thuật làm bài sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi bước vào phòng thi thực sự. Tương tự như cách How does renewable energy adoption impact the geopolitical landscape? đang định hình lại cục diện chính trị toàn cầu, sự chuyển đổi năng lượng này cũng đang tạo ra những thay đổi sâu sắc trong cách chúng ta tiếp cận các vấn đề về tài nguyên và phát triển bền vững.

Chúc bạn ôn tập hiệu quả và đạt được band điểm mong muốn trong kỳ thi IELTS sắp tới. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến ứng dụng thực tiễn của năng lượng sạch, chủ đề Green energy for sustainable farming cũng mang lại những góc nhìn thú vị về sự kết hợp giữa công nghệ xanh và nông nghiệp hiện đại, một lĩnh vực đang được nhiều đề thi IELTS khai thác trong thời gian gần đây.